משמ18.מנ Wd 0":% :ו*0"%
1ט5ו!וחו 09וקט08ל תשג0מ!ו?ו( 009ש-דחש5ו 8!סה!שייסוסק0( "זנ~ueuaf)
ן )
"092 שר , e~leH 02כףט01ט(
ר 8010013!כ?1 eg~snJgf -10556 5ן( loeJSI.A 4עקדף0! [0 5130נ?9ך 295ג19
192 AIAy CK3rs~eAnJfl
~vuleft
AIA~ .8]669
H~sfugs courolpgpq~o 5כףפסן "JgP בט4זנסשם0טך 30וף0
י -ך ן ק ). sJo$eNI$soAuI
2 ,
4גסנ laoquoABaO~ )=. 41ג.םג. aouuoaH) 5* םד דגטושסהכ4( aauoa *Joad .1) 8.ץ*
ffdlouud Jo~eNI1soAuI
טני JOUBO ב*
: IVU~d ש ן566 ס0כסשף0נ [KaEnuEfI 0661 - 1 0601ע:
.זצ2אאבצב2 כעדנךבב( vss 40 )82ב
SHS 82ב 40 ב44בכSftfti~N aNY 52 יאפתא2("OSOEIY
NOIJISOdSa דיצב 0א
andScience of Ministry Torschungfuer Bundesministerium Technology
(MOST)(MBFT)Technologie und
PROJECTSRESEARCH אג1נאשס-IS~L JOINT
REPORTSCIENTIFIC FINAL "
Field 4 01*ת8110זפק00ם
974projectof Number
B~FTagencysponsoring German
aerosolthe of effects and nature amount, The project01 71118
Galilee)of (Sea Kinneret Lake 0ת deposition
GanorEliezer Dr. )5(Investigator Principal
Avnimelechץ. Prof. Brenner, 5- Dr- Foner, H.A. Dr. Investigators
Research,Environmental for 118ט5111ת departmentand 118ט5111ת
Environment,the of Ministry נ
University.Aviv Tel
Gravenhorstם. Dr. Prof. )5(partner German
1992January Beginning Years 4 durationproject Approved
from period the for Report 01/01/92 סי31/12/95
Signatures
18/7/96DateinvestigatorsPrincipal
GanorEliezer י---------------------------------
FonerHenry ---------------------------------
---------------------------------
officeMOST the by 1ת filled be To *
'IdEBNIJU aoa~ : %1"מ ")0 hd'
in$I~sul Jfg פ9םטשט% פסוו!ט08ט4 תט~04נ5תא( פ00ש-דחאח5ו 018ץ[1שאסן0של
2ף0 92כףוםסם(~J?H
פ80100!כ?1 hAJns cloeJsI~o OE !oqHIePU IOEJSIA C~s wgl~sraf .0996ן
02ן AIAy tx3ISJoAvuft
~vuleft
AIAy 'eLee~ -
צ5ק5ונ1 30עע0ק~כועlooqoS )0 י?ק0נ c~uguluoJLhua 30וף0
* -
1ע501וו8?נ0נ5
*Joad )884821ף0ג5ל ס* נ4ג-
טג. a~uuoaa) 5* טגי ו"טוש818כףJoad -1 4. נ0טעי 8-ץ.
yedlouud Jo~sNIisgAuI
טג. סשטסג ב-
- IVU~d :"odoft 1 KIEnuvf 9661 ט0כ9שף0ג 1 [ - 661ש
1
1%אאבאב2 SftS) .55 40 )סידנהבב SHS 82ב SftftiWN aNW ssJsaas 40 יעו0מא42
"OSOftS~ NOUISOdSa דיצן 0א
................................................................2. .. .. CONTENTS
.......................................................................-4..... ABSTRACT
.................................................5...... ... .... . INTRODUCTION.1.
5and Aims 1.1.-.-..........................................................................5א0ת01ו0ש0ג
Background.51.2............................................................................ת"אתחית1
..........................................................................7..... 51105Sampling 1.3.
..........................................................................7. hfETHODS2.
.......................................................................7Samplers.2.1.
...........................................7.... .. 1.Introduction.
...........................................7dustfallfor collectors Wet 2.
10................................................. .... dustfall.for collectors Dry 3.
.4 1תNutrient austfall: for collectors dry 018) ...........................םן5צפת108
11 ................................................. . .... . collector. Rain 5.
11........................................... . samplers,wet/dry Automatic 6.
11........................................ samplers volume 7.1ע8ע
.particle individual (fof impactor Cascade 8 .............................)518צפש13
13............................... . .... counter 9.0פ"1ק
13......................... .... filtersMembrane 10.
14........................ . ... analysis.hdineralogical 2.2.
.ibutionSize ofParticle Measurement 2.3-ת151ס . .. . ........................14
14............................... .. schemes analysis and methods 2.4.פ10עפתג
........................20. DISCUSSIONAND RESULTS 3.
.........................20..... .deposition,Dry 3.1.
........................20.. . fiactionsdustfall and Dustfall 3.1.1.
........................23...... lakethe 10 input Atmospheric
-3 -
.253.1.2....................................................................................0ע"0א(
.313.1.3..................................................................................ש0פזטתש
clay-08ל31-.....................................................................5פטמעת
33Clay.............................................................................5פ[טתבת
10ק0א33Sulphur 3.1.4.15..................................................5ת0א8תעןםא6
.433.2.....................................................................................................1פ1תשא
Suspended.433.3.....................................................................................0801זטש
...........................................................................48Distribution 5120 Particle 3.4.
48. . . Distribution. Size Nuclei, Condensation Concentration, Aerosol . .4.1 3
.......................................................................56CONCLUSIONS AND 5]4 זחגששנ.
58......................................................................................... RECOM~fENDATIONS 5.
.596........................................................................................75לעא0מ2[יי0לא(ג
....................................................................................................61REFERENCES.... 7.
PARTICLE-64..................5ל710םג21דא1ח72גילAND NUTRIENTS FLU9(ES. 8.
-4-
ABSTRACT
dustfallthe which during Kinneret the around work offield years half' 8 and three up sums report T~s
aerosols suspended and תcollected were Samples investigated. intensively been have re@on the 1 ת81
mineralogical.- composition 5א and flux austfall The lake. the around statlons sampling 16 of network
theand dustfall the ~both 0! distribution size the were as measures were - fiactionation and chemical
10reference special with studied were interactions particle-water 86מ1 04חפ aerosol. suspended
analysed.and collected also were sediments and 50115 ran, Dust, nutrients.
senu-four and annual three the ש presented been have project ofthis results detailed ofthe Many
researchofthe aspects some up sums report present The issued. been already have which reports annual
data.new adds also and
andsources local
ש0"derived level background uniform 8 of composed 15 ifinneret the ש dustfall The
North1ת originate mostly which storms dust 10 due pulses imposed 810 which 0ת input, Mediterranean
autumn.and spring תו occur pulses These Afiica.
aiunum. per tonnes 12,000 about averages and uniform quite 15 lake the entenng -dust 0, amount Theת1
itselfdust The lake. the 10פ input solid 101פ ofthe 60% as much as be can atmospheric the years some
Thematter. organic 30% and soluble water inorganic 30% insoluble. water morganic 30% about 15
theentenng 10מ maJor Them year. the throughout uniform quite 15 det ofthe composition chemical
SignificantIsrael. " found anomaly sulphate the 10 connected be 10 believed 15 1"8 and sulphate 18 lake
samplingVarious processes. biological affect may and lake the 110ת carried are ofnutrients quantities
quames.and traffic 1010מ) e.g. suIToundings, their by affected are stations
nunordolomite; and feldspar quartz, clacite, 870 dustfall the תו minerals ם0ת-clay common most The
15dustfall ofthe composition mineralogical natural The 100. present are halite and ofgypsum amounts
andpalygorsKite and %א kaolinite, are minerals clay 0תסתעתס Most lake. the arount points 8א ב similar
sources.different identi~ 10 used be can proportions relative their
and 8א influence potentialת0
~finneret
Lake entering dust 'atmospheric of; amount large ofthe view 1ת
monitoringterm long 8 110 10ט5111ת recommended 15 11 general, 1ת lake the 0ת and quality water the
scope.'limited Of. be however, should, program TEs dustfall. for programme
:מפתחמלות Aerosols, kinneret, Dustfall
pouopuiqe J9Ue 0ג?נ 1ף, gOUOpuodopuIJo ( ן )ץעק 6"8 oouls ugq~ Oq~ urep seq uooq p~sn 0נ89ח1?ן0 ו gq, ףחוץ ן ~ט
~EG
~uol1e~s SiA 106ג9נ בoqs usdeleqeN JeA~od .uolie$s 99 שו Joftwod 19קנ90ן0כוקכ 6נסקחכ0 ו0
qso4 ul~p ? ף1 כ0טונסןן0ק JIOAJOSOJ qOIqA~ 51 ?ווןמכ!?ן uo oq~ 'gqolN oq~ oael SOAJOS 5? ue ש( )-000 1ג?ן9נ
ד?ך0 ,oq~) eos 30 (goIITef) 51 gq 1הםם0נ0ן~luo
Ian$Eu וף0 ?טק 51נ?9ן ש 1?ך0 504ף,גק0נ IS9MOI ~HVI 30
eq~ !8ך0
9א1ש8ן9ע הםן. OSLZ ק
130גק0נ gqJ o~vl 51 וט
~noqe 000* uoIIInu ]בף0 - ש oNeureJp UIS~q 0130ך oyl 51 186זווכחן?נן ~Navl pue 51
ן?ך9 oovyns 51 60ש ן aol~q UEOUEJJO~lpOpq ?05 0407ן pue 551
~SOdogp ~ulod
gwnloh בףs'q 9~-ן- ש ן95 א 51
30 OL 1 ?66נ0חש?ן0ן1 51 ד?ךoq~ vgJe gqi~o 0 פוט50?ג-
~uiH
q~HA ? oouaJgynoJIo 30
~noqv בף0 ך1ם. 05
בף0 gql 30פשז1ן9ל Nuol ciio~srq .8-0 oae" csvuoqr~ oq~ ?95 ון5 ~ט 1ea~s sgunu ף?ק svq 1מ11מ9נ0ן~gS
ו-ש- 1ם%גששא0ט !4381שגסמטק
~AOqV
5חה0כן5.
gq~ Jgq~o s~odoJ ומ srq~ )50ט10ג 1ג9 05מ oaq qonul 0ט3סמטא!סם שסנ! pue ? Jo13oq i~sJopun Nulpuel 30 gq,,
~uepq30 gq,, oAOqe sullv 9ASq uo~q טק( שא? sv ueo gq uoes ulo4 aq~ ג069ע 130ה5 ג9שעזטק9נ pue) 04ש
)5( oq~ Kpn$s 30 losoJOE וdoloA9p gq, JodoJd soqo~oJddv 0 ב0
"odsuel~ s$ue~nllod'- 130ג?ן0נ
oq~ uor~lsoduloo pue -.~$Hvnb 1ג?ן9נ
)*( ו0 2טק gU~UIJgigp A~Oq ב0
~VqM
swoJre נאומ0ג0ו ד?ך0 שוeq~ oueqdsow~v UOI$ISOd9p 0 0410ש
)]( se 3?נ se. וק9טוןלג( ב0~lqlssod
gq, SnOUIA 505סחנכ gq~Jo S913IyEd po$Isodgp ca 9וף g4EI
~zis
'uo~$qy$slp
)ש( וף0ונ pue 6?עוכןfeoINoliJgunu pue oldo~osI UO~ISOdwoo 30 gq) 50 כף0מאכ?ן( 091 ק0ו0במ"ט0 ב0
)ן( ~oJnsvguI gq ב0
~unouse
1אש9נ0ן. g4erI וט ק5069ת!ם8 30?0נ050ן
oq~ ureuJ s$o9[qo 0%30 )6נפ0כן sv )gs וע 0חו gq$ tiesodoJd 0נ- 94נ
efl~ gq, 'oaeI וט solol~vd pol~sobp 30וףeqs~o sooJnos 0 05שssnosip 9 ק05
cpue se ץ5 3?נ cglq?sod 01 ח6 5חש
~ulos pouod~ שסנ0 0נ ~ggiqi Jeg ? 0ג0נ נ050ץנכף 30וףS3o~dse 0 30וף0
leug"odoJ
94 op ו0 וא0טן טסן ie9doJ 941 1156ג0140ח poqsilqnd ק?ןל $nq Jgq~eJ 01 igSgJd M~U 5נ59חץ
עמטחק S~Odgl pue זט gq~ חנ% Ivnwle-נ069ע5 05מא qOIqh~ ~AEq
uo~q p~UOSgJd 01 gq, -~sJosuods 1ט siqi
ן?04 ~sJee' ף1קנסן0שכ?ן חזןן ~eelq %נ
~UEpq
ugOq ף?s~lnsaJ 04 30וף0
~lsnotad
p9qs~lqnd וט ~qs
ואנ00
כסטו~טח9ק J9qwooo0 5661 pue snq~ gh~ OA~q U99q חטחן~lqe
~P19g SUOI$VAI9SqO punole oq כסמ9כן ו0
siq~ qoaeos~J wo~oJd כסמאם9טכ0ק ur טק 661ש? Plog גסנך, ue~q 01צנ. 30וףצן זחן1 וט gql iog~oJd
1.1 ,רנ9!949ש9טוPUB 5 ,ר!שפ
.1 NOIS3naaiftw
5 -
aridthe 10 water brings which CaTier Water National the for and purposes irrigation for level water
country.'the 0, south
thefor water irrigation essential the provides and Israel תו water ofdrinKing source major 8 15 lake The
tourism.international and local for resort popular very 8 15 lGnneret Lake country. ofthe pafis arid
lake. mesotrophic 8 naturally 15 lGnneret Lake תlead may ofnutrients supply excessive 4 א easily 10ת81
beenhas tributaries other through and Jordan the through influx Nutrient 'eutrophication. of, state
late the since monitored carefillly.5ס1אל8
Lake8.0. about 15 water ofthe pH the and 1-1 mg 650 about are lake the " solids dissolved 101פ The
stratified generally 18 Kinneret ע~-הע תand epilimnion oxygenated 8 תhypolimnion. depleted oxygen 8ל
19781[Senuya, March מאמ lasts which water ofthe turnover 8 usually 18 there NovembernDecember
the1-1 א mg 20 with contrasts 1"8 and 1-1 mg 250 about 15 lake ofthe content 1ם- The 160-161[. קק.
ofpresence the 10 due 18 content ם- " increase The source). principal (the river Jordan ~the 0, mouth
surroundings.5א and bottom lake the " springs saline
Geography
above150 תז 10 350 ום iom reaching mountalns by bounded 0תע shore narow 8 has ifinneret The
thewest, north the תו Valley Ciinosar the lake: the abut valleys fertile Three Level. Sea Mediterranean
rivers,maln three by fed 15 lake The east. north the
" Valley Betaicha the sout4 the " Valley Jordan
rains.heavy during active only are that streafns small numerous by and 0101פ and Yehudia Jordan,
springshot and springs water offi~esh number ע) Jordan. the fiom 15 input lake fluvial ofthe 704 Some
medicalfor used been have ~Tiberias 0, springs hot sulphur-containing The צ1חל10י. the 1ת found are
surroundsites Nstorical Numerous attraction. tourist 8
1מ"are and times Roman least א since purposes
andofBeatitudes Mount the Capernaum, א found be 10 are ofnote sites holy Christian Kinneret. the
Bethsaida.
Climate
moderating8 has lake althoughthe 1986( Ganor, and (Joseph senu-arid 15 area 1"5 ש climate The
Thewinter. ש oc 12 10 summer 1ת oc 30 fiem vanes water surface ofthe temperature The influence.
betweendi]ferences are There South. the מו mm 400 10 North the
" mm 500 fiom vanes rainfall a~nual
banks west and east the ש ,Ashbel, regime wind and humidity relative temperature, rainfall] 1951 .ק;49
Alpert א .פ ;Senuya, 1982 ,1978 .ק.]59
50118
colluvial-alluvialor grumosols basaltic grumosols, are soils the lGnneret ofthe shores western the )(ת
thearound 50115 calcareous of, area flat 8 15 south the To rossa. terra and rend~na some with grumosols
and50115 colluvial-allu~al 'chalky 0! composed 15 shore eastern The Jordan. ית" ofthe channel
7
grumosolsofbasaltic area 815 מ lake, the enters Jordan the where area the תו nort~ the To grumosols.
asproject ?"5 תו important 15 composition 5011 The 1970[. Raz, 11 Dan ofIsrael, Map Association ]50מ
composition.dust the *0
contribute well might 11
SitesSampling 1.3י
-follows:~ as were sites for Criteria find. *0 difficult proved sites sampling Suitable
water.the *0
Proximity )מ
buildings.or trees by shaded ש( *0א
ofaccess.Ease )מ
humans.or animals by interference against Security )י sites).(selected SUpply ofelectrical Possibility )ס(
.1 Figure תו map the 1ת shown and 1 .- 1 . 1 Table 1ת listed are explanations, short with chosen, Sites
METHODS2.
Samplers2.1.
Introduction1.
project:this 1ת used were ofsamplers types following The
dustfall.for collectors Wet )1(
collectors.dustfall ASTM steel stainless Standard )2(
)dustfa11. for collectors Dry )3 .י
dustfall.for collectors dry Giant )4(
collectors.Rain )5(
collectors.weddry Automatic )6(
TSP.for - sa~nplers volume High )7(
impactor.Cascade )8(
pump.air with 0.45( )תזא filters Membrane )9(
counter.Optical 10( )
stage4 - impactor sasnpler volume Ffigh ( 1 1 )
dustfallfor collectors Wet 2.
ASTMthe by recommended ofthat variation 8 15 Israel ש (trap) collector ofdustfall form usual The
ring""bird 8 by surrounded and water containing container deep 8 essentially 15 TNs . 1982[ [ASTM,
trapsdustfall The container. the תו deposited being fiom droppings bird prevent 10 supposed 15 which
,,,י,: ./ע,,-,,
.
4ופש]
KinneretLake around sites Sampling 1: Figure
1.1.-1TABLE
SITESSAAdPLING
DescriptionWestEastAbbnm. Name0ת.
roa&near q)lite and 560ש" fire ~Of 23452055 ת0 !00זMKhfinhelet1
HaiLinneret
path.tractor Near םא. meteorologjcal 23442048 1גBAChavat2HaBananot
centretoum 1% 'EPA 0! roof, 024362009 תTB)תע,Tiberius 3Prot)
4Needs car. by access Diificult תא. Mekoroth . 2533 2026עאNachumKfar 4drivewheel
nearFairly pumps. h[any םא. Mekoroth 24802107KUKursi5workshop.
coCheck 'roa& Of: side west 0% sh. Mekoroth 24072026GMMenoraGanei 6
ords
quanyfiom 'plurne ofl 11%ס roofin 024152017 תirrTeveriaHamei 7
Near5110. chpen tank 'settling 0! roof, flat )25282111 1מMRRamot Ma'ag~r 8
pool.turde -
trouserslong Need 560ש" roofofpumping 0ת0א236820830 תHa 9
boots.and
trees.Under 8בעשסלס(. DG Was 23472043BGGordonBet 10
ponds.iom away site sunken slighay 1625 2004ADDaigAgafila 11
1%building Service ~Hydtological -of: roofl 0לםל25522120 תDaliotNachal 12
quarry.Near wadi.
building.pump ~ofold 700! 023682037 תBRBariniki13
villageholiday ש 'shelter 0! roofl 25532060 ומםHA'AmnunChof. 14
access.0006 station. pumping Mekoroth 24911989RVRavid15
fence.0" Collectors 81ת. pump~ng Mekoroth 2410210152Shizaf16
10
Figure(see bags sand by or concrete by either place 1ת held are which samplers
~gh
held are ה0 2 ש
Gravenhorst.Dr. partner. German our ofI request the א tree 8 under up set was (BG) collector One 2ג(.
bucketTNs used. was 3146( model 11"5.5 )5ס Ltd.. (Amgat bucket polypropylene rigid 8 traps, our 1ת
Previous116. fitting 688 ?ע with supplied 15 and height cm 24 צ diameter cm 19.2 0, dimensions has
steelstaimess of number נ, use. תו metals trace release 01מ do buckets these that sho~m has experience
dustfallthe calibrate ?0 used are 0ת 1729-82מ: standard ASTM ?0 conforming exactly buckets
system.collection
sitesthe *0
made were visits Periodic month. 'each 0] beginning the א changed were collectors Dustfall
ש water. contained always collectors the that ensure ?ג were visits these summer of: height the א10
Hg(ft)3( ןש solution mercury 8 collectors, the תו gro~hth algal depress 10 order 1ת intervals. day
Experiencemonth. ofthe beginning the א water the ?0 added was acid) acetic 50 עעש + acetate
*0necessary 0ת* was 1? (inclusive) March
*0 November From sufficient. usually was rm 2 that showed
solution.anti-algal the add
somedo only 01א effective. 01מ are samplers ASTM the 0ת nngs bird the that showed work Preliminary
beaks.b~rds' the fiom comes probably which matenal contain others but droppings, bira contain traps
ofbirds also and birds ofmany presence the are nngs bird ofthe failure the for explanations Possible
shaGwith collectors the fitted have we problem fouling the overcome 0ז sizes. different many
workcro~ms The traps. the above or 0ת perching birds prevent which cro~ms stamless-steel
sannples.ofthe content element trace the 0ת effect 0ת have and successfially
arise problems other Occasionally מbirds dead or )!( ofbats presence the e.g. collectors, sannple the 1מו
weresamples the cases these 1ת matter. 'extraneous 0, piece large occasional the or sa~nplers the
discarded.
dustfallfor collectors 3 7ומ.
collectors)dustfall wet the ?0 similar construction )תו cm 29 of: dia~neter 8 with collectors dustfall Dry
(seeones wet than material less collect collectors Dry 28(. Figure (see 'sites 0, number 8 א up set were
whichproject ofthe part the for enough 0מ? was collected dust ofdry amount the event, any 1ת below).
4item (see Asrnimelech ר,. Prof. by Technion the 81 out carried being 15 and nutnents 0ת concentrates
below).
analysis)(Nutrient dustfall: for collectors dry Giant 4.
'nutrientof: evaluation the for fallout dUSt 0! sampling the 15 50 more Even difficult. 15 ofdust Sampling
ofdustsampling ofunbiased problems mechanical the
*0 related problems general the Besides fluxes.
the10 related problem 0פ1%ח another have we suspenslon, re of: prevention and sedimentation
ofbirdnurunuzatlon The insects. dead by and droppings bird by contamination sample ofthe prevention
11-
dustthe around 8תח outward 8ת of; addition the by conventionally done as achieved was droppings
ofthesuspenslon re the prevent ?0 used oRen ofwater, presence the that found was 1? However, trap.
insectlarge 8 0, collection the 10 months, summer dry the during led, particles aust sedimented
ofsenes 8 undergo probably most water the " trapped insect dead Moreover, trap. the 1מ community
thereforewas traps ofwet use The water. the 10 nutrients release thus and processes degradation
beads,ofplastic layer 08 5 מז with 01106 trap 8 tried we suspension re prevent 0ז discontinued.
.1975[ ] Ganor by developed technique the following
801We sample. ofthe contairunatlon detect 10 inability the 10 however, lead. beads ofthe presence The
with as beads plastic or water either תbeads. with trap equivalent 8א~,ithout
trap 8 with results similar
160 plastic commercial were used traps The such. as traps dry use can we that concluded thus was
cm100 stand 8 0ת were traps The יעא. cm 42 and 01ת of44 diameter Inner תא having containers waste
located were Traps water. with trap ofthe washing carefiJl by sa~npled was Dust level. ground aboveמ1
map,see - (OFO 0ת Ha and )3לן( Tiberias )י[4נ(, Cinosar lake: the around 81105 three 1ת duplicates
.1 FiN~re
collectorRain 5.
cmof21 fiannel polyethylene 8 and cylinder PVC walled t~ck 8 of; composed 8!0 collectors These
sleveplastic mesh mm 2 8 contains fimnel The 2ס. Fig~re (see level ground above 2 תז held diameter,
PVCbore large 8 (via fimnel the fi'om lead מו Rain insects. and 'debris of, entry further prevent 10
ofdust.entry against sealed " contauner The level. ground א container polyethylene 8 *0
tube) flexible
samplerswe~dry 6.Automaticג
dropping ran by activated 15 which cover moving 8 with buckets oftwo consist samplers These ת80
Three2מ(. Fig~re )800 raln ?0 only other the fallout, 610 צז only exposed 15 bucket one effect, 1ת sensor.
upset was Canada Company, hdC by manufactured instrument 1 תג( up: set were instfuments ofthese
;2(troublesome very be *0
proved 86ת electncity mains by powered 15 instrument TNs KU. station א
Thepowered. battery and mans both 15 which sampler precipitation acid 100 78- Andersen 8ת
provedhas AD, station א situated was which instfument, T~s panel. solar 8 by charged 15 accumulator
Waterand soil for Centre Seagram ofthe Singer ג. Pro~ by 101מ kindly was reliable very be 10
00-kind 5א for him thank authors The Rehovot. OfJerusalem1 UIiversity Hebrew ofthe Research
mainsby powered and 0א station א up set was Anderson) 8ת (also sampler t~rd The 3( operation;
electricity.
samplersvolume High 7.
standardofthe 8!0 particulates solid 10?פ measure ?0 project 1"5 תו used samplers volume ~gh
The
.and HT TB, locations " used were samplers These type. u.s.א0
12
*אא
1%3ש
1/[
-4hh*0.י*
ןן-
ןלשינששינל
crown.with collectors Wet )ע)( COLLECTORS: OF SCHEMATIC 2 Fig. rillg.bird with collector Rain ))כ( ring. bird with collector Dry )8(
collector.dry / wet Automatic )]((
analysis)particle individual (for impactor Cascade 8.
aerosolsofdry sampling qualitative and quantitative the for designed 15 Impactor Cascade Casella The
(stages)5אנ air fOUI 0] system 8 of; consists impactor The 0.4-50 .תזא range size the מו droplets and
proffessivelyget 5אנ The discs.
~ass
impacting 1 מseries 1 תplaced grids CEh@ rrucroscope electron 0 מ0
the10 Due אנ 10 .אנ fi~om increases efficiency collection the therefore and speed the that 50 finer,
ו different ןסנ 10divided 15 ofaerosols range size the instfument, ofthe design overall the and velocitiesת1
ofrange size The 4. stage 0מ particles smallest the and 1, stage 0מ particles largest the with groups, four
1945[:eday7 follows as 15 eachjet
fi'om particles sa~nples 1 stage 6-50,נמא
Vm12-7 " ""2stage
3stage"" י' 0.7-2,תזא
4stage"" " 0.4-0.7.מ1א
are:instfument ofthis advantages main The
sampling.-for up set quicldy be can א simplicity instvument's the 10 Due 1(
meter.flow 8 of: use the by varied be can volume sampling The 2(
eachfor periods different for sampling allowing sampling, during 8120 by separate are particles The 3( stage.4
identified.be can drops and aerosols Dry 4(
compression))"צ heating 10 due occur may 'drpplets ק] evaporation some that 18 disadvantage maln The
theacross drop pressure Ngh the 10 due Ieaks, that carefiJl be 10 has also One impactor. cascade the תו
stages.fourth and third the תו velocities
~gh
by caused 15 drop pressure T~s occur. 01ת do instrument,
counterOptical 9.
The(CSAS-100(. Spectrometer Aerosol Scattering Classical the was used counter aerosol optical The
theby beam ~the of: scattering fonN3fd the fi'om and beam, He-8 0א by intercepted 18 sampled being ar
sizeThe calculated. automatically 15 distribution 8120 10181 the droplets, and particles aerosol individual
ManuaIJ.Operating [CSAS-100 diameter " 0.3-20 תוא fi~om 15 measured range
filtersMembrane 10. י
filtersimple 8 1ת held 8120( pore Vm 0.45 dia~neter, mm )47 filters membrane polycarbonate are These
arefilters The rrunutes. 20 about for pump battery-driven 8 by filter the though dra~m 18 Air holder.
microscope.electron 508ת1תוש the under exa~nined and carbon with coated removed,
14-
analysisMinera~ogical 2.2.
)GID1820 אין P~lips 8 using )מ%הנ( Dif~haction ו-ray by out carried were analyses htneralogical
wereClays analyses. clay the for used was monochromator 8 radiation; Kot cu and spectrometer
withfiaction the be 10 considered are and water תו sedimentation by components other fiom separated
thecalculate 10 used were ]1975[, זסת8ם fiom taken factors, following The 4 2 .מזא diasneter
areanalyses ofthe Results מסת-clay). and (clay fiactions 2 the תו minerals various ofthe proportions
1105415 Accuracy fiaction. respective ofthe % תו @ven
2.2.-1TABLE
used Factors ש of: heights peak the fiom minerals ofvarious proportions relative calculateמ%הנ
spectra.
FACTORאסא-CLAYFACTORhKINEMLS CLAY
ha]4ERALS
0.5Gypsum1Smectite
1Quartz4110מ8011א
.21 Dolomite8PalygorsKite
4Feldspars8-111"ס
1Calcite
1-'Anhydrite
0.5Halite
DistributionSize Particle of Measurement 2.3.
suspendedriver and sediments sarnples, dustfall 80118, 0ת out carTled were measurements size Particle
laserthe uses instrument T~s analyzer. size particle Plus" Aacro tlMastersizer Mahern 8 using matter
0,capable 15 instvument The theory. scattenng hdie or Fraunhofer 8ת111121ע techrique dieaction
minute1 using water
" dispersed were Sarnples 0.05 0? 550 .תזק fiom diameters size particle measuring
deflocculent.8 without sonification
schemesanalysis and methods Analytical 2.4.
hA[ineralogicaland Chemical
Filtrations. 2.4.-1 Fig~res תו sho~m are ofsamples types various ofthe analysis the for charts flow The
theתו used routinely those were techniques Analytical filters. membrane 0.45 תזק using 001 carried were
follows:as was instvumentation The Survey. Geological
15
spectrometerealission optical plasma coupled inductively 48 model Yvon 70"18 מ.
spectrometer.absorption atomic 400 "SpectrAA" Varian ע.
4000.model chromatograph, 10מ Dionex 0.
diffi~actometer.צ8ז-(נ P~lips 6.
.ס dispersive energy 10000 model Link 8 with fitted microscope, electron scanning 840 JEOLו8ז-צ
analyser.
controlQuaiity out. carried routinely were blanks and better or ffade "4ן"81ת" were used reagents 411
Materials.Reference Standard 'certified 0, use the by was
(Pyrex)glass תו evaporated were volume Large analysis. before evaporated were solutions Many
usedalso were latter The vessels.
~ass
silica transparent תו evaporated were ones small Whilst utensils.
ignitions.for
heaters.quartz overhead unng heating by cupboard filme 8 תו out carried were evaporations Originally
carried were evaporations Later used. clamps the fiom zinc by contamination 10 led method T~s 1מ0מ0
bath.sand 8
"soaked were and polypropylene or 'polyethylene of' made were samplers as used containers plastic 411
metals.ofheavy fi~ee are containers particular these that shogm has Experience use. before 10% 03לעו
4AtcroscopyElectron Scanning
TEMthe 0ת and filters membrane polycarbonate the both 0ת out carried was analysis particle Individual
Thestudied. were particles ofthe composition chemical and size Mo~hology, impactor. the fia
~ias ש.,ם" Ganor and ]1992[ 1ש ןם Doron 1983[, ] Pueschel and Ganor by described been have methods
]1993[.
_AnalysisNutrient
wassuspension The laboratory. the א arrival upon deterrnined was suspension ofthe volume 10181 The
conductivityElectrical phase. solid )10500( dry 8 86ת nquid clear 8 10 separated and centrifuged then
solidThe solution. the תו deterrnined were 114א )03א, Ca, 4ל0 ,1 ,1ם ,ק components soluble and (EC)
analysesthe for autoclave 8תו ת persulphate with digested were solid 6!צ ofthe Sasnples weighed. was
oxidationdichromate 8 usmg deteralined was carbon Organic Asrnimelech). 1 (Raveh ת 1 א oftotal
1979[.Awimelech, 11 [Raveh titratlon end-א01ק potentiometric 8 and [ASAJ
עוצחנ8 samoqJS יס8ןג518 ם-*.-1:
1 ן ן ק%מ108!0ט %-Jok: AaI קח9, סמ "!ט8נקסטג: כ יפם 4ה9יטאו9ון 4ה8יטהו19וןZ6V b~9Wo 0' ו ן כ
ו--- כק' ) או4'2ם הט' כסיכנ' 1 1 ן 9,' ן א8 + ג 93' 1' י!'
!טטוו9 הט כ9' )1 s*ou!w כ ן 4
%א puesIO!~w ז ן
41 ן י 1ייז 4
ppuetSlewelu!osppy(~)I
ן
י -1
מ( qB!eah )0 8טק פ יפם 01 הטה9
'qbi9M כ ן0 ו hca----
--
09רום-- , ן רוסחום (
3!ש9ג ,ruw. paq6!eah-9ח;ט 0.ל9 טג J~UU
- --31dWVS
SISA~VNV BW~HOS ערר ]0ש[סח18 laM] )שי% כסררפכ01ש,.
1 1 היט9נ8!סטג
ן Ae8-א uo!iosJi~a ן ג
י-- י ןר ----, יט ha s~elduleS )ן esAl~uV 59 8ס"9ש9 ג-ט;8ו! 'ט
ן es~leuy se 0ג; Jeldw~S 4 ן ט9 ן gaoslas שעוא פעכא
ן הסא1הרג
AHa HaldWVS
יאערג9ופ Bh3HOS 03ש ollwnolnw SHB~dWWS
, hVW 86
17-
SCHEME ANALYSIS הסק SAMPLERSASTM 4 אטנ93
STEEL)($TAINLESS
UCNJID-סנ(ס5 י
"ש411ק Rlter, um0.4~5 1 0.וזזו"
ןן
1" LIOUID
סט80
--
ר--* ;Evapof~teפט"יש
--
Weightat 110ס
;Weight ז6 1 10ס
Heat*י
Heat
ו"י"אישן . "י"אי[ו
1994Apr 7 SAMPLERSהו(ק ,רהם SCHEME ANALYSIS
BUCKETS)(LARGE
.AND SALTS SOLUBLE 4זם0[גהשא~א
הש[קאג8ן =אISAMPLER 1 1 .0א2
ן dryness10 Evaporate1 ן -- -י
IRIter
רו* ן סוטסטן44
dryness10 Evaporate -
א0פקלן 61 110ס
-----ק פ 110(
IWea~hti ]____Ignite
Ignite61 450ס ן
IWe~hf;
ן Weightat45OCן
SchemesAnalysis 2*4*-1: Figure
oan35g som~q3s ,ים48ג818 2-*.-ז:
elqnlos sluewe~3 sJotepy + 80094
4 4ש ד ן ן - ן
ן -,!
- bWSW אי6'ן ע'
כ[' אאי ה6' כי 8" אספ' 08י'ו
dOl 9ט9[ג5[5
ן - - --
ן suoieO ויט!סם8ן
IZA~VNV ב[ר2שע31[
][ר1שע12
עאס יאסבור32ש בור1בש
IOW])G )ן אע32ש 4[1א 8+ (tONH יכ1ס NOUOWIX2'
--י -9ldu1VS ט,י ;!א9"
ע]ר"5ח4.81סו: SISAIVNV א"סרי gWBHOS Hoa וש ][ר1בש8 ח!04ך unr י6טי
----.ץן ן כ יש ח אא6א
ן bs~eWO'bW O~lVaN6haM נ' ( כן ] כק' tJo~OO ע א!'2%ם הל ש'יו'1ו' ן אע + '8[
י6טץ9 ח6 כי )( ישוטסש , ' ,י puesto!enL_~/-ו=,,,ו,ן puesto!el
ן ? ן ן Isna ואסשסעאוכ ןש
י6ם"9וםיפםכ9טקאםי6"001 י
ט( -- כ ויס א9אף'
05חם
חסחום( ( !eedoios 9 ] ף י00
ב[ףגימ, טן8 חש 0.*9 טעאיפש"9ק
8יהשרב ן 6י( ק9ט 4סש sae~onq שיאירג8ופ ke*avI כסררבטסש8( מ234 0ח19]ערר בסש 8כאבהב
- זע-
-19-
Fab9611 -1
ML))5000 SAMPLE 1 ן
mesh)) filter Coarse:
sampleClean
!adiquotTake~ -- וק, sample 01 Aliquotן
9.5.1000וףח
filterand ,10 100 1ח Evaporate~ filterMembrane __444--
Flter100()1חו volume Analysis
25/ וח, dryness10 evap. andן 11100*1
,ג[י(ן14ע יעע 1 1 0/1450כ(
-SchemesAnalysis 2.4.-1* Figure
20-
DISCUSSIONAND RESULTS 3.
depositionDry 3.1.
fractionsdustfall and Dustfall 3.1.1.
sitessampling ofthe Some lGnneret. the around collectors trap wet duplicate תו measured was Dustfall
8*0
proximity like offactors because chosen were but staft the fiom ideal 0ת* be *0
kno~m were
wereports previous our 1ת togm. or quarry 8 e.g. pollution, 'local of; site 8 or station meteorological
weresafnples the Hence collectors. two the between reproducibility reasonable was there that showed
contamination.obvious e.g. 50 do 10 01מ reason good 8 was there unless combined
sho~m are 1994-95 1993-94, 1992-93, Aug~st) 10 (September years hydrological the for Resultsמו
3.1.1.-2and 3.1.1.-1 Figures
divided been has 10תMarnane follows as fiactions 6 1] *ס ,[8]1982
~ux
austfall The
(TORG)8"0 Or~ Total ]
(IWS)Soluble horganicWater א. oc450 10 ignition aRer matter insoluble )11יל(; Insoluble Water Inorganic ווו.
i.e.IWS (TBVORG). Inorganic Total +1עלו". ocא ן 0ן drfi-ied = )1ז( Insoluble Total ע.
.וע TORG = Flux Total = Total + 71ל1 1 %י5
was5 עען when 1992 December - September during (except directly measured are IWS and TORG
15matter organic ofthe proportion substantial 8 that clear now 15 % ofTORG case the תו calculated).
incompleteare 1992 December - September for matter organic 10*פ for figures the Thus soluble. water
matter.organic insoluble *0
refer and
lGnneretthe around statlons sampling the 1פ of; deposition dustfall mean the shows 1 - . 1 . 1 . 3 Figure
theyear ofthe most during 1992/93 year the 1ת trees. under situated (purposely) was which BG except
similarly.behaved components the נפ and month) per 15 8 2-ת about ) uniform very WtS flux austfall
fiomaust 'mineral 0] incursion 8ת brought which storms dust heavy were there March תו However,
increasedIWS and TORG whereas 7 of factor 8 by increased was 1,לו the pulse, thls תו Africa. North
theDecember % sort. same ofthe peak smaller 8 was there November 1ת of2. factor 8 only 8 by
results.0ת are there and raln heavy very *0
due overfiowed samplers
throughoutchanges smaller much with one prevlous the than 11055 פ10קצ much was 1993-94 year The
wetparticularly 8 was 1994 March May. and January November, תו occur peaks Small period. the
storms.dust usual the without month
Kinneretthe 0ח fractionation Dusftall (monthly)1992-1993 year Hydrological
מששו-15-
וז ןן+
ןושו / ן/י-4*.-Iwsן"/ן /
י11עין / /// יןן(חסאוז / ןן*//ן* קש8 ז0ס DEC NOV א4ט 8שק א4א חקMAY 4 אטט AUGJUL 11י 1 1 1 1 - --11י1י
Month
Kinneretthe 0חסו81חסו801יז ח Dustfall (monthly)1993-1994 year Hydrological
.,.,.... / +.4.,.
6-/ן*/ עעוו
לן,,"!4,".
-ו[ן.
--0 י - ,, י י ז - ,111 1--ק---
Month
:inneretא the חגש fractionation Dustfall year Hydrological 1994-1995)ץוח1חסח[(
-14- ן/9.
ןוו /1/ 12 ן+
נ-10,ןןו*ו
גן
Month
1995- 1992 (monthly), IGnneret the 0ם Fractionation Dustfall 3.1.1.-1: Figure
-22-
Kinneretthe 0ח tractionatlon Oustiall (stations)1992-1993 year Hydrological
[זו*ן+
Iws
0חסאוז--1-'
TORG
-*.-TOTAL
1.-ע
4..,...י ה*....-צ ,. י4
ג=1ג1פ
)5
""52
ח" נ" אBA 04 84 "6 זה "ז לAD 4 "4 ג, לא
StationSampling
וו8ט8טם fractionation ח0 8"811(8חח8א(statipns)1993-1994 year Hydrological
ן.=,י4 -9*ג
4 /י ןן* ו
ןןן / ן........ ו *
7 ,,,;;,;,,., ,,,(;;1. BA MK 0 הAD RV 78 HT GM 8 אא HA סא MR טא 82א0
StationSampling
inneretח0 8"1 וא lation fraction; ו Dusffall (stations)19941995 year Hydrological
-10 /יה-4-
0- MK 84 חGM 8 זא RV TB 40 אא HA סא KU MR 82א0
StationSampling
Fractionation Dustfall 3.1.1.-2: Figure מKinneret. the 0 1)5חסטבש5( 1992 -1995
-23-
IWSThe diagram. the 0מ obvious are these and November תו storms dust heavy were there 1994-95 תו
latterThe winds. Mediterranean 0, effect 8ת be may 1"5 and norma] than higher also was month 1"8 תו
the1פ for values background The diagram. seen peaks TINORG small the for account also may מ0 8"*
input aust ofthe much that contention the relnforcmg thus similar, very were years 0חoccurs Israel 1תו
1996[.Foner, and [Ganor on@n ofdesert dust-storms *0
due pulses
sampling*0
according arranged but years, hydrological 3 the for dustfall the shows -2 1 . 1 . 3 Figure
varieddustfall 10*1992-93 0ח1 פ the During south. the fiom lake the around clocl~Nise aTanged station
largewere there but constant remarkably were TORG and 5 ין The month. per 9 8 2-תז and 2 between
primeThe contanunatlon. or activity human local by explained be can which 1,לו the מו differences
generalsame the see we 1993-94 תו quames. by affected are which 0ע and 117 are oft~s exafnples
117.*0
due that than pronounced more 1,יו *0
due peak כן the with picture
twothe א values 171ל The years. prevlous 188 ת sa~ne the remalned distribution general the 1994-95 תו
bycontrol dust א 'efforts 0, spite תו years prevlous the תו as sasne the about remained quarnes near sites
o~fners.the
lakethe *0
input Atmospheric
components)vanous 5א (and ofdustfall Deposition Total and
~ux
the show .-2 1 . 1 3. and .-1 1 . 1 3. Tables
betweenranged lake the 0או input dustfall 10*פ The project. ofthe period the for Kinneret the 0א
'para~neter.of~ t]qpe
*"5 for amount constant surprisingly 8 18 T~s year. per tonnes 15,600 *0
10,600
variescontent) rnineral the represents (which 71לו The 5. 4ין the and 171י the are constant more Even
only15 sulphates and salts sea by dominated probably
" wKch 5ות The total. ofthe 40% *0
30 between
alsoare parameters 0,ל*
latter These tota]. ofthe 30% about also 15 and ו7לו the than smaller slightly
ofwhichmatter organic 15 dustfall ofthe 30% remalrung The year. *0
year fiom constant surprisingly
parametersofthe reliable least the 15 matter organic the that opinion our 15 ע soluble. water halfis about
etc.insects by contamination and matenal plant 'pollen, of' input local *0
due here discussed
constant.quite was research the during lake the *0
contribution atmospheric the above, mentioned As
depend which .-1( 1 1. . 3 Table (see sources other and Jordan the fiDm inputs theת0*0
contrast 15 תו TNs
rainfall.ofthe location
~he
and intensity the amount, the
basedyear hydrological per tonnes 42,000 18
~Gnneret
the entering River Jordan ofthe load mean The
private[Geifinan, 1968/69 year exceptional the barring , *01984
1967 fi'om average year 18 8ת0 ת
andwadis stteams, fiom Ifinneret the 110ת ofsolids inflow the estimated 1982[ ] Inbar . communication].
CompanyWater Mekoroth the by measurements actual However. input. Jordan ofthe 30% as runoff
.-1 . 1 . 3 Table תו sho~m as values lower much give project this during communication] private [Geifinan.
.-1.1 8.1 TABLE FRACGRAF.WQ2
Kinneret1ח0 6ח rlux Dusftall Annual
)2ח(א/65חח0ז(
TOTAL0חסז TlNORGIWS וזושעוYEAR
62.318.543.818.825.586.2992/931
78.629.943.720.523.286.81993/94
92.187.055.125.729.545.51994/95
.-2.1 :3.1 TABLE FRACGRAF.WQQ
Kinneret1ח0 6ח DusftalI Annual
Fonnes)TOTAL0חסז TINORG IWSוזושעוYEAR
10596314674503105432961501992/93
1251350817481849239396252993/941
15664629498714364500777341994/95
1גף0וף0נ aqs owes 5) GIU~ 30 'snoJoqdsoqd 6הס5ו01מ: וolq 51 u~do 0-?ג2זז?ףןsewoooq 9 ץ
071730 1ף9 1כתושסנ9ו. וף0 ומ
~unoua
qNnoq~re 5ועשבכ?טן( oq3 eleqdsow$v 51 04ש Nua~uo oq~ oael 30ב0
5סש0 sJoqolegs~J AOqleJJ 7661ש[ ( ט7 ש oAeq וף?ן 5ה88סת0ק UOJI 5ז gq, NuI~FUJII 5סש0 %נ טחוט0טו SULIO~
ש4?גס5 - ?ומ501טף0נס- $Gq מז 8?595 ?כוק ף1 '
gq, IIEJIsnP בנסש 0נ oNeNJo )ש?ת9נ
~SIFqM
gq, ז?ת9נ
~ew
gq onp 0ו .yOISJOAU00 ו0 30א?כן sg1Eqdlns 0נ
JOAO ףן popIAOJd וף2ן~gS
AvJds וףס 9נסש -'u~gue119$Ipopq oq~ בסו1ססנ ~ew
oq onp 004ש א? ו Sre~gUKU ומ
אקכו כן uol~nunulp 30 ? 0נ uolllyp@ vN~o 2ם וף0נ%0נכ וios JOIVA~ 51 1noqv 18.0 pue eJGq~ 5 30 נ"01.suuo~s 911 JEIOUI אקכן SO13EJ נ% gqi 9941 sleeK 930וץ wo~oJd 86.0( 16-0( ,ג0ש pue .00.1 oq~ lelouI
pue (JOUE~ :ן66ש Jouef) 041 661[?[. על( 9ג qNrq ?כ ~ndul
81 onp 01 leool isnp pue Nuol gaVJ isnp
שגסה81קספ guEUIey~J 5661י פסת1קף( שק tJo~uls :661י eun~ 70661: ע7( 79 1407ט 6861: ע7- ש Jouod
pue ougqdsou~v א8ף snoffwoue וף9 ו0 כסטםסכוסק ףס ~IIOA ש?ן~os
SIGAOI puno~ וט lo~JSI 1ף
~uvul gql
~sow ~uepunqE
UOI Nu~sug gq$ g~el 04ש gq~ gJoqdsoe3E ua ו5 5נ(י.1א5 51 1ס?נ8 שס5ן
~ulsudins
gq~ pue sFqi 51 gnp 661י-56 1מ כ?
~luTeul
p~unooo Nuunp וף?ן suuols קח5ן oq~ KJOA KA~gq ו0
~Eqi
01?ל
יש0הטן ca 51 קון93נ0טכuuoJrun J~AO gq, -'sleg~ 041 Jo~ew 9 5חשטשט8ז1 ו5 ז?ךNuuo~ug gq$ 9 וסמ5 30שיסנ
SnOU~A elq~$oeJwe-PSOE pue 4?ן9נ ~lqnlos
suol 0שו oq~ o~el וףנ9ס וף9 %נ yeoINololp~q sleoK :pg'gg~ oq~
1?ףזס5 MOqS gq, lenwre xnv pue oqi Ie$oi TenuNIv נ59ט9כוננ9ז1( .ז--ם( ן - [ pue -ן.-ן ן . [~ndua
9q$~o
1-2-ז* Kl]siw~qJ
ueapq OIELE 1981 0816] 00671 08075 ז1
661י-9661 יע5 01 0007 י1ע 01 00991 ]9 ז9 01 1
661[-661י 00811 009 00*81 00571 0060] י0661ז-661[ 0*98* 000] 975י0 00901 9זזי0 11
Indu[ 58ק gomu + JJosnu 1ndu? ouoqdsou~e 51 ?du( וסועז 30a~plof mJeoa$s UBpJOf ouoqdsoaxl~ 2101ן ,י"אס5טףסםכ זטכזהקזם8 se
sNduI 30 sp~os o~ul oq$ 04ש ןמטם9נ0ן SnOU~A s~olnos (SgUUO$)
נעפדב ]-'1'1-]
~ouevodwl
pue 0330כן uo oq$ oaEI 0חטק0נסתמעקסק. ?נ
Jeq 2ושס5טף0טכ 30 טנסט0תוסט $siq~ SUeGIU )Eq~ eq טג9נ- oq~Jo שסחיף ~Oq ק
~ndw
pue 5וו Tel~uo7od
~ndw
? ש poi~sodgp זoq~ Nulpvol 5 30 ט?ת unH g~plaq pue שו ק9ץ? ueplof וףס 04ש חט-JOAU ש9?שחנ0ק ז5
SqNofu 30 ~JO$UUh קקו"סט' 1ם? ~q$
KJ~A ו5 קח5ןבקן
~gUg
cgAIIOEOJ וףסנס%נpue 0 קו,וקסק
~SIIqM
uepJof וף0
oq~ 1ג?ן0שסשס ,gq ,גזםזת 1801 וףס ?זן indE sJnooo Nuunp שוש50טף0טכ
~nduI
sJnooo Kluo Nuunp ? 103ג
snq~ gq~ ougqdsou~v ומטהן o~ul 9וף NOUUI]~ S9U~A טק 511 ן ף0וא00מ?
~o$,
gqi~o -ו0וק cglouugq~nd
slosoJ~e 01 oq~ lesol PIIos .indut
olqv~ OU9~dsoul$V 30וף0 כסטוטףח"0מ pu~ oq7 ו0מםס5( )ומ gHEI וףכ s$ndul o~ul ג0128הSA~OqS oqs 5 -[ 1 - ן . [
-מע-
-20-
TABLE CHEMYRAV.WQ2 3.1:ך-.2.
Kinneret18ח0( 10ח, 6ח of Flux Annual
ו(כ(ו ר 53:3-?:5353 ך 953:3-5314 ך5(4-51(5353
,3(מע/?:רח/ס( ?:,כ14?:3:.?: .3:3:כ( 3:ל(4ןמצ/?:רח/ס(3(5(.ל(3(3:.ל(514(.ל( 4ל(13מץ/2וח/ס(4*418.9*.4.088
4*,4ןמצ/2ח[/ס( 0.29.181 פמ4)[צ/2וח/ס( ך ך.0.849 171.
קמע/2ח[/ם(0.250.260.35
ח2מצ/2חן/סח[(24.8018.5518.00 Pbמע/2ח[/סח[(8.672.868.51
Cdמע/2ח[/סח[(0.160.580.30
,אמצ/2ח[/סח[(3.282.858.48Ba(mg/m2/yr) ך 40.0722.89.881
חמ4מצ/2וח/סוח(514(.19 ך19.854.86
6-[מע/?:רח/פ( 1'כל(.3(0.8 ך ך.0
Crמע/2וח/סח[(313:.?:314:.312(.8
זו)[צ/2ח[/סח[(3.673.078.49 Caמע/2ח[/ס(7פ.4.058 0211.
cuמצ/2ח[/פח[(2.812.58ד5.6
Agמץ/2ח[/פח[(0.460.520.61
Srמץ/2חן/פח[(24.1514.5515.05
פאמצ/2ח[/ס( 551. 481. 971.
אמ,,2וח/ם( ך0.89.07 041.
-27-
.2.-23.1 TABLE CHEMYRAV.WQ2
lake110חן 6ח ions 01 1טקחו annual) mean (and Annual
Mean1994-951993-94 1992-93ח0ו "חט ום6חח42051589542010
3ל(4ן6חח10 ך87936502
4כ(68חח64568657967010
4,114ןtonneךנ(ן:217 ך24
6Mgחח18119814320210
ק6חח4943448010
6Feחח17318815018210
6Caחח1045187468957310
8א6חח28433525126410
4א6חח17017815118210
ח62חח3.484.223.153.0610
Ba -6חח4.216.813.812.0110 ח4א6חח8.053.292.533.32106Srחח3.054.112.482.5610569624486596kgPb
ם ט אס52 נ592798542557485584kgוא
438511397404kgCr
579624521593kgע594953392438kg)טכ
907889103kgAg
-28-
Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 992/931
"9+
Ca..ק
6ק.=
-600
500-1
ן
400-8 ש...* ..
ז-300צי 200-1
100-
4 -- ?h............... -ע
Kinneret1"6 0ח deposition Monthly 1993/94
+9י
Ca
ק
4
Fe
WONTHAV.WQ2ast
-500. /ן.ע/
/ן 1,
י 4 00-,ן/ ן'/ %-300,/ן
/ ן/ ./עעי . .י/ 200-5/
100-
O-L AUGJUL אטנ MAY APR MAR אגנ 8שק DEC NOV 007 $EP
Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 994/951
10000:
rNAV.WQ2א0" י
"- - /.2_85א
:1000/ן
,למן4,ע,י/ נ ו"' /,
...................... . .......... ........
- ................. [ ...................
,. . ..... ......... . . .... . , , ... .=-.........
Kinneretthe 0פ lons 86מ Elements of Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-1: Figure
-29-
Kinneretthe חסו1ו08קפט חם Monthly 931י99
-700 4UONTHAV.WQ2
QSG-1!כ(
-800ן+
ן03א
-0 ק"$ DEC NOV OCT אגט MAY APR MAR FEB אטט(טט
Kinneretthe 0חסו1ו08קפט ח Monthly 993/941
-6004 MWTHAV.WOg-ש4-
94-1מ,ם 4יט
*-500 ין -ן-+-ו,יק03א
504// 4%-1
Kinneretthe 0ח deposition Monthiy 95י199
-שפ- 4!8-
*02 "ONTHAV. %0י-"18ם
-+-
-700 /ן03א
י-800 .-._..ען,ן504
יו % -",,י' 1,ן] .~ןKinneretthe 0מ Eons and ofElements Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-2: Figure
-30-
Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 931ש99
Pb
-4-
,א4
cr
ע
-שאדcu
9ש /ןן,
,ן ,ןן, ן,ן /,*
MAYAPR MAR אגנ 8שק DEC NOV OCT קש
Kinneretthe חם deposition Monthly 1993/94
UONTHAV.1VQ239% 0.7
0-6
י;0.5ט
ןא0.4ש
לקט.ט
צי 0.2])
0.1
0
טק
+_4_ואcr
-5,-
ז*ךיcu
"ONTHAV.WQI3א
ןן
ןן
0.8
0.5
*
1 ו0.4ס0 .9סי
- זגש.3.ם
1ם
0.2-5 2
ו-0-
%/
טק
+
Cr
טכ*
Kinneret1"8 חם deposition Monthly 994/951
UON7HAV.I-.wa23g~ae
*לן
"., '/פ.._..
1/
ייי-(,ע=ויי,
0.8-
0-7-1
%1 0.8-
ןסי
ש-0.5caש
ד-0.4ש]י
3.פ-
0,2-
אגכ 8שק MAY APR MAR אטנ [טנ6טג 0 . 1 - ד 1 -- - ז- 1, 11ז 11
~EC 007 עסא SEP
lfinneretthe 0פ Ions and ofElements Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-3: Figure
Jefiwls 51 מ 891נ. Jeg~ 01 04ש
~UI$SOJgIUI
01 oaeduloo 95041 ssinsa q~ua oqi 30 כסש6ס5וווסמ ~lqissod,
wnsdKN PUE 09קת gJOA~ osre .1ף9 ק9ו9כו9ק KEIO-uou TeoINolvJgunu 30וף0 כסש506חוסמ sgldures 51 ~Vnb
! oq~. שס5ן uoulaloo 56נ059מ7 מחט0נען oJe tNvnb 3סןקפ6?ל OVOIEO PUE .~lnaolop 30 ?שפחטן5 5שקן
1ף9 -ע.- ן [- PUB ~lqel -י'-ן ן [- gae UA~OqS ua anNIg 5661 01 ןoq~ ssee~ ]66 %נ 9NtgAV ftvJ~snp 01?נן1
Xelo-uoN מאמ0נק5
כסם0כו9ק
~uunp
5661. 07 ןsJ~K ]66 וף9
uepJof JoArH papuodsns peol 01ג9נ p~zlhue ג% J~gqi מאמ0ג?ן0שכ?ן -'UOIVsoduloo 01ף s9Iduas 904נ
ד6עסצישאשן ?מק sulaoiS) )קחפן tsnos p~puedsns s~loIIJed 05ק!ש%9ל oael 30קמ5יוח! 5שם6!59 1[00
*S*T*E על1ט9ג048צ1
~snp
uuo~s s~ueAe dogA~S 607 ח ונשט8וןנ 8טק 06חחו01ט ח gq$ '1מטם9נ9ן
JGqIO pue וף9ע s~egd eJe 01 6?שז!ק osoq~ 30 קח5ו ULIO$S SSueA~ לם ~soqi '551 זש6זזכ?ו!0ט 041 91?נ leql oqi
1815א3נ osoq~ s$uowol~ pOASq~q 6ננת9כן 30וףgOJq~ sJ~K 0 ?ט 1ט 4IA~OE ?מו4נ060ש0בעכ
~veIKuls
0?כף י0
oJnSId ] - 1 ]-.2. SA~qS 0יף JnoIA~qoq 30 ? dnoaN IAEOq~o 5ש0וק cqd) )!כח( ג( כנ( א qoFqAt KIIensn
gall . כקכוחש-
pue q~a 04עמו0ג וף KuleI 'uose~s oqJ yad Nuunp eq~
~uaJ
uoseas 51 קח6אכ?ו0ק "0ג Kq מאט9נק SJ9aJEW
~seJ$uoo
) gq$ J~wo suol MOqS Sae~d 055כו?ן9ק? q~eh qNq עוף" oq~
~snp
ULIOIS
~ft9AO
JgqwoAoN~o
ן66י
~ureJ
-~uosvos ן66"/56 ןט gM 8?וט?
~os ~vqs
קpue 05 א0[ צ(
*HM 9מסו ?נ po~ooJgn 10צן9שק ף !ם שכו0נ5-
צ pu~ ]0א ~ouo ul~Ne 0ף0ך?ג ~dopua 7ץ0 30 0מק1 9עק Jeq~o 50!0ש9טן qorqA& AhOqS n~FH soxnft aunp 97ץ
?55סכ!?ן0ק ? "עוף siueAe "עוף
~uuvul
ן66[/6ע( 1ם qOIqh~ iqNnolq ueJeqes Ssnp pue ?95 'Kads ונ~0כן0נא
Jee~ 3saqa ]צ שק אס eAVq~q 4)8נ9 941נס קמנ9נסטי Sygd 910,1ש94ג 4ם pu~ qoaepq נ% S7ugIUglg
anNld 7ףA~OqS Jelgns SpugJ~ InoqNnolq~ 9 פ0י pue כן אי ~glqnlos -~SUOI oq 4?ן0נ s~seleJ 07 .ם-2 1 . ן
~7uopugdope
Joq~o -s7uoworo 730ף9
נ0ב0כו!0מ oq$~o iJgA KAeeq
~snp
uIJois וףק p~unooo ומ seqs -שס%ף aouo tu~NV ב sgAeq~q
oiou) ? J~qIUOAON pu~ srq~ 51 חad 1 ץטק Npq כי %נ Heod ש?נךכק offos aoq~ sa 8) !80?מוףש!כ
OJouI p~oJds 0חו J9AO oq$ -01?נ oq~ dlp זם qoavpq SEM 907 קה UV
חטח5חק~
KUNJ -q~uow 66י/56 ן 1ט
siueluglo s~eed oJe כ? ~leqi Gq 9צכ69ן ~snoIA9~d cJee 941 זט Gqs GUIeS KeAi 55 זט ]SSG 0ג שסנ0 ף9ף948ק
!מ gq, oules KvAt sv 0וף JgqN SSuoluglo ש0םו1סמ9ק puv siq~ s$s~SNns ?
~uoJoglp
OOJIIO 66[/6ע ן ןמ osoq~
Jelnuls gSEgJOUI טסן aodeJ 941 4 s~op~.- 7ח5 ש 0ן495ף9נ9 6נ059ש9ק 1חצ ~gqt le$o ש 6נ950טן0ק ו5 6~כוחנ0
"עוף sreJ~unu pus 9ו0 כסטמ9כן9ק 51 !טכנ0?95 וף oq~
~snp
UUO~S JUgh~ qOIqh~ ומ 0ככחננ0ק
~sql
'aoK ד
qolepq ?55סכז?ן0ק ?נSSU9WOp qOIqA~ 0 ?נosoq~ 9 04- ?מק Npq כ?( וף9 זט seA~ ? ol~eunJp OS20JOUI וף939
ןט ]6/2661 gq, soxnv )?ב0 4ע8( 30כ puv 4 004נ9 .ם--1( 1 . [ )ב!8חנ uuoyn 3 %גsow 9ןמ 01?ך 30וף
ץכח4!ו1- - [ 07 .ז.-ן ן - [ sgJnNId !מ pa4uosoJd ?נJ~qulnu 30 uosoqo S~UOWOIG 0 ? 30 בחצ שסשןח1 1ף0
qd pa tuz )90ת?11ח1 ?נ9 4נ! ?טק ג כח eq~
~lnsol
10630!חו01ט
~SnqM
sl9q~o 9ש?נך0נפ ?נ uBWnq~o
941 s~unoure 30 מאמסנ pue 9ונ?כ siu~wele 9נ? osie כסט5ן?טן בחקן J~AO 0וף sJeo~ pue 0ש-צ. 7ח959( 30 5סש
-~]-
uol~lsoduJoo 94130 peol 94130 uvpJof 51 4!ג9נ osie UAhOqS 1 . [ 814הנ9 !ט . - -ם - י
KlqvqoJd ue מם9ק ?ת71?כן% Nuunp oq~ ss~ooJd 30
~uliap
oq~
~ueunpos
-so[dulvs 01ף IeofloleJounu
ד?ך0 ו5 15שos~q) 5016 וע 5618המoq~ 1 6-ם50[- ןUA~OU4 uouoIUOU9qd CE~nugS] )866 1ג9(ן ? ~5 1פעם0נ9ו
zvenb pue Jedsplo~ ן ףהו qNIq %09(1 כשזכת0 30 כסעכ9שנאוסט( oqi orueN1qTnE uolsonpoJd 30 ot~oieo, וט
* )1 5618הש lenbe suoI~OdoJd 30 נסה8ףןן כסטן?ש S7ugUI!pgS נף959 ן. 4!8הנ0 !ט UAhOqS ?5 2 ןעק 1 )1( 4(
oldures S~a ? 03ISOdwoo 30 599 04ש ו?ץ9ט 5?ש6ןqs 94?1 שו ? Wd~p 30 oe, ן כש?
~ndas
ssulod GY )ט
* 1י 814חג9 95ק~ש9טן ~gq צא4ם9נ9ו. ד8ץ9 04ש (sSueunpes ue~e 30 כסש6ס5וו!סט ,gq קSA~qS 05 -מ .*. 1 . [
oql dul$. שסמואן ה5ה?ן
טהקט8 JoquaoAoN Gq~ שסהטן? olqnlosul~o leJouEu isnp pe31sodop ש oq~ 3aNuulft 5?ח Tnoqv gOJqi 50ש"
מאע9נ?ן0שכ?ן uol~lsoduloo eqi~o 805ת11ט isnp 05 וף9 51 שא65?נ ו4ק
~ueunuopGJd ~vlo-טסט
מאע0נק'
h~unoo ?ן gJgqi SEM 1י0ג9שף9נ 1ע נסכך-
~seel
900 KJOA iA~Oq
~snp
UUO~S ~posyd9
pue srqi p9Sueqo 9וף
כסטכ9טנג?חסמ )ף?5ק"כ( 01כ?ן oq~ uolinqu~uoo Gql~o ו0 קה0 6נ59הוט?ף!1 1ג50ן ~oq !ט 1א8ף9נ !5 0730ןק865נ
gq, טעא281 !5 כס?שuo q~oq 5 קה5ו7חן 130ףgq~ UO~ISOdwo3 0 5ו?ףן0( !5 04?וף0נ
~deoxe
וף0 וףשו
suol~ls gql 0א- pue 25 1מל 4ע4ף ?נ9
4ע"iseoo 5001שק 1נב אפ( 8ע( ?נ0 5וא 'ay . דהשת( 1ט ueqh~
1ף0 pue 9?5ן
~S9M
sau~q 930וף ~oJguurft
כ0?ת 0?5ן gql נ9650כו1ג9ןPue JoqwoAON )5661 -1~ דהצה5ן ש
sanNld '"--pue ] - 1 9 .ע.-5 ן . [~UgS9ldoJ
Nufiiios וף0 5ע sl~JewuJ מסם-כ181 ס3וף0 כסעכ0טונ?1!0ט 1ף0
~snp
uo
Ile~$snP osind 30 ueolay ulsUO po$n~p 9וף lensn .ף?כךצנסהטק י קהאאן pue 004- וף9 ו?! srql ןקו9נ uolinqy~uoo 51 05 םסן poaleul ש qoiepq esnso~q ש
"q$ ? שסטוף
q$oq ו0 05010
~Tesvq
soarenb pue 0וף JedsploJ 5ג60נ959א oq$ uol$nquiuoo 930וף ilrenb 0941 ו feool
* 'g~nuolop J9A9MOH א1 5ו?ווסט5 ~ט pu~ CGN Jedsplg~ 01 ן?5ן 1ף959 6נ0קסמאט?ן0ן" Nulldures s~ulod 9נ?
וף9 oJnJold 5! :ט ק0371נ0ען~ suol$~$s )81 SH fta pu~ ftpq gq$ 3ueunuopgJd syesunu 9נ? ~$5oTeo
pue
UOIIE~S ? 30 ן99א?נק 15והצן0ק qOIqA~ 51 אן
~lesvq
iLIenb ט! ue eose 30ךם0אם -'uol$IIod 8ר(ז4י%ך( 1(הטט
וף9 IlsJ~snP 5~ 90קמן pue gq~ reJouoN UO~ISOdwoo wo4 ןן? oq~ 551 5ועו!סט 'Jalnuls oq~ ו0 9צכ69י01מ siqi 51
iueseJd ~gq 30קסן0מאוJgftas s~unoure '9 4עוף ~ziaenb pue Jedsplg כ?יןכ~ן9( ?נ9
~ueunuopad IEJgU~UI וט
qolepq ]661 ? iAeOq קה5ן UUO$~ gposydo
~uIJvuISyo
Sffl~UJIU 6טטכו6?ן eqJ סככהננ9ק' ,עםכ? אסתף וט
soldu~s טהטם8 )5המאע9ק. ןqolepq ]661 (Suuds) pue isnSn~ ]66 %נ 5ו?ו01טNurlduas 5 05ן9כו9ק 04ש
ב81הג59 ~gJedwoo oq נ9650כווג9ן1( 'י'-י( pue ] ' 1 .י.-[ 1 . [
~elo-000
קה5ושןן 30 כסש1506חסט5 מאט9נ?ז180כ?ן
SJo~oolloo 1?ץ0- 7ף9 וnuunp losoJ~e wodsueJ~ 0 0נ ploe (ureJ 51 וףU9qa 029 כ?gq~ 05 )כ0ון?ווקן
gq, OYI qoFqA~ 018 possnosip oJgqAaslo ום srq~ -"odoJ siq~ ulnsdKN
~elu
oq pouuoJ Joq~o ט צוגח 2ע! oqi
-
~l*nsold s~ISliuenb 30 oivqdins Nuaiuo 1?נ98 וף9 ו0 נ9!?ן9ק !pue eq~ wnsdiN 5 5קו eos 04ש ק0טג0ק
wnsdii 9Vffq 51 991 105ן' $gq ש טסו WeJ~snP pue וף9 ש 6נ950טן ?נpue o$rreq (I~EhD 9 )כ?05י-מא02(. gq, וף9 ~מ קסן0מאן0 941 וףשו 51 1ש6חכעתסם 941 קה5ןטקן'
ftvJ1snp 5ו ~ou
feool3o -'uINuo 1ע gq~ ouns 1?4
1ף0 1105 gldulvs 5כסמן?וט Kluo ? 493 קסן0מאו0 30 96נכ9א p~aedwoo 01 066גסצמט?ו0ןן וף?
~oz puno~ ua
sJga~ni o~lsodwoo) gNvJoAe ~(OIduIES
-'sooJnos ~feorNo[eJ9uau uo~lsoduloo 30 gq~, leool nos punoJe gq ססם-כן?1 וחSMOqS 9 -ש .*. 1 - [ 814הנ9
-33-
mineralsClay
Tablepalygorskite. and 1111% kaolinite, are IGnneret the around dustfall 1ת minerals common most The
stormsdust load, River Jordan 5011, of composition rrineral clay the shows .4-7 1 . 3 Figure and .4.-2 1 . 3
1995.and 1994 years the for dustfall and
TABI ע2-.3.1.4
1994years the for dustfall and storms dust load, River Jordan ofsoll, )%( composition mineral Clay
1995.and
KaolinitefilitePalygorskite Smectite
3416428Dustfall
5634010stormDust
735220sediment Kinneret
774215RiverJordan
2153141soil
withidentical almost are soil the and load River Jordan sediment, Kinneret ofthe rnineralog] clay The
the86ב dustfall ofthe rrfineralogy the with contrast These kaolinite. being constituent common most the
contents.palygorskite different have and 0א1מ more much contaln which sannples storm dust
and1996[ מסע" and [Ganor -dust-storm ofI types 'certain of, source the for indicator 818 ת PalygorsKite
'palygorsKiteof' source The Afiica. North תו source 8 1ג or 2ג ח41י
'type of~ are here analysed ones the
storms.dust easterly fi~m possible and 505מ local the fi'om be may dustfall the תו
4נ dustfall 0, mineralogy elay ofthe comparison 8מ1111ס5 תIGnneret ofthe banks west and east the 0תו
and11111ס palygorsKite, are present clays 0תסתבתס most The .4.-8. 1 . 3 Figure 1ת sho~m 15 1994 AugJist
Figureeast. the Hom that than %8011א% more contains shore western the fiom aust The kaolinite.
dustheavy by characterized was which 1994 November for but companson same the shows .4.-9 .1 3
cannotand result this explain cannot 0 .אן coast. west the 0ת palygorskite 18 0ת there case, 1ת1 5ש storms.
wemonth) dusty very 8 (also 1994 October ש However, 'sample. of: oflack because analysis the repeat
phenomenon.thls observe 01ת did
determinationsSulphur Isotopic 3.1.4.
Dr.ofProf. cou~esy by ofG~ttingen University the א out canried were dete~inations sulphur Isotopic י
westthe representing samplers) (wet dustfall composite were analyzed sarnples The Gravenhorst. Gode
betweenranged values 5345 raln. during taken was safnple One respectively. 1"0 ofthe shores east and
onefor except shores, west and east 1ת0ש samples between differences significant 0ת with 8.0, and 3.0
ongin.ofmarine 15 ,0מ sulphur ofthe most that seems
" stage 1"5 שט7( .)1994 1ג month
-34-
חיט5קעם 18הטץחחג Quah קפק8טופק CJEIc~e 19ויסוסם8"ופהשש[גתשאוע% ש[8גז 13.1-.4.
h~ineralogical חסוין0$קהי00 זclay 0-חסח $ו8ק*חוחו חו a~und (iusth~" the 9חHinneret 1 חו()%
VdEd~eDolomih CieIcWe Feldspar ה8טם~ /lnhd~te חוט8קץם
ear Mf] ח נ חפ ט פל01255428011998
0.812.14.513.99.3.11 1993Januar~8פז
141414141414141993Januar~א
2461029926381251993JanuE~y80ה
0728010111993F:ebruarMean
כדד;(Februarש(915.91.42.419[0.613.14.921
141414141414141993Februarא
182193246801612483611993Februarס8ח
0123819300099%1 haarchMean
0.4
"98.513.47.31.211.21993haarchSTD
141414141414141993haarchא251562271243612541993h"arch80ה
hfleElnוהקג020302822001998
Ap STDוה50.11993[813.81..0.47.99
אוהקג141414141414141993פ8הוהקג251383349303611998
ןhfleElnע8מא1993 .02025253000
4.26,910.4
"9סז8,משא1993
אל"ש14141414141414199380העפמא212742301993
027243017001993Juneתפ9ע
0.513.18.318.35.81.20.819SGJuneSTD
141414141414141993Juneא198483460323613611993Juneס8ה
025283015021993JulyhReeln31993JulySTD..1.13י(.5)(~מ49.51~10ו1ן(
אJuly 31פ121212121212129243423449403321781993July80ה
ח88ע$1ט9טג 023803214019981
0.78.911.416.75.51.01998~lugust
STD
א$1ט9טג101010101010101993203393852401781993Augustי50ה
3SephmhfleElnפ0233129160019
)דךEieptern8ש(618.58.40.70.419ן(0.49.8
11 1111111111111993~ieptemא316413163533163161993Sep~m80ה
019322919011993C)ctoberhRean
0.58.2.3) 15.85.80,911.81998C)ctober);כדך
35
Hal~eDohrn~e Cat~e F~dspar זהפטם Anhydr~e Gypsurn
א מ0ש0 8 ן141414141414141998361442955283611201998C)ctber 80ה
714208615241993NovembMean
7.06.89.915.86.9.81 3.51998Novemb8סז
א3Novembש9ו12121212121212974749434575871993Noven~bס8ה
3DecembMeanש69141633242319
DecembSTDמ(123.57.99.418.217.52.72.219
121313131313131993DecernbאDecernbRSD%ש179566055731197819
31163938121994Janua~
"ean 3.8).07.212.512.72.011.21994Janua~STD
11 1111111111111994Januarfא
182811123233169751994Janua~80ה
21043943011994Februarת98ע
4.910.12.812.714.31.41.81994FebruarSTD
141414141414141994FebnJarא
253966633333611871994Febn~arפ8ח
1413112829231994MauhMean
15.28.08.714.11),4.2.111.21994MachSTD11 1111111111111 1994MaKh
ו" פ8הMaKh 1עש6376506618389 091
AphlMean.עש119242728021
STDוחק"ע4(1.58.411.312.71.50.719
אוחקג121219%4 .1212121212ס8הוחקג17345474723431994
32630011994ש019
""?Mean
סז8"אעוש0.818148.98.50.81921 1212121212129%*1
"א"א
80ה"פא88240418428821994
021292721111994JuneMean0.47,113.711.65.01.50.919)4JuneSTD121212121212121994Juneא
33233474424185801994Juneפ8ה
325272518021994JUWMeanנזד8צוטט2.310.514.712.74511.11994צוטט%4א(111111111111111
"4 RSDצוטנ4(425551245219"9;ש
.0 262328220111994Augu~Mean
Augu~STDו"(9ו0.39.212.515.06.70.8111111111111111994Augustא
316355553311011994August80ה
36-
Hal~e1ומסוסם* Calcib F~dspar Quafiz Anhyddte Gypsum
Mf תפ* 8 ש ק br(מ120282724001994 פז8משק*1.34.58.312,64.60.10.419948
א 18ק88מ121212121212121994
179233048193321751994Septem80ה
ע ת68 ט10ס0 *י012411185001994
0.25.014.319.014.50.77984()ctberSTD
א אס)([8ט1111111111111994 113164035167421727994()ckber80ה
010133344001994NovembMean
סז1994Noven~b8נ18.717.012.40ה5
א212121219%1Noven~bד1212125013052283321994Novemb80ה
01484885009941 DecembMean
0.51277.619,013.61994Decemb870
141414141414141994Decembא80ה8410044391994Decen~bמ3
018108784009951 Janua~Mean
0.49.47.88.211.41.40.61995JanuarySTD
181313131313139951 Januarfא346517722348462017995Januarfפ8ה
02043343001995FebruarMean
4.310.618.91995FebruarSTDה9
121212121212121995Februarא4610832321995Februarפ8ה
02464327001995Ma~hתפ*ע).84.718.614.00.91995MaRhSTD
99999991995Ma~hוק
418543522831995~ch4א RSD
Meanוחקג015272681001995
870וחקג7995נ0.58.214.710.98.40
אוחקג121212121212121995פ8הוחקג382405441273321995
1Meanמשא022312821001995
STDעפהא5"(018.56.00.119.(5.11
א,מפא13131313131313199580הע8הא415152298461995
027262818001995JuneMean
5.41995June870ג11.518.917ג0
11 1111111111111995Juneא165427261301995June80ה
Meanלטנ125292815101995
37-
פז8עוטנ2.59.813.418.08.31.50.41%5אעוטט111111111111111995
פ8העוטט18939466443113921995
23292620101995AuguSMeanו
1.99.414.918.413.81.30.61996AuguftSTD
101010101010101995Auguftא141415071702002151995AugueRSD
121312719011995SephnnMean Sepb~nSTD;1995י(.0.50ו5ו16.1118.37[(ן(5.(
01 1010101010101995Sephnnא89.445267403001281995Seph~nפ8ה
013343121001995Oct)baMean
0.45.810.418.31190.41995(hUober)כחק
~OcU)b (995119ו(9999
ו" 148458059821491995Chftoberפ8ה
01344934001995NovembMean
כדד;(מח[שעסען;שם0.219שק6ר8.ש0.310.83.311
4קNovemb;ש7777777199
245829234482451995Novembמ8ח
018204319001916Dece" Mean
50.00.81995וש)(.0.78.112.217*cemb
] STD
131813131813131915Deoembא80המחשסשם184466240348461995
-38-
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret Mean Yearly 1993 -995ה
2השי.98ממת
9951 9941 9931
feldsparך-ק quar~z ההקש gypsum מי hediteה"44ן dolomite ]--ף calcite --ך
1995- 1993 Minerals. פסא-.Clay of Mean Yearly 3.1.4.-1: Figure
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 8011% River Jordan Sediment, Kinneret
-70ו-1finflgs.wS2
---1-,!-1-
SoilJordanSediment Kinneret
feldsparך--ק quan~ הקהש gypsum ןי,..~ן haliteךךךק dolomite ך calcite ך--ן
RiverJordan Sedirnentsy Kinneret of
~lineralogy
Clay 3.1.4.-2: Figure.-ם0א
Soiland Loading
-ענ-"ף
Mineralogyוו8א8סם Kinneret 1993March Mineralogy Dustfall Kinneret
finfigs.wq2 60ן
_ח1וי11feldspar, quar~z gm ש הוט8קעפ hediter~a:l dolomite ]--ך calcite ל-ן
1993hlarch - Stations
~l'arious
for Dustfall of Minerology פ0א-~Clay 3.1.4.-3: Figure
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1993August Dusftall Kinneret
----ך80 flnflgs.wS2
-70ייו
,ן 60-2,ןMK8פאחHATBHT
feldspar
-
quartz ףקקק gypsum הךי haliteהללק dolomite 85-ן 0810,18 ך~
1993Aug.- - Stations Various for Dustfall of Minerology ם0א-Clay 3.1.4.-4: Figure
-40-
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1995August Dusffall Kinneret
שע-ש
feldsparןק-~ quartz ממעש gypsum מנש halite
ה;.י"dolomite ]--ו calcite י--ן
-Coasts 'est אן and East for Dustfall of Minerology 08א-.Clay 3.1.4.-5: Figure 1995August .י
Mineralogyוו8ש8טם Kinneret 1994November Dusffali Kinneret
::[ ן1,, ן]50
עעש
feldspar]--~ quartz %מ gypsum ו.",'ו halite
היש"dolomite ]--~ calcite י--ו
)0850West and East for Dustfall of
~[inerology
Clay 3.1.4.-6: Figure-08א
1994November
-1 -4
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret Soil1 River Jordan Sediment, Kinneret
80 2העו.פ9תח8
70
60
50
1kaoliniteו , ן8יו11ן הלללש palygorskite 8888 smectite שש
andLoading liiver
~ordan
Sediment, ofKinneret Minerology Clay 3.1.4.-7: Figure
soil
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1995AuQust
~nfigs.wq2
ט
עעש
kaolinite1]כ[ 9",[1 י palygorskite 8מ smectite פש
1995August Coasts, East and West 0פ Dustfall of Dvlineralogy Clay 8-.1.4.ב: Figure
-42~
MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1994November
"60-/ flnfigs.wq2
עשעש
פ aP~Ygorsklte smectite ך16!11! נלללן kaoliniteן
1994Nov. Coasts, East and West 0פ Dustfall of Mineraloay Clay 3.1.4.-9: Fiaure
-43-
Rainfall3*2י
measurements.pH
1.2.- 3 Figure basis. episodic 8ת0 ת station each for collectors rainfall bulk the תו measured was pH The
thatseen be can 1993-1994 ע year the for measurements pH ofthese distribution fi'equency the shows *
alsowere sa~nples Some year). prevlous the 1ת (as episodes 45.6( (pH ]תש ofacid number 8 were there
8with raE acid were episodes 13 of total 8 of: 01ט three where samplers automatic wefldry ש collected
sarnplersbulk the fi~om obtained those and results these betNeen difference The 0,4.7. pH ת1טתעממח
dust fiom 'CaC03 01 action neutra]]zing the 10 ascribed be may מSinger raE the 0) צש ,.1ם 1993 ,.)1994
aerosolSuspended 3.3.
TheHT. and TB 0א( stations, three א Sampler Volume ifigh by simultaneously measured were TSP
rural8 1מ lake ofthe coast east the 015 מ which 0א Station 3.3.-1. Table
" summanzed are results
'Tiberias.of~ part busy 8 1ת situated 15 which TB than TSP 1/101ס11ח1 88 )ע (as lower much has 58ת111ס
HTא TSP The colour. grey/brown nght 8 are 0א fi~om those whilst black 810 TB fi~om filters The
which) 15 תT~s TB. than lower case any " and low been have should ofTiberias) outslurts the 0 0115ת
km1 and CllfftOp ofthe slde west the 0מ quarry basalt 8 by affected 18 81ת10ח sampling the as case, the
resultsSimilar TB. א those than higher times 4 or 3 average HT א concentrations TSP The upwind.
samplingthese א out carried measurements ת0ת-simultaneous of: senes large 8 fi~om obtained were
oftheanalysis mineralogical the and trend sa~ne the shows stations these א flux 58"1ש stations.The -
quarry.ofthe effect the shows clearly dust 88ת1111ס
concentrationThe years. 811 and statlons sampling 811 fiom results TSP the summanzes .-1 3.3 Figure
values,background normal the representing 1100 עא 3-ת around peak first 8 with bimodal 15 distribution
3.3.-1Tables 1ת seen as activity human and days dusty representing 300) 8א 3-מז peak second 8 and
8show Impactor Sarnpler Volume High by measured TB א TSP ofthe analyses distribution Size
distribution bimodal ע41ל and of>8 diameters with particles of proportions equal 41 תזא sho~m asתו
surprisingly15 which measurements 19 ofthe deviation standard the shows also table T~s . .3.-3 3 Table
low.
masscalculated their and 4( )3-תש count 'particle of series ש ofi results the shows .-4 .3 3 Table י
forhour every minutes 20 for made were Measurements Counter. Optical by measured concentratlon
edchOf deviation standard and mean nunimum, and maJamum the shows table The hours. 24 *
maJamum8 with 370 and 260 between varied density particle mean the summer, During measurement.
averag~nglower, much are counts particle when 14ת1 [סא days normal 10 contrast 115 ת T~s 0!670.
highestThe cm~-3(. * )450 low su~risindy 18 density particle the conditions, Sharav During "100. cm~-34 0!1065 maximum 8 and 740 0] mean 8 with storm dust 8 during obtained were densities particle
-44-
distribution Frequency 01אק1993/94samples חן חשן
ש
pH
SamplesRain 5פ pH of Distribution Frequency 3.2.-1: Figure
-45-
3.3.-1TABLE
HTand TB 0א ,א simultaneously measured עא( )8-3ז concentrations TSP
HTTB0אDate
3529869819/11/92
93/א66053112519
6154693923/5/93
92ש/2909017
825528/10/92
9284852/11/92
93/א14311415
817904/5/93
15914431/5/93
4051791/6/93
33423522%/93
3.3-2TABLE
TBand HT Gamla, 0א 7ח measured 18א( )3-ת concentrations TSP
ParameterאKTGamla0עד
207251119135mean
17120733106devn.sta.
ת48191919
3.3.-3TABLE
by Measured )%( Particles Suspended of Distribution Size מImpactor Sasnpler Vol 1 איד
Std.Dev.Mean Diameterם
)שא(
195.037(7.7
1.5133.310 7.7
1.382.010 3.3
2.571.10*0
5.835"1.1
-46-
3.3.-4TABLE
Counter Optica] by Measured Aerosols Suspended ש and ADא0
Date ת10ש3Statistics Weather51ש(ש 3Vg-ש
47265meanSummerAD27-26/7/92
251505.0.
ישא1205051674han.
81150meanrainyWinter- 23-24/12/92
1331565.0.foggyand
444657Max.
834hdin.
322mean-Winter 43-4/2/93אל
212S.D.rainy
668Max.
21015%.
2141meanSharav024-25/3/93א
29678.0.
144324Max.
814hdin.
45373meanSummer022-23/8/93א
111285.0.
60675Max.
74102hfin.
35108meanAut~mn027-28/9/93א
31735.0.
4424Max.
.ממנ1023
1461meanafter- Winter 021-22/3/94א
838S.D.raln
22187Max.
622hfin.
900737meandust- Spring 06-7/4/94א
273126S.D.event
13551064Max.
607567hdin.
4453meanושח- Sharav 094ש/27-28א
131495.0.
658244Max.
1222hdin.
47י
TSP18ח of חסו1ם6וי81ום Kinneretthe around statlons 41י
finfigs.wq2
ש
טטש*0
idJLfCzLiJU 110 1% =1 מ1 1% 5ש 3%ישי0ש'שששש'%0,7%יש'4% שו,פס"פ8
ק3ז concentration)3וח/5ט(
lGnneretthe Around TSP of Distribution Frequeney 3.-1: 3. Figure
uoliooJIp pue cpoods טק? pnolo -כ910נ
oq~ Joq$eoA~ suol$Ipuoo 0ך1 כף?נ?כן9ט02ק 04נ s~uouJ9JnsvouJ 30 )097ש96ג?וחנ OAI~eloJ ciiIpnunq pUIA~
כ- 661י( ~IYd )ט1-שsuolsipuoo 8 קחJre] pue 1% 1(חטטע
ך. Suun] ? 11?0קת5ן ף Wao~s 1-9( IYd~ )ן66י
.? 66*( ן qolepq -ןש ן )ם ת18 נ18ט1 ? יע0נ
4י9?5חנ0ש0ש5 eH -UO ק 5ו?ן59 כפש?ווכ ,ggiq %נ opew 1ג9נ0 ?05020ן5 30
*1.*.] losoaa~ )ט51וג!ףחו01ט 5ץ9 ,4טק חחכ491 כסטק9ט85ו!0ט כ0ט93טוגשון0ט
6?ע.
14 947
~unresJd
? K~ld קe~el Ksw 05 ןK$Ipnunq JOAO 04 1עכנ9?05ק pu~a 0%0 gq~ -.oavl gqJ "ג50י9נו1
~IIVOFqdEJS
כינם0ק sglorNed 0878130 מט6?כו!0ט ~pu 05תןש8 וף0 ךpeureldxo 1 ךs!q~ ueo 0 -י'-ן- [ 14שנ9 1ט
קח5ן15ןן 7s~e וךuo 9 05וו1!ט8~seoo
oJe Klfensn 5ש?ןן9נ ueq~ 9SOq~ NuHu9S uo gq, -%95 1ח5 1ג! UAtOqS
~ulsfl
oq$ uelpgw 07 קו?שת9נ
~uosadoJ ו-
30 286קכןgq$ 59 וף?ג ueo oq UOOS ץ -י--ן( [ )ן?ךן9 0215 6?ע!כן9
w~uo 5ש]ן048ע- ך1 ש0ג0 וף?ן
הש uo 095941 כ0?ת. 504ן וף soJnNg O~EOIpUI iEq~ gq$ sglol$aed q$ua sJ9$9urelp 0*430 הש gJe feool~o
punoaNVq~snp
pue oq~ uol$nqu3uoo wo~ ~snp
(swao$s pEq ? 06הש [8 30 ט uo gq, %?9
~svoo
pue 8* p~gOX9 ~oq 66[ ן qoJepq ןט ק(8]ם0ו0נ' הש [5
~loS]Jed ~zis uolyqy~slp 30 קח5ן"קן qOIqA~) pgureiuoo IVOOI
760!כ?1 siunoo pu~ uo sJe~lg 1ך Nun~eos uoliool~ edo3soJonu peA~Oqs וף?ן gq, %98ן?נ elol$avd op ~ou 5ף10נם ףs~loliIEd 1 צמשנעקשק 07 4ע0?5חנ0ש0ש הש- 59 07 0 [ 04ש ג?ט50 קח5ו3קן 30 וף?ן ?טק הש 5 [ ו5
וף9 sJoq$o qOIqAt eJe 051 5סת 30וף0 1קח9 נ064 1ף9 הש. מ0 נ0 ן OEI הש ~SEqAh
SOIdwES 0וף9ג 30וף0 וףק
'~U9WIpos pgleduloo 07 הש OL ?ג שסקqOIqA~ s~q ? 0 5סח Gq~Jo וףצו 9צכ60ן oq~ sgAJnO gae ilgA Jenwls י]1
oJnNId ] 1-."- SA~qS gq$ gZIS uolinqy~slp soAJnO 30 )105ן uepJof JeAIft c~WpEOI ?
~snp
UUO~S pue 1~וטם9נ9ן
ס)1(6.0( = oq~ ownloA ueouJ קזא]ם0ו0נ A~OIoq qOIqA~ 06"י
oq$Jo 50)6ש"כ ftv~ = 064נ
'ocA)a )1 = ownloAeq~ ueolu J9Nurelp aol~q qOIqA~ 010 = ן?ןן 6?תוכן50 30וף9 %0 ן
סמ(0."( = ~umloA
uelp~w Jgpurelp = 0"ח ט"([( Inbg ouanloh uea Jg$gualp-ק9מן =
SJoSuleJsd UA~OqS וט gq, giqv~ 028 pouggp :AhOIOq
pgquosop 1ף0 [-*.-ם- pue ['י--ן pug sgJnNId [-י.-ן ~olqe וע oq~ s~lnsgJ oJe p~zuiwums ן.[. 95כח0ט ~ע
OI3lved 0215 s$uouJOJnsvew gJgA~ pgUJEO 0ט סחו SnOUeA s9dK~ 30 eldures Nulsn gqi elollaed gZIS Jez~leue
[*ק. ט!48!4מי!0ם 5ץ9 נ8ק!כ91
-י8-
-49-
שן%
-90
..........)ן,1 ע010.01.00.1-01%.שו
Diameter Particle).5ק(
Sedimentlanneret Loadingj River Jordan 50פ, Of Distr-'ibution Size 3.4.-1: Figure
StormDust and
8.93 ע-ל-י ן-//ן
010.01.00.1.ש01.ש10
Diameter Panbicle).שק(
1994.August Coasts~ West and East 0פ Dustfall of Distribution Size 3.4.-2: Figure
50
methods.and Instrumentation
(PMS-spectrometer aerosol optical 8ת using measured was particles ofaerosol distribution size The
and 0.3 between diameters with paAicles measures which 100( cssP 20.0.תזא
(RICMCounter Particle Total One" "Environment 8ת using monitored were ))מל nuclei Condensation
cm~-350 was rate flow sample The 0.1 .תזא than smaller particles 10 sensitive 15 instrument TNs 200(.
cm3.per ofparticles ת1 .0ת given 18 concentration The sec~-1.
standard8 USEg hours 3 10 1 for continuously out carried was analysis chemical for sampling Particle
flow.ar minute per litres 15 ח Sa~npler Volume High
impactor.cascade Cassel 8 using collected were analysis particle individual for 'aerosol 0, Samples
day:rany ARer 8(
the0או and everung towards strength 1ת decreased and west the 50פ blew ndsec) )8.5 winds Strong
justoc 12 10 Oc 22 fi~om fell temperature the and formed fog slight 8 even~ng the During monung. next
whichconcentratlon aerosol the influenced and temperature the with changed RH The sunnse. before
sinaar8 1ת varied.i nuclel condensation 0! concentrati~n The . 01-3ת particles 200 ?0 20 fiom varied
.1 .- 1 .4. 3 Figure תו sho~m as concentration, aerosol the 10 manner
stormdust heavy 8 During %(
than1055 was visibility the and dust 'aeolian of; concentrations
~gh
by characterized was weather The
16.5and Oc 25 between varied temperature The weak. was wind the 14מם ofthe most During 8 1000
concentrationparticle the time ofthe most During ofmeasurement. period the during RH low with ס)
concentrationThe ks. 12:00 א cm~-3 1100 of ma)amum 8 reached and cm~-3 700 and 600 between was
cm~-30]2000 minimum 8 10 decreased then and ks. 08:00 א cm~-3 0!25000 maximum 8 reached ofCN
.-2(..4.1 3 Fig~re (see aust aeolian for maximum the *0
corresponds which ks 12:00 א
conditionsdusty and fair During 0(
fiomtemperatures 50%- - 40% RH with year ofthe time 1"8 for normal was 2עןד April 0ת weather The
vanesconcentration particle The night. 900 א and day the during 3300 angle 15 ;[0 6מהע - oc 25
whenoccurred weather 1ת1 0ח change marked 8 April 281מססת ת0 ע About . cm~-3 80 and 20 beuNeen
י penetrated dust aeolian ש fiom rose concentration particle The Kinneret. Lake 20 10 3.240-מז0..-3 1 .4. 3 Figure תו shown as cm~-3 52,000 10 47000 fiom .jumped concentration ]ל the Simultaneously,
be411ל explanation 8ב that hoped 15 א and 1994 April 7 0, that with contrasts behaviour T~s
material.ofthe analyses chemical the fiom fortheoming
52-
3.4.-1TABLE
andSedment Kinneret , Loading River Jordan Storm, Dust ofDusfall, Analysis Size Particle
SampleSoil Composite
Mode Median Mean RemarksCoast Date 10פ090
DUSTFALL
44.32.42013.939.1Summer8.1993טגלי
41.82.22013.422.3Summer8.1993טגע
54.32.21912.537.9Summer1995ליAug.
65.92.22513.437.0Summer8.1995טגע
48.72.93020.124.7Spring41993רh[ar.
stormDust
38.11.82011.820.7Spring1993עhdar.
StOTmDust
38.41.81810.719.4Spring41995ךApr.
30.61.5168.613.6Spring1995עApr.
38.11.71910.820.0Autumnsv1995oct.
49.81.6108.736.6Autumn1995.((0ע
40.72.12212.418.0Autumn1.1994(0לי
921.991135.9Autumn1994עoct.
74.72.82217.637.5Autumn41994ךNov. Duststorm
48.72.2. 2815.0.27.6Autumn1994עNov.
Dlutstorm
99.02.34020.748.8Autumn41995רNov.
55.81.81511.031.5AutJmn1995עNov.
DUSTSTORM
34.81.6158.220.2Suspended 41996ךMar.
particles
JORDAN
32.31.3187.114.1LoadingArik 199478מ.
Bridge
36.61.5219.89.8LoadingArik 1994Feb.
Bridge
45.21.82512.621.0LoadingArik 1994Mar.
Bridge
זאעחמעע8
351.81510.014.8CompositeKinneret
SOIL
1305.27047.859.2Composite
-53-
3 /נ3 ק /נ
ן 1 ו ו ו ו ו י ו , י י י י , י יין - -------------------------- 1 ----- ...---.- ---י
,) /ד
-ןנ_--
ד/-"------עד--(לד-
ן ן ן-ד ז%.---------- - י-/- ------ ד--- ד------
פע1 נ_.__.._.י_ ___- __.___)_._נ._...___
------------כ--___ __ק -- ----_._ ------- -------- ---- -------------- - -נו-_2נ:_-_ך_נכננבם(-.._- ._.
%4--..-י--.---
כ-i-TO
.___ _.__._/_. ש4____.... -__, 48* ..___/ ____ __ ___._._____
ניף ---נ
5 8,.........__, / י..8,8, --8, - ---...- --. ---------- -----. .-. - - --- ..----------..---.
י---ע:-------- ---------,_:ד--נק ) --נ- סנ--נ--:ST_-ז_ -/-=ן-_- - -- - --- --:: - /--:-וננננ1('- -/דוג-=י)-ן--'
/ ך--ל י--' נ)-----נ------.
.__נ . _נ __ . . _. __ ד / .... .... ................ ._._._....____ . . _. ____ .___. נ.__.._ _.._. . ._. _.__.__ _._.... . ......._ . ... ._.נ. % דעלען
,,, מןן יןבן טמ7 1 , ן , , י , ן י , , , , י י י , ן י י , , י
מ ם ם מ מ ם ם ם מ מ מ מ ם ם מ מ ם ם מ מ מ מ מ מ מ ןמ ק4 נף יןי בם גף כף ים ב4 כף ב( מ: כף יף כף יף ב( נף :סי כף :ף נף ים יז י( נף י2י
44 csa :4 מ: 4 מ
נ" " צי
r~a ק4 4נ ה( 4ע :4'
"4 ry1 ;1 ע% הו נ4 "ז 05 44 41 24
י ~P*h ל י י *hh* י ל ה ה ה 4"ה ל ftw י יי
4Tinze21/03/94ע/22/03
DistributionSize and Nuclei Condensation Concentration, Aerosol 3.4.1.-1ב Figure
DayRainy 8 after
Nauna 075גש סח75 ת1188 8aanjsa סן75נ1חפקסס 9215 8פק אסכ191 כססקספ85קסם כסם83ס7נ8קסםIosoJ~W 4 2*י.ז.-2:
"5/10/90 מועו"סו/0,,ל,
,ש?'י'ן'-י."י4.יייייי------ --
4 מ - -- - - . / י
ן /מיצ2יע / מ -- ן . .. ... .. ....- . . ... . י
"/ .מי.
י- , --ן-*=*י*,.י-er--/*---*-*-.-9---*-9יי מי
ל )
(ע..- יען י
כ--..--.-.~---..... .. .. ..~~ - ~.. .~ . .. ~ - ~ . ןן גן 4
ו - --י-- . - --ן- - -//. - -- - - יי(ע-*י --. --/-- .
. . - -
ן)- ] -] יייי(ע-(צ,]-- (ע/,(ע ( Ak~ii-J [
. ,-[ -. . יע//.יע,] [ [
י. . . . . . .
י. . . . . . . . . . . .
* 4 4/נש zilfl 4 ,7;א ,ל,/כ,א
עע-
Lake Kinneret"סחע1,-55
2 2;4/94ס/8
אס/ ד אםךם/ע
מע"sr 4/6והס
נ
-.------.. .-.. --. .- -. ..- -
-ן---,..י-- ---1?/ ... . . - - -----.
1 י -- -,--.1-/ .!. -.-. --.-----/ -----....-- . .../ . ..
ידר/
ז1ן
- ן-- ... -... - --).-. . ----.-.- -..
3
)- )))), ) ))),)-),,))),]):))ן))-ן)])!),)))) , ,-),) ,) : ) -))ן) , , ). ) . ;-,,
- - -. . - -. . .. . .. . .. . . . - . . . .נ
- .ג.... . .. -..--. - .-------.
:...--- ... . -.. -...- . .. -.-..-.-- ..... --, -
ן .ג,ש
"? - ---י-- י-): -ו-:!)ך-- - :))--))' -) ---- --- ---- -----מ)-::]ע!]---1))):-!):ב]);])!----
.-;.--.----. -.: .;. ...--. .-.. , . . . . . .-. -( .-(-
!../ץ-
-.
ן 9ן ע1 -- --י ד,י------/ ! ךץ --- נ--- --)- ----------"ן--.....1 -7-עי ,--.-- - -]- ---- --- ] ן]- --..7-- - 7-9'"-ד ד-- י-- דץ-. ]))נ-/--נ-
- ............... .... .. ...... 1..... - -. .. . .) . ) . ..... .. ן.. /...-. ....-.. ..... ---........ --.- - - -ך. .. . . -. . . - . . . 1 ן, - ..... -.--.... -.---.-.
- -- ) --נ--.---)- .) -. ) . ,. ..... . ...]--./;.ן--..... ..... ,...............]------...............--].--......---
ן 09 ן 1 , [ 11 1 [ , , 1 , , , , , , , ן , , , , ,ן
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 צ צ 8 8 8 8 8צ.4
" ה ה י 4 4 4 * 4 4 " 4 4 4 4
" 4 4 4 " 4
ה 4 י "
194י942%1וג"286הת
DistributionSize and Nuclei Condensation Concentration, Aerosol ]-3: 3.4. Figure
ConditionsDusty and Fair During
וץסנס ~sJeoK UOqA~ oq~ oaqdsows ?נ0
~ndul
unoure 07( זט J~IfUJIS ז5
~eql
יueplof sAiE '8-9 וףס 30oq~ oueqdsow~e
~snp idul o~ul gq, oa~l SVA~ p~ielnoleo ן? aoN4~q %1 ן PUE %0" 30 ו70?ן 7ץס
~ndul PUE
נ?ם98 s~uouodwoo OAVq Jelnuls ףסץ?ג01חנ pu~ 5זם 6נס6סת1ס siq~ .נ650סכן
4?0י!0ט5 gq, feool pue NuoI וףק sueow לא5 01?ב ,gq וףנסח8ף0חן NuII~gS 3snp urauleJ tue~suoo וףס וט
וץת Oqi Teiol ~snp
pue poueA UOON$q 000י pue 0005 'SgUUO~ 1ץס OAI~VIOJ suol~odoJd 30וףס snoah
eq~ oNeSJouI 1הצן9נ elqnlosui qOIqAh s~ugsolda gq, TeJ9uEu 7ץס 30 כסשסמו
~snp
5?" u~Ae ss~l elqe~eA
0נ8שא0 3noqE ז5 שקןסנ
~og
. AIAy' 1ס! וט ~oqi Sunoure puno וpue srql 51 Jelnuls 0 ו0וק 30וץ9
ק5ס cpgsind ףחו SS~I 05 ueq~ 9וף Joq~o :5כסט5חוח9טל
~gq, sleodh 01 3 ףסu0puodopw 30וץס 'suosegs oql
1ף9 owaNJO 4ע?ת9ג pu2 omeNJouI Jo~efit GIqnloS 5918 כסבע0טו KJeA uuoJ~un )qSnolq~ oq$ 91ןנ pue 9av
s~tuenb ום~q$
tI$FUIOIA EL 4"שכ ?מק osnE09q 30ונשושכ PUE JenuJls (sgITyi!We
suollv~s oq~ Ile~lsnP SVA~ 1נ9ןקוגק qNIq 9 9הף9נsnsooq 30 4ם( )14נ( ?כו1ג171 שטוףנ08060בעכ osneoeq 30
~soul
oq$~o ןס?נ q$~t s~sind onp 01 uv3lay קחי SUUO~S
~lTensn
ua
~uuds
squlnu 30 ? 1מ UWfi$flE~- 0נ
04ש ף?כך8נסחאק dw s$slsUOO 30 ? uuo~a$ קח5ו5קן gqJ צמטחש' Jod י59000 51(005 י0 01(005
~uunp ןףס ~seA 1שטסנסו 30AO gqS קחתבק! 07וק
~NwsVdans
)ueisuoo ~9AO
eqs pougd ~q$Jo
qoaasoJ Nuniah
701ק "Ile~isn] suol~oe פק םחתאן
30וף9 Iensn odia 30נ?זט sgNne~ p~ol 07 730ץס כסש?עאמ?ו01מ soldures o$Idsul 5וא5. 6נ0גסא 07 30ס033ת
uo ח95 וץ9 וץ?ן ~puno ?זdola9p elqv~ns ls9nbnJqoGT eht 05 07 סע0ת5 תגסטחסחe~dsur 30 5 ה3105 1ש04 941
~spaq uo gq, JgqN puvq
~ulos Nullduas זט po~oons מסן PIP אulewgJ 9: 5?ע61זוטSWOIqold 30 8 6נ?כו1כ?ן
1ט uol~lppv Ofl~ pgdoloAOp ? A~OU "גסאם%, JgldWES qorqA~ 6נסג9ש9ק uol$nllod 30 0וף IIeJ~snP SJ9ldures 1ף
7ףס95 sefl~ 07 5טק glqe~!ns s9$Is נ0נ gq~ sJolduas ע0ש 7ף9ש 8ח?נק 07 ?טק ws~lvpueh pue -כסששחמקסמ
םחקמ8 30 5נת ~oq ו0כףטופחNullduas .50 כסטכ9מאם8 ק!שכחץוסJgqwnu 30 5 צ OUEOJOAO 1גqoleosa 9 ו9ס
30גו19ה 3ugu$nu~o -ia~snuoqo
Jnqdlns 5וחקשק suo13oeJ~$u! gAEq uogq א?ו0"קחתאן ~tuoyvpp 1ט כסש506הוסט-
~IIV5ogdSg
u1o4 gq~
~wod pue מאטסנק180(
~zis
~pue oldo$os כף9מאתפ נ?וט 6?ת~כןסyenpb~pul )5 6?תזכןסp~padsns )5 קז5וט4חן0ט(
1ץס 011%"עט8~GIV9doJd
IIE~$snP H~snugqo ע?כו01מ?י01ם( קח5ו3קן קח5ו5קן( ש9?5חנ9ק: 0נ polpn$s 1גסג9
5?ש6אט8 Nulsn ? IIOUEA 30 Nulldures s3uousru~sul pue :sonb~uqoos ת?חסמ5
30וף9 ן9 ?ן 4עמם0נ9ו ~oq1~o IOSOJO~ punoa oq 6026סת1סoq~ uol$nqu3slp pu~ 5 5וחקזסק oA~ OAVq ו0וק.
~AVqMOU כסם5מםסק oqi slsoq$odiq 7ץצן oq~
~woqJIv ~ndul oJun וףס gH~I suuoJ ? 6נ060נו01ט 815בע5כ?מן
sJoq$nv sonNsello3 OM ס3סחנ uo eqi VEd 5ך60ווכז5ום 530סמ01 97165 1מ eq~ -scOLGI זט נוךסט?5 וט )ן.)ן.(
וסוק ~SEA 50חשקס ~ndur siq~' מאט9נ?ן
~pEW
uo gq, sl~q 30 5שס?5חנ9ש9א poureo 0חן Kq 09 0מw~o
זם וף?ן 0ת!שקסק slq3 wo~oJd OM ו0ג VsodoJd 0חנ~q$
ou9qdsoul$~
~ndul
o~ul 7ףס sJgaaei 30וףס מ%5 ?ן
.* XHY~454flS GNW SNOISftSJNOJ
-95
57-
disproportionately8 have may and divided finely very 15 input atmospheric the Furthermore, 1993/94(.
effect.large
CompositionChemical
emphasizes5אז sulphate. 18 lake the entenng 10ת water-soluble and acld-soluble abundant most The
thefor dustfall ofthe composition 10ת maJor The Israel. ש anomaly sulphate atmospheric the more once
15this and 1994/95 תו higher was Ca The year. 10 year fiom similar very be 10 found was years three
excess8ת showing .07 1 10 close 18 ratio molar Na/Cl The particles. desert 0] transport range long *0
due
acids%41ע reactlon chemical *0
due 0,01 diminution 8 likely, 1058 (or~ sources manne over ofNa input
elements,insoluble water other the with phase תו change אמ does input ע The transport). during
differentlybehave 03א and 1 10ח the entering ions soluble water Ofthe source. different 8 suggesting
fiom ,8א ס behave ECtlV1ty, ofhuman indicators ofas thought generally metals, heavy The 504. andתו
events.storm dust עןהע phase
Feand 03א ,14ן ת, especially IGnneret, the *0
ofnutrients source significant 8 be well may Dustfall
availability.biological their 0ת done be *0
needs work more although
Rain
dust*0
subject are collectors Open collectors. raln automatic and open both " collected was Rain
theתו occur events rain Acid *"5.
prevent 10 taken are measures stringent when even contamination
.1 4. as low as pFfs with Kinneret
hdineralogy .י
quiteremains dustfall ofthe fiaction מ0ת-clay ofthe composition mineralogical The minerals: ת0א-clay
Duringquartz. and dolomite calcite, feldspar, are: minerals predominant The year. the over constant
thequarries, Near markedly. increases fall dust the " offeldspar anount the episodes storm dust
feldspar.18 present mineral predominant
palygorskiteare: dustfall ofthe fiaction clay-mineral the מו rninerals common most The minerals: Clay
oflocalBecause storms. dust *0
due usually 15 פא1מ The Smectite. and 0א1ת some ס1-ש%8011 ע1-הע and
lake.ofthe shore west and east ofthe nuneralogy clay the between difference 8 15 there conditions
PKrticulates.Suspended Total
ofthe6תהע down or storms, dust During !3-ת. ug 100 about usually 18 lake the around TSP סעני
peaksv~ith bimodal 15 TSP ofthe distribution size The more. times 8 *0
3 15 concentration the quames
TSP.ofthe 63% for account particles Inhalable Vm- 1 4 and 8 , א
ueo gq 'po~vdlolia
כסמן!סה9 Nuuo3suow 9נסהטק קה5ו3שזן וף? oq~ NJGvaFft נ0קהכ0ק ? )סמ (oreos ם! JopJo 4?וף gJn~rg 50כך?מש
כסמם0כו0ק q$~h oAIssoaNoJd ק9ש9ע51כא!0מ . Jopuf] gSOqs sgoue~swnoJIO ן! PInoM ו0 6בתק0טן 005ש
30 uenqes SufilNS ~snp
pue 201נצ ז0 ן?5ן וףJOAO 0 1טכג9?15םoq 8 יIgEJSI sJeodd~ 0 !ם
~gq, siq~ x~ul gq
1ף950 sllnsgJ oJe pes~q uo oolq~ 91?נש -'Nuuo~fuow 'J~AOMOH OM 9AVq UA~qS oJoqh~osla וף0 וף?ו
~unoa
~vul
OA~q ? 90ע 30נ0כו קוש6גס6סעוסט?ן gq~ 5ה?!!ון אק0נ pue uo feo~iolorq -'sJo$oe~
ומ iunoule 07 7ף?ן oqs~o u~pJof -~JgAU coJouu9q~nd osnvo~q 1130ש IIEuls 96?ע~כן c~zis 9וף gILIOqJIE
~snp 01ג ougqdsow~v 30 כסטוטףהן0מ ,gq וף?ן UMOqS 4?ג9
~snp
pue glqeledluoo טש4מכ?טן !5 עת914נ0ן וף0 07
.5 11ב,2ל4על(לבאם,ר011ח8
נ0650כו1ג9!ן.
ueplof J~ATft )8ד0?ק~ע
~9Jouua
tS~UOWIpgS IIeJ$snP pue
~snp
UIJO$s :eJe COL )]הש 51 ימק זע 5( 1 ן
וץן!~IUO
CI!OS 30 ק81וטףהן0ט zis~ 730חOpow SgnreA 0 1ףsolol$asd ~lOM A~Opq siq~ -.OnieA 9 30וף9 %05
ע[ן ~gq וט iSI!qa ק!?ש9ו9ל ומ הש 0 ן ) gJe כ0הש9נ ffol~do ףse peJnsv~w 1 6שעוכןpgpu~dsns 89 וף0~snp
ozis 1(השוו?1ן 7ףp9puodsnS sglolilvd pue 0 30יף0 1(ן8יט1הי!0ט
-85-
-59-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS6.
work?"5 whom without laboratory the 16ת8 ת field the תו those 1פ thank *0
Iike would authors The
below:11" the fi~om missing are who any ?0 advance 1ת apologize אך ס . impossible. been have would
Kinneretofthe Director Deputy ("Shlomke") Mahalul SNomo Mr. ?0 tendered are thanks Special
neverwould project 1"8 א8"
and day ofthe hours א 1פ help enthusiastic 8א Without Administration.
completed.been have
andsampling logistics. undertookthe who GSI ofthe Peled Yehuda *0
due also are thanks Special
thebore who Kopeliovich 8תו Dr. ?0 and dedication and enthusiasm with project ofthe relations public results.and samples amongstthe order kept and work laboratory ofthe brunt
ofside admiristrative the with help 5א for GSI ofthe 5"10" Ya'ir thank ?0 like also would We
project.the running and launching
field:the 1ת
Kinneret.the around statlons measunng Service's Meteorological Israel ofthe Volunteers . 1
Berman7. (Dr. Site Sappir the ש! Laboratories Research Oceanographic and Limnological Israel The 2. Nishri).ג. Dr. and
Shoshani).SNomo Mr. Geifinan, Yoel (hh.- Site Sappir co., Water Mekoroth The . 3
Mahalul).SNomo Mr. Ortenberg, Zvi er. Administration Kinneret The 4.
Chudi)George and Yisraeli Ya'ir )ם]. Tsemach co-operative, Growers Banana The . 5
Resenthal).Eliahu (Dr. Jerusalem 5""04 Hydrological The 6.
theא much 80 helped who Chermesh Shmuel Department: Protection Environmental ט-1ם Tiberias ד. hospitality.and help contwulng their fOf staff: the 8מ and beginning
ofapparatus.loan the for Rechovoth University, Hebrew ofthe Singer Arye Dr. 8.
nautical0ת boat ofthe captain willing the was who Administration lGnneret ofthe Sagron Arye 9. expeditions.
launch5א with help willing for Ifinneret the 0מ post Police Maritime Israel ofthe commander The 10. unavailable.was boat other our when
mostthe תו even sampling with help ?0 willing always were who GSI 'the of~ technicians The . 11 conditions.unfavourable
ofIsrael)Survey Geological the 1ת (mostly laboratory: the 1ת
sampling.and logistics ofthe most undertook who Peled Yehuda . 1
Ninetteby assisted Jerusalem, 1ת work analytical ofthe most out carried who Kopeliovich 18ת Dr. 2. ,Geocherristry of~ members other and Stieber Dinah Yoffe, 01ga Dalman~.ת1510י1)1
scanrungthe with advice and help much for Division istry Geochemis ofthe Dvorachek hd[ichael Mr. . 3 mlcroscopy.electron
-60-
sampling.מו helped also and services workshop supplied who Argas Dan 4.
University.Aviv Tel Environment, ~the 0, Ainistry 'the 0, Lavie Natan and Tennenbaum A]iza . 5
analyses.5120 particle ofthe some out caiTylng for Ltd. Golik uri ofDr. Golik Eran 6.
oftheprocessing and interpretation with help much for Division Geochemistry ofthe Deutsch Yoetz 7. results.)GID
0691ע: dd )]9 .al~sruof' 661"( ט0כ uef 1]-*661 ן
pue swoJJg 930וף IosOJo~ uol~lsodo] uo 04?4קטם9נא ד oq~) ?95 30 :)00פקון VnuuY ss~JSoJd
JoueD ?טק JOUU9Jg .5 [ל.( qooloumIA-f ד.( א. Jguoa ב-(
~sJoqugAeJf) eq~ c~unouJy gJnsvN )ן66"( )ד
:vodoft ז0נת5?ן9ש. dd )*9~ 661[. 00כ ןuef 1]-]66 ן
pue gio~ga oqi~o IOSOJO~ uol$Isod~(I uo 9$9 ד?ךJ9uuei 91ף( e~s :)9930)1קון I~nLnIY ss9JSad פ?טסנ ~gJn$Ef ,תם0חטו( 941 )661*( )ן qo9IOUItUA-y c'A JouuoJE -5 pu2 ,sJoquGAVJe ,ר( 1] ב0ט9נ ב.(
ueaueD-19?51נ qolegseft
~oe[oJd
~ou )"]6 dd )]6 -91נת5?!9ש
IOSOJ~S U0i$~SOd9p uo gae~ 1פטט0נ0ו gq,) eGS 30 0601ע 4נ80נ559 כ1קון99ץ uef 6ן( 6[-ס9כ ~ulof )פ?ם0נ gq~ c$unoua )ן66[ף( ,ן- CIGUUOJH -5 PUE cqo919WFUA'y י.( א. בסט9ל ב'(
~Jnieu pue S~Oggg 9q$~o
יטק pnolo ssoldolp ש .PeJSI -ןמאסצ ~tualauJI
~Le ן8זן-ן8[ן. )ן[ד
Jouef) c-a UIAO~ -2 pue 550661[?( ](. 84נק( nu~uwauog(I oq~ KJIproe pu~ H$sn~qo 8% 130עק41!קח?ן gzeq
?9נ050ן5 ן599-ם019. ז5ץ( ( SULJO~S -soa~y -'UOdIAtIJr קח5ן ~Iov~sl NuIAello ום 95מפט8
JousD uol~lsodwoo 9q$~o כף0עאכ?ן 041 )ן66ן( א- "pue IAV ן. JeuaoJi~ ).5 uewG9N י-( l~uog -!1 ב.(
saqdsou~s 30 'opEJOIo3 101 ?טק 5,1,ן tAIAy 'Pasl tdSY~H )2* 18 1-69 ן . Joue~) ueqJn-uou וט 6?וו1כוNunJre~uoo 50 בתונ?וfenpIAIpul~o 0 כסש506עוסט )ן886( ב- 1ן- 4ח59כף0ן puv ב.
'ulofesruoI
Jouef) a9Jq9H ~ialsJeATU_fl ,91"2ע4הן. 2ח 941צוצי )בף](. 1צגט13 וא salijDUy oe~abogylo 1snG )5161( ב.
ouoqdsow~v SlosoJo~ ום 'Io~JSI -sogr ).נח24גסא! H~C 'EEI'-51ן
J~uod uo~Isodwoo 30 gwos aqJn מ"ם0נקסשכק pue כף9מ"כא 941 0661( ) ב. (~pue Joue ד. א.
(qoleosoft ן:ן00005. 5כק9 51נ?0ן.
us] .1 pue 2?1105 1ף9 )0161(: 2. 1ל uol$vI00SSV d~uI -5130נ?9ן ~eoloA
,ן8טכחהחנ?ן %נ 1ע5ו1וחן9
בסש4ףן9ן -ou 651 . ן~ ftJVOIO~ %%13ו%ו ) hleNt0pH -IgEJSI
ueG ל24ש לע/צנעקן SI~OS שZEft -2 )9161( 9 שק א. KasrrplnunKo]g א.( ם. uoff~x ז(
שט" 00ל(- !נעסש
csleuo~vpq 4ץ. 4אן?ק0ן6א?(
ט-11[8-6ז( [enuuy
~oofi
~Ne$sg %נ 5סכ91וג ueouewy .0[. ן ן csplepue~s IOA 30ד5נ4ע
,י415ע ( 1 )786 'piD17UD1S 20/ש9ןיסק uoftJ~lloo PUD טאטזזצ2צ IID~snPIo %%111%%מ4ן( 4פגלכ1%מש4י
. PUIS~
-.W9ffSTUgf
,ר5ףף0ן iuolesruof 30 1[1מ04ג15וג AhOJqgH . 9911נע4ה( עא .IJDIYI לג כ22שטגסן0צה א9שסאטן ש9 ( ן 56 ן ) 1(.
66י-9001-ע0ש Oq~ woisea 4ע0קץ0ננ?ט0שט
~sed
oae~ ף 1עש0נא gq~ U~pJof -'hlTeA ."011 011( ( "19 4נ9ט
"odN
).4 uoqoa ).1. א0חשימם ד pu~ uoJo(I .ב )]ץ )861 IOPow 04130 15שחןק01ט Jgwns כגכחן?ווסט
91ז['
Teule3UI eJniKnU 30 eos C~IVS so~eoIIIs pue ss~oxo 0ש 5חן7?ן ouu~w IOSOJgE 9צכ92חכ ~zee -0ן9ז evoJpuy PUE 1ן )י[0ץ0ט usA א-( swao~s ב.( 4 ).1 slogsu~ruH( uosveq3 )(-( 4ע-
~uvquoepq
)ן986( 4ג.
-1 SSJNflflSflSH
-19-
-62-
oftheBehaviour the and Properties Chemical and Mineralogical The 1996( ) H.]k מסע" and ע Ganor
ScientificKluwer Meditet~ranean, the Across Dust. A~ican 1ת Israel. Over Dust Aeolian
press).)1ת Amsterdam Publishers,
loadingofthe Investigation - basin drainage Kinneret The )1987( א. Dexter and ע. Shaw ץ., Geifinan
Hebrew).)פ sources 1*5 and Jordan ofthe
Thesis.Ph.D. River. Jorak~n LTpper the הן mol~hology cia~nnel and movement Bedload )1977( 44. Inbar
Jerusalem,.University, Hebrew The
sedimentationlacustrine ח*-הע compared transport sediment offluvlal Measurement 1982( ) 4ן. hbar, 439-449.4, Sciences, HyaFolognical lGnneret. Lake
")0 Jordan River ofthe
~ow
the rates:
Jordanthe 1א st[ldy case ל) climate: Mediterranean 8 תו flood magrutude ofhigh Effects )1987( ע. Inbar
1Allen . 333-353 י[ .קק.(, Nash and ]. Mayer by (edited Flooding Catastrophic 1ת basin. River
Boston.Unwin,
Budykoofmodified use - Israel תו boundaries ofclimatic Variability )1986( ע. Ganor and 7 .א. Joseph
69-82.6, ofCIimatology, Journal index. andity Lettau
acidification10 0חן deaerosol and 'sulphate of: contribution The )1990( ע. Ganor and ם. Price 2., Levin rain and OfCIOUd תו .AOnos. Israel יןוסושיא1 1ג24 1143-1151.
2Israel. תו site rural 8 א levels sulphate Particulate )1989( 14. Peleg, and מ. Lifchsits, א., Luria, 241-250.8, Chem. Annos.
the" on@n desert and ofurban composition Aerosol )1982( 4נ .ע. Donagi and ע. Ganor ז.( Mamane
475-484.18( WASP, particles. oflarge Deposition 11. Mediterranean. eaSteITl
10sources acidic and ofalkaline Contribution )1987( 7.14. N[iller, and ם. Dayan, ץ., Mamane, 15-22.61, TotalEnviron. sci. 7he Israel. " precipitation
,Mamane 7.ץ )WASP, Israel. haifa, " chemistry ofprecipitation years Ten )1995( 7. 00"1"6 גש-549
558.
York.New Sons, and Wiley John edn. 3ra ofGeochemistry, Principles Ihe )1966( 8. Mason
the0ת effect 5א and IGnneret the ש ofiron supply The )1994( 8. 5*ת8ת1תא, and י,. Yacobi, 14כ Parbov, forSociety Israel ofthe Conffess 251ח ofthe Proceedings lake. ofthe production pnmaly
Aviv, Tel Sciences, Environmental and Ecology .ק.86
ofconcentration and mass the measunng for method new ע ( )1992 ג. Ganor and 2. Lel/in , ם. Pardess
sulphur תA"nos. particles. airborne 1 ,מ0"עח1 ,ג675-680.26
GraduateReport, Technical Aerosol: ofAtmos~heric Composition Chemical Ihe )191 .(ע )6ך). Rahn
USA.lGngston, 15186ת, ofRhode Univ. Island. of~lhode Lrniversitv ofOceanography, School
-63-
withmatenal, 1ת18ק and 5011 water, ש detenalination nitrogen Total 1979( ) ו~. Awimelech and 4נ. Raveh
911-912.13, Res., Water oxidation. persulphate 8
Publishers, BV Junk.ת60ת1978( 5. Senuya Hag~e-Boston-]0( temperature. Water מedited Kinneret Lake 1) Senuya by 7).ם .קק Dr. . 160-161.לי
Aenos.Israel. Carmel. Mount 0מ ran Acid )1993( 14. Fried, and ץ. Shamai, 4 חסת8ם 1.ע., Singer,
2287-2293.)15(, 274, Environ.
15-326.3 34, Chem., נ Israel Israel. 18 'precipitation of chemistry The 1994( ) ע). Singer
-64-
INTEMCTIONSEARTICLE-WATER AND NUTRIENTS FLUXES, 8.
INTRODUCTION
ofyears hydrological 112"ט than טזסתז along obtained results covers report T~s
expend10 enables T~s IGnneret). (Lake Galilee of Sea the around sampling dust
ofamounts the 10 as reports prevlous ת1 זטס included were that concluslons the
flux.dust the הע* lake the 10 added nuhlents
andcomposition dust the of evaluation the 0ת results present we addition, 1ת
effectspossible the 10 as conclusions draw 10 as 50 properties chemical - physico
dynamics.nutrient lake the 0ת dust ofthat
METHODS.
the1ת Genosar, lake: the around locations ti~ee 1ת placed were sarnplers Dust
map).(see east the תו Tibenas and south-.east the 1ת Haon, lake, ofthe north-west
Theactivity. afficultural nuld only 4ו* areas תו placed were stations 0"ה first The
8of roof 8 0ת placed though ac~vitf, urban of center the תו was 51860ת Tiberias
samplerslarge saraples, Iarge relatively for need the 10 Due building. stores diree
wereWires used. were 0144 ת of diasneteI 8 having cans, Plastic use& were
theתו used were replicates Two birds. deter 10 collectors tihe of top the 10 attached
4are there Presently, . 17.10.93 0ת doubled was sarnplers of number The year. first
administrativeש due stopped, was Sampling station. each תן sannplers replicated
1996.August 10 June between problems
birds%* sa~aples the of pollution nuruiruze 10 tried we research the During
theby minimized was dropping bird Of problem The insects. with and dropping
webegiBung, the 1ת sannplers. the around and above "cro~ms" of construction
ofpresence The sa~nplers. the ?0 water adding by collectors, aust wet used have
dry10 changed We dust. the ~Gth
trapped were that insects attracted water
find811מ we However, presence. insects the of most eliminated this and collectors
effectsome bur removed, carefiBly are insects The time. 10 time fiom insects some
ofamounts minute even of addition The exist. 8611 may contamination of
unresolved.problem techrucal 115מ consider We significant. be may phosphorus
values,
~gh
toward biased what some be thus may here presented results The
ourchange 411י that error 8ת introduce 5ת11 11הע that 601ת 1תב do we though even
appreciably.conclugons
acKevedwere sa~nples dust collected the תו phosphorus of isotherms Solubility
~nde sa~nples dust shalang by חשהע NaOH or HCl contaiiung solutions 10 זטוסם 8
andphosphorus of adsorption study 10 KH2P04 containing solutions or range pH
shakenwere suspensions The range. concentration ק Kgh 8 א equilibna solubility
UOA~I ~suo)en$ong UIO" Siq 2ץכ ז(- ~olqB זע~IEJgAB
OJB lgq~el 7ם8ך pire tqSssod
וסופז sp~los כסם5ככמקגכ וץנככ 18כ זם -'sleg~ e~B(I uo oq7 uoy?sodwa 30 gq~
~snp
gJe
oq~ p~pugdsns sp~los 5814( )9-פוססחטו5( י uo gq~ 'giBJgAS 0ו Noqe %09 30 gq~
JO$U~h lQqwgAON) - (i2ruqod pue 8 MOI UO~ISOdgp O~BJ ום gq~ -.Jou~ums
IIeJoAo !Inumo~ uo~el ulousd SEM 30 8 זא8ך גכ81קגכזג UOyISOd~p 7פ1ן ק1כ זם נעוכ pue
Jeol~ sxegd 30 קכ1504קסם oJe uggs 18כ וט
~ureJ
(UOSEgS JoqwgAoN 0ו -.qoJepq 2ץכ
זע gqJ ggiq~ )5110?5ו8ו 'Jesouoe uoeH pue ssugq?~ oJe po$ugS~ld ןט s~aild -]-ז
,ו Jeglo ieuosegs הססק S~M punoJ קז זם oolq~ 'SUOVB~S gql ו0וק UOyISOdop 30 קמ5ן
שיע)16 (. 8שק
פש pue ש_ן 8 [1-עoq~ oiueJ 30 9 זם
~IUO
~seA 7661 וע gq7 ueqsn soJe SeM זם 0טכ(
42כ g~ua 130כפנ1ג
~snp
UOyISOdgp 5ז JgWVI -'MOBBU 30 אז8ץו oq~ pOAJOSqO SOnieA
90-030 - 1.0 UIUI -)ון5כץ
כסם5ככחקגכ -.sleg~ iufulnSS~) 8 ףחזץ i$ISUgp 30 ן ) SIW 5? 8 ו0 כעמ1גקכםו
~snp
lg~sI
gieJOAE UO~ISOdgp 30
~noqe
$gq~ OM זע ~suovs~s SgM puno קן זם ש_ן 8 09
09 uy 412ש581. 30 כ1ונ קזכ וט ש_ם Noqs 007 8 פטק 5ו8קסט5 נמנפ1 15כ ?ם ש-ם 8
SUO~E$S p~e ק1כ זט OM$ gA~nOgSU00 .52661[ וע קכ1504קסם גכפ2ז1 2ץכ 1כפ seAh 1noqs
30 oq~ sgAJnO -נז-כ uo~ISOdop 58 8 ub~ouag 30 ))שס זם כסט515וכטן 51 קשכ OOJ~
OJgA~ lor[eius זם 661[-6י
pue 661י
uo~Tpe' 14 661ע- ?י
ueo gq UgOS קזמן gq~ gdBqs
SEIIOqU 08ן 09815ט
~noqe
05815טggiw 5 שכ iuoure קז37כגכטככ5 2ץכ SB -.qonui בשעככ
wg$seg aoqs ז66ש-6[ זם פככחומאזעוכק Jelnuls s~unouse 30 -52ףכ 1105ק ueqa
oq~ OM$ ienu (suo~e$s Jesouge uo קזכ UJO~SgM 30 045גכ gip Gxel pue uaH ק1כ 0ט . זם x~uodde
1 .
iUISSfUI -'(Sq7UOUI oql 1ם0עואג UO)ISOdgp Sg~BJ זם gq~ 05815ט5 לףנככ oJe pg$UgSOld
~snp
לץכ 7סנ gpnlou~ pg$EIOdio~uI S~EIeA 966 ן 7סג SOnieA )2ץכ . ן ~olqe זם UOAII פנכ
קכ1504קסט sgpnlouI o~uoiodoa$us 'sooaos gql ןכפנזג 8ככמ1טח81ןכק ;Odgp 0] שקסע
gql UOyISOdgp פזן
~uoie
SeUgqIL glgqM oq3 זע "Jgfi 4גף8ן 05שכ Jeg~ 51 וץכ
661ן 119 irBTuqod 9661 gJE p~UOSgJd זם sonild .ז-ןי iu~duses pue uoeH 412כעעJesouoe 5' "10סן5(
~os)
c(dsui וףכ 07ג poad Joqo~oo
ןעסעקען z-W 30) )ש8 קכ1504קסט
~snp
pun iuKuedwoooe SNgUOdwoo זם gq~ ggJq~
.1 ssna ffNV SSNSIHSfIN Si[Xft~a
1 צצ5חד52 ח51כת0155אי ן
A4IAVonpuoo OJOA~ עזונעוכ. 15כ זע קכוכבמחססק
)0.י9 guelqtu~ui .)ע1וכנ 'sruoqdsoqd CUmDie~ )כן t~os Hd pue ieoF4oolo 7ףג 8 pouod 30 CS~Bp 11מ5חט(
וי(S~sp 0ו gAgiq3B wnuqilmb~ pue ח1וכגסת וץכם
-9ע-
קכ"0שקסם gq7 04ש )](ח5ן seugql~ 51 OUeIJOUI ןם
~qlegu
~ilIBilb 15ח pgpugdsns Kq
UO)ISOdgp ו5
~noqe
oq7 ouses וףכ 07ג oolq7 'SUOfiE~g siql sun~ui וץ?ן gq$ el$xo
30 gq~ נץכ 5וע5005. סשכג OUeao SieUg3EUI se) IIOM se uoioa$ru pun (sruoqdsoqd
uo~ea$uoouoo olqnlosul ק1כ זם uoqleo סנ8פנעכ 30
~snp
שען ~SBIigql~ 51 IQAtOI ueq זע
וט gq~ SeIJgqII 5ועק0ם gigM s~gMfe l~giq 15פט gq~ ieau ~SUO)ETs tlgAgMOH שכ
ofsiodoaJue s~oaos 30 קח5ן. ק1כ oq~ )704פ7 0ג ו0ופז olqnlosuI 55ס1זק uoaeinuaoe
UY שכ se 04 קנעאגם uolsnlouoo UBO gq 1טוסגכ5קט8~oueognaIS 30
gq~ ueqa
1815ח11כפטג pue -.$ue$JodwI (punu gq7 540כנגכק
fiq 5וךכ 30 כסטכסטינ?קסע onseiJo suo~oe4 זם gq$ ~snp
oJe
אקז 1!8חי
1ט "נככ?חקסט קאUOAg q$iftw 5 קזען 5כמם5 זן gq~ gW] -.~nieA tlosMoH י0
5ח5"ככוכת ? gB גס8פנקכק PIno~s gq ףכגס "נס5כם7כק גכ5חץ5 1ץכ כסמופטתט?וכש. gq י0
1ם S~nieA 30 fiq כצוגשסס gq~ uolsnloxg 30 4ן כ210ככגכק Sta ן 1?14כ~ugyanu
'~ndul glOqAt qons כסעועעחט?קסם sah snobtqo gql) uo~lsodwoo 30 oq~ )קמ5ן Sg wBnoJq
גססץ ? Joqumu 30 507 "נככ?חקסט OZnUIIUIUI (SYV Nulpnloul ? iesodsrp 30 sgldares
שכ 4SVqSssod 30 ~IdiIES
~S~OOSUI gft קכ?ק 0נ q~iftw PJlq iulddolp כסטן?עחט?קסם
UY oISUUaU~ WOIqold pO~BIOOSSB 130 עכוכח1חט?ק0ם ק1כ 4עק feoJe םחה!כסן
~nduI
51
811(1י OUnao solo~led 40 פ2כAnoolos כגסקכק pue pouoJsuea~ 1ף oq~ -pUiftw
pgureldx~ ~gq י11צן giqissod ז5 1ן 5כןככקSSgOOJd 30 pUIA~ UOISOJO .1414 ? ףג
~toAYePJ 1פ4כ ק1ס זע uoqleo 0נ8פוחכ א8ף ןץכ -ם%- ז g~eJ 30 ק1כ זם 51
~snp P~oo gq 4~lssod
גכנג qO~i 4ע oaeio -JOUBUI oq~ גכג?8כ? ou~NJo uoqleo זם oq$ 51105 punole 015
ioq~ %11 30 gq7 ו70ק olqnlosuI )51105ע qonIAt sue~lu וףען gq~ קכ"0שוכק
~snp
ז5
01 gq~ ו0ופז olqnlosuI UOyrsodop 5ז osie $ou .snoIAqo 41כ OielgA2 0נ8פ2עכ uoqleo 5ז
6-םם% נכ1עןכק ou~SJo uoqJeo se 30 "כגככטן?8כ 1ק8ף ~glqnlosu~ IEUO$EUI oq 15כ 30gql 51 קמ5ו שכ זע כסטכסטונצק0ט uoqao סנ8פ2עכ
9-זי 0ג IgM*~ י0ופז ק1כ 30 אכנ0כטו
00630 י500. 1[00 -
ienwie uo~nquauoo 30 OIUBIJO uoqleo po$eFIoieo o$ וףכ OIOqAh oaeI 51 זם gq~ giueJ
ienwie OIUBIJO uoqleo UO~ISOdop SBM ק1כ 1ם gareJ 30 01-י70פז 2ץכ ש_ן. 8כ י suo)nqu$sT 30 o~eiJo uoqle~ UO~ISOdgp slolreled osoq~ 30 5סז1ק5. וסופז ק1ס oq~
oq~ U0~ISOdgp 30 omeiJo uoqleo 51 UgAIi וע sglnild .01-זז oq~ ieuossgs
IQAIH -.ueplof
s~unouse ioqe י0
~oz-01
30 pgpugdsns JgU~IU uo)nquJuoo 04ש oq$ p~qSIO$EM ?14
ienwJe slql 5001' 0001-0005 זgq$ OIOqM oXeI B~le 5 ו0 כפזכח1?ןכק קכ"150קסם(
oq~ ienw~e xng )130ט105חף1ס popugdsns ק1כ זם 51 ש?תכג oiuel 30 09-042כ ש_ן- 8 ז
'UOyISOdgp נץכ
~fl$uow
UOyISOdgp 30 105מ14כ ffll~$BW 5ז UOAtI זם sgnild '6-9
s~yes "סנככסו5 1כא ? ienPIATU? sgldu~s SOUSA wo4 שכ זם
ת" ן0וק ק1כ 30 %09 ו0
Pino~s gq pg~nqlaJE 0קז]3סגכטן י soxng 30 olqnlos -.s$fas gql 30 אכנככמו?8כ ~lqnlos
-99-
י6-
cars )(א and 01ת .organic ח demanding though conclude, 10 possible 15ב8
sources.antropogenic urban fiom 18 01ת input nubnents the that tesbng, additional
nitrogenof pattern The 13-15. Figures 1ת
~jven
18 deposition nitrogen The
ofrange the 118 ת input annual The carbon. the of ~hat
similar was deposition ש
ofinorganiccomprised 15 input niUogen total ofthe 30-50% *0
up 10.7-1.4 8 .2-מ
timeו40ל vanes which of input relative the rutrate), and (ammonilun niUogen
16-18(.(Figs
given are fluxes deposition phosphorus Total תsoluble and 19-21 Fi@ares 1ע
before,found those 10 sinaBar 15 distribution seasonal The 22-24. Figs 1ת fluxes
occurredinput annual ofthe 50% About ~anter.
the 1מ deposition higher 8 natnely
dust8 xith associated stabons, tl~ee מ1 11ם December November- during
andspnng the 1ת input The sollds. insoluble the 11.2 - 2.2% ע מ containing
Of deposition aiulual The low. very was months slunmer שש ע about was 0.2ש
aiunualThe stations. tIKee and years tilree the over uniforrmy quite 12-ת,
rangethe 1ת be 10 found was Galilee of Sea the 10 dust the 41ל" input phosphorus
averaging tons, 29-44 of 37 ,8מ10 תof 20% about compnang amount 8ס1ם
!watershed! the
~om
input phosphorus
COMPOSITIONDUST 2.
vanations seasonal The מdust the 01 composition the 1 ש Genosar the מ860*188
stationsother 0יה the for obtained were resuits Similar 25-27. Figures 1מ g~ven
nitrogencarbon, orgaac of concentrations the that seen be can 28-33 ח(. (fi@Jres
containsaust The pattern. seasonal clear 8 follow aust the 1מ phosphorus and
the10 compared as season rainy the during nut~ients much as taace about
summer.
detected be can that phenomenon )8 phenomenon thls of sigilificance Theצ1תס
very be may period) observation long relatively 8 follo~dng .חאע א found wasת1
of50% About
~gh.
very 15 deposition dust by input phosphorus the that work this
048during material deposited the Moreover, זט1ת4י. the during 18 deposition the
445of bio.-availability the Possibly, 1%)( ! .)ן percentage ח8ע ע contains period
source concentrated ט quite .4ע.,
thewhen period 8 15 תו ~dnter
the during source 8מם of contibution The
uses bloom Pyridinilun 1ש phosphorus soluble ofthe מן Soluble water. the ע מ0481
theMo~eover, 11וממ detection belovf often range, ppb the of range the 18 תו period
andlake ofthe strata -1ower ס*
Jordan inflowing 11ח41ל sinking 15 water cold 0א
ofthesupply ג bottom. lake the onto sources suspended OfltS much depositing 18
-68.
thewhete spot the 8) lake, ofthe surface~layers the onto phosphorus deposited dust
very 8 of be may development algal the for needed badly very 18 phosphorusלעא
sig~uficance.
24reasons. unclear 10 due summer, early the 1מ &sappear bloom Pyridinium The
can We 628. explain 10 proposed were speculations and explanations fewט08קסזק
aenalthe 0ת depends bloom the that possible 18 ח speculation: additional 8ב
collapses.bloom the cease, supply 025 Once phosphorus. available of supply
BEHAVIOR.SOLUBILITY 3.
15dust the 1ת oiiginating ע of cont~ibution potential the evaluate 10 way Hgorous 4
ש evaluate 8א of deposition Phosphorus behahior. solubility צ4שinsoluble 12ע
810 compared as hsamics phosphorus Iake the 0ת effect nunor 8 have 411ע source
source.soluble more
contents.CaC03 and hardness Calcilun, ש שו respect 1מ Hch 18 F~ruleret Lake
arewatershed the 1ת as well as system, lake the 1ת phosphates dominant The
phosphates.calcilun
thecontrol may that salts soluble sparindy of number 8 of products 100ח The
computed:were 'phosphorus of solubility
DCPCaY~P04phosphateDicalcium
ocP]843)04שמphosphate calclum Octa
2Calo apatiteHydroxy)ע0(6)04ק24
ccP]83)11]03(3)04ע(, phosphate carbonate Calcium
calculatedwere phases solld possible different the of Kip) ) products 10120 The
.3 Table 1מ @ven are and
dustof equilibrations of senes large 8 fiom calculated were 3 Table 111 data The
sedimentsand sediment Bottom sediments Ifinneret Lake of satnples and sa~nples
andresuspended be 10 easiest the are these aSSUindEg shores, the near collected
column.water the ~ath
equilibrated
products.solubility kio~m the than lower were products 10140 the cases, 811 ו" wasweeks) -2 )1 equ]]ibration for allowed time tihe that fact the 10 due be 08ב T~s
minerals.stable very of presence the 10 due 0ז short, 100
The 0ת01thus 18 and one true ihe than lower appreciably was DCP for product 101מ
ccP0ז ocP either of products 1010מ The concentration. ע the control 10 assurned
differentthe תו constant rafher are and values theoretical the 10 close relatively are
phosphorussoluble contol that phases possible are-thei minerals These sannples.
foundwe 1983( (Awimelech work previous 8 ן" particles. aust the fiom release
-69-
ofSea the of water bottom the מו phosphorus of solubility the controls ccP that
Galilee.
ofthose as same the practically are satnples dust the of products 1010ת ccP The phosphorusof availability the that asslune thus can We sediments. lake the
pallacles.bottom resuspended by supplied that as sa~ne the 18 aust the by supplied
70-
SUMMARY
ofperiod פ along measured were nutients associate and dust deposited of Fluxes
years.hydrological 3 than more
are:lake whole the for calculated fluxes, nutrient computed The
1oadAnnua1 Component
199519941993
tons8525 80758738solidsTotal
tons5179 54435574solids
~nsoluble tons1313 1335866carbonOrganic
tons198 153135Nitrogen
tons44 2939phosphorus
laketthe 0ש input 1א0ש the of 2095 about חload ע computed The
reliabilitythe support ש seems stations tilree the מו results the of consistency The
*0sensitive very are measurements nubTlentS the yet, results, obtained the of
beshould above presented results The traps. sediment the of contaminations
.estimateה~gh
represent 10 considered פ
תthe 1"שש
~dlest
nutrientis deposited 'the of concentration and SUpply Both
studyfiarther *0
needed 15 work More insoluble. mostly 18 phosphorus added The
carrylngphosphate the of effect biological The bio-.availability. and chemistry 118
contactclose 1מ be might א sediment the 1מ particles umike since,
~gh
be may dust
layer.photic the 1מ cells algal 1401 ט1ם
the~ath
nuhlents of inflow the *0
related work pioneering פ represents report Tis
ofinflux the 10 devoted 15 and was work Much lfinneret. Lake 0ת deposition dust
attention,more jusfi~ work this of findings The Jordan. the 1401 nubients
matter.subject oft~s monitoring and research
1-7
dustof input Annual1.% 1נ TAB
TIB~RIAS HAON GENOSAR COMPONENT [גזסזזטקא%tonsg/m2g/m2g/m2
10958915646SOLIDSTOTAL 1992-1993
7144603134SOLIDSINSOLUBLE
381530251280LIDSSOLUBLE
8665.63.95.8CARBONORGANIC
1350.680.840.86NITROGENTOTAL
390.250.240.19PHOSPHOR.TOTAL
8075553750SOLIDSTOTAL 1993-1994
5443412233SOLIDSINSOLUBLE
157914151880LIDSSOLUBLE י
13357.65.510.5CARBONORGANIC
1530.710.751.24NITROGENגזסז]
[גזסז.אסאק05אק290.130.120.26
8525544650SOLIDS1994-1995 [גזסז
5179342631SOLIDSINSOLUBLE
3346202019SOLIDSSOLUBLE
13137.466.439.28CARBONORGANIC
198, 0.771.231.48NITROGENTOTAL
י [גזסז.אסאק08אק440.130.200.43
72-
ז ג 8 [ ש.2
AVER)kGE אסוזו08קעסם OFז8טם
SOLIDSTOTAL FROM %
SOLUBLEINSOLUBLםאא/ם9
0.416.771.8512.526.373.7GENOSAR1992-1993
0.516.642.3515.630.369.7GEN08AR1993-1994
0.876.272.9918.7337.7162.29GENOSAR1994-1996
1992-1993אסגא6.944.355.7 0.434.64.481
1993-1994אסגא10.944.255.8 0.285.99.821
1994-1996אסגא0.445.222.6513.8443.9556.05
0.278.230.756.233.266.8TIBERIAS1992-1993
0.26.8311 .201 14.227.372.7TIBERIAS1993-1994
0.249.63.421 13.7036.6363.37TIBERIAS1994-1996'
% SOLIDS INSOLUBLE FROM .י
0SOLUBLEאא/ם9
0.567.792.1817.035.8GENOSAR1992-1993
0.747.333.0522.443.5GEN08AR1993-1994
.401 7.244.1530.0760.54GENOSAR1994-1996
0.775.662.1812.479.7HAON1992-1993
0.506.762.9019.679.4HAON1993-1994
1994-1996אסגא5.674.3524.6978.41 '0.78
0.4112.450.749.349.8TIBERIAS1992-1993
9.537.6TIBERIAS1993-1994ד 0.3514.26.371
57.80TIBERIAS1994-1995 6321. ד82. 0.38.9011
3.TABLE
MineralPhosphate Possible זסז Calculated )קואק( Products lonic
Solutions.Free Phosphorus With Equilibrated Dust ץ0ז Data
YeiRDATEחקםםק00קםםקא Theoreticalקמק56.7.ש11828.5
,088ח06שא;0אפ71ש.128.930.8453.1190Genosarס140.133.2958.92107199416-0 Genosar4 21חפל-133.432.1553.938.9991995
122.229.0950.428.2801 9951 -Apr21 GenosaroctGenosar-5ם35(52.138.19319 231ם.130.8144.1532.4159.0910.82121eee06-Nov GenosarGenosarחפןר814נ(144.432.657.9810.071319145.332.757.759.8191~ee22-~Feb Genosar
136.18.76 31 55.16 9.40AVG
8.08.281 2.970.87$td5.944.025.389.23%stdlavg
Haonעסא-122.227.9750.518.328199407Haonס8ם-455199416!155.135.2460.8310145.633.0157.759.7691995-dan21 Haon124.329.4250.538.04101995-Apr21 HaonoctHaon-5ם61995 139.732.1256.379.7Haonעסא-11199508 4811. 148.532.4860.9180Haonם-3515(138.133.4357.5910.741119Haon חפנר814נ(1419 144.432.1657.649.8614132.1258.649.68 111see22-FebHaon
139.88.99 31 66.53 9.78AVG10.102.023.66.021 stdי7.226.32 6.29 10.44%stdlavg
iberiasשא;8.88719940ש.30.3953 91.ש848לךDec-32.6256.499.777199416 .7.ש1
חפמ21מפ54.089.1791 132.7.8331~berias 125.828.8251.31 8.3810199521-Apr~berias oct-5ם71995 54.989.41 135.2.9131~berias 8פח6לודNov-506נ(14832.4759.7710.761519 ס8ם-14332.8860.2611.6712199515
~berias חפנר3614(1319 55.999.91 7631. 1141.~berias ןFebiberias-822נ(819 13330.7453.979.07
9.67AVG 65.66 ך%: 7.1412ו,ע5!13 ,8.!54.2)41 2.83)(.96 std
4.863.95 5.09 9.92 %stdlavg
134.330.8965.139.6626Bottomחחוא Sediment
inneretSedimertקל
148.231.361.611.99199823-MayGenosar
May~-255.910.39199623.ש133.1
~nneret 136,129.258.710.49199823-May1 Migdal
15031.262.312.159199623-May2 Migdal
AVG 11 1. ופ 1.ומ11 ו: ובשנ.0וב 1ש11נ11(.1(1פ, 814.)( 85.שנ 1 5.03(3.יב5.183.394.82733%stdlavg
-74-
Dus~a/l צם!ח תם 1theא8תחשאSolidsTotal Genosar
-12000
ר0000ג1
80004 ושבש
פ80008
ט8
א4000כש
2000
0 סר ררם ררו23479723358רר9
- - _. ש____.י.%,י,.,,,,,,,י ומי,',4411 וששש118ששנשש
Kinneretthe ו צם חם Dustfal/ Solids7018ו Haon
25000ן
200004
ינא
---- 15000: פ
,י%,1 - -ן----
,וון,,,י,ווןווו ן!..,
ר 0 רר ר 3 5 8 ר ר ר 3 4 7 9 ר 32 9 רו
75-
Kinnereffhe 0ח Flux DusNalI SolidsTotaI Tiberias
-30000
חחחא9 ---....
----- -- -... --. 20000 4 ס
8חי י 15000--------- - -- ---- - - - --
1[ ,ןוןןןוןו111ן[11ןע,,,3 9 ךי2נ
10 ךי 1 3 5י 8 ךד 1 3 41 'ל 9 2ך
__ - שא שש][אינ[', ה"שששש
Kinneret1"8 חס Flux Dusffall SolidsSuspended Genosar
-7000
8000
1 ש5000
נ(סי ה4000
ש30001
1 ט2000
2
ו000
0 10 11 ד 3 5 8 דד 1 3 4 7 9 2ד3 9 1ד2
1'ייי..י,.י.!י,וי'י.יי,יי.,,'לי.ךי,,",י!.,ןןיי..,י,.,,.י,.,,.י,,.י,,4.יי
-76
Kinneretfhe 0צם!5 ח Dustfall SolidsSuspended Haon
8000 -ן ן
----- . --. . --.. . 16000ע
, 0 דד ך 3 5 8 ד ד ד 3 21 7 9 312 9 דד ') וןןןןווווןוןןןו11,,ן,,,,, 8 , ן ן -------- ------ו--S'iSSשששששששששש ששש!ששששששש
6
Kinneretthe 0צם!5 ח DusNall SolidsSuspended 85!זפטוז
-74000
.... - -- 72000
1
כד ~.
נ(
ה 8000 -- ..-
,,,,ש,מ ____ iiiaii;iiig!85%צ
-77
---.
Kinneretthe 0" F/ux Dustfal/ SolidsSoluble Genosar
--6000
.- -5000
..1%
.- -4000 4
1- --------- - ------- -- 3000 5
1,..ן,ן[ן[,.:ךיווווווו דרד10 רדד358 233ר479י971
8
Kinneretthe 0ח FIux DusNall SolidsSoluble Haon
5000
----. 4000 4
ילשפס-
כד
--3000 8 פ
ו 2000-ןכמ
--7000 1
,עש_0 וו,,, ,,,י,,,ן,--,ש,ו,_,, 1ך0ך 1 3 5 8 דר ך 3 21 ,ו 9 2ר3 9 רר?נ
1,,,ישן__,,,,,,,י,,,,,יי",י ,,,,,,,,,,,,,א""
,,,,1,,,,א
-78-
0
Kinneretthe 0" Flux DusNall SolidsSoluble Tiberias
--4000
-----. .- .--. ?3000 נךשושגש
ה .-.
מש ש 2000 ..--
..1
ם ש 7000- - .-
0-א%
ר 0 ד ר ד 3 5 8 רר ד 3 4 7 9 ר 32 9 דר
מו1,1".מ1_ י,=,מש,י"
י1-,,], 1,,,"',ש*,""ינ_ ימ,"% ,1
,',
ש__
10
Kinneretthe 071 Flux Dustfal/ CarbonOrganic Genosar
3500י
.- .. . ..- --... 3000
---- ----- 12500 נד
8- א 2000 ----- ר% 500-.-1 _21'ן -וון וןן יוון
רר101 ךרר234797233.58רד9
-
,1,,איי,,ן ן ,,,,,,,,"4,4 ",1,", ,ל".,, ו,,י,ל[,'ן"
79
Kinneretfhe 0" F/ux DusNaI/ Carbon7018י Haon
2500
---..-... . --- 42000
4כששס-
כמי-.. .. ... .- -- 7500 58
-' וו*.וווןוןןןווןןו,,ווןוו,וו., סר י י ר 3 5 8 ר ר ר 3 14 7 9 2ר3 9 ד ד2
8ט- ,י,""81%-- "י%8מין י,",',,,ש",1נל8,ל4ג
Kinneretthe ונס Flux DusNal/ Carbon7018י Tiberias
ך 600-
ר 400---
..--200 1 ? מש-- כ( ר 000--
ס..--- -800 1
י-.- -600 1
א-
--400 2
11י הי ושא
0ר רר ר 3 85
ע8ש __ (1',,י,.,,,,ל,,.,קיישו,ישהם
80-
13
K~nneret1ח0 8ח Flux DusNalI NitrogenTotaI Genosar
00ב-
-?%-- .- -200 4
0
....--.... -750 8 ןם
---- --- -5100
50- ____ן __ו,2
טיייי1111---.
0ר רר ר 3 5 רר8 ר 3 4 297237רו9
אאמ !ששא%_ [8שש משש אן_.14 .ג
Kinneretihe 0צם!ק ח Dusffall Haon וי0זא
-350
300
? ס ו250נש
ה2008
750% 1
ט7002
50
ווי" ןמ.ןאףןן ר י 3 21 7 9 ך 2 3 . 9 ר ר12 0 רר ר 3 5 8 ך
-81
15
Kinneretthe חם F/ux DusNalI TotaI Tiberiasא
-350
--300
-1 ---- .- - --.- --......-..........--......-.....-
ו:ך 250פ
.---..-.-..-. .. ..- -.. --- ---... 200 12 4יה4בש
---%750
--1 ט 700.---..-.--
2
-.-- -50
ש" ס
ר 3 5 8 ןי ן 3 14 7 9 2נו3 9 רך?נ ןן0י
_ _ __ _אש __ופשש 8888 א",,הש%ש%שא5_
16
Kinneretehe 0ח Flux Dustfall NitrogenMineral Genosar
-200
? ר 50-- .-eGפ
ושנ(
%CQ
.....-- 700 8
עח(יכןא
--50 2
י"4"- . .1ש,18שו-1שי8ףש.ש,ש ש ש ש 8שו,י.,,.,"י.,4י,' רך0ר י 3 5 8 רר ר 3 4 ןכ 72351 9 ךד2נ
'ן%%ג" - - -------- ---י------ ש"וש
-82
17
Kinneretthe 011 F/ux Dustfa/I NitrogenMineral Haon
-200
----------. 150 ?
%נ ש 1 00- - -..
מ%0יש-
--50
~ae
1011 1 3 5 8 ךר 1 3 4 7 9 312 9 רר2
Hr!jiaalשששם i9Ta_T;~ 5שש
18
Flux Dustfall מ81the 0זפתתואNitrogenMineral Tiberias
.... --120 -
? ן 100--סי
מ 80-- ~-
.,1.יו1.,1.ו, יילו
,,,,,,ל,,),.,,,",,, , ,,.,.,., 1ך0ר ך 3 5 8רך ך 3 4' 7-9 ?נך13' 53ךר
83-
19
Kinneretthe 0ת F/ux Dustfal/ Total Genosarק
-760
ר 40- - . .-
----- -- --- - --- --------- -- -- -- ?120 נך .--... ... .. ......... ...-..
ס 700 ---- -- ..-וש -ה .... .... -
ש 80 .---י ------- --- --- --------- ----- 60 1
--8------- -- -- - -- 40 1
1.1ו1ו1111111111111
ר 0 רר ר 3 5 8 ר ר ר 3 4 7 9 ר 32 9 רר
20
Kinnereithe 0צם!5 מ Dusfal/ Total Haonק
40
---,30? ------- ---- - --- - - -- -- - ן ן-
ש שו.,.,,,,ו ןן,ן ן. ,,,ו,ןןן,.ןןןויןי,ן
ןופ - --- -------------- ן-- - --
Jesou~e 8 05!חףן8
Ilensna צ~עע8ג8ו ו"8 סע אמת
זז
י0 וו וו ח / ל 2 י וו 8 5 ם י
א ק וו0
. 6 ו,;ו ו 1 ם וש
ש כלשגלי א "0
ד 09 . ,.. מ . . .. ,.,,, .,,.. .- ןפ 08 - . . ._ .-- .. ............. ...................
גשם 00 י
.
[ם
*-- - וש0 --- _- ..............____..............___ . __.................
ן - - י0 ל . .,,,.,. ............. .......... ., ...................., . ....... .. ......
09 י ---..- -
1!ף8נ4ס5 le~ol פ סמ5מאא aq7 סט פןחצ
~eaeuunv
-,8-
-85-
23
Kinnerefthe חס F/ux DusNall Soluble Haonק
טח4
9
4קטח
ש שן יג-
סי 9שט נ(ח
4ןנך 58
4 ם41
כט אך
2 2
ך
0 סד ריר דדר23479723358רר9
24
Kinneretthe 0צם!5 ח DusNall Soluble Tiberiasק
אאע ת---
יעש
סר
יי ושט נ( ש- --
Cq
1 4 -- - - ---- ------- - ן ו- ,ןן ן ן י- וןןו
י,:ט,נפם,4,,41ויא
-86-
25
dustof מ110ש05ק com, Genosar
-700
ו 80ך- -- --ש-
סי --- .. -- ...----- ---
שי 60 כך..
111111,111.,,
ר 0 רר ר 3 5 8 ר ר ר 3 4 7 9 ר 32
____שש____ ,ןש,ששמש ן שן"4,,ו ,שששתורשש
26
dustof מסאו05קמן0ס Genosar
4ר----------------
2ר .-- .....-....-,1
ש ר ח- --ןש
1-ן
1 ( רר ר 3 5 8 ר ר ך 3: 4 7 51 2ר3
,,,א ,",1,',4'1",ך ייפ,, ,, מ",ישש ]רייןן
-87
27
dust0, composit~on Genosar
4ע-
..- -
ר 0 ר ו ר 3 5 8 ר1 ר 3 4 7 9 ר 32 .111,יווןוווןןווןווי.,י
א~א_""ששששש %,%איפשש
.ג10
dustof composition Haon
.- - -. -50 4
ש
--40 4 =
30ש ---- - - --סי
--520 כ -03
נ~ש4,ו
וו~ן,-,1וווןנוווווו~11,ווו""(!
-- .,י,%א1, ץי,;""אט".,י,,,ל.
, י,
ו-'~1וונ4~ןווין~'~ןוויוי ות ~י14ון
ם -.0טש כן 1 - - ן ן
1ם
*ון9-
ש1(--
יסשנ ן =
קי 6 - - ן -ן
ט 9 - ----------- , uoeH
uoiJ?soduioo Jsnp 3ז4
0]
-שש -8אש-- -
שנש שאשוא פאא,,ן,
vBge . .... . .
*Cb
8 --
5 ---- - י0 - ש - ן
ט
ן------- - י
uoeH
כסגאשם53ון0ט קח5ו 3(4
61
-88-
-- י,גןי'י,יי,יי1ליי. -י(,1"11,ן ..4 ",:יי,.". --!א"ש,י1% - -שחאשחשחח חא1!'1'1ש
החח תחח 1,,1.חןש
י ו 0 8 5 פ ן ן
2 י י י6 2 מ ו 6 2 ן
י
ן י'ון וו ,,,ןווייייייויויןיוןייין ;ו - - 1 .5 1 ו 9 GG
ש -
יסש , .. .... ... . ., ... ......... ......................... -__... ם
ציי ס
י01ומ8ג!58
uo?Jisoduioo snp# 0נ
7] ס
-- או- ששי
-הששט-01 שש שששם
י י ו 8 פ פ ן
י 6 2 ע פ ן
6 8 מ י מ י י
1~ם ייו,,ן ן '"וןו'יןיויו,ןוןוןוןןין
1י0 ן - -. -- ---
ג2 . וש
099 --.---- - - - - . - ש ן
08 - -- י1!ף8גן88
uoJJ~soduioo 7snP 0נ
[ן
-68-
י-
ןן
ןן
ן,
ןן
ש-ש
-fo)
ןן
,ן
ןן
ששששששששש
- ן
ןן
ןן
ןן
ן,
-- ,
,,
ן,
ן,
ן
-
-
, - ן
ןן
ןן
ן
ןן
ן
- - שששש*ש
* ן
ןן
ןן
%
01-
ןששששששששששש
,ן
1%
-. ן
-שששש*ששש*ו
ןן
ןן
ןן
44ן
ששששששששששש
ן
ן,
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןן
מ מ
חשך
ששששש
- '
ן,
,,
ןן
ן"
ס,ם
-
שיישש*ששא
שש
ן
ןן
ןן
ןע
ש
י
--
ששששששששש
ן
ן,
ןן
ןן
" ט
-ששא
ששששש
ן
ןן
ןן
ןן
0-ז
שיששש*שש*שש
ן
ןן
ןן
.ם=-
ששש*שש*שש*שש
- ן
ןן
ןיק
00_
h-d~d ן
ןן
ןן
ן0
-שששששששש
ן
ןן
ןן
ןן
0ח
-
ש-שש-שש"ש
ןן
ןן
ן ן
שששששש
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןח
- [
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןן
ן--
ן--
ןן
ןן
ן--
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןנ(
-
שיששי י8
ןן
ןן
ןן
ןה(
--ה(
כ( -ז
ע(
נ" יי
ש נ
ש
lihh ח
נ0 -י
ם/8ח8ט5םק5קח05ןוק5)%
(
י.
י.*
*י 1
App
endi
x
501
80 ו
-אחזחו
-ק
80 מ
אא4- א
0א3*
2- א
-א.O
RG
-ם0ז ז
0ז-ז
SO
L -א0ז ז
-ק0ז ז
SO
L 80
8 D
ATE
M
ON
TH
PU
kCE
אda
ys30
שש
m
grl
days
30
שמ
mgr
l da
ys30
שש
m
grl
days
30
שש
m
grl
220
13.5
43.
5213
.04
0.51
29
.312
8.1
1721
42
.98.
2715
01ש1
1610
Gen
osar
9212
55.
14.3
31
3.53
1.81
37.5
288.
627
7942
.79.
4726
5411
109
11G
enos
ar92
264
23.3
77.
656.
017
.347
.129
132
0470
3729
4011
126
11G
enos
ar92
2358
17.2
815
.98
.71
11
5.57
92.1
798
8126
109
7857
68ש1
1812
Gen
osar
92
1792
17.2
83.
1511
.71
5.57
72.7
1125
4485
90.0
219
.41
2693
0112
61
Gen
osar
9322
5718
0.65
0.10
118.
662
.196
.710
2543
2627
70.
520
6802
,19
2G
enos
ar93
2513
23.3
70.
106.
017
.340
.239
794
1564
0.5
6903
03~1
93
Gen
osar
9340
212
.99
1.39
2.03
10.9
614
.722
416
6527
.73
6.65
1263
04~2
34
Gen
osar
9316
0813
.97
2.70
0.99
13.0
29.3
560.
151
8243
.312
.935
7406
116
6G
enos
ar93
130
17.4
43.
532.
2915
.114
.041
430
1931
.56.
2828
8906
128
6G
enos
ar93
139
0.18
0.06
0.01
0.15
8.3
121.
170
78.
52.
5456
808
126
8G
enos
ar93
427
2.85
2.18
2.84
0.01
47.9
435
1820
50.7
11.2
1393
1011
710
Gen
osar
9373
224
.55
5.88
24.2
90.
26.2
31
453
2278
55.8
14.8
1548
1112
011
Gen
osar
9314
6520
.27
.69
11
19.7
30.
5467
.451
129
7587
.65
27.2
515
1012
,31
12G
enos
ar93
-17
9217
.28
3.15
.71
11
5.57
72.7
1125
4485
90.0
219
.41
2693
0112
91
Gen
osar
9452
329.
65.0
71
4.46
5.19
237.
630
1011
125
247.
2647
.27
5893
02,1
22
Gen
osar
8411
2613
1.30
8.15
34.2
497
.06
120.
499
942
20.6
725
1 33
.88
3094
03,1
33
Gen
osar
94
1166
14.3
17.
127.
398.
9354
.547
826
6368
.84
17.2
314
9704
,18
4G
enos
ar94
ל.13
524.
795.
024.
760.
0390
.298
443
5695
.01
17.0
530
0404
130
4G
enos
ar94
"0
20.8
03.
2916
.70
4.10
63.6
452
2099
84.3
912
.88
2099
0610
46
Gen
osar
84ו
609
18.1
81.
172.
6115
.57
22.4
455
2855
40.5
316
.82
2246
0612
97
Gen
osar
9417
97.8
011
7.
509.
502.
3033
.049
330
3844
.80
18.0
012
4108
105
8G
enos
ar94
567
3.05
.45
1 0.
332.
7220
.016
520
4023
.04
8.50
1473
0911
89
Gen
osar
9420
2340
.75
4.29
30.8
9.95
107.
813
2484
9314
8.5
.92
31
6470
1110
711
Gen
osar
9470
815
0.57
4.83
75.3
975
.18
114.
819
0437
7726
5.4
151.
5230
7112
,16
12G
enos
ar94
885
86.2
467
.718
.524
1.0
1328
.831
6720
0.4
98.0
2283
2111
196
1G
enos
ar96
3792
11.5
44.
83.
87.
812
5.9
1438
.755
1413
7.4
27.9
1722
313~
96 ב
Gen
osar
96
1039
8.90
0.7
6.8
0.1
54.0
.977
1 30
9160
.93.
920
5221
~419
64
Gen
osar
96
1050
34.4
48.
9432
.65
.79
1 18
.333
433
2952
.718
.26
2279
ש8,
961
8 G
enos
ar96
120
7.65
4.73
1.18
8.46
16.0
158
2470
23.7
21.2
023
5061
10,9
69
Gen
osar
9637
186
.01
7.89
38.8
147
.20
24.7
552
5595
110.
727
.42
5224
6111
196
10
Gen
osar
9637
8618
.80
4.72
5.43
13.3
811
6.1
856
4595
134.
925
.37
808
1611
2,96
11
Gen
osar
9622
6318
4.05
18.3
413
5.69
48.3
574
756
2068
.67
3357
14,1
196
1 G
enos
ar96
5134
135.
2410
.34
95.1
640
.08
57.4
3197
9192
192.
742
.97
4058
22,2
,96
2 G
enos
ar96
801
801
-אח(חו
9-
.SO
L אא
4- א
0א3+
2- א
-א0"
0 -םסז ז
סז-ז
80]
-אסז ז
9-סז ז
SO
L ח8
8 D
ATE
M
ON
TH
PU
kCE
da
ys30
םוש
m
grl
days
30
חוש
m
grl
days
30
1מ
2,
mgr
l da
ys
30
חו2,
m
grl
649
14.2
14.
298.
635.
5826
.210
9.5
7י52
40.4
6.74
1102
ש116
10H
aon
9228
57.
800.
533.
024.
7814
.920
4.3
3039
22.7
9.27
2754
1110
911
Hao
n92
206
30.2
72.
4612
.617
.733
.518
834
7764
1632
7111
126
11H
aon
9216
459
150.
57.4
921
75
.39
75.1
811
5.3
995
2357
526
671
18ש1
1812
Hao
n92
1956
55.7
12.
3520
35.7
1243
0726
.235
129
3982
15.4
983
0112
61
Hao
n93
603
136.
380.
0894
.242
.220
.243
219
4815
70.
513
45ש0
192
Hao
n93
1618
30.2
70.
0812
.617
.728
.331
989
9759
0.5
7380
0311
93
Hao
n93
385
13.6
71.
4311
.99
1.67
12.6
199
1475
26.2
39.
3910
904מ
,23
4H
aon
9320
8524
.54
1.67
7.92
16.6
23.9
465.
051
9448
.510
.931
0906
116
6H
aon
9336
911
.17
11.8
72.
238.
933
.434
020
2644
.622
.41
1658
06~2
86
Hao
n93
432.
701.
742.
090.
615.
450
349
8.07
2.58
306
0872
68
Hao
n93
320
1.48
0.07
0.91
0.57
15.8
222
1584
17.3
6.37
1244
10~1
710
Hao
n93
752
19.5
41.
503.
3316
.21
16.4
296
2062
35.9
6.43
1310
1112
011
Hao
n93
793
21.1
52.
156.
7814
.36
19.7
213
2266
40.8
37.
2414
72ש1
3112
Hao
n93
1806
19.8
3.5
51
9.91
9.92
58.7
889
4645
78.5
614
.44
2839
0112
91
Hao
n84
2929
38.7
13.
0818
.45
20.2
830
.759
851
6569
.37
23.9
422
36ש0
122
Hao
n84
מ45
919
0.54
3.54
98.6
5.9
091
83
.376
425
5127
3.89
13.8
020
92ש0
133
Hao
n94
172
713
.53
0.77
0.24
13.2
9.3
21
232
2024
34.8
75.
2212
97ש
164
פאת0
94
2282
10.9
30.
483.
847.
29.6
51
740
5684
.מ55
8.66
3402
0413
04
Hao
n%
362
17.2
91.
813.
8513
.44
.431
19
619
1248
.70
6.96
1550
ש004
6H
aon
9470
812
.14
0.79
0.91
11.2
312
.223
015
6024
.32
9.52
852
0812
97
Hao
n%
1168
3.68
1.68
1.84
1.81
15.4
376
2243
19.0
38.
5910
7508
105
8H
aon
8433
12.
890.
292.
430.
4610
.388
1691
13.1
94.
2313
5909
118
9H
aon
9423
5020
.83
0.38
5.91
14.9
230
.184
6.8
5256
50.9
10.3
529
0611
107
11H
aon
8415
7689
.08
.21
1 35
.94
53.1
410
2.1
1433
4087
.219
1 37
.11
2511
ש116
12H
aon
9440
2918
.64
3.1
10.1
8.5
80.3
1131
.468
4499
.028
.226
1521
1119
51
פאמ0
9627
8925
.42
3.9
3.3
22.1
86.6
841.
954
2911
2.1
32.6
2839
3131
953
Hao
n96
1360
15.2
81.
95.
210
.127
.819
9.9
2302
43.1
3.1
942
21%
196
4H
aon
96
518
18.0
8.3
41
3.44
14.6
416
.315
525
1734
.47.
0119
9916
1819
68
- .
Hao
n95
300
9.55
0.55
0.17
9.38
8.0
7517
0117
.5-
3.45
1400
שש1
959
Hao
n96
1115
31.0
80.
912.
6828
.41
11.0
235
4301
42.0
4.21
3185
6111
195
10
Hao
n96
1388
55.8
811
.74
24.1
331
.75
9.2
312
2585
65.1
24.8
311
9615
11ש
9511
H
aon
9622
4887
.14
5.59
48.8
838
.28
232.
644
353
0231
9.7
14.3
730
54ש1
1196
1 H
aon
9612
075
.33
41
2.09
40.0
5.2
81
60.9
2044
1747
810
2.3
12.9
354
03ש2
ש96
2 H
aon
96
-93-
a)otohhf~t
שששץש"ט%אא""ש5952"%91%שאש"א" ן שח ש=
5מ םשצתתגשסבפאצאט8-ן-צ8"סש2שסהס8-תהם2
"1שא6" "שט""-"יהי:2אשגא"0שסשהגהההשש
?2 ויmoo(NO(De)51ש בהכ%55555פפ%פמ55פפ5ע%ממ555פ%פאר-
נ כיכמש5%פפףה44ה2ף"בשיםב2י2צ4ת-ג 5נשמ
הן בככף4444ם8ה4הסא849םמ4כב2ככ44ה4"ף4י --מ
ט פפבשפעמפםהמשטעט%שי:פאהעאשעעעאהשששס1
OOrh~h
איהשמששממששןשש%1%ש%ששטש%ש%אש40
נ 8 1 התשתפינה 28 מג22 "שה828םמקשצב5ים2א2ת8~--olhhCs0?-2ס8 י22ת2תההההחיפפתההשהפ2סש8קשא
שש "יש4שג"א ש=םשא-=-*הש"א0שאסשש-ש-סהש0יח"ריס-
4ש1יאיהבכב"פכבכעשכ6גהשסשסשח"ם א----השחחח"שאה2ל
hmmhe~ם 6כעכאכ66חג"הי "תשללףףייףףק"ףכב"ףףכב הש"שהי-"שהשסשסשחשהאשחששח"ה--
_ן- -ה- ה= - --51
--mmnאש=ש0ש-emh*-nm~omo-ס שאש-שמאשש סנ_ ח-ש=ש"י-הש0"אחהא0ששם-א"שא"הש-שאששr~m ההגסקהחסגהה9םסתהסשג44גטהמיג8:82הת
8נ שה- 8ן
ש פ"שפ5שמש85שששפש9שפשששששש598ששפרשככ שיאה-ה-=ששששיחה-ה--ם ישששי -יססם 4ס -י וי יי כ"שש -י -קי48ס
-ןל(5נ
שנ
anfifiaשמצצצממממצצמממצמצמצצמממממצממם
ש*םטטטםטטטטטטטטט8טטטטטטטצטםטםטטםטטם בנננננגננגננננננננננננגנננננגגנגנגנ
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1aaa~צצצצצצצצצצצצצצצצצצצפצצפצבפפצ
14
שי