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Information Systems: A Manager’s Guide to Harnessing Technology
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This work is licensed under theCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.To view a copy of this license,visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/or send a letter toCreative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105,
USA
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Chapter 12A Manager’s Guide to The Internet and
Telecommunications
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Learning Objectives
• Describe how the technologies of the Internet combine to answer the questions: What are you looking for? Where is it? And how do we get there?
• Interpret a URL, understand what hosts and domains are, describe how domain registration works, describe cybersquatting, and give examples of conditions that constitute a valid and invalid domain-related trademark dispute
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Learning Objectives
• Describe certain aspects of the Internet infrastructure that are fault tolerant and supports load balancing
• Discuss the role of hosts, domains, IP addresses, and the DNS in making the Internet work
• Understand the layers that make up the Internet – application protocol, transmission control protocol, and internet protocol – and describe why each is important
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Learning Objectives
• Discuss the benefits of Internet architecture in general, TCP/IP in particular
• Name applications that should use TCP, and others that might use UDP
• Understand what a router does, and the role these devices play in networking
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Learning Objectives
• Conduct a traceroute and discuss output, demonstrating how Internet interconnections work in getting messages from point to point
• Appreciate why mastery of Internet infrastructure is critical to modern finance, and be able to discuss the risks in automated trading systems
• Describe VoIP, contrast circuit vs. packet switching, along with organizational benefits and limitations of each
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the last mile problem, and be able to discuss the pros and cons of various broadband technologies including DSL, cable, fiber, and various wireless offerings
• Describe 3G and 4G systems, listing major technologies and their backers
• Understand the issue of net neutrality and put forth arguments supporting or criticizing the concept
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Figure 12.1 – The Internet is a network of networks, and these networks are connected together
• The Internet is a network of millions of networks
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Figure 12.2 – Anatomy of a Web Address
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The Web Address
• Hypertext transfer protocol (http) - application transfer protocol that allows web browsers and web servers to communicate
• A domain name represents an organization and a host refers to public services offered by that organization
– Host and domain names are case-insensitive
• Path maps to folder location where file is stored on server
– Path and filenames are case sensitive
• Filename refers to name of file stored on serverItem Number: 101783940
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Host and Domain Names: A Bit More Complex Than That
• A domain name represents an organization– Hosts are public services offered by that organization
• Load Balancing: Distributing a computing or networking workload across multiple systems in order to avoid congestion and slow performance
• Fault Tolerant: Systems that are capable of continuing operation even if a component fails
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I Want My Own Domain
• One can register a domain name, paying for a renewable right to use that domain name
• Domain name registration is handled on a first-come, first-served basis. All registrars share registration data to ensure that no two firms gain rights to the same name
• Cybersquatting: Acquiring a domain name that refers to a firm, individual, product, or trademark; with the goal of exploiting it for financial gain
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IP Addresses and the Domain Name System
• Every device connected to the Internet has an identifying address called the Internet Protocol (IP) address
• The domain name service is hierarchical system of nameservers that maps host-domain name combinations to IP addresses
• The cache is a temporary storage space that speeds up IP address mapping by avoiding nameserver visits
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Figure 12.3 – When your Computer needs to find the IP address for a host or domain name, it sends a message to a DNS resolver, which looks up the IP address starting at the root nameserver
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The Internet is Almost Full
• Inefficient allocation of IP addresses and exploding number of Internet connected devices means that we’re running out of IP addresses
• Shifting to a new IP scheme such as IPv6 increases the possible address space to a new theoretical limit of 2128 addresses
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TCP/IP – The Internet’s Secret Sauce
• The Internet Protocol Suite consists of:– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)– Internet Protocol (IP)
• TCP works at both ends of Internet communications to ensure perfect copies of messages are sent
• IP is a routing protocol in charge of forwarding packets on the Internet
• Routers are computing devices that connect networks and exchange data between them
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Figure 12.4 – TCP/IP in Action
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Routers
• Routers are special computing devices that forward packets from one location to the next
• Routers are typically connected with more than one outbound path, so that in case one path becomes unavailable, an alternate path can be used
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UDP: TCP’s Faster, Less Reliable Sibling
• TCP is a perfectionist and this is essential for web transmissions, e-mail, and application downloads
• Streaming media applications, like Internet voice chat and video conferencing, require sacrificing of perfection for speed
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) works as a TCP stand-in. Speed is needed and quality has to be sacrificed
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VoIP
• Old phone systems use circuit switching for a dedicated connection between two entities
• Internet networks are packet switched, where conversations are sliced into packets and squeezed into smaller spaces
• VoIP allows voice and phone systems to become an application traveling over the Internet
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Finance has a Need for Speed
• Electronic trading systems leverage data mining and other techniques to crunch massive volumes of data, and discover exploitable market patterns
• Models are then run against real-time data and executed the instant a trading opportunity is detected
• Systems that run on their own can move many billions instantly and the actions of one system may cascade, triggering actions by others
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Watching the Packet Path via Traceroute
• Traceroute sends clusters of three packets - starting at first router connected to a computer, then the next, and so on, building out paths packets take to their destination
• Some networks block traceroute because hackers have used the tool to probe a network to figure out how to attack an organization
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What Connects the Routers and Computers?
• Computers are connected to the Internet by:
– Copper cable, for short distances
– Fiber optic lines, for long distances
– Wireless
• TCP/IP is not dependent on transmission media
• Most Internet communications are carried out via a combination of transmission media
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Last Mile: Faster Speed, Broader Access
• The Internet Backbone, made of fiber optic lines, is very fast
• Amdahl’s law sates that a system’s speed is determined by its slowest component or the last mile
• High-speed last mile technologies are often referred to as Broadband Internet Access
• Various technology upgrades are happening to speed up last mile connectivity
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Cable Broadband
• Majority of domestic broadband connections are through copper cable technology
• Coaxial copper cables have shielding to reduce electrical interference
• Signals travel longer distances without degrading and at significant speeds
• Fiber/optic hybrid based networks are expensive, but offer higher speeds
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DSL – Phone Company Copper
• DSL technology uses copper wire that phone companies have already run into homes
• Unlike cable, DSL uses standard copper wiring without shielding
• Signals degrade with distance from phone company offices
• DSL technology is popular in Europe and Asia owing to densely populated cities
• DSL connections are infeasible in the U.S. where cities are sparsely populated
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Fiber – A Light-filled Glass Pipe to your Doorstep
• FTTH or Fiber to the Home is the fastest last mile technology around
• FTTH networks need to be built from scratch, as they do not have preexisting infrastructure
• However, FTTH can be profitable as it supports a wide range of services
• Many ISPs, like Google and Verizon, have made multi-billion investments in FTTH for experimental and business reasons
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Wireless
• Mobile wireless service is provided to customers via cell towers
• With boom in sales of smart phones, bandwidth crunch is becoming a serious concern for ISPs
• Wireless networks are transitioning from third generation (3G) to fourth generation (4G)
• 3G networks are slower than 4G and offer a lesser range of services
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3G standards
• 3G standards are divided along two camps:
– Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• The GSM standard is the most used around the world
• CDMA is limited by its inability to support voice and data communication at the same time
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4G standards
• 4G standards are divided along the lines of:
– Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax)
• DSL, cable, and fiber firms could be affected by 4G implementations
– 4G offers them option of entering mobile phone business and offer a wider range of services
– If speeds of 4G networks increase, more users could switch from cable, DSL, and fiber to wireless Internet access
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Satellite Wireless
• Early satellite based telecommunications services suffered from problems such as:
– Download-only capability
– Required expensive and bulky equipment
– High latency
• O3b networks has offered to provide fiber-quality broadband access
• O3b plans to use a network of middle earth orbit satellites to reduce latency
• If O3b’s efforts are successful, it could transform the broadband industry
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Wi-Fi and other hotspots
• Computer and mobile devices have Wireless Fidelity antennas built into their chipsets
• To connect to the Internet, a device needs to be within range of a base station or hotspot
• Cell coverage is often limited due to lack of service towers
• Fentocells are being offered to improve wireless reception
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Net Neutrality- What’s Fair?
• Net neutrality is the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally
• Many ISPs offer varying coverage, depending on service used and bandwidth consumed
• Internet firms say it is vital to maintain the openness of the Internet
• Telecommunications firms say they should be able to limit access to services that overtax their networks
• Another concern for service providers is ever-increasing demand for greater bandwidth