![Page 1: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948
United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez◦ Reaction to the fraudulent presidential election of 1952◦ Concern to guarantee stable oil supply underpins “hands-off” policy◦ Anti-communism syndrome◦ Some United States groups befriend democratic exiles
![Page 4: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
V.P. Richard M. Nixon – “Stoned” in Caracas United States comes to view democracy in
Venezuela as best guarantee of anti-communist political stability
Venezuela’s most important leftist political leaders accommodate to United States hegemony
![Page 6: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Training of Venezuela military in counterinsurgency tactics
Alliance for Progress Assistance Acceptance of nationalization of the petroleum
industry Toleration of Venezuela’s role in OPEC
![Page 7: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Andean Community (Pact created in 1969)◦ Caldera and entry into the Andean Pact◦ Ractivation during second government
Carlos Andres Pérez◦ SELA◦ G77◦ IMF as “neutron bomb”
Opposition to U.S. policy in international organizations by votes without teeth◦ Vote in OAS that opposed U.S. invasion of Panama and removal of
Noriega
![Page 8: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Neo-Liberal turn following the Caracazo (February 1989)
Washington and the military government option following the two failed coups during 1992
Washington mistakenly assumes that neo-liberalism has triumphed with Agenda Venezuela
![Page 9: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
President Clinton denies candidate Chávez entry into the United States
Washington’s guarded reaction to Hugo Chávez´s election as president in December 1998
Ambassador John Maisto “Watch what he does, not what he says.”
![Page 10: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Support for domestic reform – as long as democratic niceties were observed
Encouragement of foreign investment Ignoring of anti-U.S./anti-capitalist rhetoric Pivotal benchmarks leading to changes in
bilateral relations◦ Fiasco of flood damage never rebuilt◦ Flaring tempers over U.S. response in Afghanistan to
9-11 terrorist incident
![Page 11: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Forces that staged coup closely associated with the United States and international capitalism
U.S. role in coup ambiguous◦Otto Rich sympathetic to coup plotters who ousted
Chávez◦ Instructions from White House to U.S. embassy
suggest confusion Strongest supporters of Bolivarian Revolution
turned out to be the urban poor and militant socialists (communists?)
![Page 13: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
United States government pushes mediation by third parties
Anti-Chavez forces stage six weeks of strikes Bolivarian government weathers the strike by
discharging petroleum workers Relations with Washington – deteriorated sharply
after U.S. invaded Iraq War
![Page 14: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Clash between Lockean and Rousseauan views of democracy
Comprehensive Venezuelan reform within the Lockean milieu (representative democracy dating from 1958) – how feasible?
![Page 15: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How much assistance will the United States give to the opposition?
What kind of “democracy” is Chávez creating?
![Page 17: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Clash related to U.S. over-flights of Venezuelan territory
Problem of certification of anti-drug efforts◦ Venezuela’s appearance on list of countries whose
anti-narcotics efforts are insufficient◦ Foreign Minister Rangel: Venezuela worries about
drug consumption in the USA Attitude toward Colombian guerrillas
![Page 18: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Twenty First Century Socialism is anthesis of U.S.A. free market system
Diminishing U. S. economic influence◦ Oil sales to Asia◦ Drawing upon Brazilian
industrial might (eg: Odebrecht)
Opposition to Globalization/NAFTA
Support for MERCOSUR
Vice President Elias Jaua
U.S. – Venezuela relations reached a low point during the administration of President George W. Bush
![Page 19: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Choice of economic models Use of Iran as a counterweight to U.S. influence Orimulsión and U.S. protection of the coal
industry (Florida Light and Power Contract) Intellectual property rights Offering of military bases to Russia?
![Page 20: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cuban leaders replaced in power
shuffle (February 2009) Did Chavez attempt to meddle
in the succession?
Foreign Minister Felipe Perez Roque
Vice President Carlos Lage
![Page 22: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Efforts by anti-Chávez groups to secure United States support tend to backfire
Issues of ongoing tensions between President Chávez and the USA◦Has President Obama become the new “Mr. Danger” ◦Drug issues – Maklid ◦Will China replace USA as the most important export
market for Venezuelan Petroleum? ◦How extensive are Venezuela’s ties Iran & Hezbolah?
![Page 24: President Truman’s ambivalence toward the military coup of November 15, 1948 United States and General Marcos Pérez Jiménez ◦ Reaction to the fraudulent](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e575503460f94b50338/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)