Download - 07 Cell Organelle
AP Biology 2008-2009
Cells & Cell Organelles
The Building Blocksof Life
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bacteriacells
bacteriacellsTypes of cells
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
Prokaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes- organelles
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Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
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Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies
bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!
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What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… “breathe”
gas exchange: CO2 vs. O2
eat take in & digest food
make energy ATP
build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
remove wastes control internal conditions respond to external environment build more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & development
The Work of Life
ATP
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Organelles Organelles do the work of cells
each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Model Animal Cell
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Cells need power! Making energy
to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2)
make ATP remove waste
organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria
ATP
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Cell membrane Function
separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell
O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells
allows communication between cells
Structure double layer of fat
phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules
proteins
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
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Vacuoles & vesicles Function
moving material around cell
storage Structure
membrane sacsmall food
particle
vacuole
digesting food inside cell
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Food & water storage
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuole
contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole
food vacuoles food vacuoles
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
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Lysosomes
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food
lysosomes
Function digest food clean up & recycle
digest broken organelles
Structure membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting brokenorganelles
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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
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Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration
sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life
Structure double membrane
Mitochondria
in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells
ATP
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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
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Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2
cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP
Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight
photosynthesis
sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy
build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars
Plants make energy two ways!
ATP
sugar
ATP
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Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast
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central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste
mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration
chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell wallsupport
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signalslysosomedigestion & clean up
cytoplasm
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Cells need workers (proteins)! Making proteins
to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work… nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus
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Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
signals
structure
enzymes
receptors
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Nucleus Function
control center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus
ribosome factory chromosomes
DNA
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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
chromosomesDNA
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Ribosomes on ER
Ribosomes Function
protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA
Structure 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER
largesubunit
smallsubunit
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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
part of protein factory helps complete the
proteins makes membranes
Structure rough ER
ribosomes attached works on proteins
smooth ER makes membranes
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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Regents Biology transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”
Structure membrane sacs
Golgi Apparatus
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
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DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
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central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste
mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration
chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell wallsupport
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
Golgi apparatusfinish & ship proteins
nucleuscontrol cellprotects DNA
endoplasmic reticulumprocesses proteinsmakes membranes
lysosomedigestion & clean up
cytoplasm
ribosomesmake proteins
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Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells
to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles
divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells
organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles
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Centrioles Function
help coordinate cell division Structure
one pair in each cell “motor” proteins
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
mitochondriamake ATP energy
from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recyclingvacuole & vesicles
transport inside cellsstorage
centriolescell division
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Cells have 3 main jobs make energy
need food + O2
cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes
make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein make more cells
need to copy DNA & divide it up
Cell Summary
Our organellesdo all those
jobs!
AP Biology 2008-2009
That’s mycellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology 2008-2009
EXTRA SLIDES
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Nucleus
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proteins
transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteins
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Lysosomes
white blood cells attack & eat invading germs =
digest them in lysosomes
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When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it
lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function example:
Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells
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But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns
into a frog ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers
during fetal development “auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”
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Fetal development
15 weeks
6 weeks
syndactyly
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Chloroplasts sun energy ATP & sugars photosynthesis
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
ATP
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glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
Compare the equationsPhotosynthesis
Respiration
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The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
ATP
Photosynthesis
Respiration
O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +
plants
animals & plants
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rough ER ribosomes
attached works on
proteins
smooth ER makes
membranes
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Growth & Reproduction
We’ll learn about this in a later unit!We’ll learn about this in a later unit!