11
ADOLESCENCE AND ADOLESCENCE AND ERIKSONERIKSON
22
AdolescenceAdolescence Primary Sex CharacteristicsPrimary Sex Characteristics
body structures that make sexual body structures that make sexual reproduction possiblereproduction possible
Secondary Sex CharacteristicsSecondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics
female- breast and hipsfemale- breast and hips male- voice quality and body hairmale- voice quality and body hair
33
AdolescenceAdolescence Throughout Throughout
childhood, boys childhood, boys and girls are and girls are similar in similar in height. At height. At puberty, girls puberty, girls surge ahead surge ahead briefly, but then briefly, but then boys overtake boys overtake them at about them at about age 14.age 14.
Height in centimeters
190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years
Boys Girls
44
Body Changes at Body Changes at PubertyPuberty
55
Adolescence- Social Adolescence- Social DevelopmentDevelopment
The changing parent-child relationshipThe changing parent-child relationship
100%
80
60
40
20
0 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years
Percent withpositive, warm
interactionwith parents
66
Erikson’s TheoryErikson’s Theory
Biological in belief that there are Biological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social innate drives to develop social relationships and that these relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism)promote survival (Darwinism)
Drive to resolve conflictDrive to resolve conflict
77
Stage 1 (birth - 1)Stage 1 (birth - 1)Trust vs. Mistrust Trust vs. Mistrust
Infants must rely on others for Infants must rely on others for carecare
Consistent and dependable Consistent and dependable caregiving =sense of trustcaregiving =sense of trust
Infants who are not well Infants who are not well cared= mistrustcared= mistrust
88
Stage 2 (1-3 years) Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Autonomy vs. Shame and
DoubtDoubt
Child that experiences Child that experiences independence will gain a sense independence will gain a sense of autonomyof autonomy
Children that are overly Children that are overly restrained/ punished harshly will restrained/ punished harshly will develop shame and doubtdevelop shame and doubt
99
Stage 3 (3-5 years)Stage 3 (3-5 years)Initiative vs. GuiltInitiative vs. Guilt
Children are exposed to the wider Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater social world and given greater responsibilityresponsibility
Sense of accomplishment leads to Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsiblefeel too anxious or irresponsible
1010
Stage 4 (5-12 years) Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. InferiorityIndustry vs. Inferiority
Stage of life surrounding Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and mastery of knowledge and intellectual skillsintellectual skills
competence and achievement competence and achievement = industry= industry
Feeling incompetent and Feeling incompetent and unproductive =inferiorityunproductive =inferiority
1111
Stage 5 (adolescence)Stage 5 (adolescence)Identity vs. ConfusionIdentity vs. Confusion
Developing a sense of who one Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in lifeis and where s/he is going in life
Successful resolution =positive Successful resolution =positive identityidentity
Unsuccessful resolution Unsuccessful resolution =identity confusion=identity confusion
1212
Stage 6 (young adulthood)Stage 6 (young adulthood)Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation
Time for sharing oneself with Time for sharing oneself with another personanother person
Capacity to hold Capacity to hold commitments =intimacycommitments =intimacy
Failure to establish Failure to establish commitments = isolationcommitments = isolation
1313
Stage 7 (middle Stage 7 (middle adulthood)adulthood)
Generativity vs. Generativity vs. StagnationStagnationCaring for others in family, Caring for others in family,
friends and work leads to sense friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later of contribution to later generationsgenerations
Stagnation comes from a sense Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and of boredom and meaninglessnessmeaninglessness
1414
Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment
The Aging SensesThe Aging Senses
10 30 50 70 900
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart
Age in years
1515
Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment
The Aging SensesThe Aging Senses
10 30 50 70 9050
70
90
Percent correct whenidentifying spokenwords
Age in years
1616
1717
Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment
Slowing Slowing reactions reactions contribute contribute to increased to increased accident accident risks among risks among those 75 those 75 and olderand older
12
10
8
6
4
2
016 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and
over
Fatal accident rate
Age
Fatal accidentsper 10,000 drivers
Fatal accidentsper 100 million miles
1818
Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social ChangesChanges
Multinational Multinational surveys show surveys show that age that age differences in differences in life life satisfaction satisfaction are trivial are trivial (Inglehart, (Inglehart, 1990)1990)
0
20
40
60
80
15 25 35 45 55 65+
Percentage “satisfied”with lifeas a whole
Age group
1919
Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Early-forties midlife crisis?Early-forties midlife crisis?
Females
Males
No early 40semotional crisis
33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years
24%
16
8
0
Emotionalinstability
2020
Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social ChangesChanges
Social ClockSocial Clock the culturally preferred the culturally preferred
timing of social eventstiming of social eventsmarriagemarriageparenthoodparenthood retirementretirement
2121
Adulthood- Cognitive Adulthood- Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Crystallized IntelligenceCrystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and one’s accumulated knowledge and
verbal skillsverbal skills tends to increase with agetends to increase with age
Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and ones ability to reason speedily and
abstractlyabstractly tends to decrease during late tends to decrease during late
adulthoodadulthood
2222
Stage 8 (late adulthood to death)Stage 8 (late adulthood to death)Integrity vs. Despair Integrity vs. Despair
Successful resolutions =integrity Successful resolutions =integrity and the ability to see broad truths and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stagesand advise those in earlier stages
Despair arises from feelings of Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incompletethat life has been incomplete
2323
Bronfenbrenner’s Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecology TheorySocial Ecology Theory
Network of Network of interactions interactions and and interdependencieinterdependencies s among people, among people, institutions and institutions and cultural context cultural context