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+
Colors in Chemistry
Learning Polarity with Paper Chromatography
This is a product of the University of California Santa Cruz SCWIBLES Program; NSF GK-12 DGE-0947923
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+Introduction
How many people have mixed paints?
How many have “unmixed” paints? How do we do that?
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+Introduction
MIXTURE
V O C A B U L A R Y
A compound made up of two or more different substances that are
not combined chemically
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+Paper Chromatography
Method for separating mixtures into their components
Uses ink on paper and a solvent to carry the ink up the paper
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+Paper Chromatography
Method for separating mixtures into their components
Uses paper with ink and a solvent to carry the ink up the paper
SOLVENT
V O C A B U L A R Y
A substance (usually a liquid) that dissolves something else.
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+Paper Chromatography
Method for separating mixtures into their components
Uses paper with ink and a solvent to carry the ink up the paper
SOLUTE
V O C A B U L A R Y
A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
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+Examples
What is the solvent here?
What is the solute?
Chocolate Milk
What is the solvent here?
What is the solute?
Coffee and sugar
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+Professional Paper Chromatography
Separating mixtures is VERY useful in the real world!
Environmental labs use it to separateand measure toxic substances inthe soil, water and air.
Crime labs use it to identify drugs and analyze evidence.
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+How Does Paper Chromatography Work?
Chromatograph paper
COMPONENTS of the MIXTURE(pigments)
MIXTURE (ink)
SOLVENT
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+Electronegativity
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
V O C A B U L A R Y
The amount of pull that one atom exerts on the electrons that it is
sharing with other atoms.
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+Periodic Trend of Electronegativity
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+Electronegativity
What happens to the charge of the molecule when one atom is exerting more pull on electrons
than another atom?
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+Polarity
O atom
H atom
H atom
WATER (H2O) MOLECULE
- charge
+ charge
+ charge
δ-
δ+
DIP
OL
E
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+Polarity
POLARITY
V O C A B U L A R Y
Separation of electric charge (positive and negative) in a
molecule. This leads to a dipole.
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+Polar or nonpolar?
+ charge
- charge
POLAR
POLAR MOLECULE
V O C A B U L A R Y
A molecule with a permanent separation of charges.
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+Polar or Nonpolar?
+ charge
- charge
- charg
e
- charge
NONPOLAR
NON-POLAR MOLECULE
V O C A B U L A R Y
A molecule with NO uneven separation of charges.
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+Polarity
But, what does this mean for chromatography?
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+Solubility
SOLUBILITY
V O C A B U L A R Y
How difficult or easy it is to dissolve a substance in a solvent.
Chocolate Milk
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+Solubility
This means that a polar solvent (water) will more readily dissolve polar substances.
What about nonpolar substances?
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKEIt’s all about polarity!
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+Paper Chromatography
OK, so….
Polar solutes dissolve in Polar solvents
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in Nonpolar solvents
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+Experiment
PIGMENTS of the MIXTURE
Different pigments in the ink have DIFFERENT polarities!!!
As the solvent moves up the paper it separates the ink based on POLARITY!
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+Experiment
Solvents
Acetone
Water
More Non-polar
More Polar
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+Food Dye and Acetone
Non-polar
Polar
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+Materials List 2 400 ml beakers
3 strips of chromatography paper
Tap water
Food dye
Toothpick
Popsicle stick
Water-soluble markers (black, assorted colors)
Pencil and colored pencils
Metric ruler
Colors in Chemistry worksheet
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+Unknown Substances
A B C D