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Nature
Purpose Theory
Materials Techniques
Teacher Student
Testing Skills
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Classical Till 1880. Grammar-TranslationPurpose Greek & Latin
Erudition
Focus on Grammar
Translation of texts
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Classics of the target language
Bilingual wordlist
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Deductive application of rules
Asking factual questions
Exercises
Memorisation
Translation of passages
L1 is the medium of instruction
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Know-it-all
Dictator
One-way-monologue
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Passive reader
Passive writer
Active translator
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Synonyms and antonyms in isolation
Composition
Factual questions
Structure identification
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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ClassicalPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Till 1880. Grammar-Translation
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Spontaneous use of language
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
L2 Learning = L1 Learning
No translation
Little use of grammatical rules
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Speaking , hence less printed materials
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Instruction in the target language
Inductive approach to grammar
Everyday vocabulary was taught
Concrete vocab. > pictures & objects
Abstract vocab. > association of ideas
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Active speakers
Passive listeners
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Speaking
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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Speaking
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Audio-Ling America . 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritainStr. Situ . India: 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Oral communication to the allies and theenemies
Listening
Received pronunciation
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritainStr. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Psychology (1924-1957)
Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
Tried to know how animals/birds learnt
Learning = Series of habits +
Stimulus-Response bonds
Applied to human beings
Linguistics
Palmer, Bloomsfield, Fries, Lado, Hornby
Language = Set of structures
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Textbooks & Cassettes
Selection, gradation, presentation
Grammar exercises in context
This boy has played / jumped
He is
playing / jumping
Substitution tables
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Presentation > Practice > Production
P = Teacher or the record
P = Controlled choral repetition
Memorization of dialogues
Reading aloud P = Mechanical reproduction
Error free
Subordination of L1
Early & continued training of ear/tongue
Words taught in context
Learning of structure through repetition
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Various kinds of drills
01. Repetition
02. Inflection
03. Replacement
04. Restatement05. Completion
06. Transposition
07. Expansion
08. Contraction
09. Transformation10. Integration
11. Rejoinder
12. Restoration
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Slave to the textbook
Rigid
Zero tolerance towards error
Against creativity
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Slave to the teacher
Ape
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Reading aloud Dictation (pronunciation)
Composition
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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Speaking? Controlled Listening? Restricted
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Designer 1970-1980s: Psychological factors in learning.
Silent Way
Gattegno (1972)
Cognition based
Problem-solving
Autonomy &
Cooperative
learning
Teacher - silent
Suggestopedia
Lozanov (1979)
Psychological
research in
Soviet Russia
Relax to retain
Students
become
suggestible
TPR
Total Physical
Response
(1977)
James Asher -
Children first
gesticulate
Respond to
language input
with movements
Relax and less
anxious
CLL
CommunityLanguageLearning
Charles A Curren(1972)
Paul La Forge(student, 1983)
Teacher ascounsellor
Student as client
Emphatic
understanding
Bilingual
Student autonomyretained
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Communication
Acquire language skills
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Authentic
Culturally sifted
Means to communicative end.
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Authentic tasks
Awareness raising
Materials are culturally sifted
Problem-solving approach
Encourages self and peer-assessment
Individual differences taken care of
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Facilitator
Consultant
Coordinator
Co-communicator
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Creator
Leader
Manager
Any role given to him/her
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
Real-life tasks
Simulated materials
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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose
Theory
Materials
Techniques
Teacher
Student
Testing
Skills
All language skills
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CC
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