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Apartheid in South Africa
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Why was S. A. Colonized?
S.A. was colonized by the Dutch in the 1600’s British in the 1700 and 1800’s The Dutch moved north and established areas outside
British control Boer Wars in 1900, Brits takeover – SA is British colony. SA achieves independence from Brits in 1931
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South Africa Under British Rule
Gandhi in SA 1893 -1915 Challenged pass laws
discrimination Led protests, strikes,
demonstrations Mobilized Indian
community
Ownership of land by blacks is restricted Segregation is practiced informally “Pass laws” control movement of native people Afrikaners and Brits agree on “white power”
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The Afrikaner National Party Gains Control
Dominate political party in S.A. from 1948
Set up Apartheid to strip power from all non-whites in S.A.
Made sure economic power was taken away as well
Party disbanded in 2005
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Bantu Authorities Act
Set up as “Homelands” for blacks in S.A.
These were “independent” black nations within S.A.
Blacks were stripped of their S.A. citizenship and voting rights
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“Townships”
Illegal black settlements near cities
Tolerated because economy depended on cheap black labor
High poverty High crime
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Day to Day Living With Apartheid
Non-Whites couldn’t own or operate businesses in white areas
Transportation and civil facilities were segregated
Blacks couldn’t work or live in white areas without permission and a passbook
Passbooks were not given to spouses or children, this forced families to split up
Police vans patrolled the streets for blacks to deport to the Bantustans
Hospitals were segregated and whites had better care
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Continued
Schools for blacks were given 10% of the money as schools for whites
Education for blacks only covered basic skills.
Chance for a college education was limited
Beaches and swimming pools were segregated. No pools for blacks
Blacks couldn’t hire whites, and black police couldn’t arrest whites
Churches, movies, toilets, parks, ect were segregated
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African National Congress
Lead the resistance to Apartheid
Formed strikes, protests and marches
Sharpeville 1960 - Police open fire on peaceful protest killing 60
S.A. forced the ANC underground in the early 60’s
This lead to the ANC using violence as a tactic
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Sharpeville Massacre 1960
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The Jailing and Rise of Mandela
Major leader of the ANC
He was put in jail for life in 1964
He was freed in the early 1990’s and became the 1st president of S.A. after Apartheid was dismantled
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S.A.POLICE IN THE TOWNSHIPS
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Soweto Uprisings 1976
The white govt. passed a law requiring the Afrikaans language to be used in all schools, both black and white
There were protests by students and the police shot 16 of them to death
This lead to riots and the death of Steven Biko.
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Steven Biko
Biko was an anti-Apartheid activistWho died in police custody in 1977.He is seen as a hero in the struggleAgainst Apartheid. He was beaten so badly, he went into a coma. The police left him to dieHis family was paid $25 grand as compensation
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Whites and Apartheid
Roughly 15% - 20% of whites opposed Apartheid and voted for liberal political parties
“Banning”- Those who opposed gov’t policy were put under house arrest. Could not communicate with the outside world
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International Response 1962-UN condemns
Apartheid
1970’s Investors boycott S.A. Arms Embargo Olympic team is
banned
1980’s USA and G.B. agree to economic sanctions against S.A.
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Reagan & Thatcher
Both saw S.A. as a buffer against communism in Africa
Preferred “constructive engagement” not sanctions Maggie claimed the ANC was a “terrorist”
organization
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The Beginning of the End
Many companies refused to deal with S.A. The US Congress passed sanctions overriding Reagan’s
veto Musicians recorded and anti-Apartheid record and
boycotted playing in the country The end of the Cold War made the threat of communism
less real
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Reaction of the White Govt.
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Violence spread, including the practice of placing burning tires around the necks of blacks who “collaborated” with the whites
Neo-Nazi groups advocated killing blacks
The ANC approved more bombings
Many black townships refused to cooperate with the gov.t and large numbers of troops were brought in
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Collapse
The country became ungovernable The S.A. President said the nation must change A whites only referendum called for change In 1990, President DeKlerk made his unbanning speech that
announced and end of discriminatory laws and made the ANC legal. Mandela was also let out of jail
In 1993 a new constitution that ended all forms of apartheid was put into place
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Controls industry, limits supply, creates demand
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Blood Diamonds “conflict diamonds” - Diamonds
mined in a war zone and sold to finance the civil wars or the activities of a warlord
Charles Taylor of Liberia supported rebels in Sierra Leone in exchange for diamonds to conduct a civil war in his own country.
UN Sanctions, prosecutions and diamond industry working to stop this practice
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A New Nation
The nation got a new flag and anthem
There were peaceful democratic elections that included all races
The ANC became the main party in S.A.
Mandela was elected President of S.A
Both he and DeKlerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
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Truth and Reconciliation
Truth and Reconciliation Commission It was a chance for victims of oppression and oppressors
to air grievances and amend for mistakes It helped the put aside the past and move forward as a
nation Critics said it let off the guilty with little or no punishment
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The Reality of Change 90% of the poor in S.A. are black Affirmative action HIV (1 in 7 infected) Crime and gang violence Rape at epidemic rates
Still, there has been progress and S.A. showed that a nation can change.
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CRIME Stalls Progress in South Africa
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Building a New Image
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The African UnionSouth Africa has taken a leadership role in the
region.