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الرحمن الله الرحمن بسم الله بسمالرحيمالرحيم
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Introduction to Introduction to BiostatisticsBiostatistics
Dr. Moataza Mahmoud Abdel WahabLecturer of Biostatistics
High Institute of Public HealthUniversity of Alexandria
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BiostatisticsBiostatistics
(a portmanteau word made from biology and statistics)
The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.
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BiostatisticsBiostatistics
It is the science which deals with development and application of the most appropriate methods for the:Collection of data.Presentation of the collected data.Analysis and interpretation of the results.Making decisions on the basis of such analysis
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Other definitions for “Statistics”
Frequently used in referral to recorded data Denotes characteristics calculated for a set of
data : sample mean
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Role of statisticians To guide the design of an experiment or
survey prior to data collection
To analyze data using proper statistical procedures and techniques
To present and interpret the results to researchers and other decision makers
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Sources of data
Records Surveys Experiments
Comprehensive Sample
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Types of dataTypes of data
Constant Variable
s
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Quantitative continuous
Types of variables
Quantitative variables Qualitative variables
Quantitative descrete
Qualitative nominal
Qualitative ordinal
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Numerical presentation Numerical presentation Graphical presentation Graphical presentation Mathematical presentationMathematical presentation
Methods of presentation of data
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1- Numerical presentation
Tabular presentation (simple – complex)
Simple frequency distribution Table (S.F.D.T.)
Title
Name of variableName of variable
(Units of variable) (Units of variable) FrequencyFrequency %%
- -
- Categories- Categories
- -
Total Total
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Table (I): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical department of Alexandria hospital in
May 2008 according to their ABO blood groups
Blood Blood groupgroup
FrequencyFrequency %%
AA
BB
ABAB
O O
1212
1818
55
15 15
2424
3636
1010
30 30
TotalTotal 5050 100100
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Table (II): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical department of Alexandria hospital in
May 2008 according to their age
Age Age
(years)(years) FrequencyFrequency %%
20-<3020-<30
30-30-
40-40-
50+50+
1212
1818
55
15 15
2424
3636
1010
30 30
TotalTotal 5050 100100
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Complex frequency distribution Table
Table (III): Distribution of 20 lung cancer patients at the chest department of Alexandria hospital and 40 controls in May 2008
according to smoking
Smoking
Lung cancerTotal
Cases Control
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker15 75% 8 20% 23
38.33
Non smoker
5 25% 32 80% 3761.6
7
Total 20 100 40 100 60 100
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Complex frequency distribution Table
Table (IV): Distribution of 60 patients at the chest department of Alexandria hospital in May 2008
according to smoking & lung cancer
Smoking
Lung cancerTotal
positive negative
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 65.2 8 34.8 23 100
Non smoker
5 13.5 32 86.5 37 100
Total 20 33.3 40 66.7 60 100
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2- Graphical presentation Graphs drawn using Cartesian
coordinates • Line graph• Frequency polygon• Frequency curve• Histogram• Bar graph• Scatter plot
Pie chart
Statistical mapsrules
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Line Graph
0102030405060
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
MMR/1000
Year MMR
1960 50
1970 45
1980 26
1990 15
2000 12
Figure (1): Maternal mortality rate of (country), 1960-2000
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Frequency polygon
Age (years)
Sex Mid-point of intervalMales Female
s
20 - 3 (12%) 2 (10%) (20+30) / 2 = 25
30 - 9 (36%) 6 (30%) (30+40) / 2 = 35
40- 7 (8%) 5 (25%) (40+50) / 2 = 45
50 - 4 (16%) 3 (15%) (50+60) / 2 = 55
60 - 70 2 (8%) 4 (20%) (60+70) / 2 = 65
Total 25(100%)
20(100%)
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Frequency polygonAge
SexM-P
M F
20-(12%
)(10%
)25
30-(36%
)(30%
)35
40- (8%)(25%
)45
50-(16%
)(15%
)55
60-70 (8%)
(20%)
65
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
25 35 45 55 65Age
%Males Females
Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in (time) by age and sex
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in years
Fre
qu
en
cy
Female
Male
Frequency curve
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HistogramHistogram
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 25 30 40 45 60 65
Age (years)
%
Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in (time) by age
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Bar chart
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45%
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
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Bar chart
0
10
20
30
40
50%
Single Married Divorced WidowedMarital status
Male
Female
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Pie chart
Deletion3%
Inversion18%
Translocation
79%
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Doughnut chart
Hospital A
Hospital B
DM
IHD
Renal
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3-Mathematical presentation Summery statistics
Measures of locationMeasures of location
1- Measures of central tendency1- Measures of central tendency
2- Measures of non central locations2- Measures of non central locations
(Quartiles, Percentiles )(Quartiles, Percentiles )
Measures of dispersion Measures of dispersion
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1- Measures of central tendency (averages)
MidrangeMidrange Smallest observation + Largest Smallest observation + Largest
observationobservation
22
ModeMode the value which occurs with the the value which occurs with the
greatest frequency greatest frequency i.e.i.e. the most the most common value common value
Summery statistics
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1- Measures of central tendency (cont.)
MedianMedian the observation which lies in the the observation which lies in the
middle of the ordered observation. middle of the ordered observation.
Arithmetic mean (mean)Arithmetic mean (mean)Sum of all observationsSum of all observations
Number of observationsNumber of observations
Summery statistics
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Measures of dispersion
RangeRange VarianceVariance Standard deviationStandard deviation Semi-interquartile rangeSemi-interquartile range Coefficient of variationCoefficient of variation
““Standard error”Standard error”
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Standard deviation SD
7 7
7 7 7
7
7 8
7 7 7
6 3 2
7 8 13
9 Mean = 7SD=0
Mean = 7SD=0.63
Mean = 7SD=4.04
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Standard error of mean SEA measure of variability among means of samples selected from certain population
SE (Mean) = SE (Mean) =
SS
nn
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