11
Future time reference: Future time reference:
Truth-conditional pragmaticsTruth-conditional pragmaticsor semantics of acts of communication?or semantics of acts of communication?
Kasia Jaszczolt Kasia Jaszczolt University of CambridgeUniversity of Cambridge
http://www.cus.cam.ac.uk/~kmj21http://www.cus.cam.ac.uk/~kmj21
22
Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle 1993)1993)
33
Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle 1993)Reyle 1993)
Reanalysis of the type and degree of Reanalysis of the type and degree of contextual input to representation structurescontextual input to representation structures
44
Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle 1993)Reyle 1993)
Reanalysis of the type and degree of Reanalysis of the type and degree of contextual input to representation structurescontextual input to representation structures
Representations of acts of communication: Representations of acts of communication: merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & forthcoming)forthcoming)
55
Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle 1993)Reyle 1993)
Reanalysis of the type and degree of Reanalysis of the type and degree of contextual input to representation structurescontextual input to representation structures
Representations of acts of communication: Representations of acts of communication: merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & forthcoming)forthcoming)
Application of merger representations to Application of merger representations to expressions of futurityexpressions of futurity
66
Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Temporality and tense in DRT (Kamp and Reyle 1993)Reyle 1993)
Reanalysis of the type and degree of Reanalysis of the type and degree of contextual input to representation structurescontextual input to representation structures
Representations of acts of communication: Representations of acts of communication: merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & merger representations (Jaszczolt 2003 & forthcoming)forthcoming)
Application of merger representations to Application of merger representations to expressions of futurityexpressions of futurity
Conclusion: truth-conditional semantics or Conclusion: truth-conditional semantics or pragmatics?pragmatics?
77
(1)(1) Tom will play a concert at the Royal Albert Tom will play a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on Friday.Hall on Friday.
(2)(2) Tom is going to play a concert at the Royal Tom is going to play a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on Friday.Albert Hall on Friday.
(3)(3) On Friday Tom is playing a concert at the On Friday Tom is playing a concert at the Royal Albert Hall.Royal Albert Hall.
(4)(4) On Friday Tom plays a concert at the Royal On Friday Tom plays a concert at the Royal Albert Hall.Albert Hall.
88
‘ ‘The algorithm must represent the temporal The algorithm must represent the temporal information that is contained in the tense of a information that is contained in the tense of a sentence and in its temporal adverb (if there is sentence and in its temporal adverb (if there is one).’ one).’
Kamp & Reyle (1993: 512)Kamp & Reyle (1993: 512)
99
‘… ‘…[the feature] TENSE has three possible [the feature] TENSE has three possible values, values, pastpast, , presentpresent, and , and futurefuture, signifying that , signifying that the described eventuality lies before, at, or the described eventuality lies before, at, or after the utterance time, respectively. The after the utterance time, respectively. The value of TENSE for a given sentence S is value of TENSE for a given sentence S is determined by the tense of the verb of S. When determined by the tense of the verb of S. When the main verb is in the simple past, TENSE = the main verb is in the simple past, TENSE = pastpast; when it is in the simple present, TENSE = ; when it is in the simple present, TENSE = prespres; and when the verb complex contains the ; and when the verb complex contains the auxiliary auxiliary willwill, TENSE = , TENSE = futfut.’.’
Kamp & Reyle (1993: 512-Kamp & Reyle (1993: 512-513)513)
1010
Truth-conditional pragmatics (e.g. Recanati Truth-conditional pragmatics (e.g. Recanati 2003): truth value is predicated of an utterance 2003): truth value is predicated of an utterance – – what is saidwhat is said by the speaker. by the speaker.
Problem: Problem: degreedegree of the contextual contribution of the contextual contribution ((quasi-contextualismquasi-contextualism and and contextualismcontextualism))
1111
Default SemanticsDefault Semantics(Jaszczolt 1999a, b; 2002; 2003; forthcoming a, b)(Jaszczolt 1999a, b; 2002; 2003; forthcoming a, b)
quasi-contextualismquasi-contextualism merger representationsmerger representations
12
Stage I
combination of word meaning
and sentence structure
conscious pragmatic inference1
social-cultural defaults1
cognitive defaults
Stage II
social-cultural defaults2
conscious pragmatic inference2
Fig. 1
compositional
merger representation
1313
Pragmatic information, such as the output of Pragmatic information, such as the output of pragmatic inference or defaults, contributes to pragmatic inference or defaults, contributes to the truth-conditional content.the truth-conditional content.
The representation of the truth-conditional The representation of the truth-conditional content is a merger of information from (i) word content is a merger of information from (i) word meaning and sentence structure, (ii) conscious meaning and sentence structure, (ii) conscious pragmatic processes, and (iii) default pragmatic processes, and (iii) default meanings. meanings. Merger representation.Merger representation.
1414
Default Semantics uses an adapted and Default Semantics uses an adapted and extended formalism of DRT but applies it extended formalism of DRT but applies it to the output of the merger of these to the output of the merger of these sources of meaning.sources of meaning.
1515
(5)(5) Mary will go to the opera tomorrow Mary will go to the opera tomorrow night.night. (regular future)(regular future)
16
n e t x
et n<t
tomorrow night (t) Mary (x)
e
go to the opera (x)
1717
(6) Mary is going to the opera tomorrow (6) Mary is going to the opera tomorrow night. night. (futurative progressive)(futurative progressive)
(7) Mary goes to the opera tomorrow night.(7) Mary goes to the opera tomorrow night.( ‘tenseless future’, Dowty 1979)( ‘tenseless future’, Dowty 1979)
1818
Grice’s (2001) Equivocality Thesis: ModalsGrice’s (2001) Equivocality Thesis: Modals
are univocal across the practical/alethicare univocal across the practical/alethic
divide. divide.
AccAcc – modal operator, ‘it is (rationally) – modal operator, ‘it is (rationally)
acceptable that’acceptable that’
1919
Acc Acc ᅡᅡ pp ‘it is acceptable that it is ‘it is acceptable that it is the case the case that that pp’’
Acc ! pAcc ! p ‘it is acceptable that let it ‘it is acceptable that let it be that be that pp’’
20
Stage I
combination of word meaning
and sentence structure
conscious pragmatic inference1
social-cultural defaults1
cognitive defaults
Stage II
social-cultural defaults2
conscious pragmatic inference2
Fig. 1
compositional
merger representation
21
generalized MR: rf, fp, tf
x t e [Mary]CD (x) tomorrow night (t) ACC
n e e: [x go to the opera]WS
22
s〚Pt1,…,tn〛s'M iff s = s' and {〚t1〛M,s,…, 〚tn〛M,s} I(P)
So,
s〚ACCn e〛s'
M iff s= s' and
i. 〚e〛M,s I(ACCn)
ii. ACCn {[ACC
n]CD , [ACCn]CPI}
iii. = ├
23
regular future
x t e [Mary]CD (x) tomorrow night (t) [ACC
rf e]WS,CD e: [x go to the opera]WS
24
futurative progressive
x t e [Mary]CD (x) tomorrow night (t) [ACC
fp e]WS, CPI 1 e: [x go to the opera]WS
25
tenseless future
x t e [Mary]CD (x) tomorrow night (t) [ACC
tf e]WS, CPI 1
e: [x go to the opera]WS
26
Gradation of modality: strength of informative intention
tf fp rf
1 0
2727
Other modal uses of Other modal uses of willwill::
(7)(7) Mary will be in the opera now. Mary will be in the opera now. (epistemic necessity)(epistemic necessity)
(8)(8) Mary will sometimes go to the opera Mary will sometimes go to the opera in her tracksuit. in her tracksuit.
(dispositional necessity)(dispositional necessity)
28
epistemic necessity will
x t s [Mary]CD (x) now (t) [ACCΔ
rf s]WS, CPI 1
s: [x be in the opera]WS
29
dispositional necessity will
x t e [Mary]CD (x) sometimes (t) [ACCΔ
rf e]WS, CPI 1
e: [x go to the opera in x’s tracksuit ]WS
30
s〚Pt1,…,tn〛s'M iff s = s' and {〚t1〛M,s,…, 〚tn〛M,s} I(P)
So,
s〚ACCn e〛s'
M iff s= s' and
i. 〚e〛M,s I(ACCn)
ii. ACCn {[ACC
n]CD , [ACCn]CPI}
iii. = ├
3131
ConclusionsConclusions
The general notion of modality (Acc) The general notion of modality (Acc) subsumes various expressions of futurity subsumes various expressions of futurity (rf, fp, tf). It can be translated into the DS-(rf, fp, tf). It can be translated into the DS-theoretic operator ACCtheoretic operator ACCΔΔ
nn. .
3232
ConclusionsConclusions
The general notion of modality (Acc) subsumes The general notion of modality (Acc) subsumes various expressions of futurity (rf, fp, tf). It can various expressions of futurity (rf, fp, tf). It can be translated into the DS-theoretic operator be translated into the DS-theoretic operator ACCACCΔΔ
nn. .
ACC ACC ΔΔnn, combined with CD and CPI 1, allows , combined with CD and CPI 1, allows
for representing the degrees of modality and for representing the degrees of modality and the degrees of informative intentions the degrees of informative intentions associated with the acts of communication that associated with the acts of communication that make use of these different forms. make use of these different forms.
3333
ACCACCΔΔnn also allows for representing also allows for representing
different modal uses of different modal uses of willwill such as such as dispositional and epistemic necessity.dispositional and epistemic necessity.
3434
DRT or truth-conditional pragmatics?DRT or truth-conditional pragmatics?
3535
DRT or truth-conditional pragmatics?DRT or truth-conditional pragmatics?
Compositional semantic theory Compositional semantic theory
of acts of communication of acts of communication
3636
Pragmatic composition view:Pragmatic composition view:
‘…‘…even if the semantic value of a word is fixed by even if the semantic value of a word is fixed by language (and context, if saturation language (and context, if saturation [filling in [filling in indexicals, ‘unarticulated constituents’, KJ]indexicals, ‘unarticulated constituents’, KJ] is is necessary), composing it with the semantic necessary), composing it with the semantic values for other words often requires help from values for other words often requires help from above above [top-down process, KJ][top-down process, KJ]. It is semantic . It is semantic composition which has a fundamentally composition which has a fundamentally pragmatic character.’ Recanati (2003:139).pragmatic character.’ Recanati (2003:139).
3737
Merger representations are Merger representations are compositional. They are mental compositional. They are mental representations that are coarse-grained representations that are coarse-grained equivalents of thoughts. equivalents of thoughts.
3838
Merger representations have truth Merger representations have truth conditions. conditions.
3939
Merger representations have truth Merger representations have truth conditions. conditions.
Default Semantics applies the amended Default Semantics applies the amended and extended DRT mechanism to merger and extended DRT mechanism to merger representations (e.g. incorporation of the representations (e.g. incorporation of the operator on eventualities operator on eventualities ACC eACC e))
4040
K.M. Jaszczolt, forthcoming, K.M. Jaszczolt, forthcoming, Default Default Semantics: Foundations of a Compositional Semantics: Foundations of a Compositional Theory of Acts of CommunicationTheory of Acts of Communication, Oxford: , Oxford: Oxford University Press.Oxford University Press.
4141
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