© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Digital Integrated Digital Integrated CircuitsCircuitsA Design PerspectiveA Design Perspective
SemiconductorSemiconductorMemoriesMemories
Jan M. RabaeyAnantha ChandrakasanBorivoje Nikolic
December 20, 2002
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Memory Classification Memory Architectures The Memory Core Periphery Reliability Case Studies
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Semiconductor Memory ClassificationSemiconductor Memory Classification
Read-Write MemoryNon-VolatileRead-Write
Memory
Read-Only Memory
EPROM
E2PROM
FLASH
RandomAccess
Non-RandomAccess
SRAM
DRAM
Mask-Programmed
Programmable (PROM)
FIFO
Shift Register
CAM
LIFO
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Memory Timing: DefinitionsMemory Timing: Definitions
Write cycleRead access Read access
Read cycle
Write access
Data written
Data valid
DATA
WRITE
READ
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Memory Architecture: DecodersMemory Architecture: Decoders
Word 0
Word 1
Word 2
WordN22
WordN21
Storagecell
M bits M bits
S0
S1
S2
SN22
A0
A1
AK 21
K 5 log2N
SN21
Word 0
Word 1
Word 2
WordN22
WordN21
Storagecell
S0
Input-Output(M bits)
Intuitive architecture for N x M memoryToo many select signals:
N words == N select signals K = log2NDecoder reduces the number of select signals
Input-Output(M bits)
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Ro
w D
eco
de
r
Bit line2L 2 K
Word line
AK
AK1 1
AL 2 1
A0
M.2K
AK2 1
Sense amplifiers / Drivers
Column decoder
Input-Output(M bits)
Array-Structured Memory ArchitectureArray-Structured Memory ArchitectureProblem: ASPECT RATIO or HEIGHT >> WIDTH
Amplify swing torail-to-rail amplitude
Selects appropriateword
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Hierarchical Memory ArchitectureHierarchical Memory Architecture
Advantages:Advantages:1. Shorter wires within blocks1. Shorter wires within blocks2. Block address activates only 1 block => power savings2. Block address activates only 1 block => power savings
Globalamplifier/driver
Controlcircuitry
Global data bus
Block selector
Block 0
Rowaddress
Columnaddress
Blockaddress
Blocki BlockP 2 1
I/O
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Memory Timing: ApproachesMemory Timing: Approaches
DRAM TimingMultiplexed Adressing
SRAM TimingSelf-timed
Addressbus
RAS
RAS-CAS timing
Row Address
AddressBus
Address transitioninitiates memory operation
Address
Column Address
CAS
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Read-Only Memory CellsRead-Only Memory Cells
WL
BL
WL
BL
1WL
BL
WL
BL
WL
BL
0
VDD
WL
BL
GND
Diode ROM MOS ROM 1 MOS ROM 2
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
MOS NOR ROMMOS NOR ROM
WL[0]
GND
BL [0]
WL [1]
WL [2]
WL [3]
VDD
BL [1]
Pull-up devices
BL [2] BL [3]
GND
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
MOS NOR ROM LayoutMOS NOR ROM Layout
Programmming using theActive Layer Only
Polysilicon
Metal1
Diffusion
Metal1 on Diffusion
Cell (9.5 x 7)
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
MOS NAND ROMMOS NAND ROM
All word lines high by default with exception of selected row
WL [0]
WL [1]
WL [2]
WL [3]
VDD
Pull-up devices
BL[3]BL[2]BL[1]BL [0]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
MOS NAND ROM LayoutMOS NAND ROM Layout
No contact to VDD or GND necessary;
Loss in performance compared to NOR ROM
drastically reduced cell size
Polysilicon
Diffusion
Metal1 on Diffusion
Cell (8 x 7)
Programmming usingthe Metal-1 Layer Only
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
NAND ROM LayoutNAND ROM LayoutCell (5 x 6)
Polysilicon
Threshold-alteringimplant
Metal1 on Diffusion
Programmming usingImplants Only
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Decreasing Word Line DelayDecreasing Word Line Delay
Metal bypass
Polysilicon word lineK cells
Polysilicon word lineWL
Driver
(b) Using a metal bypass
(a) Driving the word line from both sides
Metal word line
WL
(c) Use silicides
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Precharged MOS NOR ROMPrecharged MOS NOR ROM
PMOS precharge device can be made as large as necessary,but clock driver becomes harder to design.
WL [0]
GND
BL [0]
WL [1]
WL [2]
WL [3]
VDD
BL [1]
Precharge devices
BL [2] BL [3]
GND
pref
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Non-Volatile MemoriesNon-Volatile MemoriesThe Floating-gate transistor (FAMOS)The Floating-gate transistor (FAMOS)
Floating gate
Source
Substrate
Gate
Drain
n+ n+_p
tox
tox
Device cross-section Schematic symbol
G
S
D
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Floating-Gate Transistor ProgrammingFloating-Gate Transistor Programming
0 V
25 V 0 V
DS
Removing programming voltage leaves charge trapped
5 V
22.5 V 5 V
DS
Programming results in higher VT.
20 V
10 V 5 V 20 V
DS
Avalanche injection
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
A “Programmable-Threshold” TransistorA “Programmable-Threshold” Transistor
“0”-state “1”-state
DVT
VWL VGS
“ON”
“OFF”
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
FLOTOX EEPROMFLOTOX EEPROM
Floating gate
Source
Substratep
Gate
Drain
n1 n1
FLOTOX transistorFowler-Nordheim I-V characteristic
20–30 nm
10 nm
-10 V
10 V
I
VGD
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
EEPROM CellEEPROM Cell
WL
BL
VDD
Absolute threshold controlis hardUnprogrammed transistor might be depletion 2 transistor cell
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Flash EEPROMFlash EEPROM
Control gate
erasure
p-substrate
Floating gate
Thin tunneling oxide
n1source n1drainprogramming
Many other options …
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―EraseErase
S D
12 VG
cell arrayBL0 BL1
open open
WL0
WL1
0 V
0 V
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―WriteWrite
S D
12 V
6 VG
BL0 BL1
6 V 0 V
WL0
WL1
12 V
0 V
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―Basic Operations in a NOR Flash Memory―ReadRead
5 V
1 VG
S D
BL0 BL1
1 V 0 V
WL0
WL1
5 V
0 V
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
NAND Flash MemoryNAND Flash Memory
Unit Cell
Word line(poly)
Source line(Diff. Layer)
Courtesy Toshiba
Gate
ONO
FGGateOxide
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
NAND Flash MemoryNAND Flash Memory
Word linesSelect transistor
Bit line contact Source line contact
Active area
STI
Courtesy Toshiba
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Characteristics of State-of-the-art NVMCharacteristics of State-of-the-art NVM
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Read-Write Memories (RAM)Read-Write Memories (RAM) STATIC (SRAM)
DYNAMIC (DRAM)
Data stored as long as supply is appliedLarge (6 transistors/cell)FastDifferential
Periodic refresh requiredSmall (1-3 transistors/cell)SlowerSingle Ended
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
6-transistor CMOS SRAM Cell 6-transistor CMOS SRAM Cell
WL
BL
VDD
M5M6
M4
M1
M2
M3
BL
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
6T-SRAM — Layout 6T-SRAM — Layout
VDD
GND
WL
BLBL
M1 M3
M4M2
M5 M6
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Resistance-load SRAM CellResistance-load SRAM Cell
Static power dissipation -- Want RL largeBit lines precharged to VDD to address tp problem
M3
RL RL
VDD
WL
Q Q
M1 M2
M4
BL BL
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
1-Transistor DRAM Cell1-Transistor DRAM Cell
Write: CS is charged or discharged by asserting WL and BL.Read: Charge redistribution takes places between bit line and storage capacitance
Voltage swing is small; typically around 250 mV.
M1
CS
WL
BL
CBL
VDD2 VT
WL
X
sensing
BL
GND
Write 1 Read 1
VDD
VDD /2 V
V BL VPRE– VBIT VPRE–CS
CS CBL+------------= =V
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
DRAM Cell ObservationsDRAM Cell Observations 1T DRAM requires a sense amplifier for each bit line, due to charge redistribution read-out. DRAM memory cells are single ended in contrast to SRAM cells.The read-out of the 1T DRAM cell is destructive; read and refresh operations are necessary for correct operation. Unlike 3T cell, 1T cell requires presence of an extra capacitance that must be explicitly included in the design. When writing a “1” into a DRAM cell, a threshold voltage is lost. This charge loss can be circumvented by bootstrapping the word lines to a higher value than VDD
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Sense Amp OperationSense Amp Operation
DV(1)
V(1)
V(0)
t
VPRE
VBL
Sense amp activatedWord line activated
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
1-T DRAM Cell1-T DRAM Cell
Uses Polysilicon-Diffusion Capacitance
Expensive in Area
M1 wordline
Diffusedbit line
Polysilicongate
Polysiliconplate
Capacitor
Cross-section Layout
Metal word line
Poly
SiO2
Field Oxiden+ n+
Inversion layerinduced byplate bias
Poly
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
PeripheryPeriphery
Decoders Sense Amplifiers Input/Output Buffers Control / Timing Circuitry
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Row DecodersRow DecodersCollection of 2M complex logic gatesOrganized in regular and dense fashion
(N)AND Decoder
NOR Decoder
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Hierarchical DecodersHierarchical Decoders
• • •
• • •
A2A2
A2A3
WL 0
A2A3A2A3A2A3
A3 A3A0A0
A0A1A0A1A0A1A0A1
A1 A1
WL 1
Multi-stage implementation improves performance
NAND decoder usingNAND decoder using2-input pre-decoders2-input pre-decoders
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Dynamic DecodersDynamic Decoders
Precharge devices
VDD
GND
WL3
WL2
WL1
WL0
A0A0
GND
A1A1
WL3
A0A0 A1A1
WL 2
WL 1
WL 0
VDD
VDD
VDD
VDD
2-input NOR decoder 2-input NAND decoder
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
4-input pass-transistor based column 4-input pass-transistor based column decoderdecoder
Advantages: speed (tpd does not add to overall memory access time) Only one extra transistor in signal pathDisadvantage: Large transistor count
A0S0
BL 0 BL 1 BL 2 BL 3
A1
S1
S2
S3
D
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
4-to-1 tree based column decoder4-to-1 tree based column decoder
Number of devices drastically reducedDelay increases quadratically with # of sections; prohibitive for large decoders
buffersprogressive sizingcombination of tree and pass transistor approaches
Solutions:
BL 0 BL 1 BL 2 BL 3
D
A 0
A 0
A1
A 1
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Sense AmplifiersSense Amplifiers
tpC V
Iav----------------=
make V as smallas possible
smalllarge
Idea: Use Sense Amplifer
outputinput
s.a.smalltransition
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Differential Sense AmplifierDifferential Sense Amplifier
Directly applicable toSRAMs
M4
M1
M5
M3
M2
VDD
bitbit
SE
Outy
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Differential Sensing ― SRAMDifferential Sensing ― SRAMVDD
VDD
VDD
VDD
BL
EQ
Diff.SenseAmp
(a) SRAM sensing scheme (b) two stage differential amplifier
SRAM cell i
WL i
2xx
VDD
Output
BL
PC
M3
M1
M5
M2
M4
x
SE
SE
SE
Output
SE
x2x 2x
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Latch-Based Sense Amplifier (DRAM)Latch-Based Sense Amplifier (DRAM)
Initialized in its meta-stable point with EQOnce adequate voltage gap created, sense amp enabled with SEPositive feedback quickly forces output to a stable operating point.
EQ
VDD
BL BL
SE
SE
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Charge-Redistribution AmplifierCharge-Redistribution Amplifier
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0
0.0 1.00 2.00time (nsec)
V
Vin
Vref5 3V
VL
VS
(b) Transient response
3.00
Concept
M2 M3
M1VL VS
Vref
CsmallClarge
Transient Response
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Charge-Redistribution Amplifier―Charge-Redistribution Amplifier―EPROMEPROM
SE
VDD
WLC
Load
Cascodedevice
Columndecoder
EPROMarray
BL
WL
Vcasc
Out
Cout
Ccol
CBLM1
M2
M3
M4
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Single-to-Differential ConversionSingle-to-Differential Conversion
How to make a good Vref?
Diff.S.A.Cell
2xx
Output
WL
Vref
BL
12
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Open bitline architecture with Open bitline architecture with dummy cellsdummy cells
CS CS CS CS
BLL
L L1 L0 R0
CS
R1
CS
L
… …
BLR
VDD
SE
SE
EQ
Dummy cell Dummy cell
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
DRAM Read Process with Dummy CellDRAM Read Process with Dummy Cell3
2
1
00 1 2 3
BL
BL
t (ns)
reading 03
2
1
00 1 2 3
SE
EQ WL
t (ns)
control signals
3
2
1
00 1 2 3
BL
BL
t (ns)
reading 1
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator
-
+
VDD
VREF
Vbias
Mdrive
Mdrive
VDL
VDL
VREF
Equivalent Model
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Charge PumpCharge Pump
CLK
VDD
A BM1
M2Vload
Cload
Cpump
2VDD 2 VT
VDD 2 VT
0 V
VB
Vload
0 V
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
RDRAM ArchitectureRDRAM Architecture
memoryarray
Databus
Clocks
Column
Rowdemux packet dec.
packet dec.
Bus
k k3 l
demux
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Address Transition DetectionAddress Transition Detection
DELAYtdA0
DELAYtdA1
DELAYtdAN2 1
VDD
ATD ATD
…
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Sensing Parameters in DRAMSensing Parameters in DRAM
From [Itoh01]
4K
10
100
1000
64K 1M 16M256M 4G 64GMemory Capacity (bits/chip)
CD(1F)
CS(1F)
QS(1C)
Vsmax(mv)
VDD(V)
QS 5 CS VDD/2Vsmax 5 QS/(CS 1 CD)
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Noise Sources in 1T DRamNoise Sources in 1T DRam
Ccross
electrode
a-particles
leakage CS
WL
BL substrate Adjacent BL
CWBL
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Open Bit-line Architecture —Cross CouplingOpen Bit-line Architecture —Cross Coupling
SenseAmplifierC
WL1
BL
CBL
CWBL CWBL
CC
WL0
CCBL
C C
WLD WLD WL0 WL1
BL
EQ
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Folded-Bitline ArchitectureFolded-Bitline Architecture
SenseAmplifier
C
WL1
CWBL
CWBL
C
WL0 WL0 WLD
CC
WL1
CC
WLD
BL CBL
BL CBL
EQ
x
x
y
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Transposed-Bitline ArchitectureTransposed-Bitline Architecture
SA
Ccross
(a) Straightforward bit-line routing
(b) Transposed bit-line architecture
BL9
BL
BL
BL99
SA
Ccross
BL9
BL
BL
BL99
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Alpha-particles (or Neutrons)Alpha-particles (or Neutrons)
1 Particle ~ 1 Million Carriers
WL
BL
VDD
n1
a-particle
SiO21
111
11
22
22
22
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
YieldYield
Yield curves at different stages of process maturity(from [Veendrick92])
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
RedundancyRedundancy
MemoryArray
Column Decoder
Redundantrows
Redundantcolumns
RowAddress
ColumnAddress
FuseBank:
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Error-Correcting CodesError-Correcting Codes
Example: Hamming Codes
with
e.g. B3 Wrong
1
1
0
= 3
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Redundancy and Error CorrectionRedundancy and Error Correction
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Sources of Power Dissipation in Sources of Power Dissipation in MemoriesMemories
PERIPHERY
ROWDEC
selected
non-selected
CHIP
COLUMN DEC
nCDEV INTf
mCDEV INTf
CPTV INTf
IDCP
ARRAY
m
n
m(n21)ihld
miact
VDD
VSS
IDD 5 SCiDV if1S IDCP
From [Itoh00]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Data Retention in SRAMData Retention in SRAM1.30u
1.10u
900n
700n
500n
300n
100n
0.00 .600 1.20 1.80
Factor 7
0.13 m CMOSm
0.18 m CMOSm
VDD
I lea
kag
e
SRAM leakage increases with technology scaling
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Suppressing Leakage in SRAMSuppressing Leakage in SRAM
SRAMcell
SRAMcell
SRAMcell
VDD,int
VDD
VDD VDDL
VSS,int
sleep
sleep
SRAMcell
SRAMcell
SRAMcell
VDD,int
sleep
low-threshold transistor
Reducing the supply voltageReducing the supply voltageInserting Extra ResistanceInserting Extra Resistance
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Data Retention in DRAMData Retention in DRAM101
100
102 1
102 2
102 3
102 4
102 5
102 6
15M 64M 255M 1G 4G 15G 64G
Capacity (bit)
Curr
ent
(A)
3.3 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8
Operating voltage (V)
0.53 0.40 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.16 0.13
Extrapolated threshold voltage at 25 C (V)
IACT
IAC
IDC
Cycle time : 150 nsT 5 75 C,S
From [Itoh00]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Case StudiesCase Studies
Programmable Logic Array SRAM Flash Memory
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
PLA versus ROMPLA versus ROM Programmable Logic Array
structured approach to random logic“two level logic implementation”
NOR-NOR (product of sums)NAND-NAND (sum of products)
IDENTICAL TO ROM!
Main differenceROM: fully populatedPLA: one element per minterm
Note: Importance of PLA’s has drastically reduced1. slow2. better software techniques (mutli-level logic
synthesis)But …
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Programmable Logic ArrayProgrammable Logic Array
GND GND GND GND
GND
GND
GND
VDD
VDD
X0X0 X1 f0 f1X1 X2X2
AND-plane OR-plane
Pseudo-NMOS PLA
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Dynamic PLADynamic PLA
GND
GNDVDD
VDD
X0X0 X1 f0 f1X1 X2X2
ANDf
ANDf
ORf
ORf
AND-plane OR-plane
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Clock Signal Generation Clock Signal Generation for self-timed dynamic PLAfor self-timed dynamic PLA
f
tpre teval
f AND
f
f AND
f AND
fOR
fOR
(a) Clock signals (b) Timing generation circuitry
Dummy AND row
Dummy AND row
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
PLA LayoutPLA LayoutVDD GNDAnd-Plane Or-Plane
f0 f1x0 x0 x1 x1 x2 x2
Pull-up devices Pull-up devices
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
4 Mbit SRAM4 Mbit SRAMHierarchical Word-line ArchitectureHierarchical Word-line Architecture
Global word line
Sub-global word line
Block groupselect
Blockselect
Blockselect
Memory cell
Localword line
Block 0
•••
Localword line
Block 1
•••
Block 2...
•••
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Bit-line CircuitryBit-line Circuitry
Bit-lineload
Blockselect ATD
BEQ
Local WL
Memory cell
I/O lineI/O
B/T
CD
Sense amplifier
CD CD
I/O
B/T
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Sense Amplifier (and Waveforms)Sense Amplifier (and Waveforms)
BS
I /O I /O
DATA
Blockselect ATD
BSSA SA
BS
SEQ
SEQ
SEQ
SEQSEQ
Dei
I/O Lines
Address
Data-cut
ATD
BEQ
SEQ
DATA
Vdd
GND
SA, SA
Vdd
GND
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
1 Gbit Flash Memory1 Gbit Flash Memory
Sense Latches(10241 32)3 8
Data Caches(10241 32)3 8
Sense Latches(10241 32)3 8
Data Caches(10241 32)3 8
Wo
rd L
ine
Dri
ver
Wo
rd L
ine
Dri
ver
Wo
rd L
ine
Dri
ver
Wo
rd L
ine
Dri
ver
512Mb Memory Array 512Mb Memory Array
BL0 BL1 ····· BL16895 BL16996 BL16897··· BL33791
SGDWL31
WL0SGS
Block0
BLT0
Block1023
Block0
Block1023
Bit Line Control CircuitBLT1
I/O
From [Nakamura02]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Writing Flash MemoryWriting Flash MemoryN
um
be
r of
me
mo
ry c
ell
s
0V 1V 2V
Vt of memory cells
Verify level5 0.8 V Word-line level5 4.5 V
(a)
3V 4V
Result of 4 timesprogram
100
0V 1V 2V
Vt of memory cells
3V 4V
102
104
106
108
Evolution of thresholds Final Distribution
From [Nakamura02]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
125125mmmm22 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory
10.7
mm
11.7mm
2kB
Pa
ge b
uffe
r &
ca
che
Ch
arg
e p
ump
16896 bit lines
32 word lines x 1024 blocks
From [Nakamura02]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
125125mmmm22 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory
Technology 0.13m p-sub CMOS triple-well 1poly, 1polycide, 1W, 2Al Cell size 0.077m2 Chip size 125.2mm2 Organization 2112 x 8b x 64 page x 1k block Power supply 2.7V-3.6V Cycle time 50ns Read time 25s Program time 200s / page Erase time 2ms / block
Technology 0.13m p-sub CMOS triple-well 1poly, 1polycide, 1W, 2Al Cell size 0.077m2 Chip size 125.2mm2 Organization 2112 x 8b x 64 page x 1k block Power supply 2.7V-3.6V Cycle time 50ns Read time 25s Program time 200s / page Erase time 2ms / block
From [Nakamura02]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Semiconductor Memory TrendsSemiconductor Memory Trends(up to the 90’s)(up to the 90’s)
Memory Size as a function of time: x 4 every three years
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Semiconductor Memory TrendsSemiconductor Memory Trends(updated)(updated)
From [Itoh01]
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Memories
Trends in Memory Cell AreaTrends in Memory Cell Area
From [Itoh01]