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Optimising Health & Performance: Self-Hypnosis, 'Reiki‘ & EEG-
Neurofeedback.
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
December, 2008
John Gruzelier Professor of Psychology
Goldsmiths, University of London
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Unpublished results have been removed to safeguard their
potential publication in journals.
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PART I
SELF-HYPNOSIS/ VISUALISATION
HYPNOSIS & THE BRAIN
HYPNOTISABILITY [INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES]
IMMUNE UP-REGULATION & HEALTH
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WORKING MODEL OF INDUCING HYPNOSIS
Gruzelier, 1988; 1990;1998;2006
• Engagement of focused attention, involving inter alia anterior fronto-limbic-thalamic systems (L>R).
• Selective inhibition of fronto-limbic systems triggered by eye closure, suggestions of fatigue at fixating and deep relaxation (L>R), while maintaining attention to the hypnotist’s voice.
• Orchestration of behaviour given over to hypnotist with instructions to forego reality testing.
• There is a reciprocal elevation of posterior brain activity.
• Low susceptibility: failure to focus or to let go ( less flexible), but attention may improve with relaxation during hypnosis.
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Hypnotic Susceptibility & Conflict MonitoringBaseline:
Lows require more metabolismEgner, T., Jamieson, G., Gruzelier, J.H. (2005) Neuroimage, 27, 969-978.
Baseline
Low Susceptibility High Susceptibility
Low Conflict
High Conflict
X = 6Z = 38
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Hypnotic Susceptibility & Conflict Monitoring Hypnosis:
Highs require more metabolismEgner, T., Jamieson, G., Gruzelier, J.H. (2005) Neuroimage, 27, 969-978.
Hypnosis
Low Susceptibility High Susceptibility
Low Conflict
High Conflict
X = 6Z = 38
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EXAM STRESS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS
Self-Hypnosis Training Design• 10, 20 minute sessions: Session 1 live, Sessions 2-10 tape-recorded.
Standard induction followed by:-deepening exercises,guided imagery of the increased immune function,ego strengthening,feelings of happiness and improved concentration.
• Hypnosis screening with Harvard Group Scale: N=8 Highs, N=8 Lows, N=12 controls of mixed susceptibility.
• 1st blood draw (immune assays: NKC, T-lymphocytes, cortisol).
• Personality, Mood, Life-style questionnaires.
• 2nd blood draw (immune assays) after 10 sessions of hypnosis.
• Mood, Life-style questionnaires.
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•CD8 and Natural Killer Cells held up in visualisation groups, but not
in controls. •Correlating with increase in cortisol, as for preparedness(cortisol increases with waking/ not simply a stress hormone).
•Higher self-rated energy following self-hypnosis (p<.01)
Positive effects of visualisation on immune function and mood, a statistically interrelated pattern
Gruzelier, Smith et al (2001); Int J Psychophysiology
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Can personality predict individual differences in immune response?
• Outgoing, cognitively activated personality (left anterior activation).
• Both activated personality & immune competence have independently been associated with left hemispheric activation.
• Functional lateralisation predicted immune status in HIV, 30 months later.Gruzelier et al, 1996, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 215-224.
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Positive effects of Visualisation on both Health & Immune Function.
Visualisation distinguished from Relaxation.Gruzelier, Levy et al (2001) Contemporary Hypnosis
• Immune compromise with exams was buffered with visualisation (p<0.04 – 0.008).
• Visualisation group reported lower incidence of illness (p<0.001).
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Study 3: Chronic Herpes HSV-2 (genital herpes).
• Does hypnosis training which benefits well being, health and immunity - also benefit chronic illness?
• Fox, P.A., Henderson, P.C., Barton, S.E., Champion, A.J., Rollin, M.S.H., Catalan, J., McCormack, S.M.G. and Gruzelier, J. (1999) Immunological markers of frequently recurrent genital herpes simplex virus and their response to hynotherapy; a pilot study. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 10, 730-734.
Gruzelier, J.H., Champion, A., Fox, P., Rollin, M., McCormack, S., Catalan, P., Barton, S., Henderson, D. (2002) Individual differences in personality, immunology and mood in patients undergoing self-hypnosis training for the successful treatment of a chronic viral illness, HSV-2. Contemporary Hypnosis, 19, (4), 149-166.
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Positive effects of Visualisation on both Health & Immune Function in a Chronic Viral Illness.
Fox et al (1999) Int J STD & AIDS: Gruzelier, et al (2001) Contemporary Hypnosis
• Six weeks of self-hypnosis almost halved the recurrence of herpes.
• Clinical Responders showed up-regulation of specific functional NK cell activity (specific to the herpes virus) p<0.04).
• Benefits were also found with nonspecific NK cells which increased only in responders p<0.03).
Does this imply a direct hypnosis-immune mediation, & not a secondary stress-immune mediation.
• A withdrawn personality was associated with immune compromise.
• A cognitively activated personality was associated with a positive immune outcome.
• Anxiety and depression were reduced by self-hypnosis irrespective of clinical outcome.
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Achievements for the PNI field
• Established link between immune up-regulation through training and benefits for health.
• Health benefits included resilience in the face of flu epidemic, and a chronic, virulent, severe virus – HSV-2.
• Established the specificity of the immune-visualisation symbolic scenario – it is not simply a by-product of deep relaxation.
• Established the specificity at the level of a functional immune parameter – NKC activity on HSV-1.
• Established that a tape-recorded hypnotic visualisation induction was highly effective.
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Invited reviews
• Gruzelier, JH (2002) A review of the impact of hypnosis, relaxation, guided imagery and individual differences on aspects of immunity and health. Stress. 5, 147-163.
• Gruzelier, J.H. (2002) The role of psychological intervention in
modulating aspects of immune function in relation to health and well being. Advances in NeuroBiology, 52, 383-417.
• Gruzelier, J. (2002) Self-hypnosis and immune function, health,
wellbeing and personality. Hypnos, 29, 186-191.
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Studies 4,5
Potential of Animated & Virtual Reality Visualisation Training
For Facilitating Beneficial Effects of Self-Hypnosis on Immune Function
& Individual Differences
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Animated symbolic representation of viral cells,
with a single killer cell
More natural killer cells are introduced
All viral cells have been destroyed leaving only natural killer cells
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Results currently under review
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PART II
JOHREI & REIKI
SELF-HYPNOSIS/ VISUALISATION
IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT
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Exam stress study: 2002
JohreiSelf-hypnosis
Relaxation
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JOHREI METHOD
• A Japanese method of spiritual healing.
• Energy (metaphorically thought of as light) is directed towards the participant.
• This is done via the cupped hand which is directed at the participant (non-touch).
• In most practices there is reciprocity - both channeller and receiver may exchange roles.
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Johrei is most commonly done in the homewith daily practice.
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Study formatStudy format
• Measurements were made at 3 time Measurements were made at 3 time pointspoints::
Time Point 1Time Point 1 Time Point 2Time Point 2 Time Point Time Point 33
RecruitmentRecruitment
1 month1 month 1-2 months1-2 months
ExaminationExamination
Normal student Normal student lifelife
Normal student Normal student lifelife
ExaminationExaminationorororor
PracticePracticeTrainingTraining
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Natural Killer Cells increased in number only following Johrei.
GROUP
RelaxationJohreiHypnosis
Mea
n E
xam
: NK
C %
cha
nge
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
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Effect of exam stress on peripheral blood CD56+ Natural Killer cell percentages. Reduction with stress was counteracted by Johrei in
every student.
Johrei Hypnosis Relaxation
NKC% ExamsNKC% Baseline
20
10
0
NKC% ExamsNKC % 1
20
10
0
NKC% ExamsNKC% Baseline
20
10
0
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Johrei Reports
• Laidlaw, T.M., Naito, A., Dwivedi, P., Enzor, N., Brincat, C.E., Gruzelier, J.H. (2003) Mood changes after self-hypnosis and Johrei prior to exams. Contemporary Hypnosis, 20, (1), 25-40.
• Naito, A., Laidlaw, T.M., Henderson, D.C., Farahani, L., Dwivedi, P., Gruzelier, J.H. (2003) The impact of self-hypnosis and Johrei on lymphocyte sub-population at exam time: a controlled study. Brain Research Bulletin, 62, 241-253.
• Laidlaw, T.M., Kerstein, R., Bennett, B.M., Naito, A., Henderson, D.C., Dwivedi, P., Gruzelier, J.H (2004) Hypnotisability and immunological response to psychological intervention in HIV. Contemporary Hypnosis, 21, 126-135.
• Laidlaw, T., Bennett, B.M., Dwivedi, P., Naito, A., Gruzelier, J. (2005) Quality of life and mood changes in metatstatic breast cancer after training in self-hypnosis or Johrei: a short report. Contemporary Hypnosis, 22, 84-93.
• Bennett, B.M., Laidlaw, T.M., Dwivedi, P., Naito, A. Gruzelier, J.H. (2006) A qualitative study of the experience of self-hypnosis or Johrei in metastatic breast cancer using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 23, 127 – 140.
• HIV immune results currently under review.
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Research into the Clinical,
Psychological and Biological
Effects of Reiki HealingGoldsmiths, University of LondonGoldsmiths, University of London
Deborah Bowden BSc, MRes, Reiki MasterDeborah Bowden BSc, MRes, Reiki Master
Primary supervisor: Professor John GruzelierPrimary supervisor: Professor John GruzelierSecondary supervisor: Dr Lorna GoddardSecondary supervisor: Dr Lorna Goddard
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PhD results of Deborah Bowden, Goldsmiths
to be written for publication.Reiki reduced illness symptoms,
Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale total score and Anxiety subscale
compared with mock Reiki controls
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PART III
EEG-NEUROFEEDBACK
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT
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The EEG neurofeedback loop
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Spectral Components of the EEG
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Clinical Applications
Seizures in epileptics have been reduced
(Sterman et al., 1974; Chernigowskaya, 1984; Seifert & Lubar, 1975; Rochstroh et al, 1993).
Attention and behaviour enhanced in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(Cartozzo et al., 1995; Nash & Shakelford, 1995; Linden 1996).
Communication established in paralysed patients with locked-in syndromes
(Birbaumer 1999).
Young men with stimulant drug misuse have lost the habit, as have alcoholic patients who in the case of war veterans have lost their PTSD
(Penniston & Kulkosky, 1989; Scott et al, 2005).
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FASTER WAVE TRAINING
Relaxed attentional focus.
Relaxed mental attitude.
RCM instrumentalists reported beneficial – “let’s my mind breathe”.
Eye surgeons more modulated performance.
Expands working memory.
Greater sustained attention.
Fewer impulsive errors in speeded performance.
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• Results submitted for publication
• Optimising Microsurgical Skills with EEG neurofeedback
• Tomas Ros, Philip Bloom, Larry Benjamin, Merrick Moseley, Lesley Parkinson, John Gruzelier
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FAST WAVE TRAINING REFERENCES
Egner, T. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2001). Learned self-regulation of EEG frequency components affects attention and event-related brain potentials in humans. NeuroReport, 12, 18, 411-415.
Vernon, D., Egner, T., Cooper, N., Compton, T., Neilands, C., Sheri, A., Gruzelier, J. (2003) The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 47, 75-86.
Egner, T. Gruzelier, J.H. (2004) EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: Frequency-specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 131-139..
Egner, T., Zech, T.F., Gruzelier, J.H. (2004) The effects of neurofeedback training on the spectral topography of the healthy electroencephalogram, Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 2452-2460.
Gruzelier, J.H., Egner, T., Vernon, D. (2006) Validating the efficacy of neurofeedback for optimising performance. In C. Neuper , W. Klimesch, Event-related dynamics of brain oscillations. Progress in Brain Research, 159, 421-431.