douglasgibbsandyoushengchen · 2013-09-12 · 5 theredlistofmaples maples are a very well known,...

Douglas Gibbs and Yousheng Chen

The Red List of

Maples

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilisebotanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for thewell-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat forthe IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and theworld’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conservethreatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions thatare sustainable, are based on sound science and take account ofhuman needs.

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is a joint initiative between FFI andBGCI in partnership with a wide range of other organizations aroundthe world. The aim of the Campaign is to save the world’s mostthreatened trees and the habitats in which they grow through theprovision of information, delivery of conservation action and support forsustainable use.

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms partof the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7000 volunteersworking to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. SSC is thelargest of the six Commissions of IUCN-The World Conservation Union.It serves as the main source of advice to the Union and its members onthe technical aspects of species conservation. The aims of theIUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote and implementglobal red listing for trees and act in an advisory capacity to the GlobalTrees Campaign.

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© 2009 Botanic Gardens Conservation International

ISBN: 978-1-905164-31-8

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AUTHORSDouglas Gibbs is Conservation Initiatives Manager forBGCI and Secretary of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group.

Yousheng Chen is at The Institute of Botany, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing and a co-author of theAceraceae chapter in the Flora of China.

The opinion of the individual authors does notnecessarily reflect the opinion of either the editors orBotanic Gardens Conservation International.

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COVER PHOTOSFront cover: Acer griseum by Douglas GibbsBack cover: Acer kuomeii in Pingbian County, Yunnan,China by Yousheng Chen

DESIGNJohn Morgan, Seascape.

Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper.

The Red List of

Maples

Douglas Gibbs andYousheng Chen

Acknowledgements 3

Acronyms 3

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

References 12

GLOBALLY THREATENED MAPLES 13

Maples evaluated as Least Concern 29

References 34

ANNEX 1IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1) 38

The Red List of Maples

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CONTENTS

This publication is dedicated to Peter Wharton1950–2008

Netherlands), William A. McNamara(Quarryhill Botanical Garden), DouglasJustice and Peter Wharton (UBCBotanical Garden and Centre for PlantResearch), Sara Oldfield and DouglasGibbs (Botanic Gardens ConservationInternational).

The Mesoamerican Maples wereassessed during a Red Listing workshophosted by ECOSUR, San Cristobal de lasCasas, Chiapas, Mexico, 13–15 May2007. Participants included: AntonyChallenger, SEMARNAT, Jorge A. Meave,Universidad Nacional Autonoma deMexico, Jose Luis Leon de la Luz,CIBNOR, Rafael F. del Castillo, InstitutoPolitecnico Nacional, Francisco G. LoreaHernandez, INECOL, Juan Carlos Castro,

CONANP, Mario Gonzalez Espinosa,ECOSUR, Angelica Valena, ECOSUR,Mario Ishiki, ECOSUR, Neptali RamirezMarcial, ECOSUR, Adrian Newton,Bournemouth University, DuncanGolicher, ECOSUR.

Other experts who have contributedinformation include Esteban HernándezBermejo, Botanic Garden of Córdoba(Spain), Hugh Angus, The NationalArboreta (UK), Lawrence Stritch, USDA,Ikuyo Saeki, Tokyo MetropolitanUniversity, and Dr Lillian Chua, ForestResearch Institute Malaysia.

The GIS work was carried out with a copyof ArcEditor 9.3, provided by a generousESRI Conservation Program grant.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many experts around the worldhave contributed information andundertaken assessments for this

global evaluation and their contributionsare gratefully acknowledged.

Jemima Taylor, Red Listing assistant atBGCI, carried out much of the earlypreparatory work for the evaluation. TheUniversity of British Columbia BotanicalGarden and Centre for Plant Research,Vancouver, Canada kindly hosted theAcer Red Listing Workshop, 17–19September 2007. Participants at theworkshop included: Dr Yousheng Chen(Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing),Dr Jian-hua Li (The Arnold Arboretumof Harvard University), Dr P.C. deJong (Independent Consultant, The

BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation InternationalCAS Chinese Academy of ScienceCBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CONANP Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales ProtegidasECOSUR El Colegio de la Frontera Sur

ESRI Environmental Systems Research InstituteFFI Fauna & Flora InternationalGIS Geographical Information System

GSPC Global Strategy for Plant ConservationINECOL Instituto de Ecología

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesMODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

SEMARNAT La Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos NaturalesSSC Species Survival CommissionUBC The University of British Columbia

USDA United States Department of AgricultureVCF Vegetation Continuous Fields

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Within our gardens and naturalwoodlands, maples are highlyvalued for their autumn colour.

And they provide us with so much more– timber and maple syrup are two of theeconomically important productsprovided by this group of trees.Ecologically, maples are keystone speciesin northern temperate forests. As withmany other tree species, maples areunder threat in the wild primarily as aresult of forest degradation anddestruction. Global climate change addsfurther pressure to those maples that arenaturally rare or restricted to highelevations. This report presents a reviewof the conservation status in the wild ofmaples worldwide, undertaken by theIUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

Since its establishment in 2003, theprimary role of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group has been to assess theglobal conservation status of tree speciesin selected geographical areas andtaxonomic groups. The Red List ofMaples is the sixth publication in theseries.

The collection of information on treespecies of conservation concern is vital forplanning conservation action. The secondrole of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group is to act as an advisorybody for the Global Trees Campaign,which aims to save the world’s mostthreatened tree species and the habitatswhere they grow. The Global TreesCampaign provides an important practicalmechanism for implementation of theGlobal Strategy for Plant Conservation ofthe Convention for Biological Diversity.Global tree red listing contributes directlyto Target 2 of the Strategy, which calls fora provisional list of threatened plantspecies by 2010. Target 2 underpins theother ambitious targets which relate to

in situ and ex situ conservation andsustainable use and trade in plants.Projects of the Global Trees Campaigncarried out in partnership withorganizations and individuals around theworld help to deliver these various targets.The projects contribute to halting the lossof forest biodiversity and the provision ofsupport to rural livelihoods.

The Global Tree Specialist Group iscommitted to undertaking a globalassessment of the conservation status oftree species. Results of the globalassessment will be published ascomponents of the work are completed.Priorities for further work have beenagreed at the first meeting of the Groupheld at the Morton Arboretum in Chicagoin July 2009. We aim to ensure updatedtree conservation data are made widelyavailable to support tree conservationinitiatives around the world. This sixthpublication highlights the urgent need totake action for globally threatened maplespecies and the habitats where theyoccur.

Sara OldfieldChair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree

Specialist Group


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FOREWORD

Acer granatense (Jose Antonio Díaz)

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Maples are a very well known, diverseand versatile group of trees and shrubs.Famous for their autumnal colour, theydraw millions of visitors each year to thenatural maple woods in North Americaand East Asia but also to gardens andarboreta worldwide.

With a centre of diversity in China, maplesrange across the northern hemispherefrom North America to Japan includingmuch of Europe, the very north of Africa,the Middle East, Central Asia, Himalayasand East Asia. Although it is primarily atemperate group, a few maples grow intothe tropics with Acer laurinum being theonly maple whose range actually extendsinto the southern hemisphere.

With a natural distribution across the globe,maples occur in many habitats from thehigh altitudes of the Himalayas, to therainforests of South East Asia, to rocky cliffsin the Mediterranean and the edge ofswamps in North America. This wide rangeof habitats and broad geographical

distribution has resulted in a diverse groupfrom large majestic trees to small shrubs.Leaf shape and size also varies greatly andranges from simple 3–lobed leaves to morecomplex shapes with more than a dozenlobes, or compound leaves with 5–7leaflets; with some maples beingdeciduous whilst others are evergreen.Although many maples are known for theirautumnal leaf colour, some have distinctiveand attractive bark and others also haveattractive flowers.

This diversity of maples, combined withtheir ease of growth, has long made themextremely popular and highly valued bygardeners around the world. The naturaldiversity has been further enhanced bythe work of horticulturists over thecenturies in the production of hundredsof different cultivars particularly within agroup of maples referred to as Japanesemaples. Acer palmatum forms the richestsource of Japanese maple cultivars;other maples have also beenused to develop cultivars including:

Acer japonicum, A. pseudosieboldianum,A. shirasawanum, A. buergerianum, A.crataegifolium, A. rufinerve, A. truncatum.Japanese maples are not only famous forthe autumn colour, but also for their abilityto grow in containers and in particular foruse as Bonsai trees.

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Global distribution of maples

Acer triflorum in autumn colour(Yousheng Chen)

A Brief History of the Maple Collection at Westonbirt Arboretum

Many thousands of visitors flock to the UK National Arboretum at Westonbirteach October to enjoy the spectacular autumn colours of the Westonbirtmaples. For botanists, the real attraction is the many maple species present– 72 of the 75 species hardy enough to grow outside in Britain. A notablefeature is the sheer number of mature specimens of some species such asAcer velutinum, A. cappadocicum and A. saccharinum. Of the 16,500specimens in the arboretum, almost 2,500 are maples, either scatteredthroughout Westonbirt’s 240 hectares or part of the five grouped collections.

Sir George Holford, on joining his father as a 17-year-old, extended thearboretum into Silk Wood and created the first acer collection in 1877,consisting mainly of European species and forms. American and Asiaticspecies were added later as they became available. Many of the Europeanspecies were grafted trees from the famous Van Volxem’s German nursery.Nearly 130 years later the grafts are a perfect match.

The planting of old Acer Glade also began in 1877, using selected forms ofAcer palmatum. Although Bruce Jackson of ‘Dallimore and Jackson’ fameadded replacements until 1939, the old Acer Glade had begun to decline,because of age and excess shading, when the Forestry Commission acquiredthe arboretum and opened it to the general public in 1956.

Seed was collected from the old Acer Glade trees, resulting in 5,000 seedlings.The best 200 for autumn colour were selected to form a new Acer Glade in theearly 1960’s, on one side of the original glade. In the 1980’s new plantingswere added to create a more picturesque style.

To draw visitors away from the Acer Glades, a new collection was started inThe Link in Silk Wood. A natural approach was attempted, endeavouring toselect the habitat to suit the species, with a mature birch/oak overstorey. Acerpalmatum and Acer japonicum cultivars and forms have been used but othermaple species can also be seen in abundance.

About 1980, it was decided to establish an area beyond Broad Drive, in SilkWood, devoted entirely to Japanese Maple cultivars. It began with the plantingof well known cultivars such as Acer palmatum ‘Osakazuki’ and Acerpalmatum ‘Bloodgood’, and has been slowly added to ever since. By 2009 thisarea had been extended considerably and Westonbirt was given National PlantCollections status for both its maple cultivar and species collections.

Today these collections have a much greater focus on the conservation ofspecies as well as creating an attraction for many thousands of visitors.Interpreting these conservation issues to over 350,000 visitors annually is anincreasingly important role for collections such as Westonbirt. They also helpto facilitate the study and comparison of the different forms and species byarboriculturists, students, horticulturists and gardeners. Today the threat ofclimate change makes collections such as this even more important.

Hugh Angus, Westonbirt Arboretum


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Many other maples which are known tohorticulture are also widely available ascultivars, and a number of the currentlypoorly known maples could potentiallybecome far more widely utilised followingfurther research and cultivation.

In addition to the horticultural uses andthe tourism related value of maples, thisgroup is also of importance to the timberindustry and valuable as a food. Pre-Colombian North Americans were thefirst to produce maple syrup from a rangeof maples but primarily from Sugar Maple(Acer saccharum), the Black Maple (Acernigrum) and Manitoba Maple (Acernegundo). The syrup is produced bytapping the trees in late winter or earlyspring, collecting the sap and thenremoving water to concentrate the liquid.Today, Canada is the largest and mostsignificant producer, with 22 million litresof syrup being produced in 2008, and thevalue of all maple products sold in 2008being almost CAD$212 million (StatisticsCanada, 2008).

A number of the larger maples arecommercially grown for timber in NorthAmerica and Europe: Sugar Maple (Acersaccharum), Black Maple (A. nigrum),Manitoba Maple (A. negundo), RedMaple (A. rubrum), Sycamore Maple

Acer saccharum in autumn colour(Westonbirt Arboretum)

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(A. pseudoplatanus). Their wood is usedin construction, the manufacture offurniture and for floors, including NBAbasketball court floors and bowling alleylanes. A few maples can naturally form ahighly prized decorative wavy grainknown as flame maple or quilt maple.

Maple wood is also valued as atonewood, a wood that can be used inthe manufacture of musical instruments,including violins, electric guitars,bassoons and double basses. Thecombination of the tonewood propertiesand the wavy grain, sometimes referredto as ‘fiddleback’ makes maple one ofthe most prized hardwoods forinstruments producing a loud projectivesound with an attractive finish.

INFORMATION COLLECTION FORCONSERVATION ASSESSMENTThe collection of information on theconservation status of Aceraceae(maples) and their evaluation against theIUCN Red List Categories and Criteria(ver. 3.1) has been a collaborativeprocess involving botanists worldwide.The experts who have providedinformation and supported this processare listed in the Acknowledgements.

In spite of the economic and cultural valueof maples and their products, includingtheir great interest for horticulturists, theyhave not been subject to a complete andrecent taxonomic revision and as a resultthere is not a globally accepted checklist ofthe group. It is very important to note thatit is not the intention of this publication toresolve this issue by providing a checklistof the maple family (Aceraceae). Thetaxonomy used in this publication isprimarily based upon the account given inthe Flora of China (Xu et al., 2008) as thisprovides the most recent and significantpublished revision with over half of thefamily included. In addition to the Flora ofChina account, Maples of the World (VanGelderen et al., 1994) and a range ofregional or national floras (see assessmentsfor further details) were used to draw up theworking list of maples to be evaluatedagainst the IUCN Red List Categories andCriteria.

In total, 191 maples have been evaluated:123 species, 20 species at theinfraspecific level (66 subspecies andvarieties) and the 2 species of Dipteronia(a closely related genus included withinthe maple family, Aceraceae).

A significant task in the evaluation of themaples was the development ofdistribution maps for the threatened taxa.For the bulk of the taxa evaluated asthreatened, this is the first time thatdistribution maps have been published.In addition to expert opinions, a widerange of sources were consulted in themapping process including floras,national Red Data Books, herbariumspecimen databases, field notes, onlinetaxonomic databases and the scientificliterature. Naturally the amount and theaccuracy of the information for eachtaxon varied considerably. In addition tolocation data points, distribution mapswere developed through the use ofpolitical units (e.g. country, state, county)and biogeographic data (altitudinal rangeand habitat distribution) to define thepotential range of a particular taxon.

A map of global forest cover obtainedfrom satellite remote sensing imagerywas used in the development ofdistribution maps for each species in linewith the methodology developed byAdrian Newton (Cicuzza et al., 2007). Forthis purpose, we used the ModerateResolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Young leaves of Acer heptaphlebium(Yousheng Chen)

Acer pycnanthum flowers (Westonbirt Arboretum)

(MODIS) Vegetation Continuous Fields(VCF) product (Hansen et al., 2003). Thisproduct depicts the percentage treecover at a resolution of 500 m using asupervised regression tree algorithm. Thedata is available through the University ofMaryland Global Land Cover Facility(http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu) and are alsodistributed as a MODIS land coverproduct. To produce the distribution map,forest was defined as those cells with atleast 50 percent cover, based on theMODIS dataset, which uses a 500 mequivalent grid in geographic projection(Hansen et al. 2002).

For each species considered, a singlepotential distribution map was generatedusing ArcEditor 9.3 GeographicInformation System (GIS) (ESRI,http://www.esri.com/) software. This wasachieved by drawing a polygon around allof the individual locations recorded, oraround the boundaries of political units orthe biogeographic areas in which thespecies has been reported. The resultingmaps indicate the current extent anddistribution of forest in which eachspecies is likely to occur.

It is important to consider a number oflimitations when interpreting the results.Note that the MODIS dataset does notdifferentiate between secondary andprimary forests, or between natural andplantation forests. Furthermore, maplesare not exclusively found in forests, withsome species having a preference forscrub or small forest patches whichwould be below the 500 m resolution ofMODIS. As the current distribution ofmany maple species is poorly known, itis possible that populations of somespecies exist outside the currently knownlimits. In such cases, it is possible that theapproach adopted here may have under-estimated the current extent ofdistribution of some of the speciesconsidered.

The maps were used as a basis forassessing the risk of extinction, accordingto the IUCN Red List categories andcriteria (IUCN, 2001). Application of thecriteria was undertaken by the GlobalTrees Specialist Group. Information wasassembled during a regional workshopundertaken by the Group in Canada. Forthe maple species known to prefer forest

habitats, the potential area of occupancywas also estimated, using GIS. Themeasurement is given in speciessummaries included in the list of globallythreatened species. This potential forestdistribution represents the total forestarea (estimated from the MODIS data)that occurs within the altitudinal rangeand polygon describing the distributionalrange of the species. This figure isintermediate between the ‘area ofoccupancy’ and the ‘extent ofoccurrence’ used in the IUCN Red Listcriteria (IUCN, 2001). This is because thefigure calculated here represents the totalforest area occurring within thedistributional range of the species; inreality, only a proportion of this forest areais likely to be occupied by the speciesbeing considered (i.e. the area ofoccupancy). As the current distributionand status of most maples species arepoorly known, this approach wasconsidered to provide the most accurateassessment possible with the informationavailable.


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National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG) maple collectionat Westonbirt (Westonbirt Arboretum)

Acer wardii with samaras in FugongCounty, Yunnan (Yousheng Chen)

RESULTS OF THE EVALUATIONIn total, 191 maples have been evaluated:123 at the species level, 66 at theinfraspecific level of subspecies andvarieties. This total also includes 2species of Dipteronia, a closely relatedgenus included within the maple family(Aceraceae) which were also assessedto complete the family. This globalassessment, set against the IUCN RedList Categories and Criteria, is thus oneof the first complete assessments of anentire plant family.

Since the maple family has not been thesubject of a recent and comprehensivetaxonomic revision, there is existingdebate over some species’ status.Whenever possible conservationassessments were still carried out evenwhen there is taxonomic debate, with thealternative names or details of the debategiven in the assessment. If it was notpossible to carry out the full assessmentdue to the taxonomic debate, then the

taxon has been assessed as being DataDeficient; once further research has beencarried out and their taxonomic status hasbeen defined, full assessments againstthe Red List Categories and Criteriashould be completed. It was never thepurpose of this assessment to resolve anyoutstanding taxonomic issues and wheredoubts exist, these have been indicatedin the assessments whenever possible.

The results of the assessments aresummarised in the table below. Thisindicates that of the 191 maplesassessed, 54 are threatened withextinction according to the IUCN Red Listcategories and criteria (CriticallyEndangered, Endangered andVulnerable). However, a further 29 maplescould also be threatened with extinction,now or in the near future, if more wereknown about the Data Deficient maples orif nothing were to be done to tackle thefactors threatening the remainingpopulations of the Near Threatened

maples. This means that out of a total of191 maples assessed, 83 are consideredthreatened with extinction at the globalscale and therefore require conservationaction now.

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Figure 2. Globally threatened maples

Maple forest (Douglas Gibbs)

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Conservation Number ofstatus maple taxa

Extinct 0Critically Endangered 7Endangered 19Vulnerable 28Near Threatened 8Data Deficient 21Least Concern 108

CONSERVATION AND RESEARCHPRIORITESThis global assessment of the maplesshould be used to focus and guideconservation policy and action at boththe ecosystem and species level.

Urgent action is required to conserve themost threatened maples, in particular theseven Critically Endangered maples, someof which are reduced to literally a handfulof individuals. Ideally all 54 threatenedmaples should be represented in well-managed ex situ collections as an

insurance policy against possibleextinction. The Global Strategy for PlantConservation (GSPC) calls for 60 per centof all threatened plants to be conserved inex situ collections; in the case of maplesthis equates to 33 threatened taxa. Initialanalysis of BGCI’s PlantSearch databaseindicates that botanic gardens arecurrently holding collections ofapproximately 40 per cent of all threatenedmaples (BGCI, 2009) compared to about85 per cent of the Least Concern taxa.The origin and extent of these collectionsis not known but should be looked at toensure that good quality ex situconservation collections based on known,wild-sourced material exist.

BGCI is now undertaking a global surveyof ex situ collections to establish andmore accurately document which maplesare already in collections, in order to beable to prioritise which maples to get into well-managed ex situ collections. Thecombination of this information withdetails about propagation techniqueswill strongly support the development

of integrated conservation plans toensure that the most threatened maplessurvive in the wild.

In addition to the 60 per cent ofthreatened species in ex situ collections,the GSPC also calls for 10 per cent ofthreatened species to be included inrestoration and recovery programmes.These GSPC targets should beconsidered the absolute minimum level formaple conservation efforts.

Simultaneously, the status and protectionof the wild maple populations needs to bereviewed and mechanisms put in place toallow local people to be involved in the insitu conservation and to benefit from it. Itwill only be through effective and wellplanned in situ conservation efforts thatspecies can be conserved in the long term.

Further field research would greatlybenefit current knowledge relating toconservation status and needs ofmaples. Although current field research islimited by the availability of trainedbotanists and resources, priorities exist.


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Acer griseum bark in Chengkou County,Chongqing, China (Yousheng Chen)

A mature Acer opalus

The Data Deficient (DD) maples all requirefurther research to: (i) confirm theirtaxonomic status where this is uncertain,(ii) survey the current extent of the wildpopulations, and (iii) assess the threatsand impacts on wild populations.Following this research, it will then bepossible to complete their conservationassessments against the IUCN Red ListCategories and Criteria.

With 115 maples out of the 191 includedin this publication, China and in particularsouth west China, is the global centre ofdiversity for maples. However, relativelylittle field research has been carried outthere recently and current maple expertsbelieve that Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizangall hold great potential for the discovery ofnew populations and even new maples.

The border region between China,Myanmar, Laos, Viet Nam and Thailandhas historically been difficult to access.As a result of this, the countries borderingsouth west China all exhibit lowerthan expected numbers of maples (see

Figure 3) and therefore hold great potentialfor the discovery of new populations andpossibly new maples. For example, theState of Yunnan in China has recorded thepresence of 49 maples whilst Laos hasrecorded just 5 maples. Though Laos willnot have a similar number of maples toYunnan it is very likely to have more than itscurrent records indicate.

Further research will no doubt strengthenand improve our knowledge and ability toconserve threatened maples; howeversufficient knowledge exists and actionneeds to start now. Conservation actionhas already begun due to this report, forexample with Acer yangbiense, but muchremains to be done, bearing in mind thatsome of the most threatened maplespecies are reduced to just a handful ofindividuals in the wild.

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Figure 3. The number of maples per region in south east Asia

Flowering Acer erianthum with seeds (Douglas Gibbs)

Acer pictum ssp. taishakuense leaves(Ikuyo Saeki)


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BGCI (2009) PlantSearch database.www.bgci.org/plant_search.phpAccessed 2/10/2009

Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & Oldfield, S.(2007) The Red List of Magnoliaceae.Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge,UK.

Hansen M.C., DeFries R.S.,Townshend J.R.G., Carroll, M.Dimiceli, C. & Sohlberg R.A. (2003)Global percent tree cover at a spatialresolution of 500 meters: First results ofthe MODIS Vegetation ContinuousFields algorithm. Earth Interactions,7(10): 1 – 15.

Hansen, M., DeFries, R., Townshend,J.R.G., Sohlberg, R., Dimiceli, C. &Carroll, M. (2002) Towards anoperational MODIS continuous field ofpercent tree cover algorithm: examplesusing AVHRR and MODIS data. RemoteSensing of the Environment, 83: 303-319.

IUCN (2001) Red List categories andcriteria. Version 3.1. IUCN SpeciesSurvival Commission, Gland,Switzerland.

Statistics Canada (2008) Servicebulletin: Production and Value of Honeyand Maple Products, Catalogue no. 23-221-X, 6 pages.

van Gelderen D.M., de Jong P. C. &Oterdoom H. J. (1994) Maples of theWorld. Timber Press Inc., Portland,Oregon, U.S.A. 458pp

Xu, T-z., Chen, Y., de Jong, P.C.,Oterdoom, H.J. & Chang C-S. (2008)Flora of China. Volume 11, Oxalidaceaethrough Aceraceae. Science Press(China) and Missouri Botanical GardenPress (USA)

REFERENCES

Acer sinopurpurascens flower(Westonbirt Arboretum) Dipteronia sinensis from Taibaishan County, Shaanxi (Yousheng Chen)

Acer acutum Fang (1939)

VU A2cChina (Anhui, Henan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang)A forest species found in south-eastChina that has a potential forestdistribution of 15,414km2 although it isunder significant threat due to habitatloss.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48

Acer albopurpurascens Hayata(1911)DDTaiwanThought to occur throughout the island,including within a National Park, soprobably not at risk but it is listed asVulnerable (VU) on the China SpeciesRed List (2004).Refs: 1, 5, 6, 16, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer buergerianum var. formosanum(Hayata ex Léveillé) Sasaki (1928)

CR C2a(i); DTaiwanOnly two populations are known, confinedto a small area of lowland evergreen forestin Wanli and Yingshihchien in the north ofTaiwan. The species is mainly threatenedby the uprooting of whole plants forornamental use.Refs: 1, 2, 17, 18, 30, 34

Acer buergerianum var. horizontaleMetcalf (1942)DDChina (Zhejiang)There is ongoing taxonomic uncertaintyabout the status of some of the varietiesof Acer buergerianum.Refs: 1, 30

Acer amplum subsp. catalpifolium(Rehder) Chen (2008)

VU A1cdChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan)Found scattered in mixed forest invalleys between 500-2000m in areas ofhigh rural population. This subspecies isunder pressure from felling for timberand by deforestation for agriculture.Refs: 1, 14, 30, 34, 48

Acer brevipes Gagnep (1950)DDViet NamRefs: 30, 37

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GLOBALLY THREATENED MAPLES

Distribution maps are provided for all the very threatened maples. Key to all maps:

Known range Point locations Remaining All assessments are by the Global Treeof species of populations forest cover Specialist Group unless otherwise indicated

VU B1b(i,ii,iii)TurkeyAlthough current populations arethought to be stable, it is occurs in theÇoruh Valley on dry slopes in shrubbyvegetation with an extent of occurrenceof 9600km2. Many of the populations areunder threat from the construction of aseries of dams along the river. Rare incultivation.Assessor: Prof. Dr Adil GünerRefs: 2, 10, 11, 12, 18, 22, 34, 63

Acer cappadocicum subsp. lobelii(Tenore) Murray (1982)NTItalyScattered distribution, locally scarse withvery small populations or scatteredindividuals, often in marginal orunfavourable sites. Nearly meets VUA3c.Refs: 2, 18, 23, 25, 30, 34, 47

Acer buergerianum var. jiujiangenseYu (1983)DDChina (Jiangxi)There is ongoing taxonomic uncertaintyabout the status of some of the varietiesof Acer buergerianum.Refs: 1, 30

Acer buergerianum var. kaiscianense(Pampanini) Fang (1939)DDChina (Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi)There is ongoing taxonomic uncertaintyabout the status of some of the varietiesof Acer buergerianum.Refs: 1, 30

Acer buergerianum var. yentangenseFang & Fang (1966)

EN B1ab(iii)China (Zhejiang)Known from 5 collections in 3 locationsin central Zhejiang at low altitudes (700-900m) in highly degraded bamboohabitat.Refs: 1, 30

Acer calcaratum Gagnepain (1948)

VU A2cChina (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand,Viet NamA subtropical acer found in scatteredpopulations by streams in rainforests inMyanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam andnear the border in the very south ofYunnan, China.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 31, 34, 38, 47, 48

Acer cappadocicum subsp.divergens (Pax) Murray (1978)


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Acer cappadocicum (Westonbirt Arboretum)

Acer caudatifolium Hayata (1911)NTTaiwanOccurs mainly in montane forests at2500-3000m, but can also be found atlower elevations. Nearly meets VU A2c;listed as Vulnerable on the ChinaSpecies Red List (2004). A snakebarkmaple with attractive stripped bark butrare in cultivation, partly due to itstenderness.Refs: 1, 2, 6, 16, 18, 22, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer chienii Hu & Cheng (1948)

VU D2China (Yunnan)Very limited distribution, currently knownfrom just 3 locations in north-westYunnan.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 34, 48

Acer chingii Hu (1930)DDChina (Guangxi, Guizhou)Only known from type specimen;thought to be found in restrictedlocations in forested low montane areaswhich also have high rural populations.Refs: 1, 30, 48

VU D2China (Sichuan)A rare species found in 3 localities insparse forests between 1000-2500m insouth-west Sichuan.Refs: 1, 30

Acer confertifolium Merrill & Metcalf(1937)

VU A2cChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi)Quite limited distribution, in south-eastChina at relatively low elevations, andunder threat from increasedurbanisation.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer chunii subsp. chunii Fang (1937)

VU D2China (Fujian, Guangdong)Known from 3 locations in northernGuangdong and Fujian in sparse forestsbetween 800-1200m.Refs: 1, 30

Acer chunii subsp. dimorphophyllumFang (1979)

15


Acer crassum Hu & Cheng (1948)

EN B1ab(iii)China (Yunnan)The species is found in a small area ofsouth-east Yunnan, with an area ofoccupancy of 140km2 and is underpressure from ongoing deforestation. Ithas not been collected since 1940.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer duplicatoserratum var.duplicatoserratum Hayata (1911)DDTaiwanPopulations of this species are scatteredin central to northern parts of Taiwan insubmontane broadleaved forest. Thedecline in numbers has been caused bythe illegal digging up of whole plants forthe ornamental trade. However sometaxonomic uncertainty exists as thistaxon is close to Acer ceriferum which inthis publication is treated as a synonymof Acer robustum, further taxonomicresearch is required (Xu et al., 2008).Refs: 1, 2, 17, 30, 34

Acer fulvescens Rehder (1911)

VU A2cChina (Sichuan, Xizang)The species is found in forests inSichuan and south-east Xizang between1800-3200m but is under pressure fromhabitat loss.Refs: 1, 16, 30

Acer glabrum var. greenei Keller(1942)

Acer erythranthum Gagnepain (1948)NTViet NamOccurs in Thua Thien-Hue, Gia Lai, KonTum and Lam Dong Provinces, usually inevergreen forests above 500m on deepfertile soils. Natural regeneration does notappear to be good, despite good fruitingcrops. The fine timber is used forconstruction and making householditems. Nearly meets VU A2c.Refs: 2, 17, 34, 36, 37

Acer fenzelianum Handel-Mazzetti(1933)

VU B1ab(ii)China (Yunnan), Viet NamThe species has a very restricteddistribution in forested valleys in northernViet Nam and southern Yunnan, with anextent of occurrence of 16,374km2. Veryfew specimens have been recorded. It islisted as Endangered in China.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48


16

VU B1ab(i,iii)United States of America (California)Acer glabrum var. greenei is consideredendemic to the southern Sierra Nevadain California, especially in Tulare County,occurring on moist to fairly dry rockymountain slopes and in canyons. It islisted as Critically Imperiled (T1T2) byNatureServe and is under threat fromwildfires and intrinsic factors such aspoor regeneration.Refs: 7, 8, 30, 45, 64

Acer gracilifolium Fang & Fu (1981)

EN B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii)China (Gansu, Sichuan)Known from 2 localities in mixed forestnear streams in south-east Gansu andnorthern Sichuan with a total area ofoccupancy of 490km2.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48

Acer griseum (Franchet) Pax (1902)

EN A2cChina (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan)The Paperbark Maple is well known tohorticulture and is considered to be oneof the most outstanding Acers, despitebeing difficult to propagate either byseed or vegetative methods. It isnaturally found over a wide area ofcentral China, but the population is nowvery fragmented, small and in decline.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 22, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer heptaphlebium Gagnep. (1931)DDLao People’s Democratic Republic, VietNamA low elevation species which is possiblytheatened but needs further study toestablish its conservation status.Refs: 2, 34, 37

Acer granatense Boissier (1838)

VU B1b(iii,v)Morocco, SpainAlso known as Acer opalus ssp.granatense (Boiss.) Font Quer & Rothm.and considered by some to be asynonym of Acer hispanicum Pourret,this species has a fragmenteddistribution along several mountainranges, often found in microsites wherethe Mediterranean summer drought ispartially ameliorated such as north-facing slopes, shady ravines and alongstreams. Successful regeneration isoften hindered due to grazzing pressure.Refs: 3, 24, 27, 28, 29, 34, 50, 60

17


Acer griseum Leaves (Douglas Gibbs)

Acer hilaense Hu & Cheng (1948)DDChina (Yunnan)Collected once in 1938 and has notbeen seen since. The area is nowdegraded habitat and has been widelyexplored, but Acer hilaense has notspecifically been looked for. It is anevergreen species and has a highhorticultural value. Potentially it could beCritically Endangered or Extinct in theWild. Listed as Acer hailaense andCritically Endangered in Chinese SpeciesRed List (2004).Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48

Acer komarovii Pojarkova (1949)DDChina (Jilin, Liaoning), DemocraticPeople’s Republic of Korea, RussianFederationTaxonomically this species remainsuncertain, it may be a synonym of Acertschonoskii ssp. koreanum, see the entryfor A. tschonoskii (Least Concern) fordetails.Refs: 1, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer kungshanense Fang & Chang(1966)

Acer kweilinense Fang & Fang (1966)NTChina (Guangxi, Guizhou)With a relatively small distribution thisspecies is found in sparse forests inNortheast Guangxi and SoutheastGuizhou, nearly meets VU A2c. It mayalso be found in Hunan, China.Refs: 1, 2, 30, 48

Acer leipoense Fang & Soong (1966)

CR A2cChina (Sichuan)The species is found in mixed montaneforests (2000-2700m) in south-westSichuan, with an area of occupancy of1772km2. It has not been seen recentlyin Baoxing, Tianquan and Leipo countieswhere it has been recorded to occur inthe past. However a population hasrecently been recorded in a valley withina protected area in Ebian County.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

VU A2cChina (Yunnan)Found in valleys with mixed forestsbetween 2000-3200m in north-west andsouthern Yunnan and under threat fromhabitat degradation and loss.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 47

Acer kuomeii Fang & Fang (1966)NTChina (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet NamSeems to be locally abundant in one valleyin southern Yunnan but has a limited rangeoverall which includes one locality in VietNam, six counties in Yunnan and onecounty in Guangxi. Nearly meets VU A2c.Refs: 1, 2, 30, 48

Acer kwangnanense Hu & Cheng(1948)

EN B1ab(iii)China (Yunnan)Recorded from 5 collections from mixedforests in a small area of degraded terrainin southern Yunnan, with an area ofoccupancy of 444km2. Some researchersbelieve that the species is possibly alsofound across the border in northern VietNam, but this remains unconfirmed.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48


18

Acer linganense Fang & Chiu (1979)

VU A2cChina (Anhui, Zhejiang)Although the species does occur inprotected areas, the population isdeclining due to a range of threatsincluding pollution. There is some debateabout the taxonomic status of thespecies and its relationship to A.robustum; further taxonomic research isrequired (Xu et al., 2008).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer lungshengense Fang & Hu (1966)

VU A2cChina (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi,Zhejiang)The species exists in fragmentedpopulations with few individals across itsremaining range. Poor regeneration aswell as habitat degradation and loss, dueto a range of factors including drought, isthreatening this species in the wild. Thisspecies is very close to A. miyabei, withwhich it has much in common; sometaxonomists consider it a subspecies ofA. miyabei.Refs: 1, 14, 16, 17, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer miyabei var. miyabeiMaximowicz (1888)

EN C1Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)The distribution is restricted in the Hidakaand the Ishikari districts of Hokkaido, thenorthern half of Iwate Prefecture, and thenorthern part of Akita prefecture ofnorthern Honshu, and several isolatedpopulations have been reported fromNagano and Fukushima prefectures. Theestimated remaining 700 matureindividuals are threatened by habitat lossfrom logging, land development, androad construction.Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 46, 56, 58, 66

VU B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii)China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan)Recorded from 3 localities, with a totalarea of occupancy of 1160km2, in valleyswithin mixed forests in south-centralChina.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48

Acer metcalfii Rehder (1933)NTChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hunan), Viet NamThis snakebark maple nearly meets VUA2c; listed as Vulnerable in the ChineseSpecies Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 16, 30, 34, 48

Acer miaoshanicum Fang (1966)DDChina (Guangxi, Guizhou)A subtropical acer collected only twiceand some taxonomic debate existsaround the status of the species.Refs: 1, 2, 22, 30

Acer miaotaiense Tsoong (1954)

19


Acer miyabei var. shibatai (Nakai)Hara (1951)

EN C1Japan (Honshu)Restricted to several localities in moist,somewhat swampy and flat places suchas stream sides and lower montaneslopes from cool temperate to subalpineareas of Central Honshu in Fukushima,Gunma and Nagano Prefectures. It isthreatened by habitat loss anddegradation but is protected in at leasttwo locations.Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 46, 56, 58, 67

VU B2ab(ii,iii)Guatemala, MexicoThe subspecies is found in cloud andoak forests, between 1500-2400m,often along rivers and streams but it isnot abundant across its range and doesnot form pure stands. Throughout itsrange it is under threat from habitat lossand degradation. It is a protectedspecies in Mexico and listed as aCategory 2 threatened species byCONAP (Consejo Nacional de Áreasprotegidas) in Guatemala.Refs: 2, 17, 18, 21, 30, 39, 40, 41, 49

Acer oblongum var. itoanum Hayata(1911)

EN B1b(i,ii,iii); C1+2a(i)Japan (Nansei-Shoto)Found in subtropical evergreen forestson only six islands of Ryukyu (i.e. Oki-erabu, Yoron, Okinawa, Izena, Tonaki,and Kume, in Kagoshima and Okinawaprefectures), Japan (Shimabuku 1997).Under continued threat from habitat lossand quality due to land development,road construction and forest harvesting.Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 46, 56, 57, 69

Acer morrisonense Hayata (1911)

VU A2cTaiwanThis snakebark maple is found in mixedforests at medium altitude (1800-2200m)on Taiwan but is under some pressurefrom habitat degradation and loss. Thereis some debate on its taxonomy and itsrelationship with Acer caudatifolium, whichsome consider it to be a synonym.Refs: 1, 5, 6, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum(DC.) Wesmael (1890)


20

Acer miyabei leaves (Douglas Gibbs)

Acer oblongum var. omeiense Fang &Soong (1979)

EN B1ab(iv)China (Sichuan)An evergreen acer recorded in aprotected area in Sichuan which is alsoa popular tourist site and is under threatfrom associated impacts including hotelconstruction.Refs: 1, 22, 30

Acer oligocarpum Fang & Hu (1979)DDChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 1, 2, 30

EN A2cdChina (Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang)An attractive species which occurs inopen degraded woodland in southernAnhui and Zhejiang at 500-1000m; it isunder pressure from continued habitatloss and degradation.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 48

Acer pentaphyllum Diels (1931)

CR C1China (Sichuan)Acer pentaphyllum Diels. (CR C1) is avery rare maple. Despite its tenderness itis highly valued by maple collectors for itsdeep green five-lobed leaves and elegantform. It first came to the attention ofwestern botanists when it wasdocumented by Joseph Rock in 1929during a National Geographic sponsoredexpedition to China. Found only in aseries of high altitude valleys between2300 and 2900m near Muli in south westSichuan, the four small populationsconsist of fewer than 200 trees.

Of the four populations, two will besubmerged if planned dam constructiongoes ahead and a third is already undersignificant threat due to the constructionof a new road directly through it. Inaddition to these threats, the populations

Acer paihengii Fang (1966)

CR B1ab(iv,v)+2ab(iv,v)China (Yunnan)Occurs in broad-leaf forests onlimestone and has a very restricteddistribution in south-east Yunnan, withan area of occupancy of 8km2.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 34, 48

Acer pauciflorum Fang (1932)

21


Acer pentaphyllum leaves and seeds inMuli County, Sichuan (Yousheng Chen)

are all thought to be under pressure fromovergrazing, firewood collection andincreasing rural populations. The fourthpopulation has not been visited recently,but it too is thought to be at risk.

The regeneration of the populations iscurrently very poor, which is possibly dueto grazing pressure since the trees areproducing good viable seed but thesefail to establish. With some degree ofprotection from grazing it is believed thatthese populations could recover to adegree, however the additional threatfrom construction projects remains. Anintegrated conservation plan for thespecies involving all the stakeholders inthe area is urgently needed.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 19, 22, 30, 34, 48

Acer pentapomicum Stewart exBrandis (1874)DDAfghanistan, India, Pakistan, TajikistanThis species occurs over a wide area butis thought to be locally scarce and is notcurrently known in cultivation.Refs: 2, 18, 20, 30, 34, 35, 44

Acer pictum subsp. pubigerum(Fang) Chen (2008)

Acer pilosum Maximowicz (1880)

VU A2cChina (Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia,Shaanxi, Shanxi)Occurs in low rainfall area, along theYellow River, at risk from desertification,falling watertable and browsing animals.There have been no recent collections(since 1950) and further investigation isneeded.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer pinnatinervium Merrill (1941)

VU A2cChina (Anhui, Zhejiang)Recorded from broadleaf forestsbetween 700-1200m in southern Anhuiand Zhejiang. It is known to occur inprotected areas, but outwith these it isunder threat from urbanisation andhuman pressure leading to habitat lossand degradation.Refs: 1, 30

Acer pictum subsp. taishakuense(Ogata) Ohashi (1993)

VU D1+2Japan (Honshu)Although the subspecies occurs within aprotected area, it has a very smallpopulation with possibly fewer than1000 mature trees in an extremelyrestricted distribution on limestone alongTaishaku-kyo valley (Hiroshimaprefecture, western Honshu, Japan).Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 9, 30, 56, 58, 59, 70


22

VU A2cChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India, LaoPeople's Democratic Republic,Myanmar, Thailand, Viet NamOccurs from Xizang in China to Thailandin mixed forests over a broad altitudinalrange (500-2400m) but under threatfrom habitat loss; recorded asEndangered in China. It is also likely tobe found in northern Laos, but iscurrently unrecorded there.Refs: 1, 15, 30, 47, 48

Acer platanoides subsp.turkestanicum (Pax) de Jong (1988)DDAfghanistan, Islamic Republic of Iran,Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,UzbekistanThis acer is rare in cultivation andthought to be rare in the wild. Howeverthere is a lack of sufficient field data tofully assess the current conservationstatus.Refs: 2, 3, 18, 20, 30, 34, 35, 43, 44

VU A3cChina (Guizhou, Yunnan)Recorded from 3 localities in south-westGuizhou and Yunnan. Occurs onlimestone slopes between 800-1500min degraded habitat with an area ofoccupancy of 2880km2.Refs: 1, 30

Acer pubipetiolatum var.pubipetiolatum

VU A2cChina (Yunnan)Recorded from 6 locations in westernYunnan in valleys between 1900-2600min degraded mixed forests.Refs: 1, 30

Acer poliophyllum Fang & Wu (1979)

EN A2cChina (Guizhou, Yunnan)Fragmented distribution in degradedmixed forests in south-west Guizhou andsouth-east Yunnan, China, between1000-1800m with an area of occupancyof 1386km2.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48

Acer pubipetiolatum var.pingpienense Fang & Hu (1966)

23


Acer pinnatinervum in Gongshan County,Yunnan (Yousheng Chen)

Acer pycnanthum flowers(Westonbirt Arboretum)

Acer pycnanthum Koch (1864)

VU C1Japan (Honshu)A rare acer primarily restricted to discreteseepage and floodplain ecosystems inGifu, Nagano and Aichi prefecturesaround Mount Ena but also found inOmachi City, Nagano prefecture. Thereare an estimated 1000 matureindividuals remaining distributedbetween approximately 60 localities. Thesize of individual populations is typicallysmall – often less than 20 individuals,with the largest consisting of just 300.These populations are under threat fromhabitat loss to development andexpansion of commercial forestry.Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53,54, 55, 68

Acer shihweii Chun & Fang (1966)DDChina (Guizhou)Only known from one collection andfurther research is required to confirm itstaxonomic status. However, it is listed asCritically Endangered in the ChineseSpecies Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer sinopurpurascens Cheng (1931)

VU A2cChina (Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang)An acer with a fragmented distribution inmixed forests between 700-1000macross a heavily developed area of southeast China. It is difficult to propagate andis rare in cultivation but is noted for itsflowers.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 34, 48

Acer skutchii Rehder (1936)

Acer sikkimense Miquel (1867)DDBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India,Myanmar, Nepal, Viet NamA snakebark maple which is consideredVulnerable in China, but also found inadditional countries where itsconservation status is unknown.Refs: 1, 2, 4, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer sino-oblongum Metcalf (1932)

EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)China (Guangdong)An evergreen acer which occurs at lowaltitudes (0-200m) and is only knownfrom 5 populations in Guangdong. Dueto proximity of the populations to urbanareas and the coast, urbanisation andhabitat loss are the main threat to theremaining area of occupancy (442km2).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48


24

Acer sinopurpurascens leaves(Westonbirt Arboretum)

EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila,Jalisco, Tamaulipas)Occurs as 5 disjunct populations, 4 inMexico and 1 in Guatemala in cloudforest and along rivers in rainforest. Localuses include it as a source of sugar andalso for construction. Previously knownas and still considered by some to beAcer saccharum ssp. skutchii. Listed asthreatened in Mexico and as a Category2 threatened species by CONAP(Consejo Nacional de Áreas protegidas)in Guatemala.Refs: 18, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 47, 49

Acer sutchuenense Franchet (1894)

EN A2cChina (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan)Occurs in small fragmented populationsin central China, some of which occur inprotected areas of mixed forestsbetween 1000-2500m.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 47, 48

CR B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v)China (Sichuan)Found in very small population in mixedforests between 1400-1700m, inNanchuan County of Sichuan with anarea of occupancy of 9km2. The area isheavily developed and there isconsiderable pressure on the remainingpopulation; it is not known in cultivation.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer tenellum var. tenellum Pax(1889)

EN A2cChina (Hubei, Sichuan)Recorded from very small populations inmixed forests in valleys between 1200-1900m in western Hubei and easternSichuan. It is not known in cultivation.Refs: 1, 30, 48

Acer sycopseoides Chun. (1932)

EN A2cChina (Guangxi, Guizhou)Recorded from forests in smallpopulations at relatively low altitudes andunder threat from habitat loss anddegradation. Has not been collectedrecently although it has been looked for,but more extensive search is requiredbefore revising its conservation statushigher than Endangered.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30

Acer tenellum var. septemlobum(Fang & Soong) Fang & Soong (1979)

25


Acer tenellum samara (Westonbirt Arboretum)

Acer thomsonii Miquel (1867)DDBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Assam, Manipur, Sikkim), Myanmar,Nepal, ThailandListed as Critically Endangered in China,however this represents only a minorpart of the full range of the species.Refs: 1, 4, 15, 16, 18, 30, 38, 48

Acer tibetense Fang (1939)

EN B2ab(ii)China (Xizang)Recorded from a single county in south-east Xizang in mixed forests in valleysbetween 1600-2700m. There have beenno recent expeditions to the area toconfirm in detail its current status, butwith an area of occupancy of 410km2

and deforestation occurring in the area,the species is threatened.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

VU A2cChina (Gansu, Henan, Shaanxi)Occurs in sparse forests between 1200-1500m in south-east Gansu, south-westHenan and Shaanxi, in an area of habitatdegradation and loss. The species issimilar to Acer sterculiaceum ssp.franchetii and there is debate over itstaxonomic status (Xu et al., 2008).Refs: 1, 16, 30, 34

Acer tutcheri var. shimadai Hayata(1911)DDTaiwanVery few herbarium specimens areknown and there is some uncertaintyabout its current taxonomic status.Refs: 1, 2, 30

Acer undulatum Pojark

Acer tonkinense Lecomte (1912)NTChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang,Yunnan), Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet NamNot common in China, where it occursmostly outwith the protected areasystem and in agricultural areas, and islisted as Endangered. Also found inMyanmar, Thailand and northern VietNam, it is also likely to be found in Laos.It can be locally abundant but has arestricted distribution and underpressure from land use changes. Thespecies nearly meets VU A2c.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 34, 37, 47, 48

Acer triflorum Komarov (1901)DDChina (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning),Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of KoreaSome wild populations are threatened bypoor seed viability. The species is listed asVulnerable in China but occurs elsewhere.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer tsinlingense Fang & Hsieh (1966)


26

Acer tsinlingense in Zhuxi County,Hubei (Q. L. Gan)

Acer thomsonii (Yousheng Chen)

CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)TurkeyOnly known from one location; the topof Babadag Mountain near Fethiye in theprovince of Mugla, Turkey. With Fethiyebeing one of the top tourist destinationsin Turkey and Babadag Mountain alsobeing popular, combined with thespecies having an extent of occurenceof approximately 10km2 - the species isof serious conservation concern. Furthertaxonomic research is required in orderto confirm Acer undulatum is distinctfrom Acer hyrcanum.Assessor: Prof. Dr Adil GünerRefs: 12, 13, 65

Acer wangchii Fang (1966)VU B1ab(iii)China (Guangxi, Guizhou)A very rare species known from 4collected specimens in northern Guangxiand Guizhou. Occurs in an area of highhabitat disturbance with an extent ofoccurence of 18,940km2. Further researchwould help establish whether this speciesis more threatened than Vulnerable. Listedas Acer wangii and Endangered byChinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Acer wardii Smith (1977)

at both Beijing Botanic Garden andKunming Botanic Garden to establish anex situ conservation programme. ByFebruary 2009, germination had been verysuccessful at both gardens making thefuture of the Yangbi Maple far moresecure. Further research on theseseedlings is currently being carried out tobetter understand the species and itsgenetic variation with the view tosupporting reinforcement of the naturalpopulation and the long term conservationof this highly threatened maple.Refs: 1, 16, 30, 48, 61, 62

Acer yinkunii Fang (1966)DDChina (Guangxi)The species description is currentlybased on a single specimen andtaxonomically it is close to Acer fabri. Ifthe taxonomy is confirmed, it is likely thatit is Endangered and is already so listedby the Chinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

DDChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Assam),MyanmarA snakebark maple listed as Endangeredin China, but also found in India andMyanmar.Refs: 1, 2, 15, 16, 18, 30, 47

Acer yangbiense Chen & Yang (2003)

CR B1ab(v)+2ab(v); DChina (Yunnan)The highly threatened Yangbi Maple(Acer yangbiense Chen & Yang) is one ofthe newest maples to be named byscientists, and was only described in2003. With a very restricted distribution,it is only known from a single area in avalley on the western slopes of Mt.Cangshan, Yangbi, northwest Yunnan,China. When the site was visited in2002, the population consisted of nomore than 10 trees near a small village.However when the location was revisitedin 2007, only 4 trees were found toremain scattered in secondary forest.

In the spring of 2008, Yousheng Chencarried out hand pollination trials on the 4Yangbi Maples. When the site wasrevisited later in 2008, it was found that thepollination had been successful withsignificant seed set. Some 3000 seedswere then collected for germination trials

27


Acer yangbiense seedlings in BeijingBotanic Garden (Yousheng Chen)

Acer yui Fang (1939)

EN B2ab(ii,iv)China (Gansu, Sichuan)Recorded from mixed forests in valleysin southern Gansu and north-westSichuan between 1800-2000m. Thespecies has a fragmented distributionwith an area of occupancy of 366km2

and is under threat from continuedhabitat degradation and loss.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 48

Dipteronia dyeriana Henry (1903)

EN B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv)China (Yunnan), Viet NamDipteronia species are closely related toacers and are placed in the same family(Aceraceae). This species is recordedfrom forests between 2000-2500m insouth-east Yunnan. The fragmentedpopulation has an area of occupancy of296km2, potentially its distribution couldextend in to northern Viet Nam. Thespecies is under threat from extensivedeforestation; it is grown for itsornamental value and as a source of oil.Refs: 1, 14, 16, 30, 34, 48

Dipteronia sinensis Oliver (1889)NTChina (Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan)Occurs in scattered populations inmountane areas of central and south-west China. It is under threat fromdeforestation and poor regeneration. Itnearly meets VU A2c.Refs: 1, 14, 16, 18, 30, 34, 48


28

Dipteronia sinensis leaves (Douglas Gibbs)

MAPLES EVALUATED AS LEASTCONCERN

Acer acuminatum Wallich ex D. Don(1825)China, India, Nepal, PakistanRefs: 1, 2, 4, 18, 20, 30, 34, 35, 48

Acer amplum subsp. amplumChinaRefs: 1, 30, 34, 48

Acer amplum subsp. bodinieri(Léveillé) Chen (2008)China, Viet NamRefs: 1, 30, 34, 48

Acer amplum subsp. tientaiense(Schneider) Chen (2008)ChinaAlthough few specimens have beencollected, it is thought to be widespreadand relatively common.Refs: 1, 18, 30, 34

Acer argutum Maximowicz (1867)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer barbatum Michx. (1803)United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47

Acer barbinerve Maximowicz ex Miquel(1867)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Russian FederationClosely related to Acer argutum andrecorded as Near Threatened on theChina Species Red List (2004), but alsofound in Russia and North Korea. Notthought to be common in cultivation.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer buergerianum var. buergerianumMiquel (1865)ChinaAn important species to horticulture inChina, Japan, Korea and Taiwan where itis used in gardens, landscaping andbonsai.Refs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34

Acer cappadocicum subsp.cappadocicum Gleddisch (1785)Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China,Georgia, India, Islamic Republic of Iran,Nepal, Pakistan, TurkeyListed as Vulnerable in China but itoccurs over a huge range from Turkey toChina.Refs: 1, 2, 4, 16, 18, 30, 34, 42, 43, 44,47

Acer cappadocicum subsp. sinicum(Rehder) Handel-Mazzetti (1933)ChinaA common subspecies endemic toChina.Refs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer carpinifolium Siebold & Zuccarini(1875)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer caudatum Wallich (1831)Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, NepalNative to alpine forests over a broadaltitudinal range (1700-4000m) acrosslarge parts of China, Myanmar and theHimalayas.Refs: 1, 2, 4, 15, 16, 18, 30, 34, 35, 47

Acer circinatum Pursh (1814)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer cissifolium (Siebold & Zuccarini)Koch (1864)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 30, 34, 47

Acer cordatum var. cordatum Pax(1889)ChinaRefs: 1, 2, 30

Acer cordatum var. dimorphifolium(Metcalf) Chen (2008)ChinaRefs: 1, 30

Acer caesium Wallich ex Brandis (1874)China, India, Nepal, PakistanOccurs in mountain forests in Sichuanand Yunnan provinces, China at 2000-3000m where it is listed as NearThreatened. This species has a disjunctdistribution and does not occur in Sikkimor Bhutan but is reported from thewestern part of Nepal and also Kashmir.Refs: 1, 2, 4, 16, 18, 20, 30, 34, 35, 47

Acer campbellii var. campbelliiBhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal,Viet NamOccurs over a wide area, often nearrivers and streams and up to relativelyhigh altitudes. In north India and Nepal itmay be under localised pressure and asa result be locally threatened.Refs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 37

Acer campbellii var. serratifoliumBanerji (1961)Bhutan, China, India, NepalAs with the other variety of Acercampbellii, the conservation status ofthis variety is Least Concern over itsrange but may be locally under threat innorth India and Nepal.Refs: 1, 30

Acer campestre L. (1753)Continental Europe, UK, Western Asiaand North AfricaVery commonly growing as a shrub,thriving in thickets, sometimes as a treein the hills or plains, often asundergrowth in forests. Acer campestreis one of the few European species,widespread and indigenous to almost allEuropean countries, except Scandinaviaand Finland. It is rare in the southernparts of Spain and Portugal, but occursin North Africa and western Asia.Refs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 42, 43, 44

Acer capillipes Maximowicz (1867)JapanRed Snakebark Maple is widely valuedto horticulture due to the attractivestriped bark and autumnal leaf colour.Refs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34

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Acer coriaceifolium Léveillé (1912)ChinaAn evergreen tropical acer from Chinaand Taiwan.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 34

Acer crataegifolium Siebold &Zuccarini (1845)JapanCommon in temperate deciduousforests, usually growing in open placessuch as along mountain paths, streamsand in young secondary forests. It is asnakebark maple but rare in cultivation.Refs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer davidii Franchet (1885)China, MyanmarA popular species known for its snake-like bark and autumnal leaf colour.Refs: 1, 2, 15, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer diabolicum Blume ex Koch (1864)JapanAssessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 2, 9, 58

Acer distylum Siebold & Zuccarini(1845)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer duplicatoserratum var.chinense Chang (1990)ChinaRefs: 1, 2, 30

Acer elegantulum Fang & Chiu (1979)ChinaAn Acer from mountainous forests andvalleys in southern and eastern China,but debate exists with regards to thisspecies relationship to Acer pubinervefrom which it is difficult to distinguish (Xuet al., 2008). Listed as Vulnerable in theChinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 30, 34

Acer erianthum Schwerin (1901)ChinaRefs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer henryi Pax (1889)ChinaRefs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer hyrcanum Fisher & Meyer (1837)Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosniaand Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,Georgia, Greece, Islamic Republic ofIran, Lebanon, Montenegro, Serbia,Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, UkraineRefs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 43, 44, 47

Acer japonicum Thunberg ex Murray(1784)JapanA common acer in Japan. Acerjaponicum is found extensively incultivation with many cultivars knownalthough not nearly as many as Acerpalmatum. However, the true form of thespecies is not readily available.Refs: 1, 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer laevigatum var. laevigatumBhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal,Viet NamRefs: 1, 2, 4, 18, 30, 37

Acer laevigatum var. salweenense(Smith) Cowan ex Fang (1939)China, MyanmarRefs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 47

Acer laurinum Hasskarl (1843)Cambodia, China (Guangxi, Hainan,Xizang, Yunnan), India (Assam),Indonesia, Lao People's DemocraticRepublic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,Philippines, Thailand, Viet NamA significant evergreen tropical tree (25-30m tall) occuring over a wide area andthe only acer known to naturally occur inthe southern hemisphere. However,despite its range and significance it hasbeen subject to relatively little taxonomicresearch and potentially could be morethan one species or subspecies.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38, 48

Acer laxiflorum Pax (1902)ChinaRefs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer fabri Hance (1884)China, Viet NamRefs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 37, 47

Acer flabellatum Rehder (1905)China, Myanmar, Viet NamRefs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 36, 37, 47

Acer forrestii Diels (1912)China, Viet NamA snakebark maple listed as NearThreatened in the Chinese Species RedList (2004).Refs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer glabrum var. diffusum (Greene)Smiley (1971)United States of AmericaRefs: 7, 8, 18, 30, 45, 47

Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.)Dippel (1892)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer glabrum var. glabrumCanada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 7, 8, 18, 34, 45, 47

Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum(Greene) Kearney & Peebles (1939)United States of AmericaRefs: 7, 8, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer glabrum var. torreyi (Greene)Smiley (1921)United States of AmericaRefs: 18, 30, 34, 45, 47

Acer grandidentatum Nutt. (1938)Canada, Mexico, United States ofAmericaThis taxon is considered by some to bea synonym of Acer saccharum subsp.grandidentatum (Nutt.) Desmarais.Refs: 2, 7, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer heldreichii Orphanides ex Boissier(1856)Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia,Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, TurkeyRefs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 47


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Acer longipes Franchet ex Rehder(1905)ChinaListed as Vulnerable in the ChineseSpecies Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer lucidum Metcalf (1932)ChinaWidely distributed but overall not acommon species and listed asVulnerable in the Chinese Species RedList (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 48

Acer macrophyllum Pursh (1814)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 47, 49

Acer mandshuricum Maximowicz(1867)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of Korea, RussianFederationRefs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer maximowiczianum Miquel (1867)China, JapanVery fragmented distributed in China, butwith some good sized populations.Refs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer maximowiczii Pax (1899)ChinaRefs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer micranthum Siebold & Zuccarini(1845)JapanKomine Maple (Acer micranthum) is asnakebark maple only occasionallygrown outside of Japan.Refs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer monspessulanum L. (1753)Albania, Andorra, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France,Germany, Greece, Italy, Lebanon,Portugal, Republic of Macedonia,Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia,Spain, TurkeyRefs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer oblongum var. oblongum Wallichex D.C. (1824)Bhutan, China, India, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand, Viet NamRefs: 1, 30

Acer obtusifolium Sibthorp & Smith(1809)Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, PalestinianTerritory, Syrian Arab Republic, TurkeyRefs: 2, 34

Acer oliverianum Pax (1889)China, Taiwan, Viet NamRefs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 36, 47

Acer opalus Miller (1766)Albania, Algeria, Croatia, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Serbia,Slovenia, Spain, SwitzerlandRefs: 2, 3, 18, 34, 47

Acer palmatum Thunberg ex Murray(1784)Japan, Republic of Korea, TaiwanWidespread in Japan, Korea, Taiwanand eastern China, but listed asVulnerable in China. Commonly referredto as Japanese Maple, this acer hasbeen in cultivation for centuries and itsnumerous cultivars are widely available.Refs: 1, 2, 9, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer paxii Franchet (1886)ChinaVery common along rivers in montaneforests, but listed as Vulnerable inChinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer pectinatum subsp. pectinatumBhutan, China, India, Myanmar, NepalA snakebark maple from the Himalayas.Refs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34

Acer pectinatum subsp. taronense(Handel-Mazzetti) Murray (1977)Bhutan, China, India, MyanmarA snakebark maple from the Himalayas.Refs: 1, 2, 4, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer morifolium Koidzumi (1914)JapanRestricted to Yakushima Island in theRyukyu chain of islands. Although thissnakebark maple is very restricted indistribution (400km2), it is locallyabundant and not considered to beunder threat.Assessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 2, 9, 30, 34, 47

Acer negundo subsp. californicum(Torrey & Gray) Wesmael (1890)United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47

Acer negundo subsp. interius (Britton)A. & D. Loeve (1954)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer negundo subsp. negundo L.(1753)Canada, Guatemala, Mexico, UnitedStates of AmericaAcer negundo has become naturalisedin China and invasive in Australia alongwatercourses, in wet forests, alongroadsides and in disturbed sites withmoist soil. In its native range, ManitobaMaple or Box Elder is utilised for both itstimber and also as a source of maplesyrup.Refs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer nigrum Michx. f.Canada, United States of AmericaThis maple is considered by some to bea synonym of Acer saccharum subsp.nigrum (F. Michx.) Desmarais. It iscommonly known as Black Maple and isutilised for its timber and also as asource of Maple Syrup.Refs: 7, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer nipponicum Hara (1938)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

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Acer pensylvanicum L. (1753)Canada, United States of AmericaStriped Maple (Acer pensylvanicum) isthe only snakebark maple which is fromNorth America, all other snakebarkmaples are from Asia.Refs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer pictum subsp. dissectum(Wesm.) H. Ohashi (1993)JapanAssessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 9, 30, 59

Acer pictum subsp. glaucum (Koidz.)H. Ohashi (1993)JapanAssessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 9, 30, 58, 59

Acer pictum subsp. macropterum(Fang) Ohashi (1993)ChinaLimited distribution but quite commonand occurs at high elevation.Refs: 1, 30, 34, 59

Acer pictum subsp. mayriiJapan, Russian FederationRefs: 9, 18, 30, 58, 59

Acer pictum subsp. mono(Maximowicz) Ohashi (1993)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic ofKorea, Russian FederationRefs: 1, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer pictum subsp. pictumDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea,Japan, Republic of KoreaRefs: 1, 9, 18, 30, 34, 59

Acer pictum subsp. savatieri (Pax) H.Ohashi (1993)JapanAssessor: Dr Ikuyo SaekiRefs: 9, 30, 58, 59

Acer rubrum L. (1753)Canada, United States of AmericaRed Maple (Acer rubrum) is widelyutilised for its timber.Refs: 2, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer rufinerve Siebold & Zuccarini(1845)JapanA Japanese snakebark maple which iscommonly grown in gardens with severalcultivars available.Refs: 1, 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer saccharinum L. (1753)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer saccharum Marsh. (1785)Canada, United States of AmericaSugar maple (Acer saccharum) is grownfor both timber and as a source of maplesyrup.Refs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer sempervirens L. (1753)Greece, Lebanon, TurkeyRefs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer serrulatum Hayata (1911)TaiwanVery common in forest at low to mediumaltitude, but listed as Vulnerable in theChinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 5, 16, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer shenkanense Fang (1981)ChinaRefs: 1, 30, 34, 48

Acer shirasawanum Koidzumi (1911)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer sieboldianum Miquel (1865)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer pictum subsp. tricuspis (Rehder)Ohashi (1993)ChinaRefs: 1, 30, 34, 59

Acer platanoides subsp. platanoidesL. (1753)Continental Europe, Scandinavia andWestern AsiaNorway Maple is a common ornamentaltree with many cultivars and widely usedin urban environments. It has becomenaturalised in North America where it isconsidered invasive and a threat tonative forests.Refs: 2, 18, 30, 34

Acer pseudoplatanus L. (1753)Continental Europe and The CaucasusSycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) is apopular ornamental tree, widely grown ingardens and urban environments due itis pollution tolerance, and growncommercially for its timber. It hasnaturalised north of its native range inEurope (e.g. UK and Scandanavia), alsoin North America, New Zealand and inAustralia.Refs: 2, 3, 18, 30, 34, 42

Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax)Komarov (1904)Republic of Korea, Russian FederationRefs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47, 48

Acer pubinerve Rehder (1907)ChinaDebate exists with regards to thisspecies’ relationship to Acer elegantulumfrom which it is difficult to distinguish (Xuet al., 2008).Refs: 1, 16, 30, 34

Acer robustum Pax (1902)ChinaRecorded as Near Threatened in theChinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 48


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Acer sinense Pax (1889)ChinaThis taxon is considered by some to bea synonym of Acer campbellii subsp.sinense (Pax) de Jong.Refs: 1, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer spicatum Lam. (1786)Canada, United States of AmericaRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 45, 47, 49

Acer stachyophyllum Hiern (1875)Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, NepalRefs: 1, 2, 4, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer sterculiaceum subsp. franchetii(Pax) Murray (1969)China, Viet NamRefs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34, 35, 47

Acer sterculiaceum subsp.sterculiaceum Wallich (1830)Bhutan, China, IndiaRefs: 1, 2, 4, 18, 30, 35

Acer tataricum subsp. aidzuense(Franchet) de Jong (1988)JapanRefs: 2, 9, 18, 30, 34

Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala(Maximowicz) Wesmael (1890)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic ofKorea, Russian FederationRefs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34, 42, 47

Acer tataricum subsp. semenovii(Regel & Herder) Murray (1982)Afghanistan, China, Russian Federation,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanRefs: 1, 2, 18, 30, 34, 42, 44

Acer tataricum subsp. tataricum L.(1753)Austria, Hungary, Montenegro,Romania, Serbia, Turkey, UkraineRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer velutinum Boissier (1846)Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, IslamicRepublic of Iran, Russian Federation,TurkeyRefs: 2, 18, 30, 34, 43, 44, 47

Acer wilsonii Rehder (1905)China, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet NamRecorded as Vulnerable in China, butfound more widely.Refs: 1, 15, 16, 18, 30, 34, 38, 47

Acer tataricum subsp. theiferum(Fang) Chen & de Jong (2008)ChinaRefs: 1, 30

Acer tegmentosum Maximowicz (1857)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of Korea, RussianFederationA snakebark maple listed as Vulnerablein the Chinese Species Red List (2004).Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 42, 47, 48

Acer truncatum Bunge (1833)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of KoreaRecorded as Near Threatened by theChinese Species Red List (2004), but oneof the more common Acers in China.Refs: 1, 2, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

Acer tschonoskii Maxim. (1886)JapanAcer tschonoskii, a snakebark maple, isconsidered by some to include twosubspecies, but in this publicationA. tschonoskii subsp. koreanumis considered to be a synonym ofA. komarovii leaving A. tschonoskiiMaxim. subsp. tschonoskii to be treatedas A. tschonoskii Maxim.Refs: 2, 9, 18, 30

Acer tutcheri var. tutcheri Duthie (1908)ChinaRefs: 1, 30

Acer ukurunduense Trautvetter &Meyer (1856)China, Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Japan, Republic of Korea,Russian FederationListed as Vulnerable in China but occursmore widely. This taxon is considered bysome to be a subspecies of Acercaudatum, i.e. Acer caudatum subsp.ukurunduense (Trautvetter & Meyer)Murray.Refs: 1, 9, 16, 18, 30, 34, 47

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Acer pentaphyllum in Kangding County, Sichuan (Yousheng Chen)


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54. Saeki, I. (2005b) Ecological occurrence of theendangered Japanese red maple, Acer pycnanthum: baseline for ecosystem conservation. Landscape andEcological Engineering Vol. 1 pp. 135-147

55. Saeki, I. (2008) Sexual reproductive biology of theendangered Japanese red maple (Acer pycnanthum).Ecol. Res. Vol: 23 pp. 719-727

56. Ministry of the Environment (2007) Red list of plants andRed Data Book. http://www.biodic.go.jp/rdb/rdb_f.html (InJapanese)

57. Shimabuku, K. (1997) Check List Vascular Flora of theRyukyu Islands. (In Japanese) Kyushu University

58. Ogata, K. (1965) A dendrological study on the JapaneseAceraceae, with special reference to the geographicaldistribution. Bull Tokyo Univ Forests 60 pp. 1-99

59. Ohashi, H. (1993) Nomenclature of Acer pictumThunberg ex Murray and its Infraspecific Taxa (Aceraceae).Journal of Japanese Botany Vol: 68 pp. 315-325

60. Charco García, J. (2008) Guia de los árboles y arbustosautóctonos de Castilla-La Mancha.

61. Chen, Y. & Yang, Q. (2003) Acer yangbiense(Aceraceae), a New Species from Yunnan, China. Novon13 pp. 296-299

62. Sun, W. & Yin, Q. (in press) Ex-Situ Conserving theYangbi maple Acer yangbiense, Only 4 IndividualsRestricted to Yunnan Province, Southwest, China. Oryx

63. Güner, A. (2008) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acercappadocicum ssp. divergens. Submitted to BGCI

64. Stritch, L. (2008) Red List Assessment Datasheet forAcer glabrum var. greenei. Submitted to BGCI

65. Güner, A. (2008) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acerundulatum. Submitted to BGCI

66. Saeki, I. (2009) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acermiyabei var. miyabei. Submitted to BGCI

67. Saeki, I. (2009) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acermiyabei var. shibatai. Submitted to BGCI

68. Saeki, I. (2009) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acerpycnanthum. Submitted to BGCI

69. Saeki, I. (2009) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Aceroblongum var. itoanum. Submitted to BGCI

70. Saeki, I. (2009) Red List Assessment Datasheet for Acerpictum ssp taishakuense. Submitted to BGCI

71. McNamara, W. (2001) Acer pentaphyllum. QuarryhillBotanical Garden. Accessed 20/02/2008http://www.quarryhillbg.org/acerpentaphyllum.html

37


(2406); Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy ofSciences and Arts, Institute of Biology, FloVegSI - Floristical andfitocenological database of ZRC SAZU (2585); SysTax, (1875);Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum (1509); United StatesNational Plant Germplasm System Collection (1429);Universidad de Almería, HUAL (244); Universidad de Oviedo.Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO(245); University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR Provider (1413);University of Alabama Herbarium (UNA) (775); University ofColorado Museum (758); University of Washington BurkeMuseum. WTU Herbarium Vascular Plant Collection. Seattle,Washington. (126); USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, BatonRouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (1066); Utah State University,USU-UTC Specimen Database (1508); Willing, E. (Ed.) 1978 -(continuously updated): Herbarium collection of Eckhard Willingat the Herbarium Berolinense (B). (1096).

* Biodiversity occurrence data was accessed through GBIF DataPortal (http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/dataset_number)on 16/05/2008 in support of the conservation assessments[dataset number is given in brackets]:

ACEDO C. et LLAMAS F. (2006 onwards) LEB Vascular PlantsCollections Online Databases. (8003); Anerkennung derLeistungen der ehrenamtlichen Kartierer der Flora Deutschlands(1098); Arizona State University, International Institute forSpecies Exploration, Arizona State University Vascular PlantHerbarium (676) & The Deaver Herbarium, Northern ArizonaUniversity (678); BDBCV BioBlitz in Penyagolosa (Castellón,Spain) (1761); Biologiezentrum Linz Oberoesterreich,Biologiezentrum Linz (1104); Canadian Museum of NatureHerbarium (The National Herbarium of Canada) (123);Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien,Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassinparisien. (1103); Dpto de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal(herbario_cofc).Facultad de Ciencias.Universidad de Córdoba(292); EUNIS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris;Harvard University Herbaria (1827); Herbario de la Universidadde Arizona, EUA (2479); Herbario de la Universidad deSalamanca (SALA) (239); Herbario del Instituto de Ecología,A.C., México (IE-BAJIO) (1595); Herbario del Instituto deEcología, A.C., México (IE-XAL) (1597); Herbario Universidad deMálaga (MGC). Herbarium collections online databases. (8105);Herbarium (ALA), University of Alaska Museum of the North,Fairbanks, AK. (975); Herbarium HSS. Centro de InvestigaciónLa Orden-Valdesequera. (291); Hortus Botanicus SollerensisHerbarium (FBonafè) (300); Institut Botanic de Barcelona, BC(299); Karl Franzens University of Graz, Insitute for Botany -Herbarium GZU, Herbarium GZU (1491); Lund BotanicalMuseum (LD) (1028); Martín-Consuegra, E. et al. (2005). COAcollections online databases. (247); Missouri Botanical Garden(621); National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, HerbariumSpecimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, HyogoPref., Japan (589); National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, PlantObservation Records of Japan (2547); National ScienceMuseum of Korea, National Science Museum of Korea Plant(908); Natural History Museum, Vienna - Herbarium W,Herbarium W (1479); Oregon State University Herbarium(OSC) (622); Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular PlantHerbarium (MA) (240) ; Ree, R. H., Boufford, D. E. B, and Kelley,S. L. 2007. Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains(http://hengduan.huh.harvard.edu/fieldnotes) (1828); Ruiz, T.(2005) Vascular collection herbarium online database inExtremadura (255); Schulman, L. 2008. Collection database ofthe Botanic Garden. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki.

Leaves and flower of Acer miyabei var. shibatai in Naganoprefecture, central Honshu, Japan (Ikuyo Saeki)


38

EXTINCT (EX)A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the lastindividual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustivesurveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failedto record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive incultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wildwhen exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, atappropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historicrange have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over atime-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for CriticallyEndangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to befacing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see SectionV), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk ofextinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), andit is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction inthe wild.

NEAR THREATENED (NT)A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against thecriteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered orVulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify fora threatened category in the near future.

LEAST CONCERN (LC)A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against thecriteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa areincluded in this category.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information tomake a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction basedon its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this categorymay be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriatedata on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this categoryindicates that more information is required and acknowledges thepossibility that future research will show that threatened classificationis appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever dataare available. In many cases great care should be exercised inchoosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of ataxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerableperiod of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,threatened status may well be justified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluatedagainst the criteria.

THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it istherefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size

reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,

pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may

ANNEX 1IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA

39


not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), basedon (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, and where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in

any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three

years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, innumbers of mature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a-b):(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than50 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,



40

2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes maynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), basedon (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more thanfive locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five

years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whicheveris the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are:clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat


(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causesmaynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥30%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to amaximum of 100 years), basedon (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased ORmay not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,

and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any

of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10

years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of thefollowing:1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000mature

individuals.

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typicallyless than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)such that it is prone to the effects of human activities orstochastic events within a very short time period in anuncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming CriticallyEndangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 10% within 100 years.

Source: IUCN (2001)

For further information please contact:

BGCIDescanso House199 Kew Road, RichmondSurrey, TW9 3BWUnited KingdomTel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956E-mail: [email protected]: www.bgci.org

Fauna & Flora International4th Floor, Jupiter House,Station Road, Cambridge,CB1 2JD United KingdomTel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481E-mail: [email protected]: www.fauna-flora.orgwww.globaltrees.org

The Red List of

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