1
The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme
as a Contributor to GCOS
Slobodan Nickovic
WMO Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme
2
GAW programme
The essential climate variables (IGACO)• Aerosol• Ozone• Green-house gases
3
GAW aerosol
indirect and the direct effect of aerosols make the two largest contributions to the total uncertainty of the radiative forcing, so impacting the climate assessments.
The ongoing Joint GOS-GAW Pilot Project: NRT delivery and use of the aerosol surface observations is a part of the implementation of WIGOS/WIS.
4
Compiled by combining data from satellites with surface-based aerosol sun-photometer data. Satellite observations were validated using ground-based AOD observations.Plots Courtesy of S. Kinne, MPI, Hamburg, Germany
Long term mean aerosol optical depth (AOD)
GAW aerosol
5
GAW Aerosol Lidar Network (GALION) Northern HemisphereRegional
networks
AD-NET,ALINE, CISLiNet, EARLINET, MPLNET, NDACC, REALM
~105 lidar sites
GAW aerosol
6
The Ground-based Global AOD Network
Latitudinal distributionPolar regions: 4Midlatitude North: 50Tropics: 26Midlatitude South: 10Total 90
Major data gapsAfrica, Asia, India, Polar region and Oceans
International: AERONET, BSRN, GAWPFR, SKYNET Courtesy of Chris Wehrli Davos AOD Calibration centreNational: Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, USA(4)
Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004
Total count = 90
AERONET-LTOther
GAW aerosol
7
WMO WWRP/GAW Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System
SDS-WAS
MissionTo enhance the ability of countries to deliver timely and quality sand and dust storm forecasts, observations, information and knowledge to users through an international partnership of research and operational communities
Dust impacts : Climate Health Transport Marine biochemistry
GAW aerosol
8
Meteosat Second Generation: Meteosat Second Generation: On-line qualitative dust On-line qualitative dust verification / surveillanceverification / surveillance
In collaboration with the Spanish Institute of Meteorology
Dust monitoring Dust monitoring SAF_NowCasting with MSG satelliteMSG satellite
3x3 km2
15 min step (day and night)
Under development:SeaWifs, Modis, OMI
Satellite-based sensors
9
Bloom of Trichodesmium - Canary Islands, August 2004 Dust over W Africa, July 2004
Canary Islands
GAW aerosolSDS-WAS
WMO cooperation with the United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection (GESAMP)
• In 2007, WMO-lead Working Group •“The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean ” is established
10
18 UTC, 7 May 2002 30-hr forecast
Forecast Models
GALIONSurface-based LIDAR
NASA A-Train MODIS CALIPSO
Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004
Total count = 90
AERONET-LTOther
GAW/AERONET/SKYNET
Surface-based AOD
Integrated Aerosol Observation/Modelling
European PM10
GAW aerosol
11
The latest analysis from the WMO-GAW Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Network:
• CO2 N2O have reached new highs in 2006
• CO2 at 381.2 ppm ; N2O at 320.1 ppb.
• CH4 almost unchanged - 1782 ppb.
• These values are higher than those in pre-industrial times by 36%, 19% and 155%, respectively.
Some of the CFCs still have a serious impact on the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
GHG are monitored as part of the GAW network.
GAW GHG
12
WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins
An example of a need for integrated products in
near-real time
http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html
GAW ozone
13
Last Dobson Intercomparison - in Buenos Aires (Nov/Dec 2006)
A Dobson intercomparison for RA I (S. Africa) - planned for February/March 2009.
Dobson intercomparison for South America (Buenos Aires) - planned for late 2009/early 2010
GAW ozone
14
Brewer events
The 10th Biennial WMO Brewer workshop was held in Norhwich, UK (June 2007)
A Brewer workshop for Asia was held in Seoul in October 2007
GAW ozone
15
A workshop (April 2007) analyzed the quality of Dobson and Brewer data in comparison to satellite data. • About 50% of the stations are in good shape• The other half has smaller or bigger
problems• Stations managers have received
instructions on how to improve the quality of the data
GAW ozone
16
A joint GAW/NDACC/IGACO-O3 meeting was held in Geneva on 21-23 May 2008.
• Near real time delivery of data• Discussion on differences between Dobson,
Brewer, UV/Vis and FT-IR• Interferences and seasonal dependencies
GAW ozone
17
The triennial WMO/UNEP Ozone Research Managers’ Meeting - Geneva, 18-21 May 2008.
• National reports• Gaps in the network• Research needs• Data delivery and archiving• Capacity building
GAW ozone
18
2008 Measurement Sites for Carbon Cycle Gases
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA
GAW GHG
19
Other Expansion Efforts Terrestrial Carbon Observation System – (TCOS) Siberia (MPI –
Jena) Cape Verde Observatory (MPI – Jena; York University) Arctic CH4 sites (Tiksi, Cherski) Quality Control – Ongoing flask sample comparisons
• Canada (Alert) • New Zealand (Baring Head) • France (Mace Head) • German (Ochsenkopf)
New efforts to compare NOAA flask samples• NCAR (Niwot Ridge, CO)• Spain (Tenerife)• Italy (Lampedusa)
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA
GAW GHG
20
WMO-GAW Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin
GAW GHG
21
Fiftieth Anniversary of the Global CO2 Record – Kona, HI
Goal was to bring policy makers, scientists, and businesses together to discuss the critical role of long term observations of CO2 in the past, present, and future
Cosponsored by WMO, NOAA, Chicago Climate Exchange, Peabody Energy, American Electric Power, Science & Technology Corporation, Nat’l Marine Sanctuary Foundation, et al.
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA
GAW GHG
22
Other Events 14th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide, Other
Greenhouse Gases, and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques, September 10-13, 2007, Helsinki, Finland
• More emphasis on isotopes a focus of the meeting.
Scientific Advisory Group September 14, 2007
• adopted N2O Measurement Guidelines,
• Precursor to introducing proposal for GCOS adoption of WMO/GAW N2O observation network.
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA
GAW GHG
23
A Place to Go
Goal: Establish an international observation and analysis system for verifying greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. • To be build on current global observation, modeling,
and analysis capabilities• To serve as a backbone in a global effort to verify
reduction of GHG emissions. • To support national and international assessments
(e.g., CCSP, IPCC).
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA
GAW GHG
24
Path Forward to Address 21st Century needs
(25 April Science Perspectives)
Observation & Reanalysis (e.g., CarbonTracker-ish)• Grounded on surface-based measurements• Commercial and private aircraft
Satellite Validation• AIRS• SCHIAMACHY • OCO – 2008• GOSAT – 2009• ASCENT – 2010, 12? (active laser; surface)
Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA