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COMPETITION POLICY ISSUES INTHE COUNTRIES OF ASIA:
THE PHILIPPINES
Anthony Amunategui Abad Ateneo de Manila University
School of Law
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATIONIN THE PHILIPPINES
Anti-Trust or Competition Law is actually notnew to the Philippines. Old provisions of USanti-trust law found their way to thePhilippine legal system.
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
THE CONSTITUTION
“The State shall regulate or prohibitmonopolies when the public interest so
requires. No combinations in restraint of trade and unfair competition shall beallowed.” (art. XII, sec. 19)
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
CRIMINAL LAW
Arts. 186 and 187 of the Revised Penal Code[Act no. 3815 (1932)] penalize monopolies
and conspiracies or combinations inrestraint of trade, artificial prevention of free competition, and unlawful commerce
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
CIVIL LAW
Art. 28 of the Civil Code [Republic Act no. 386(1949)] allows the collection of damages
arising from unfair competition
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
OTHER LAWS
► Price Act►Consumer Act
►Corporation Code
►
Revised Securities Act► Intellectual Property Code
► Specific sectors
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS
►WTO Agreements
► ASEAN Agreements
►Bilateral Agreements►Other International Agreements
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
JURISPRUDENCE
“Case law or judicial interpretation is particularlyimportant in defining unlawful monopolies,
combinations in restraint of trade, and unfair
competition practices.”
Examples of Supreme Court cases
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
PROBLEMS:
►Competition laws remain unenforced
►Competition issues are resolved piece-meal
and inconsistently►NO COMPREHENSIVE COMPETITION
POLICY
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
THE WAY FORWARD:
► A Comprehensive National CompetitionPolicy Framework
► A Comprehensive Competition Law
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
THE WAY FORWARD
The Problem is essentially the POLITICALECONOMY of the Philippines
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
POLITICAL ECONOMY
►State and Oligarchy in Historical Perspective Spanish period & American colonial rule –
wealth accumulation
►Political Arbitrariness Weak degree of culpability in the legal &
administrative spheres
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
POLITICAL ECONOMY
►Oligarchy has used the powers of the Stateto create opportunities for themselves to
make even more money – without having tocreate social wealth.
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD:
►Through its allocative, distributive & incentivefunctions, competition can prevent undueconcentration of economic power & political inthe economic elite.
►Market economy will not only bring higherstandards of living but will also have a liberativepolitical effect.
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
GOVERNMENT’S ROLE:
►Not to help business people avoid competition byawarding them subsidies, protective tariffs,preferential loans and other economic crutches
►But to push and challenge national industry tostrive; to innovate; to stand up against the best inthe world.
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COMPETITION LAWS AND REGULATION INTHE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES MUST REFORM – OR PERISH
► Philippine development would have to rely on theplay of market forces.
► Free markets – by nurturing civil society and by
imposing their own restraints on the politicalsystem – stimulate popular demands for the ruleof law and the protection of human rights.