DOPING AND ITS EFFECTSBy Radhika D Prabhu

Dope” – from Dutch word ‘Dop’ – an

alcoholic beverage from grape skins, used

by Zulu warriors to enhance their power in

battle.

Doping is usually considered to be the

deliberate or accidental use by athletes

of substances or techniques that may

enhance performance.

WADA – World Anti-Doping Agency

• Established in 1999 • HQ – Montreal, Canada

• Created to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms.

• 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have signed up with WADA

Definition

Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule violations:

• Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample

• Tampering with any part of the doping control process

• Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified

• Trafficking a prohibited substance or method

• Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method

• Possession of a prohibited substance or method

• Failure to file athlete where abouts information & missed tests

• Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an athlete

• Complicity in an ADRV Prohibited Association with sanctioned Athlete Support Personnel

India ranks 3rd for third year in a row in WADA doping charts

• Report published by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for 2015 with 117 athletes from the country being punished after testing positive for banned substances.

• Two are non-analytical ADRVs

• Out of the 115 analytical ADRVs, 78 are committed by male athletes while 37 are by female.

Why are they banned?

• Health Concerns

• Ethical Concerns

• Legal Concerns

Classification

Performance

Stimulants

Caffine

Amphetamines

Cocaine

Build Muscle /bone

Anabolic steroids

Beta -2 Agonists

hCG

LH

hGH

IGF-1

Insulin

Relaxants

Alcohol

Beta- blockers

Cannabinoids

Mask Pain

Narcotics

ACTH

Cortisone

Localanesthetics

Increase Oxygen delivery

EPO

Blood Doping

Artificial oxygen carriers

Reduce Weight

Diuretics

Mask drug use

Diuretics

Epitestosterone

Plasma expanders

secretion inhibitors

Category Class Examples

Stimulants Caffeine -

Amphetamines -

Cocaine -

Build muscle/bone Anabolic steroids Testerone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione

Beta -2 Agonists Salbutamol, fenoterol

Relaxants Alcohol -

Beta- blockers Labetalol, betaxolol

Cannabinoids marijuana and hashish

Mask pain Narcotics Morphine , methadone, heroin

ACTH -

Cortisone -

Local anesthetics Novacaine, procaine

Increase Oxygen delivery EPO -

Blood Doping -

Artificial oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbons, synthetic or modified haemoglobin

Reduce weight Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide

Mask drug Use Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide

Epitestosterone -

Plasma expanders Albumex, Gelofusine, Haemaccel

Secretion inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone

Build Muscle and Bone

Anabolic Steroids

• In Males

• Baldness

• Aggression

• Breast development

• High blood pressure

In Females

Stimulate hair growth on the face and body

Suppress or interfere with menstrual cycle,

possibly leading to infertility

Thicken the vocal cords, which causes the

voice to deepen, possibly permanently

If pregnant, interfere with the developing

fetus

Mostly testosterone and its derivatives

Peptide Hormones, and others

E.g. Human Growth Hormone

Hormone taken in an attempt to increase size and strength of muscles.

Protein Synthesis, Bone Growth and Breakdown of fat.

Health risks include:

• acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very large

• problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train or compete

• diabetes

Cntd…

• Insulin and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1)

• Metabolism of starches, sugars, fats and proteins.

• Stimulates protein synthesis and reduces fat

Side Effect :

• Low blood sugar

Mask Pain

Narcotic Analgesics

E.g. heroin, morphine

These are strong painkillers used by athletes to mask the pain of injury.

These can affect the athlete in the following ways:

• a loss of balance

• decreased ability to concentrate

• sleepiness

• breathing becomes slower

• nausea and vomiting

• further aggravation of injury

Increase Oxygen Delivery – BLOOD DOPING

Erythropoietin (EPO)

• Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase oxygen uptake.

• Health risks include:

• thickening blood

• clots, thrombosis

• stroke or heart-failure

Effects of Blood Doping

• Flaws in technique can lead to complications ranging from

bacterial infections to fatal reactions.

• The sharing of needles or blood can lead to diseases such as

hepatitis or HIV.

Stimulants

• A rise in body temperature

• The body having difficulty cooling down

• Faster breathing

• Increase in blood pressure

• Problems with coordination and balance

• Violent and aggressive behaviour

Diuretics

The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to:

• Faint and become dizzy

• Get headaches

• Feel nauseous

• Lose coordination and balance

• Get cramps

• Have kidney and heart failure

Relaxants

Beta Blockers

Beta Blockers act to:

• lower blood pressure

• slow the heart rate

• steady hand movement

They may cause:

• harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma

• depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression

• sexual dysfunction

• tiredness

Alcohol

Involvement in sport may actually

encourage alcohol consumption:

• after game drinks to celebrate wins or commiserate losses

• after training drinks

• spectator consumption of alcohol during sporting events

• sporting stars promoting alcohol

• sports events sponsored by alcohol companies

The link between alcohol and the sporting culture is very strong, therefore young athletes may be vulnerable to the misuse of alcohol.

Caffeine

• Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to hide how tired they are feeling.

Covering up this feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness.

Caffeine is also responsible for:

• a small increase in blood pressure

• a small increase in body temperature

• an increase in how often a person may need to go to the toilet (diuresis)

• making it more difficult to fall asleep

• headaches is some athletes

Mask Drug Use

Secretion Inhibitors

• Eg . sulfinpyrazone and related compounds

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Allergic reactions and

• Kidney problems

In 2000, discus thrower Seema

Antil was stripped of her gold

medal at the World Junior

Championships and issued a

public warning by her national

federation for testing positive for

psuedoephedrine, a

sympathomimetic drug often

used as a nasal/sinus

decongestant and stimulant.

In 2010, shot putter Saurabh Vij got a

two-year ban for testing positive for

banned stimulant Methylhexaneamine.

In 2011, sprinter

Jauna Murmu tested

positive for

Methandienone in an

out of competition and

was subsequently

handed a two-year

doping ban.

India's hopes for the

upcoming Rio Olympics

2016 suffered a huge

setback when wrestler

Narsingh Yadav was tested

positive for banned

substances by the National

Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).

References

• Anti-Doping Important Facts and Highlights from WADA’s Athlete Guide

• Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis pp 99-126, Part of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 195)

• V. Birzniece, Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2015 , Pages 239–248

• David J Handelsman, Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport, Endotext[Internet], 2015

• Website:

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