Download - + Introduction to Argument From The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing and Norton Field Guide to Writing
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+Introduction to Argument
From The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing andNorton Field Guide to Writing
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+What Is Argument?
Taking a position The position is the writer’s main claimmain claim
Supporting that position with reasons Additional claims may be included as support
Providing evidence to support the reasons
Identifying and responding to alternative positions: counterargumentscounterarguments
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+Stating the Position
A thesis statement is a sentence (or two) that encapsulates your paper’s argument
Parts of a thesis statement: Claim + Reasons + Evidence
Qualifying a claim makes refuting it more difficult After-school jobs are bad for teenagers After-school jobs are often bad for teenagers
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+Types of Evidence Summaries of research studies
Statistics
Expert testimony
Observation Used in ethnographic studies Used in fields such as education and marketing
Interviews
Surveys
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+Evaluating Evidence Field specificity
Is this type of evidence commonly used and respected in the field?
Recency Is this evidence current?
Relevance Does this evidence apply to the topic being examined?
Impartiality What are the biases of this evidence?
Sufficiency Are there enough examples to justify the point?
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+Counterarguments
Two ways to respond to anticipated objections to your position
Rebutting Explaining why this objection is not valid
Conceding Admitting that this objection is valid
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+Types of Appeals
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
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+Logos
Appeals to reason and logic Just the cold, hard facts, ma’am “Any reasonable person would see…”
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+Ethos
Appeals based on credibility Establishing one’s experience, knowledge, and ability Taking a reasonable tone for one’s audience “I’m not a doctor, but I play one on TV.”
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+Pathos
Appeals to emotions and shared values “Do it for the kids… [or the community, the environment,
your country, and so forth]” The heart-string tug