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CHAPTER 2COMPUTER HARDWARE
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The Significance of Hardware
Pace of hardware development is extremely fast. Keeping up requires a basic understanding of hardware issues.
New hardware (or falling prices) often leads to new business opportunities.
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Computer Hardware
The physical equipment used for input, processing, output, and storage Central processing unit (CPU) Memory (primary and secondary
storage) Input technologies Output technologies Communication technologies
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Computer System Components
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How the Processor/CPU works
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Processing Characteristics
Machine Cycle Time Time it takes to execute the instruction and
execution phases Measured in Million Instruction Per Second (MIPS) or
FLoating point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) Clock Speed
A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate, that affect machine cycle time
Measured in MHz or GHz (fastest desktop CPUs today are 2.4 GHz
Word Length How many bits are processed at a time by the CPU 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 AMD and Intel are now shipping 64 bit processors
All are crude measures of performance E.g. AMD Athlon XP 2600+ (2.1 GHz) is faster than
Intel P4 2.6 GHz
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Advances in Microprocessor Design
Increasing miniaturization of transistors Making the physical layout of the chip’s
components as compact and efficient as possible
New materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of electricity Superconductivity
Optical processors Major problem today: Heat!
Uncooled, a CPU would melt itself in seconds!
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Moore’s LawThe number of transistors in a chip will double every 18 months.
- Gordon Moore, 1965
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Moore’s Law Illustrated
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Memory Characteristics and Functions
Primary Storage Stores what the CPU will use directly
Storage Capacity Types of Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM)
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Storage Measurements
Some devices are measure in ’metric’ bytes 1 KB = 1000 Bytes Gives a larger number 100 MB = 105 million Bytes
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Basic Types of Memory Chips
Conte
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Secondary Storage
stores very large amounts of data for extended periods of time
typically non-volatile much slower than primary storage can be much more cost effective
than primary storage uses a variety of media, each with
its own technology
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Types of Secondary Storage
Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks RAID Storage area
network (SAN) Optical Disks
Magneto-optical Disk
Digital Video Disk (DVD)
Memory Cards Expandable
Storage
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Secondary Storage Devices
Fixed Media Hard disks (40-100 GB) Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Disks (RAID) Removable Media
Diskette (1.44 MB) Laser-servo diskette (120 MB)
Combines magnetic and optical storage Cartridge disks – e.g. Jaz (1-2 GB) Tape (GB) CD-ROM (640-700 MB)
CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM (4.7GB), DVD-RAM Flash memory (4-512 MB)
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Costs for Data Storage
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
Storing and accessing data is becoming increasingly important
SAN offers Lots of bandwidth Easily upgraded Less hassle More security
SAN is a hot topic
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Input Devices
Keyboard and mouse
Voice-recognition devices
Digital Computer Cameras
Terminals Scanning Devices
Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices
Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Devices
Touch Sensitive Screens
Bar Code Scanners
Source Data Automation: Making input digitial at the time data is created
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Hardware for Output
Softcopy Video Monitors Video Terminals Speakers
Robotic
Hardcopy Printers Plotters Other Hardcopy
Media transparencies microfilm CD-ROM Slides
Multi function devices
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Computer classification
Cell phone Handheld (palm) Laptop Desktop PC Server Workstation Midrange (small mainframe) e.g. IBM
AS/400 Mainframe e.g. IBM S/390 Supercomputer e.g. Cray
Note: There are also computers embedded in appliances, toys, cars, etc.
BIG, FAST
Small, slow
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Supercomputers: The World’s Fastest Computers
Current Champion NEC’s Earth Simulator 36 TerraFlops Cost: $350 million
Upcomer Cray Inc’s X1 Basic unit: 800 GigaFlops, cost: $10 million Theoretical max: 51 TeraFlops
Alternative Approach Clusters of regular networked PCs Example: 1152 computers with 2304 Intel Xeon
Processors achieve 11 TFlops (Top 3) Top 5: http://www.top500.org/lists/2003/06/top5.php Video
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PC Architecture
C P U
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L 1
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~1 6 K B
~2 5 6 K B
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25Source: www.pctechguide.com
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26Source: www.aopen.com.tw
More detail at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard2.htm
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The next times
Thursday Due: Lab 2
Tuesday Rest of Chapter 2: Software