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Electrical Property Evaluation Technology(EPET); Breast Cancer Detection
[A UWM-Aurora-NovaScan Joint Project]
William D Gregory, PhD, PEUWM and NovaScan, LLC (CSO)
UWM: J. Shell, PhD; Prof. V. Raicu, PhDAurora: J. Marx, PhD; W. Mikkelson, MD;J. Tjoe, MDNovaScan: L. Wells, CEO; C. Gregory, PhDCommercialization: TechStar, WiSys, Voith Consulting
Telaric, CAMCARE, WIBHT,WI DOCGovernor’s BP Contest
Dedicated with gratitude to our selfless patient volunteers!
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Impedance (V/I) of Tissue (Collection of Cells)
Interstitial Fluid
Protoplasm
Membrane
Cell
Current
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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R3
Cm
R1
CellInterstitial
Fluid
Impedance of Tissue (Cells), cont.
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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NovaScan
EPET I
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET I Apparatus
Tissue Probe Set-Up
4-Lead Probe
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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Cole Function
"' jZZ ZCole Function, Fc=50kHz
0.0E+00
5.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.5E+03
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08
F (Hz)
Z'
Alpha=1.0
Alpha=0.5
Cole Function, Fc=50kHz
0.0E+001.0E+022.0E+023.0E+024.0E+025.0E+026.0E+02
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08
F (Hz)
-Z" Alpha=1.0
Alpha=0.5
1;])/[(1 3
31
jR
ffj
RR
cZ
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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Cole Plot ResultsBenign Cancer
85.0
54.3
kHzfc
496.0
2.113
kHzfc
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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8NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
Analyzed two ways: 1) Fc from fit to data below@ 100kHz to the Cole function and 2) peaks for data corrected for loading and roll-off effects
Fc Distribution(Fc = -Z" peak frequency from fit to Cole function)
-20
0
20
40
60
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09
Fc (Hz)
Per
-cen
t
% of total Cancer % of total Normal
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Cell Membrane*
*Bioimpedance & Bioelectricity Basics, S. Grimnes and O. G. Martinsen, Academic Press (2005)
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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10NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
# CA # DU %CA %DU CA DU0 1 0.00 4.55 Present Absent0 5 0.00 22.73 Test=+ 57 30 11 0.00 50.00 Test=- 2 185 5 9.26 22.73 total 59 21
28 0 51.85 0.00 Sensitivity= 0.96619 0 35.19 0.00 Specficity = 0.8572 0 3.70 0.00 PPV= 0.95
Totals: 54 22 100.00 100.00 NPV= 0.9
Statistics for "pre-cancer" hypothesisFpeak Hypothetical Distribution Target Disorder
Number of each path type vs Fpeak(Hpyothetical Distribution)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09
Fc1(Hz)
# o
f ca
ses
# of type CA (cancer) # of type DU (normal duct)
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NovaScan
EPET II
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET AlgorithmInterface charges
Two principles:1) Charges only at interfaces2) Electrode charges give unique charge distribution inside
ElectrodesGel
-1.0
… V
righ
t …+
1.0
0 0, a,0
0,b Vtop=1.0
Vbottom=-1.0
-1.0
… V
left …
+1.
0
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET Convergence1,2,3
0.01
0.1
1
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Iteration Number
Lo
g(R
MS
Err
or
in %
)
1.Theory: Gregory, W D & Gregory, C W in Eng. in Med. and Bio. Soc., Proc. of the 22nd Int. Conf. of IEEE, 4, 2632 – 2635, 23-28 July 20002.Experiment: “The use of charge-charge correlation in impedance
Measurements: a test of the EPET method”, Gregory, C W, PhD thesis,Morgantown WV, 2005
3.Theory & Experiment: “Device for Improved Cancer Detection: Computer Model and Experimental Test with Phantoms”, W Gregory, C Gregory, P Voith and S Kroeger, Technical Report (NovaScan, LLC, February, 2006)
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET II Apparatus
Drive Plane
Sensor Plate (16x16)
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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Breast
Determining Lesion Depth
Caudal-Cranial
SignalIntensity
Cranial-Caudal
Cancer
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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Spatial Confirmation
Lateral View Medial View
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET II Results
Mass #1
Mass #2
EPET L-breast
EPET scan in ML orientation. Mass #1 is poorly differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma; mass #2 is metastatic carcinoma involving lymph node tissue.
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008
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EPET II Results
TissueResults
Pathology Findings
3 or 4 Scans
2 Scans
1Scan
Benign1 10 10 9 6
Cancer2 10 10 11 14
NovaScan FindingsThresholds (@ 4 Scans Taken/Patient)
1 = Benign tissue includes FA, BBD, I Pap2= Cancerous tissue includes IDC/DCIS+, DCIS, ILC/DCIS+ or
IDC/LCIS or LCIS, IDC/DCIS-
Chi-Square 0.000 0.200 3.200
Probability 1.000 0.655 0.074
NovaScan, LLC – ConfidentialApril 2008