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Cell Processes
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There are more than 120 elements-25 are needed for life
Water is needed for chemical reactions. About 2/3 of every cell is water
Many form the 4 basic molecules for life◦ Carbohydrates-sugar and starch used for quick energy◦ Lipids-fats, oils and waxes needed for stored energy◦ Proteins- for the growth and repair of tissues and to
fight infections◦ Nucleic Acids-DNA and RNA that have instructions for
everything-especially reproduction
1. Chemical reactions take place inside cells
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a. All cells need energy. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of molecules like glucose.
2. Cells and Energy
A process used by plants and other autotrophs to convert the energy of sunlight into sugars.
It requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. It occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles
called chloroplasts.
b. Photosynthesis
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EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6CO2 + 6H2O +ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
GLUCOSE
OXYGEN
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c. Cells Release energy in two ways1. Cellular Respiration-cytoplasm and
mitochondria converts glucose into energy, CO2 and water
2. Fermentation-allows cells to release energy without oxygen
a. Alcoholic fermentation- makes alcohol
b. Lactic Acid fermentation- makes lactic acid; milk , cheese and sore muscles
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EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 +GLUCOSE
6O2
OXYGEN6CO2 +
CARBON DIOXIDE
6H2O +ENERGYWATER
ATP
*Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposite processes
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a. Certain things MUST enter the cell for it to survive. This can occur in 2 major ways:
1. PASSIVE TRANSPORT -requires no energy2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT-requires energy
3. Transport through cell membranes
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b. Important Molecules that move through cell membranes
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Water
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c. Types of Passive Transport1. Diffusion- molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower one. It does not require energy so it is passive
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cell
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Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cell
diffusion
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Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cell
EQUILIBRIUM
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High H2O potentialLow solute concentration
Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration
2. Osmosis-diffusion of water across the cell membrane (also passive)
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Diffusion of Liquids
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The movement from lower concentration to higher concentration
Active transport requires the use of energy 2 ways that materials are moved
1. Endocytosis -very large molecules are brought into the cell
2. Exocytosis-materials are moved out of the cell (usually wastes)
d. Types of Active Transport
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Temperature Size of materials Surface area of a cell* Volume*
*The surface area can sometimes increase faster than the volume or the cell’s ability to hold materials so it stops growing
Cell Shape
4. What affects Transport of materials?
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1. Cells need four large molecules to function: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
2. 2/3 of all cells are water3. Cells capture energy through photosynthesis
and release energy through cellular respiration and fermentation
4. Materials are moved from areas of high concentration to low concentration through passive transport that does not require energy. Diffusion and osmosis are examples.
5. In active transport, energy is required to move materials from areas of low concentration to high concentration. Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples
6. Things that affect transport are: shape, size, volume, surface area, material size and temperature
SUMMARY