Download - 1 Computer Generation
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
1/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Advanced computer architecture
and algorithms
Dr. Sahana D.Gowda
Professor & Head
Department of Information Science and Engineering
B.N.M. Institute of technology
Bangalore
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
2/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Session-1 topics covered
Parallel Computer Models
The state of computing.Computer development mile stones.
Elements of modern computers.
Evolution of computer Architecture.
System attributes to performance.
Multiprocessors and multicomputers.
Shared memory multiprocessors.
Distributed memory multicomputers.
A taxonomy of MIMD computers.
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
3/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Parallel Computer Models
Parallel processing is an enabling technology in
modern computers Ever increasing demand for higher performance, lower costs and sustained
productivity in the real world applications
Parallelism is in the form of Lookahead
Pipelining
Vectorization
Concurrency
Simulataneity
Data parallelism
Multitasking Multiprogramming
Multithreading
Distributed computing at different processing levels
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
4/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Physical Architectures
Parallel computers Vector supercomputers
Multiprocessors
Multicomputers
Massively parallel processors
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
5/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Computers have gone through two major stages of
development Mechanical
Electronic
Moving parts in mechanical computers werereplaced by high-mobility electrons in electronic
computers.
Information transmission by mechanical gears or
levers was replaced by electric signals travelingalmost at the speed of light.
Computer development Milestones
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
6/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
PROCESS
OUTPUT
INPUT
A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to
accept data (i nput),process it into useful information (output),
and store it in a storagedevice for future use
Computers
As decades passed computers were tuned and were classifiedinto five generations.
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
7/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Computer Generation
1stGeneration
2ndGeneration
3rdGeneration
4thGeneration
5thGeneration
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
8/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
1s tGenerat ion (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes
Memory was made up ofhundreds ofvacuum
tubes or sometimes
magnetic drum
Gave off so much heat
that even if they werecooled by gigantic air
conditioners.
Input and output media
were punched cards and
magnetic tapes
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output) Vacuum Tubes
(memory)
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
9/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
UNIVAC ENIAC
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
10/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Applications:
These computers were used for record keeping
and payroll processing
Features:
1.Vacuume tubes were used as electronic components2.Electronic digital computers were developed.
3. These computers were fastest calculating device of
their time
4. Computations were performed in milliseconds
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
11/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Limitations:
1. Too large in size
2. Unreliable
3. Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes
4. Air conditioning required
5. Frequent hardware failure6. Constant maintenance required
7. Non-portable
8. Commercial production was difficult and costly
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
12/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models 12
an electronic switch that alternately allow or disallowelectronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes
These transistors were made of solid material, some of
which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
Much smallerthan vacuum tubes, draw less power, andgenerate less heat, conduct electricity faster.
2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Trans isto r
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
13/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Minicomputer
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
14/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Applications:The major applications were record keeping, payroll
processing, updating files
Features:1. Transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes
2. Smaller in size as compare to first generation computers3. Much reliable4. Less heat generated
5.Computations were performed in microseconds6. Less hardware failures
7. Better portability8. Commercially used9. They contain printer, memory, stored program, tapedrives, disk storage and operating systems
Second generation
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
15/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Second generation
IBM 1401 was developed at that time Computer has memory so that instructions
can be replaced by new instructions to
perform new task
Programming languages such as FORTRAN
(FORmula TRANslator) and COBOL
(COmmon Business Oriented Language)
were developed at that time
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
16/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
3rd Generat ion (1964 - 1970) : Integrated Circu i t
An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic
components into one small silicon chip called semiconductor.
The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip has increased,
shrinking both the size and cost of computers.
Keyboards and monitors were used.
Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
17/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Minicomputer
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
18/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Applications:
With all of the applications of previous
generations the computers were used for airline
reservations, market forecasting, credit cards, billing
etc.
Features:
1. Smaller in size as compared to previousgenerations.
2. Increased reliability
3. Heat generation was rear
4. Computations were performed in nanoseconds
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
19/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
5. Hardware failure was very rare
6. Low maintenance cost
7. Very easy portable8. Very General purpose
9. Less electricity consumption
10. Commercial production was easier and
cheaper
11. Integrated circuits were used
12. Integrated circuit contains many electronic
components on single chip13. They could run 5 million instructions per second
14. They could store upto 8 million characters
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
20/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
15. In 1969 Intel 4004 microprocessor wasdeveloped and used only in calculators16. Systems developed in this generations wereIBM-360, IBM-370
17. These systems were multi-user, multi-programming and multi-processing
Limitations:1. Air conditioning required
2. Frequent maintenance required3. Commercial production was costly
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
21/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
IBM-360
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
22/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
4thGenerat ion (1971-Present ) : Microp rocessor
A silicon chip on which transistors are integrated ontoit.
Microprocessorcan do all the processing of a full-
scale computer smaller in size , faster in speed.
These circuit integrations are known as Large-scaleintegrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI)
circuits
Microprocessors led to the invention of personal
computers.
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
23/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Features:
1. Smallest in sizeVery2. Reliable
3. No heat generated
4. No air conditioning was required in many
cases
5. Minimal maintenance required
6. Minimal hardware failure
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
24/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
7. Very portable
8. Much faster9. Totally general purpose
10. Very inexpensive
11. 5.25 inch and 3.25 inch floppy disk were
introduced
12. First supercomputer Cray- I was developed
in 1976
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
25/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Cray-II
Cray-II was developed in 1985
Used for speech analysis
Complex mathematical calculations Weather forecasting
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
26/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Cray-II Supercomputer
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
27/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Personal Computer
Personal computer (PC) was invented in thisgeneration by IBM
It can be used in office, homes, schools andanywhere
Operating system DOS for PC was developed
Windows operating system were also developedto provide user friendly interaction with PC
Size of PC reduced to the size of notebook, thento the palm of a person
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
28/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Apple Mac
Developed by Apple company
Year 1984
First user friendly operating system Mac
was used in Apple Mac
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
29/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with
making computers behave and think like
humans.
The branch of computer sciencethat deal
with writingcomputer p rogramsthat canso lve prob lems creat ively
AI studies include robotics, expert systems,
games, etc..
5th Generat ion (Present & Beyond)
: Art i f ic ial Intel l igence
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
30/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)
This generation includes the features to make
computer intelligent
Applications of artificial intelligence are beingadded to computers
Expert systems are being developed to
professionals in their field
Doctors can use expert system to diagnose
diseases
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
31/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Surgeons use expert system to operate Manufacturing industries use these systems
to manufacture products
Engineers use these systems to designcircuits
Architect use these system to design maps
And many, many other applications arethere
Fifth Generation
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
32/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
3 Direct ion s of Compu ter Developm ent
size Everything has become smaller
power Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram
more power into their machines, providing fasterprocessing speeds and more data storage capacity.
expensive The price of the hardware is getting cheaper
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
33/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Elements of Modern Computers
Hardware
Architecture
PerformanceEvaluation
HighlevelLanguages
Algorithms and
Data structures
Computing Problems
Operating
system
Application
software
Mapping
Programming
Binding
(Compile, load)
Scalar
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
34/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Scalar
lookaheadsequential
Functional
ParallelismI/E overlap
Pipeline
Multiple
Func units
Explicit
vector
Implicit
vector
Reg-RegMem-Mem
Associative
Processor
Processor
arrayMulticomputer Multiprocessor
SIMD MIMD
Tree showing
architectural evolution
Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
35/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Flynn(1996) based on Instruction and Data
SISD Single Instruction Single Data Stream
Conventional uniprocessor system Still a lot of intra-CPU parallelism options
SIMD Single Instruction Multiple DataStream vector and array style computers
First accepted multiple PE style systems Now has fallen behind MIMD option
MISD Multiple Instruction Single Data Stream
no commercial products
MIMDMultiple Instructions Multiple Data Stream- Intrinsic parallel computers- Lots of options - todays winner
Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures
Fl Cl ifi ti
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
36/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
Flynns Classification
Architecture Categories
SISD SIMD MISD MIMD
Classification based on notions of instruction and data
stream
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
37/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
SISD
C P MIS IS DS
Uniprocessors
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
38/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
SIMD
C
P
P
MIS
DS
DS
Processors that execute same instruction on multiple pieces of data
MISD
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
39/40
20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models
MISD
C
C
P
P
M
IS
IS
IS
IS
DS
DS
i. Same instruction executed by multiple processors using
different data streamsii. Each processor has its data memory (hence multiple data)
iii. Theres a single instruction memory and control processor
-
7/30/2019 1 Computer Generation
40/40
20/2/2011 P ll l C M d l
MIMD
C
C
P
P
M
IS
IS
IS
IS
DS
DS