dong guo-analysis of global marine environmental …€¦ · pollution and prevention and control...

AnalysisofGlobalMarineEnvironmental

PollutionandPreventionandControlofMarinePollution

TreballFinaldeGrau

FacultatdeNàuticadeBarcelonaUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya

Treballrealitzatper:DongGuo

Dirigitper:XavierMartinezOsés

Grauen:NauticalEngineeringandMaritimeTransport

Barcelona,26/02/2017

Departamentde.......................

AnalysisofGlobalMarineEnvironmentalPollutionandPreventionandControlofMarinePollution

i


ii


iii

AcknowledgementsThegraduationthesiscanbesuccessfullycompleted, Iwould liketoexpressmydeepgratitudetomysupervisor!Atthesametime,myclassmatesalsogavemealotofhelp,alsothankstothem!

ThankstomysupervisorXavierMartinezOsés, ifwithoutyourcarefulguidance,there isnosuccessfulcompletionofthispaper.

Thankstothehelpofmyclassmates,isyourpatiencetohelpmesuccessfullycompletedthepaper.

Thanks to all the professorswho have taughtme, your teaching and help has providedmewith thewritingmaterialformypaper.

AlsothankstomyuniversityFaculidaddeNauticadeBarcelona,yougavemethisplatformsoIknewsomany good professors and classmates. And also you gave me a memorable experience of studyingabroad.

Thankstoeveryone！


iv

AbstractTheocean,theoriginoflife,thetotalareaofabout360millionsquarekilometers,accountingfor71%oftheEarth'ssurfacearea.OceanFreighthasbecometheworld'smostimportantimportandexporttrademodeof transport.Ourdaily life isalsoclosely linkedwith theocean, theocean food,marine-relatedproducts.Itcanbesaidthattheoceanhasbecomethemostimportantpartofpeople'slifearoundtheworld. However, the current situation ofmarine environment is not optimistic,marine pollution hasbecomeaveryimportanttopicintoday'ssociety.Theoilspill incident;theoilLeakageincident;orthechemical incident.Allofthesemarinepollutionincidentshavecausedsignificantanddifficultrecoveryof the marine environment. So, how do we prevent and control the occurrence of these marinepollutions? How to restore and manage contaminated waters? This article we will focus on severalmajormarinepollutionincidentsinthehistoryoftheworldtodiscussandanalyzethepollutionoftheworld'soceans,howtopreventandcontrolmarinepollution,andhowtotreatthepollutedoceans.

Keywords:marine,marinepollution,marinepollutionprevention,oilspill,maritimetransport


v

TableofContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................III

ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................IV

TABLEOFCONTENTS...........................................................................................................................V

LISTOFFIGURES................................................................................................................................VII

LISTOFTABLES.................................................................................................................................VIII

CHAPTER1.INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................11.1:BACKGROUNDANDSIGNIFICANCEOFTHETOPIC..........................................................................................21.2:THESTATEOFTHEGLOBALMARINEENVIRONMENT....................................................................................31.3:THESTATEOFCHINAMARINEENVIRONMENT............................................................................................7

CHAPTER2:ANALYSISOFMAINCAUSESOFMARINEPOLLUTION.......................................................102.1:MARINEPOLLUTIONCAUSEDBYSHIPS.....................................................................................................10

2.11:Oilpollutioncausedbyshiptransport......................................................................................112.12:HarmfulsubstancescausedbyMarinepollution......................................................................112.13:Pollutionfromdomesticsewageandgarbage..........................................................................132.14:Pollutionofairbyships.............................................................................................................13

2.2:MARINEPOLLUTIONCAUSEDBYOIL.........................................................................................................142.21:StatusofOffshoreOilPollution.................................................................................................142.22:HazardsofOffshoreOilPollution..............................................................................................152.23ImpactsofOffshoreOilPollution................................................................................................17

2.3THE“PRESTIGE”OILTANKERSINKINGINCIDENT..........................................................................................192.31EventReview..............................................................................................................................192.32Accidentprocessing....................................................................................................................222.33Impacts.......................................................................................................................................23

2.4GULFOFMEXICOOILSPILL.....................................................................................................................252.41EventReview..............................................................................................................................252.42:Causeoftheevent......................................................................................................................262.43:Impacts.......................................................................................................................................28

2.5:MARINEPOLLUTIONCAUSEDBYHEAVYMETALS.......................................................................................30


vi

2.51:PollutionStatusofMarineHeavyMetalsinChina....................................................................302.52:CausesofMarineheavymetalpollution...................................................................................312.53:Impactsofmarineheavymetalpollutiononhumanbeings.....................................................332.54:Isheavymetalpollutionintheseamoreandmoreserious?....................................................35

2.6JAPANESEMINAMATADISEASEEVENTS.....................................................................................................362.61EventReview..............................................................................................................................362.62Eventresolution..........................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER3:MARINEPOLLUTIONCONTROLMEASURES......................................................................413.1CHANGETHEENERGYSTRUCTURE............................................................................................................413.2MEASURESFORTHECONTROLOFMARINEPOLLUTIONBYSHIPS...................................................................443.3OILPOLLUTIONCONTROLMEASURES........................................................................................................453.4HEAVYMETALPOLLUTIONCONTROLMEASURES..........................................................................................47

CHAPTER4:SUGGESTIONANDPROSPECT..........................................................................................50

REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................................51


vii

ListofFiguresFIGURE1:PENGUINSCOVEREDINOIL...................................................................................................................................1FIGURE2:MARINEPOLLUTIONDISTRIBUTION

......................................................................................................................2FIGURE3:AVERAGEGLOBALSEASURFACETEMPERATUREFROM1880-2012 ........................................................................4FIGURE4:”PLASTICOCEAN”............................................................................................................................................6FIGURE5:MARINELIFEAFFECTEDBYREDTIDE....................................................................................................................7FIGURE6:TOTALOFACCIDENTOFSHIPSANDBOATSATMALAYSIACOASTALAREASFROMYEARS2000-2009........................12FIGURE7:TOTALOFACCIDENTOFSHIPSANDBOATSATMALACCASTRAITSFROMYEARS2000-2009....................................13FIGURE8:CAUSESOFSHIP-SOURCEACCIDENTSINVOLVINGHNSWORLDWIDE(BETWEEN1917AND2010).............................14FIGURE9:MANMADECAUSEOFSPILLS............................................................................................................................17FIGURE10:THELASTSDAYSOFTHE“PRESTIGE”................................................................................................................20FIGURE11:AFFECTEDAREAS..........................................................................................................................................21FIGURE12:VOLUNTEERSCLEANINGTHECONTAMINATEDBEACH........................................................................................23FIGURE13:ABIRDCOVEREDBYOIL.................................................................................................................................24FIGURE14:THEAFFECTEDZONE.........................................................................................................................................26FIGURE15:THEOILISONFIRE...........................................................................................................................................26FIGURE16:3DDEPICTIONOFRESPONSEATOCEANSURFACERELATIVETOSOURCEOFLEAK....................................................27FIGURE17:OILONOCEANSURFACE.................................................................................................................................29FIGURE18:HOWMERCURYISLEACHEDINTOOUROCEANS..................................................................................................32FIGURE19:CAUSESOFMINAMATADISEASE......................................................................................................................37FIGURE20:ASEVERECASEOFMINAMATADISEASE

..........................................................................................................38


viii

ListofTablesTABLE1:SEAWATERPOLLUTINDEGREE,2004(KM2)............................................................................................................8TABLE2:CHINAMARINEPOLLUTIONAREAFROM2001-2004(KM2).........................................................................................9TABLE3:CHINA'STOTALENERGYPRODUCTIONANDCOMPOSITION............................................................................................42TABLE4:CHINA'STOTALENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDCOMPOSITION........................................................................................43


1

Chapter1.Introduction

TheoceanisthebiggestareaandthemostimportantpartonEarth;ithasthehugeamountofwaterstorage,which has long been themost stable ecosystemon Earth. The oceans accept the varioussubstances flowing into theocean fromthe land,but theocean itselfdoesnotundergosignificantchanges.However, inrecentdecades,withthedevelopmentoftheworldindustry,thepollutionoftheoceanisbecomingmoreandmoreserious,sothatthelocalmarineenvironmenthasundergonegreatchanges,andcontinuestoexpandthetrend.

Figure1:Penguinscoveredinoil[1]


2

Theoceanasan importantcomponentofhumandevelopment isnowfacingahugechallenge,thepollutionsourcesfromland,ship,marineacidentsareaffectingthemarineeviornmentlittlebylittle.In the face of increasing marine pollution, we can not continue to sit still, the protection of themarine environment should now be regarded as one of the most important topics of humandevelopment.Everyoneshouldacttocontributetotheprotectionofthemarineenvironment.

1.1:Backgroundandsignificanceofthetopic

As a student who studies maritime knowledge, I have more exposure to the ocean, in the usuallearning,Iunderstandthattoday'smarineenvironmentalproblemsarenotoptimistic,whenIwasachild,IlivedinDalian,China(AimportantportcityofChina),butjustlessthan20years,theoceaninDalianhaschangedalot,theoceanwasblueandtransparent,therewasavarietyofmarinelifeonthebeach,butnowtheyarenolongerexist,duetothereclamationLand,oilspillsandotherissuesso thatnowtheoceanhasbecomebeyondrecognition inDalian, theoceanhasbecomedirty, themarinelifenolongerexistonthebeach,andalsotherearesomefloatinggarbagesonthesea,theseproblemsmademedeeplyfeelthatpeopleshouldtostartactiontoprotectthemarineenvironment,atleastIwilltrymybestforthemarineenvironmentprotcetion.

Figure2:MARINEPOLLUTIONDISTRIBUTION(source:“AGlobalMapofHumanImpactstoMarineEcosystems2008”2008,02,15)


3

Marine pollution occurs mainly in the gulf near the mainland. Due to intensive population andindustry,a largenumberofwastewaterandsolidwastedumped intotheseawater,coupledwiththetwistsandturnsofthecoastcausedbypoorwaterexchange,makingthetemperature,pH,saltcontent,transparency,biologicalspeciesandquantityoftraitschange,Theecologicalbalanceoftheseaconstitutesahazard.Marinepollutionischaracterizedbyoilpollution,redtide,accumulationoftoxicsubstances,plasticpollutionandnuclearpollution,etc;themostpollutedwatersaretheBalticSea, the Mediterranean, Tokyo Bay, New York Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and so on. As far as thecountry is concerned, coastal pollution is serious in Japan, the United States, Western Europeancountries and the former Soviet Union countries. Pollution in Bohai Bay, the Yellow Sea, the EastChinaSeaandtheSouthChinaSeaisalsoveryseriousinChina.IntheBohaiSea,whichisthemostpolluted,thefishinggroundshavebeenrelocated,thefishhavedied,theredtidehasspread.Someoftheaquaticwastelandhasbeenabandoned.Resourcesarebeinglost.[1]

Inthecourseofhumanproductionandlife,thelargeamountofpollutantnucleiproducedintheseaenterstheoceanthroughvariouschannels.Thedamagetothemarinebiologicalresources,marinedevelopmentandmarineenvironmentalqualitywillendangerthemankind.

Therefore, the marine environmental protection is imminent, in this paper I will analyze someworld'smajormarine environmental pollution acidents and put forward specific programs for theprotectionofthemarineenvironment.

1.2:TheStateoftheGlobalMarineEnvironment

July 14, 2016, the UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission on the status of theglobal large-scalemarine ecosystem research report released by the growing climate change andhuman activities lead to global large-scalemarine ecosystem conditionsworrying.Of the 66 largemarine ecosystems in theworld, over 50 percent of the fishery resources are overfished, and 64large marine ecosystems are affected by sea water warming. In addition, more than 50% of theworld'scoralreefsarethreatened,by2030thisproportionwillreach90%.

LargeMarineEcosystems(LMEs)arerelativelylargeareasofoceanspaceofapproximately200,000km²orgreater,adjacenttothecontinentsincoastalwaterswhereprimaryproductivityisgenerallyhigherthaninopenoceanareas.Atpresent,thereare66largemarineecosystemsintheworld,eachofwhichhasanareaofmorethan200,000squarekilometers.Intheseareas,generallyhaveahighmarineproductivity,butitisalsoveryvulnerabletohumanactivities.

Thereportthatpointedoutthatfrom1957to2012,thetemperatureof64largemarineecosystemsisrising.Andthreeofthem,theseawatertemperaturerisethefastest(maximumtemperaturerise


4

of1.6℃)Respectively,theEastChinaSea,Scotiasea,theUnitedStatesnortheastcontinentalshelfwaters.

Figure3:AVERAGEGLOBALSEASURFACETEMPERATUREFROM1880-2012(SOURCE:NOAA(NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration).2016.Extendedreconstructedseasurfacetemperature(ERSST.v4).National

CentersforEnvironmentalInformation.2016,03)

In addition to seawater temperature, the report also evaluated the productivity, fishing, pollutionand environmental protection, marine health and socio-economic development, and integratedmanagementoflargemarineecosystems.Overall,thegloballarge-scalemarineecosystemsgenerallygetlowscores.

Inthecaseofplasticpollution,thereisahighriskofcontaminationintheEastandSouth-EastAsianseas, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Spanish media [2] said the Greenpeace reported onAugust25,everysecondtherewillhavemorethan200kilogramsofplasticisdumpedintotheocean,andeveryyear therewillhavemore than8million tonsofplastic tostay in theocean.Thereportnotes that thereareabout5 to50 trillion tonsofplasticdebris in theoceans.Although theexactnumbers are uncertain, but it is certain that this number is very high, and this number doesn’tinclude plastic debris deposited on the sea floor and on the beach. Although somewaste can bedegradedwithin6months,butsomemayremainintheoceanforhundredsofyears.


5

Inaddition,theorganization'sexpertsestimatethatby2020therateofplasticwasteproductionwillreach9timesin1980,theannualoutputwillreach50milliontons.Expertswarnedthathalfoftheincrease would occur in the last 10 years. It is for sure that all the plastic waste is from humanactivities; inrecentyearstheseplasticshaveaccumulatedinthePacific,theAtlanticandtheIndianOceanintofivehugegarbageislands.80%ofthelitterintheoceancomesfromtheground,15%ofthemarefloatingontheseasurface,15%ofthewasteisbelowtheseawatermovingwiththesea,and70%depositedinthesea,sopeoplejustcanseea littlebitoftheserubbish.ExpertspointoutthatSpainranksfifthinthelistofcountrieswiththehighestconsumptionofplastics.Everydayupto50millionplastic containersareput into themarket forbeveragecups.But justhave less than20millionofthesebeveragecupsarerecycledproperly,andtherestareburnedintorubbish,orthrowndirectly intotheenvironment.Plasticwastesaredegradedmoreslowly inthemarineenvironmentthan on land, andmay have additional effects. Because these plastic containerswill release toxicsubstances,doesnotbelongtothenormalmarinenutrientscirculation.[3]

Inseawatereutrophication,21%oflargemarineecosystemswillbeatriskofeutrophicationby2050,mainlyinEastandSouthAmericaandAfrica.Asfarashumanactivitiesareconcerned,largemarineecosystemsaregenerallyadjacenttodenselypopulatedareas,especiallyinlargewatersadjacenttodeveloping countries, and are most severely affected by human activities. Among them, oceanacidification, seawater temperature rise, commercial transportand submarine trawlingoperations,arethemostseriousfactorsaffectingmarineecosystems.


6

Figure4:”PLASTICOCEAN”(source:“TrashPollution”oceanconservancy.org)

Inmarine health indicators, the largestmarine ecosystem near the equator has the lowest score,suggestingthatmarineenvironmentalprotectioninthetropicsshouldbestrengthened.Inaddition,thehighestscoreoflargemarineecosystemsareinAustraliaandtheNorthAtlanticOceanneartheArcticCircle.

In the same period, themost threatened tropical areas are the threatened index, which includesenvironmentalrisk,resourcedependencyandcopingcapacity.

Overall，theglobalmarineenvironment is facingenormous challenges, suchasmarineecosystemdamage caused by overfishing, the rise of seawater temperature, the pollution of waste such asplastics,andeutrophicationofseawater.Are remindingpeople that it is timetoact toprotect themarineenvironment.


7

1.3:TheStateofChinaMarineEnvironment

Withtherapiddevelopmentofurbanizationandtheincreaseofpopulation,themarinepollutioninChinaisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Thedomesticsewage,industrialwastewater,oilproductleakage,offshoreoilexploitationandmaricultureadditivesaroundtheseabasinhavecausedseriouspollutiontoChina'scoastalwaters.Theextinctionoffishstocks,thefrequentoccurrenceofnaturaldisastersandsoon,wehavetoconsiderhowtoeffectivelycontrolmarinepollution.[4]

In2008,themonitoringareaofcoastalwatersinChinatotaled281,012squarekilometers,ofwhichClassIandClassIIwere212270squarekilometers,ClassIIIwas31077squarekilometers,ClassIVandClass IVwere37665 squarekilometers.According to incomplete statistics, theChinese coast since1980,happenedatotalof300redtides.Thishashadasignificantimpactonthemarineecosystem.

Figure5:MARINELIFEAFFECTEDBYREDTIDE


8

IntheBohaiSea,theYellowSea,theEastChinaSeaandtheSouthChinaSea,theseawaterpollutionin the Bohai Sea and East China Sea is more serious than Yellow Sea and South China Sea. ThepollutedareaoftheBohaiSeaisabout24,000squarekilometers,accountingfor1/3ofthetotalareaoftheBohaiSea.TheareaoftheYellowSeawhichisnotuptothestandardofcleanwaterismostlycleanandlightpollution,Thepollutiondegreeisrelativelylow;themainpollutionareaoftheEastChinaSea is relativelyconcentratedandthepollution isheavy,mainlyconcentrated intheYangtzeRiverEstuaryandHangzhouBay;TheoverallpollutionoftheSouthChinaSeaisrelativelylow.Mostoftheareasthatdonotmeetthecleanwaterstandardsarecleanerandslightlypolluted.Theareaswithmoderate pollution and serious pollution aremainly in the coastal waters of the Pearl RiverEstuary,ShantouandZhanjiangPort.

In2004,thecoastalwaterswerestillseriouslypolluted,andtheseriouspollutionareasweremainlydistributed in the localwaters such as Yalu River Estuary, Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, Yangtze RiverEstuary,HangzhouBayandPearlRiverEstuary.Table1showstheseaareas thatdidnotmeet thecleanstandardsineachseaarea.

Table1:SeawaterPollutinDegree,2004(km2)[5]

The area did not meet the clean water quality standard is about 169,000 square kilometers,comparedwith2003increasedby27,000squarekilometers.Ingeneral,thepollutionofChina'sseaareas has not been alleviated, especially the moderate pollution increased by 15,900 squarekilometers,anincreaseof106.6%;seriouspollutionofseaareaincreased7380squarekilometers,anincreaseof29.9%,pollutionincreasedsignificantly.


9

Table2:ChinaMarinepollutionareafrom2001-2004(km2)[5]

Accordingtoarecentsurvey,theBohaiSeainChinaalmostasfastasthe"DeadSea".Aswellasthe2010 Dalian Xingang "7 ,16" oil pollution incident, 2011 Penglai “3,19” oil spill accident, 2011Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, so that the marine environment has been hit, and thesepollutioneffectsarestillexisting.[6]


10

Chapter2:AnalysisofMainCausesofMarinePollution

Seawater turbidity caused by marine pollution will seriously affect the photosynthesis of marineplants(phytoplanktonandalgae),thusaffectingtheproductivityofthesea,thefisharealsoharmful.Heavymetalsand toxicorganiccompoundsandother toxic substancesaccumulate in thesea,andthroughtheenrichmentofmarinelife,marineanimalsandotheranimalstofeedpoisoning.Oilgoesintothesea,sothatalargenumberofdissolvedoxygenisabsorbedbyoil;theoilfilmcoveringthewater,madetheseparationbetweenseawaterandair , thiscanalsocausetheseawaterhypoxia.Seawater hypoxia can cause marine life death. Oil will make economic fish, shellfish and otherseafoodproducehasoilsmell,adultfish,shellfishinthelong-termlivinginthepollutedseawaterintheaccumulationofcertainharmfulsubstances,whenweeatthem,itwillharmthehumanhealth.Becauseoforganicmatterandnitrogenandphosphoruspollution,somealgaeplanktoninseawatercanmultiply quickly and rapidly. Different algae have different colors, which cause red, pink andgreencolors,whicharecalledredtide.Theredtidecausedbyseawaterhypoxiawillmakea largenumberoffish,shellfishandothermarineanimalsduetolackofoxygenandsuffocation.

Oceansasan importantpartofhuman life, its changeswilldirectlyor indirectlyaffecthuman life.Marinepollutionwillhaveagreatimpactonhumanlife.Sowhatarethecausesofmarinepollution?InthischapterIwilltalkaboutthemaincausesofmarinepollution.

2.1:Marinepollutioncausedbyships

Becauseofitslowcostandtheadvantageoflargecargovolume,shiptransportationhasbecomethemostimportanttransportationmode.Withthegreatdevelopmentofindustrialtechnologyandrapidpopulation growth, the volume of sea freight has increased significantly year by year, and thetonnage and size of ships have been increasing. But with the emergence of marine pollution


11

problemsarebecomingmoreserious.Shipinthecourseoftheoperation,itisinevitabletointroducesomepollutantsintotheocean,causingmarinepollution.

2.11:Oilpollutioncausedbyshiptransport

Theoilpollutioncausedbyshiptransportmainlyincludestwocategories[7]:thefirstisthepollutioncausedbynormalnavigation,eg:cabinbilgewater,oiltankerballastwater,washingwaterandsoon.Thesecondcategoryisduetoshippingaccidents,eg:oilspill.Amongalltypesofmarinepollution,oilpollutionshouldbesaidthatthemostserious.Becauseoilisdifficulttovolatile,makingtheoilontheseatoformaterribleoilfilm,resultinginaseriesofseriousconsequences.

2.12:HarmfulsubstancescausedbyMarinepollution

In recent years, with the transport of dangerous chemicals increased ship, harmful substancescausedbypollutionisalsogrowing.Ingeneral,thistypeofpollutionincludes:[8](1)pollutioncausedbythetransportof liquid toxicsubstances inbulk, includingballastwaterandtankwashingwater,cargopumpbilgewater,andtheotherisduetotheaccidentcausedbyalargenumberoftoxicandhazardoussubstancesspillover,Andloadingandunloadingoperationsinthedrop,leakageandsoon.(2) packaging harmful substances caused by the pollution. In case of transport of hazardoussubstances incontainersonboardships,packagingdamage, leakage, spillageandspillageonopendecksandbilgeswillresultinmaritimecontaminationwhenwaterisremovedfromtheship'ssurfacetoremovethesespilledtoxicants.Inadditiontothesetoxicsubstancesmixedgarbage,separatorsorothermaterialsarealsosourcesofpollution,ofcourse,whentheemergencyabandonmentof thegoodswillalsocauseseriousmarinepollution.

Fromthefigurebelowwecanseethatbetween2000and2009,onlyintheMalaysiaCoastalAreasand the Malacca Strait some shipping accidents occurred. It can be seen from the ship accidentcausedbydangerousgoodsandoilleakagecausedbymarinepollutionisveryserious.


12

Figure6:TOTALOFACCIDENTOFSHIPSANDBOATSATMALAYSIACOASTALAREASFROMYEARS2000-2009.


13

Figure7:TOTALOFACCIDENTOFSHIPSANDBOATSMALACCASTRAITSFROMYEARS2000-2009(source:MalaysianMarineDepartment[Z]2010.03.24)

2.13:Pollutionfromdomesticsewageandgarbage

Shipsewageusuallyistheexcretafromdaily,suchastoiletdischarge,medicalroomdischarge,theactivitiesofthepremisesofthedischargematerial.Shipwasteismainlysolidwaste,suchasavarietyof daily necessities, food andwork supplies.As the sewagewater containingbacteria, viruses andvariouseutrophicationsubstances,resultinginemissionsofseawaterafterthepollution,suchastheeutrophication of seawater and lead to depletion of dissolved oxygen, organics corrosive stench,makingtheseawaterseriouspollution.Marinewastecanalsocauseenvironmentalpollutionduetothepresenceofsubstancesthataretoxicordifficulttodegrade,suchasplastics.

2.14:Pollutionofairbyships

Ship air pollution caused mainly in the following three aspects: (1) fuel combustion. Exhaustedcarbon dioxide (CO), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX) and othercauses of air pollution. (2) The use of refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, detergents, foamingagents (insulation materials), such as the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS), halocarbons(Halon), theozone layerof theatmosphereproducedseriousharm. (3) liquidhydrocarbons inthehydrocarbongasorharmfulgases,theproliferationofairpollutioncausedbytheatmosphere.

Theabovefourpointswecanseetheshippollutioncausedbythefollowingcharacteristics:

1.Diversityofpollutantsinships.Thesubstancesdischargedbytheshipareoil,toxicandhazardoussubstances,shipwaste,onboardlivingwastewater.Oneofthemainistheoilsubstances.

2.Thepollutionofshipsisfluidandnon-border.Themobilityofseawater,themobilityoftheshipdeterminesthepollutantsfromtheshipintotheoceancannotbelimitedtoorfixedatapointandstationary. A pollution may spread to many countries, to the pollution caused by a lot ofinconvenience.

3.Shippollutionishighlyhazardousandhasawiderange.Thepollutionofthemarineenvironmentis damaged and the habitat environment of the marine organisms is destroyed, which seriouslyaffectstheadjustmentfunctionoftheoceanitself.Itwillbringseriousharmtothemarineecologicalenvironment,marine biological resources andmarine fishery production, thus affecting the globalecologicalbalance,Aseriousthreattohumanlivingenvironment.


14

Figure8:CAUSESOFSHIP-SOURCEACCIDENTSINVOLVINGHNSWORLDWIDE(BETWEEN1917AND2010)(SOURCE:chemical-pollution.com)

2.2:Marinepollutioncausedbyoil

Oilasthebasisofindustry,itcan’tbereplacedforindustry,theoilbringusalotofconvenienceinproduction and life, but also brought the significant pollution to the environment, especially themarineenvironment,andnow,oilPollutionhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantcausesofmarinepollution.

2.21:StatusofOffshoreOilPollution

Oilpollutionisassociatedwiththediscoveryanduseofoil.Atpresent,oilenergyaccountsforabout33% of the world's total energy.[9] The widespread use of petroleum and its products has had aserious impact on the environment. According to statistics, the total annual amount of oil pouredinto the ocean is between 200 to 1000 million tons every year. With the development of the


15

petroleum industry, the marine area contaminated by petroleum is expanding and the pollutiondegree isalso increasing. Theoilpollution inChina isalsoveryserious,everyyear,therewillhaveabout10milliontonsoildischargedintotheoceaninChina,[10]thiscausedthefisherieslossesabouthundreds million dollars each year. According to the National Marine Environmental MonitoringNetworkmonitoring,China'soffshoreoilcontentofmorethanoneortwotypesofseawaterqualitystandardsoftheseaareahasreached56,000squarekilometers.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftheoilindustry,manyenvironmentalproblemshavebeenbrought,suchasoilspills,leakage,settlementand discharge, which are caused by accident, abnormal operation and overhaul in crude oilextraction,transportationandprocessing.Oilpollutionhasbecomeamajorpollutionofthemarineenvironment,themarineandcoastalecologicalenvironmentcausedseriousharm.

Marine oil pollution comes mainly from oil spill, offshore oil production, marine transport,atmospheric transport, urbanpollution andwaterdischarge.Ofwhichnatural sources account forabout 92%, and human activities account for about 8%. [11] and the most serious environmentalimpact of human activities caused by sudden oil spills. According to United Nations statistics, theannualoilwellblowoutaccidentsandoiltankeraccidentscausedoilspillashighas2.2×107t.Alargenumberofoilspill intothemarineenvironmentinstantly,throughtheproliferation,driftandothereffects on the marine ecological environment and society caused serious damage. Offshore oilpollutionbyoil input type, canbedivided into sudden input and chronic long-term input. Suddeninput includesoil tanker accidents andoffshoreoil spills andblowout accidents,while the chroniclong-term input is theportandshipoperationsoilywastewaterdischarge,natural seabed leakage,oily sediments erosion after exudation, industrial waste water discharge, [12]. The main causes ofpollutionareasfollows:thefrequentseaoilshippingincreasestheprobabilityofoilspillatsea;theportloadingandunloadingoiloperationisfrequent,thereisahiddendangerofspilloil;large-scaleoil tanker has increased the occurrence of major oil spill accidents The possibility of oil spilltreatment to improve the difficulty of offshore oil exploration and development of oil spills andwastewaterdischarge.

2.22:HazardsofOffshoreOilPollution

1.Ecologicalhazards

(1)Theimpactofseaairexchange:Oilfilmcoveringthesea,blockingO2,CO2andothergasexchange.Causedthedestructionoftheoceandissolvedgascyclebalance.

(2)Theimpactofphotosynthesis:Oilhinderthesunintotheocean,sothatthewatertemperaturedrops, undermine the ocean O2, CO2 balance, which also destroyed the objective conditions ofphotosynthesis. At the same time, dispersed and emulsified oil invadesmarine plants, destroyingchlorophyll,blockingnormaldivisionofcells,blockingplantrespiratorytract,andthendestroyingthemainbodyofphotosynthesis.


16

(3) The consumption of dissolved oxygen in seawater: a large number of the degradation of oilconsumption of oxygen in the water, but the main way the sea water reoxygenation dissolvedoxygenfilmwasobstructed,madeadirectresultofseawaterhypoxia.

(4) poisoning: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in petroleum are highly toxic toorganisms,andthetoxicityissignificantlyrelatedtothenumberofaromaticringsandthedegreeofalkylation.Firstofall,theabsolutetoxicityofmacromolecularcompoundsisveryhigh,andinwater,low molecular class due to the strong water-soluble and subsequent great bioavailability, alsoshowed severe toxic effects. Hydrocarbons can be further exacerbated by bioaccumulation andtransport of food chains. Evidence suggests that hydrocarbons have mutagenic and carcinogeniceffects,whiletheecologicalriskofchronicoilpollutionismoredifficulttoassess.

(5)Destructionof coastalwetlands:Oil developmentandotherhumanactivities led to the lossofseriouscoastalwetlandsinChina.Accordingtopreliminaryestimates[13],China'stotallossofcoastalwetlandareaofabout2.19millionhectares,accountingfor50%ofthetotalcoastalwetlandarea.

2.Socialharm

(1) The harm of oil pollution to fisheries: Oil pollution as a result of inhibition of photosynthesis,reduce the dissolved oxygen content, destruction of biological physiological function, marinefisheriesresourcesaregraduallydeclining.

(2) The occurrence of red tide stimulated by oil pollution: The occurrence probability of red tideincreased in theoil-pollutedseaarea.Although themechanismof red tide is still inconclusive, theroleofpetroleumhydrocarbonshouldbeconsidered.

(3)Theimpactofoilpollutiononindustrialandagriculturalproduction:Oil intheoceansiseasytoattachtofishingnets,increasethedifficultyofcleaning,reducetheefficiencyofnetworkequipment,increase fishing costs, resulting in huge economic losses. On the beach drying plant, sewage isundoubtedlydifficulttouse,fordesalinationplantsandotherneedstoseawaterasrawmaterialfortheenterprise.Pollutedseawaterisboundtosubstantiallyincreaseproductioncosts.

(4)The impactofoilpollutionon tourism:Offshoreoil canbeeasilyattached to thebeachandsotarnishattractivebeachfrontentertainment,theimageofthecoastalcity.


17

Figure9:MANMADECAUSEOFSPILLS(source:PWSC/OSLE/MarineOilPollution)

2.23ImpactsofOffshoreOilPollution

1.Impactonhumanhealth

Marine oil pollution on human health have a direct or indirect impact on the health hazards ofanesthesia and suffocation, chemical pneumonia, dermatitis and so on. Such as gasoline for thenarcotic poisoning, acute poisoning can cause central nervous system and respiratory systemdamage; inhaled a large number of diesel oil droplets in the short term can lead to chemicalpneumonia.Suchasundergroundoiltankandoilpipelinecorrosionleakageofsoilandgroundwaterpollution,notonlycausesoilsalinization,poisoning,leadingtosoildestructionanddestruction,anditstoxicsubstancesthroughcrops,especiallygroundwaterintothefoodchainsystem,theultimatedirect harm to human . Especially oil into the ocean, but also through the food chain in the finalenrichmentinthehumanbody,resultinginseriousharmtohumanhealth.Gasoline,diesel,kerosenein the toxic and harmful substances on the human nervous system, urinary system, respiratory


18

system,circulatorysystem,bloodsystemandotherhazards.Foreignstudieshavefoundthatchildrenlivingneargasstationsorautorepairshopshaveafourfoldhigherriskofdevelopingacuteleukemiathanthosewhohavechildrenwhoareatriskofdevelopingacute leukemias.Thesechildrenareatriskofdevelopingacuteleukemias.Theriskofacutenon-lymphocyticleukemiaisseventimeshigherthan that of children living in the same area but not near the gas station. This shows that oil onhumanhealthwillhaveagreatharm.

2.Effectsonaquaticorganisms

Oilpollutantsintothemarineenvironmentwillhaveahugeimpactonthegrowthandreproductionofaquaticorganismsandtheecosystemasawhole.Toxiccompoundsinpollutantscanchangethecellactivity,algaeandotherplanktonacutepoisoningdeath.Whentheoilconcentrationintheseais10-4~10-3mg/L,itcanaffecttheearlydevelopmentoffisheggsandfish.Theoilcoatingwillleadtoalargenumberofbirddeaths,suchasExxon'sValdezshipwreckaccidentinfourmonths,causingupto30,000birdskilled.Heavycomponentsofoilsanktothebottomoftheseaandcausedamagetobenthicorganisms.OilwillpenetrateintohigherplantssuchasSpartinaanglicaandmangroveplants,alterthephysiologicalfunctionssuchascellpermeability,andseriousoilpollutionmayevenleadtothedeathof thesetidalzonesandsaltmarshplants.Thechemical toxicityofpetroleumtomarineorganismsdependsonthetypeandcompositionoftheoil.Usually,thetoxicityofrefinedoilishigherthanthatofcrudeoil.Thetoxicityof lowmolecularweighthydrocarbonishigherthanthatofhighmolecular weight hydrocarbon. In various hydrocarbons, the toxicity is descending in order ofaromatics, alkenes, cyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbons. The damage of petroleumhydrocarbonstomarineorganismsismainlytodestroythenormalstructureandpermeabilityofcellmembranes and interfere with the enzyme system of organisms, thus affecting the normalphysiological and biochemical processes of organisms. Such as oil pollution can reducephytoplankton photosynthesis intensity, hinder cell division, reproduction, so that many animals,embryos and larvae developmental abnormalities, growth retardation; oil can also make someanimaldiseasessuchasfishgillnecrosis,skinerosion,sufferingfromstomachAswellascarcinogenic.[14]

3.Impactonfisheries.

Oilpollutioncan inhibitphotosynthesis, reducetheoxygencontent inseawater,destructionof thenormalphysiologicalfunctionoforganisms,sothatthegradualdeclineoffisheriesresources.Inthecontaminatedwaters,thepoorqualityofwatertomakealargenumberofobjectsofdeath.Survivedalsobecauseofcontainingoilpollutantsandsmell,resultingininedible.Fishandshellfishintheoilcontentof0.01mg/Loflivingintheseawaterfor24hcanbewithoil,iftheconcentrationincreasedto0.1mg/L,2~3hcanmakeitwithasmell.Oilwillbeattachedtothefishgills,thefishsuffocation.The formation of oil film can hinder the re-oxygenation of water, the impact of marine planktongrowth,damagetomarineecologicalbalance.

4.Impactontheenvironment

Theformationofoilintheseaoilfilmcanhindertheexchangeofgasbetweentheatmosphereandseawater, affecting the sea surfaceof theelectromagnetic radiationabsorption, transmissionand


19

reflection.Long-termoilfilmcoveringthepolaricewillenhancetheendothermiccapacityoftheiceand accelerate themelting of the ice, potentially affecting global sea-level changes and long-termclimatechange.Theoilintheseasurfaceandseawatercandissolvethelipophiliccomponentsinthepollutants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and reduce the rate of interfacial migration andtransformation. Oil pollution will damage the coastal scenic area and beach. Affected by oceancurrentsandwaves,theoil intheoceanseasilyaccumulatesontheshore,pollutingthebeachanddestroyingthetourismresources.2002Panamanianoiltanker"prestige"brokenoilspills,makingtheoriginal charming scenario of the Galician coast of Spain became a black oil of hell, to the localtourismindustryaheavyblow.

2.3The“Prestige”oiltankersinkingincident

2.31EventReview

November 19, 2002, another oil tanker sank. Behind the sinking of oil tankers is the widespreaddestruction of marine life such as fish and shrimp shellfish, and hundreds of thousands of wildseabirdsarestarvedtodeathandfreezetodeathinanumberofsurvivability.Eachyear,avarietyofharmfulsubstancesareinfiltratedintothemarinefoodchain.Willthusthreatenmankinditself...

"Prestige" isaGreekcompany'soil tankerwithBahamas’ flag,carrying77,000tonsof fueloil,ThetripwasfromLatviatoGibraltar.November13evening,theshipsailedto9kmawayfromtheGaliciaregionofSpainencounteredthegale,andsufferedahole intheside.Therewasa35meters' longgap appeared on the hull. a large number of fuel leakage stared. The Spanish governmentimmediatelydispatchedrescueshipsandhelicopters to rescue27crewmemberson the tanker tosafetyzone,andsent4tugstotowed"prestige"totheinternationalwaters.On19th,thewindwasblown to the Portuguese direction, and from the Portuguese waters about 93 km the ship werebrokenintotwoparts,sinkingintothe3600metersdeepseabed.Theaccidentonthelocalecologicalenvironmentcausedgreatdisaster,sometributariesonthecoast,swampsandgrasslandvegetationpollutionisserious.Becausethefuelisalarge,viscousmixture,itismoretoxicandhardertocleanthan crude oil. Due to the strong winds at sea, the coastline that leaks oil stains is about 400kilometerslong,makingitoneofthemostseriousecologicaldisastersinthehistoryoftheworld.Onthe coast of 500 km north of Spain, 179 beaches were heavily polluted and more than 10,000seabirdsdied.Coastalmore than4,000 fishermendue topollutionof fishing resources cannot gofishing, theeconomic lossof300millioneuros.TheSpanishauthoritiesestimatethattheentireoilclean-up may would take six months, costing $ 42.05 million. World Wildlife Fund, the localecologicalenvironmentatleast10yearsisexpectedtoreturntonormal.Inaddition,thelivelihoodof some 4,000 Spanish fishermen and nearly 30,000 industry practitioners has also been greatly


20

affected. The local government has issued a fishing ban, and prohibit the fishing range with thespreadofthefuelandcontinuetoexpand.Whichforthevastmajorityoffishermenisundoubtedlyafatalblow.[15]

Figure10:THELASTSDAYSOFTHE“PRESTIGE”(source:bilingualhistory.blogspot.com.es)

Theprestigeoil tanker spendsabout125 tonsofoil perday, and theoil spillmay last for 5 to39months, theSpanish scientific committee,which said themonitorsof the tanker'soil spill, saidonDec. 10. The Spanish Scientific Committee concluded this based on data from submarines beingsurveyed at the site. In the sea near the site of the wreck also formed an area of 1,000 squarekilometers of fuel pollution zone. To January 4, 2003, "prestige" oil tanker on the leakof fuel hasdriftedtotheFrenchcoast,thelocalecologicalenvironmentposesaseriousthreat.AnduntilJanuary11,theSpanishgovernment'sfirstdeputyprimeministersaidthattheSpanishgovernmentwilltakepositivemeasurestosealthefastestspeedisstilloilspill"prestige"oiltankeronalltheoilspillcracks.


21

Figure11:AFFECTEDAREAS(SOURCE:eea.europa.eu)

According to the report of the International Maritime Organization, "prestige" was the fourthshipwreck (made in Japan)whithin10years.The20thcentury70years, thedocksof Japanbuiltalargenumberofinferiorqualityships.Atpresent,therearemorethan1,000single-hulloiltankersintheworld,andmorethan300shipswerebuiltwithinferiorsteelatthattimeinJapan,ofwhichthreewerein1992,1993and1999causedseriousoilspills.Inviewofthesingle-hulltankeraccidentratethanthedouble-hulltanker5timeshigher,theUnitedStateshaslongbannedtheimportofsingle-hull oil tankers, France also began to force the Japanese-made single-hull tanker retired. But theinternationaloiltraderstoreaphugeprofits,notonlycontinuetousesuchvesselstotransportoil,butalsotopreventcountriestoforcetheoldshipscrapped."Prestige"hasbeen26yearsofage,asearlyas1999shouldbesuspended.Whenitwaslastinspected,itwasalsofoundtohaveagapinthehullthatrequiredurgentrepairs.ButinJunethisyeartheshipintheStraitofGibraltarandGreecetostay,localofficialswerenotre-examinationwouldapprovetherelease.


22

Such an old-fashioned dangerous ship, actually swaggering in the sea cruising to the crash so far.Environmentalists pointed out that around the world sailing nearly 1,000 similar single-hull oldtanker,alsohasbecomeathreattotheglobalmarineecologyofthe"mobiletimebomb."Despitethe urgency of the matter, the parties involved in the oil spill have focused on how to shirkresponsibility. First, Spain and Portugal, the two governments in the clean-up of the division ofresponsibilities on the oil. To protect their tourism and fisheries are not affected, the twogovernmentshavedeniedthat the incidentbelongs to the territorialwatersof theirownterritory,andorderedtherescueteamtodragthetankerintotheirownport,thelast"prestige"wasdraggedfrom the incident to 240 km Away on the high seas. The experts pointed out that if stranded inprotected waters, the ship could have been "more easily controlled." Then Spain and the UnitedKingdomwhoisresponsiblefortheoutbreakofdiplomaticdisputes.TheWestgovernmentsaidthetanker has the practice of docking in the British Strait of Gibraltar, but the British side has nevercarriedout thenecessary checks.Andbecause the tankerdidnotmeet theEU's safety standards,Europeancountries,theportshouldnotevenallowittostop.TheBritishgovernment immediatelydenied that theshipwasdocked inGibraltar, theBritishambassador toSpainsaid theaccusationsare"unfounded."

This incidenthasalsoarousedgraveconcern fromthe restof theEU. In this regard, theEuropeanCommissionVice-PresidentforEnergyandTransportcalledonmemberstatestotakeimmediateandurgent steps to eliminate single-hull tankers from the EU. The European Commission plans toannouncea listofshipswithbadshippingconditionsfromJanuary2003onwards, forbiddingthemfromenteringEUports.From2004onwards,theuseoflifebeyondtheprovisionsofthedangerousvessels to strengthen the port annual inspection efforts, and plans to completely ban by 2015 all30,000deadweighttonssingle-hulledtankersintheEUwatersinfested.

2.32Accidentprocessing

Aftertheaccident,theInternationalFoundationforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsquicklysetupemergencyreliefteams,withthelocalwildlifeprotectionorganizationsintheshoretoestablishseabird relief center. A large number of rescue workers and volunteers to those in the sea oilstrugglingpuffins,seagullsandotherseabirdsalvagecentersenttothecarefulcareandfeeding,andfinally put them back to nature. This time, Spain and France, in accordancewith the spirit of theUnitedNationsLawoftheSea,decidedon27November2002torestrictstrictlyanyvesselcarryingdangerous cargoes liable to cause marine pollution, such as petroleum crude oil, fuel oil, Strictlylimitingtheageof15yearsofsingle-hullvesselsthroughtheterritorialwatersofthetwocountries.AttheendofNovember2002,theEU15ministersoftransportmeetingagreedthatin2006afterthebanonMemberStatestransportcompaniesoperatingwithsingle-hulltankers,andarenotallowedtocommissionsingle-hulloiltankers;Andonboardpersonnelseverelypunished.


23

Figure12:VOLUNTEERSCLEANINGTHECONTAMINATEDBEACH(SOURCE:xclusivetalk.blogspot.com.es)

2.33Impacts

Theoilspillhappenedafter"prestige"sinking intheGaliciancoastandfurther inamoreextensivearea. This area is rich in a variety of birds and sponges, extremely rich in fishery resources, coralclumps,beautifulscenery,istheseabirdsandothermarinelifeimportantplacetostayandmigrate.Therearenumeroustouristseveryyear.

Thefueloilisakindoffuelwhichusedtoshiporpowerplant,itisblack,moreviscous,pungentsmell,it’s more difficult to cleaning up, it has long decomposition cycle , Particularly harmful to theecosystem. By November 25, Spain's 500-kilometer coast was contaminated by black waves, 135beachescoveredwithoil.Someofthebeachoilmorethanhalfameter,causedamountofseafish,shellfishdied.Seabirdswhosticktooil,cannotfly,eithertrappedtodeath,eitherbecauseofhungeranddeath."Avessel likethis isnotsupposedtobesoclosetothecoastbecause it'san importanthabitatformanyorganisms,"saidDr.SimonCrippsoftheWorldWildlifeFund."Weseethatthereare17or18Thedifferentspeciesofbirdsthusdie."


24

Figure13:ABIRDCOVEREDBYOIL(SOURCE:ansamed.info)

The spill caused hundreds ofmiles of Spanish coastline to be contaminated, tens of thousands ofseabirds,countlessfishdeaths,morethan4,000fishermeninaverylongtimecannotmakealiving.Treatment of contaminated beaches costs asmuch as $ 42.05million, and the entire governanceprocesstakesat leastsixmonths.. [16]Moreover,toeliminatetheecologicalproblemscausedbyoilspills,butalsopatientlywaitingfortwentyorthirtyyears.AccordingtothereportoftheEconomicCommittee of Porter Weitra show that if you want to clean up the oil leaked prestige, the EUcountriesneedtoinvestlargesumsofmoney,isexpectedtototal12billionUSdollarsishuge.

The accident also to the local economy, tourism, fisheries and so has a significant impact. Thecontaminatedareaincludesalargenumberoffishingareas,theleakagecausedbyalargenumberofshellfish,fishandothermarinelifeaftertheaccident,theSpanishgovernmentorderedtheblockadeof 128 kilometers of sea, causing local fishermen can not go fishing, which means Most of thefishermenarefullyengaged.

Thelocalbecauseofitsbeautifulscenarioattractsalargenumberoftouristseachyeartotravel,thepollution of the local tourism industry caused a serious blow, 90 beach pollution, resulting in adecline in the number of tourists, hotel occupancy rate. These have given the local economy aseriousimpact.


25

2.4GulfofMexicooilspill

2.41EventReview

May5,2010, theUSGulfofMexicooil spill caused the internationalcommunity'sattention,manycountries to theUnited States transported equipment and personnel to help theUnited States assoonaspossibletodealwithpollutionproblems.AlthoughIranandtheUnitedStatesinthenuclearenergyprojectontheexistenceofseriousconflict,butalsotoprovidetheUnitedStatestoplaythetechnology of killingwells. July 15, 2010, BP announced that the new oil control device has beensuccessfullycovertheunderwateroilspillpoint,"nofurtheroilintotheGulfofMexico."

Local timeApril 20, 2010 about 10o'clock in the evening, Louisiana, a coastal oil drilling platformexploded,drillingplatformsinkinginabouttwodays,theoilwellsundertheseadamagedbegantoleak.TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationestimatesthatabout5,000barrelsofoilareleakingatthebottomofasinkingoffshoredrillingplatformintheGulfofMexico,fivetimesthepreviousestimate.Oilwellscontinuetoleakthesameday,theengineersalsofoundaleakpoint.InordertoavoidfloatingoildrifttotheUScoast,theUSdisasterreliefdepartmentstotakemeasurestoburn,burnthousandsoflitersofcrudeoil.


26

Figure14:Theaffectedzone(Source:BBCCasestudy:GulfofMexicooilspillandBP)

April 28, 2010, British Petroleum engineers found the third oil spill point. According to the chartprovidedbytheCoastGuardandreliefdepartments,theoilslickcoversanareaofabout160kmandamaximumwidthofabout72km.USGulfofMexicooil spill accident June23,2010deterioratedagain: originally used to control the oil spill point of the underwater devicewas removed due tofailure to repair, billowing crudeoil hasbeen suppressed for severalweeksafter the spewingout,ContinuetocontaminatethevastwatersoftheGulfofMexico.July15,2010,monitoringtheGulfofMexicooilspillfromthebottomofthecameravideocapturescreenshotsshowthattheoilspillintothenewoil controldeviceandthennosignsofoil leakage. In theGulfofMexicooil spilloccurrednearly3monthslater,BPannouncedonthe15th,thenewoilcontroldevicehassuccessfullycoveredunderwateroilspillpoint,"nofurtheroilintotheGulfofMexico."

Figure15:Theoilisonfire(source:policy.oceanleadership.org)

2.42:Causeoftheevent

A“BUBBLE”:BeyerisamemberoftheUSNationalAcademyofEngineeringresponsibleforthesafetyof oil pipelines, in the 1990s as the British oil company risk assessment consultant. According tothese records,Beyer restored theprocessbeforeandafter theexplosion. Theworkers setupandtestedacementsealatthebottomofthewell,thenloweredtheinternalpressureofthedrillpipeandattemptedtosetupacementseal.Atthistime,setthesealingcausedbythechemicalreactionto produce heat, resulting in a methane bubble generation, leading to this seal was destroyed.Methaneisnormallyinacrystallinestateontheseafloor.Deep-seadrillingplatformoperationsoften


27

encountermethanecrystals.Themethanebubblerisesfromthehighpressureatthebottomofthedrillpipetothelowpressure,breakingseveralsafetybarriers."Asmallbubblebecomesaprettybigbubble,"Beyersays."Theexpandingbubbleislikeacannon,jettingintoyourface.

Figure16:3DDEPICTIONOFRESPONSEATOCEANSURFACERELATIVETOSOURCEOFLEAK(SOURCE:BPDeepwaterHorizonoilspillinGulfofMexico)

"Gas cloud"hood:April 20 incident, thedrillingplatformworkersobserveddrill pipe suddenly jet,Thenthegasandcrudeoilcomeup.Gasflockedtoaroomwithflammablematerials,wherethefirstexplosionoccurred.Followedbyaseriesofexplosions,litupthecrudeoil.Inquiryrecordsshowthatwhenariseof"gascloud",coveringthe"deephorizon."Large-scaleenginedrillingrigthenexploded.Theengineexploded,ignitingthedrillfloor,withfireeverywhere.About36hoursaftertheexplosion,theDeepwaterHorizonsankintotheGulfofMexico.

Valvefailure:a"blowoutvalve"bigasadouble-deckerbus,weighing290tons.Asthelastbarriertopreventoilspill,"anti-sprayvalve"installedinthewellhead,closetheoilpipeintheeventofoilspills.But"DeepwaterHorizon"and"anti-sprayvalve"doesnotnormallystart."DeepHorizon"equippedwithanautomaticbackupsystem.Thesystemshouldbeactivatedwhentheworkerfailstoactivate


28

the "blowoutpreventer", but it didnotwork at the time.After the incident,BPattempted touseunderwaterrobotstostart"anti-sprayvalve",failedtowork.[17]

2.43:Impacts

Economy:AsofJune1,2010,theoilspilledintotheGulfofMexicorangedfrom17milliongallonsto27million gallons of oil that could fill 25 to 40 Olympic-size pools. Evenmore frightening is thatleakage continues, thedailyoil spill in12000barrels to19000barrels, farmore than thepreviousassessmentof5000barrels.Undertheinfluenceoftheoilspill,PresidentObamahadtoannounceamoratorium of six months on 33 deep-water drilling projects, and to suspend oil drilling projectsalongthecoastofAlaska.Britishoilcompaniesinthepubliccriticismofthefirsttobearthebrunt.MediareportspointedoutthatBPsincethebeginningofhire"DeepHorizon"hasbeeninvestedinhuge funds, start-up costs as high as 100millionUS dollars. BP said it had spent $ 930million inresponsetotheoilspill,includingmeasurestocontroloilspillsandpayouts.[18]

Environment:LouisianagovernorsaidonMay26,2010,morethan160kilometersofthecoastofthestateby the leakageofcrudeoilpollution,pollution than theMississippiandAlabamacoastlineofthe total length. The Gulf Coast ecological environment is experiencing "disaster", the relevantexperts pointed out that the pollution may cause 1,000 miles of coast along the Gulf of Mexicowetlands and beaches destroyed, fisheries damage, fragile species extinction. "This time isparticularly sensitive,becausemanyanimals arepreparing to layeggs in theGulfofMexico, largebluefintunaaremultiplying,theireggsandyoungfishfloatinginthesea;seabirdsarenesting,whilethe spawning turtle Thebeaches aredevastatedand theeffects aredeadly. "LarryCrod, amarinebiologist at Duke University, says a major oil spill would destroy the entire ecosystem and theeconomic activity that is built on it. University of South Florida oceanographerWeisiboge ismoreworriedthattheoilwillbeinvolvedintheGulfofMexicosetsofflow.Becauseonceintothesetofflow,oilspreadtotheFloridaStrait justaweekorso;anotherweek,MiamiBeachwillseetheoil.CrudeoilenteringthetaintwillpolluteTurtleNationalPark,causinglocalcoralreefstodie,followedbydolphins,sharks,wadersandcrocodilesintheEvergladesNationalPark.


29

Figure17:OILONOCEANSURFACE(source:nydailynews.com)

Politics: As the leakage of oil wells have not been blocked, the Obama administration is facingincreasing external pressure, its ability to be questioned. Fifty-one percent of Americans aredissatisfiedwithObama'sapproachtodealingwiththespill,with60percentsayingthegovernmentisincapableofavertingsimilarincidentsinthefuture,accordingtothelatestdatafromtheCNNpoll.US Coast Guard commander Admiral Allen said that the United States has not considered analternative solution to oil spills, BP should continue to work to prevent the leakage of crude oil.Bush'srulingperiodinresponsetoKatrinahurricanedisasterandcriticized,andnowtheRepublicanPartytoseizeObama's"pigtail",launcheditsfiercecriticism."Inthe35-dayperiod,PresidentBarackObamahasnotbeenable tousethegovernment's resources todealwith thesituation,"saidRep.Darrela Isa,aRepublicanfromCalifornia,after theoil spill in theGulfofMexico."Republicansalsosneered through themedia," In the courseof thedisaster,we see thepresident still have time toplaygolf,politicaldonationsandlargestatebanquet."PresidentBarackObamaresponded:"TheoilspillintheGulfofMexicowasanxious."OnthedayIgottheoilblast,Itoldmyteamthatwehadtospareallourresourcestodealwithiteffectively.


30

Oil spill accident. Obama also said that the government has sent 1,000 federal workers to thedisasterrelief,thegovernmentistakingallmeanstocontrolthespreadofthedisaster,butObama'sconductofthegovernmentalsoconductedareview.

British PetroleumCompany announced on the 18th, has been completed from the bottomof thecementpluggingtheworkoftheGulfofMexicooilspill,cementhasbeensolidified.Iffurthertestingshowsthatnonewoilspillpoints,youcanofficiallydeclaretheleakwelliscompletelyblocked.[19]

BritishPetroleumCompanysaidinapressreleasethesameday,engineeringstafffromthe17thtotheoilspill intothecement,about18o'clockthatnighttocompletetheperfusion.Atpresent,thecementinjectedintothewellhassolidified,andtheengineerswillcarryoutthefinal"pressureandgravity"test.Ifthetestresultsshowthatnonewoilspillpointappears,theoilspillwillbeofficiallydeclared"dead".BPinearlyAugustbyinjectingcementfromthetop,blockingtheGulfofMexicooilspill.After that, thecompanyhasbeenpreparing for its "bottomblock"project, that is, throughalarge amount of mud and mud into the accident wells to the bottom of the accident, theimplementationofpermanentsealingleakagewells.

2.5:MarinePollutioncausedbyHeavyMetals

Heavymetalswillcausesomepollutiontothesea,includingmercury,copper,zinc,cobalt,chromiumandotherheavymetals,arsenic,sulfur,phosphorusandothernon-metallichumanactivitiesintotheoceanofmercury,upto10,000tons,Theworld'sannualproductionofabout9,000tonsofmercuryrecords, this is because coal, oil and so on in the combustion process, which will contain tracemercuryreleasedintotheatmosphere,andultimatelyintotheocean,itisestimatedthattheglobalin this regard The mercury pollution in the oceans is about 4 thousand tons per year. Cadmiumannualproductionofabout15,000tons,accordingtothesurveyofmarinepollutionofcadmiumismuchgreaterthanmercury.[20]

2.51:PollutionStatusofMarineHeavyMetalsinChina

Chinaisalargemarinecountrywithacoastlineof18,400kmandrichresources.Inrecentyears,withthe rapid economic development, there has been a series of coastal pollution and other seriousmarine environmental problems. Since the 1980s, the problem of marine pollution in China hasbecomeincreasinglyserious.Inthe1990s,thepollutionofcoastalwatersinChinawasveryserious.Theareaofcoastalwaterqualityworsethanthestandardofseawaterwasincreasedfrom100,000squarekilometersin1992to1999.Yearof202,000squarekilometers.By2012,somecoastalwaters


31

pollutionisstillserious,didnotmeetaclassofseawaterqualitystandardsoftheseaareaof170,000square kilometers, higher than the 2007 to 2011, 150,000 square kilometers of the average level.Seawater quality is inferior to the four categories of coastal waters area of about 68,000 squarekilometers, an increase of 24,000 square kilometers. Near the coast of about 19,000 squarekilometersoftheseawassevereeutrophication.[21]

In2011,thetotalamountofheavymetalsdischargedintotheseafromtheYangtzeRiver,PearlRiver,YellowRiverandMinjiangRiverwasabout44,300tonsandthetotalarsenicwas3,500tons.Amongthem, theYangtzeRiver and thePearlRiverestuary in2012 the twoheavymetals into the seaofnearly40,000tonsofarsenic,3241tons,accountingforChina'stotaldischargeof90%oftheseaand92.6%.TheYangtzeRiverandthePearlRiverestuarydischargehigh,ontheonehandbecausethetwoestuaryitself largerunoff;theotherhand,becausetheYangtzeRiverDeltaandthePearlRiverDelta is China's coastal two most dynamic economic zones, The modern industrial enterprises inthesetworegionshavedischargedalargeamountofindustrialwastewaterandurbansewage.

Although the relevant departments have also strengthened the protection work; However, theoverallsituationofChina'scoastalwaterspollution isstillgrim.ContaminatedwatersarerelativelyconcentratedinthecoastalareasoftheGulfCoastandthemajorrivers,suchasLiaodongBay,BohaiBay,LaizhouBay,theYangtzeRiverEstuary,HangzhouBay,PearlRiverEstuaryandsomelargeandmedium-sized cities near the coastal areaswith rapid economicdevelopment andhighpopulationdensities. Localwaters. Themain pollutants in seawater are inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate,petroleumandheavymetals.

NotonlyChina,inrecentyears,moreandmorepollutantssuchasnutrients,heavymetals,oilsandpersistent organic pollutants into the coastal waters of the world's coastal countries, the globalmarine pollution is increasing. Facedwith such a large environmental pressure, theworld for themarineenvironmentalpollutionproblemsalotofscientificresearchandtakemeasurestodealwith.

2.52:CausesofMarineheavymetalpollution

Whetheryoulikeitornot,heavymetalelementsareeverywhere.Heavymetalsareanaturalpartofthe earth, and they are indispensable for life, while others are useless. In industrial production,almostalloftheheavymetalsareofgreatuse,whichisthemainsourceofheavymetalpollutionintheenvironment.[22]


32

Figure18:HOWMERCURYISLEACHEDINTOOUROCEANS(SOURCE:marinecitizenship.com)

Unlikebiodegradableorganicpollutants, heavymetals circulate innature.Rockweathering, dusty,volcaniceruptions,riverstosea-heavymetalsthroughtheseprocessesfromthelandintotheocean.Heavymetalswillnotstayinthesurfacewater,theyadsorbedontheparticles,followedbysinkinginto the sediment.The layersof sediment cover, aftera long time,andeventuallybecomea rock,heavymetalwillbedetainedagain.However,humanactivitydisturbstheendlesscycleofnature.

Oremining, metal smelting, the production, use and disposal of metal products, all of which arereleasingheavymetalsintotheenvironment.Thisgreatlyincreasedtheflowofheavymetalsintheenvironment,andinwater,soil,airandothermediaconcentrations.Althoughinthefaceofnaturalforcessuchastsunamis,earthquakesandtyphoons,humansareextremelysmall;buthumanbeings'abilitytoemitheavymetalscanalreadybecomparedwithnature,orevenfarmorethannature.Tomakemattersworse,heavymetalpollutantsarenotevenlydispersedinthesea,butconcentratedinthecoastalwaters-thisiswherehumansettlements,theproductionoffisheries.Aftertheindustrialrevolution,marineecosystemsfelttheenormouspressurecausedbyhumanpollution.

Humanemissionsofheavymetals,andsomethroughtheatmospherictransportintotheocean.Forexample, coal burning produces fine particles floating in the air, they can carry heavymetals andtravel long distances, and ultimately subsidence into the sea or even ocean. However, the heavymetalsinthecoastalwatersmainlycomefromthetransportationofriversandthedirectdischarge


33

ofdomestic sewageand industrialwastewater into the sea.Foraparticular seaarea,a factory,asewageoutfall,are likelytobethemainsourceofheavymetals.Themercurypollution incident inMinamataBayinthe1950sisonesuchexample.

Japan'sMinamata City, a "Suzuki" plastic factorywithmercury as a catalyst for the production ofacetaldehyde,thereactiongeneratedby-productmethylmercury.Methylmercuryisdischargedintothe waters of Minamata Bay with waste water, and then is absorbed and enriched by fish andshellfish. The contaminated seafoodonmuddyunawareof the local people's table, resulting in atleast2265peoplewerepoisoned,ofwhich1784peoplewerekilled.Theecologicaldisasterthathasshocked theworld hasmade people realize that dumping heavymetals into the seawill not onlydamageecosystems,butalsoharmhumansthroughthefoodchain.

2.53:Impactsofmarineheavymetalpollutiononhumanbeings

Heavy metal pollution and other organic compounds pollution are different. Many organiccompoundscanbethroughthephysicalnatureofthephysical,chemicalorbiologicalpurification,sothat the harmful reduction or removal. Heavymetals are enriched and difficult to degrade in theenvironment. Heavy metals released from wastewater, even in very small concentrations, canaccumulateinalgaeandsediment,areadsorbedonthesurfaceoffishandshellfish,andaccumulateintheorganismthroughthefoodchain,causinggeneticmutagenesisofmarineorganisms,leadingtobiological growth Slow, abnormal development, reduce the survival rate of embryos, larvae andadults,andevenleadtotheextinctionofsensitivespecies,leadingtoecologicaldegradation.

Heavymetalpollutionisadirectandindirectthreattotheecosystem.Heavymetalthroughthefoodchain enrichment and amplification, and ultimately in the human body a large number ofaccumulation,destructionof thebody'snormalphysiologicalmetabolicactivity,damage tohumanhealth.

Mercury iseatenbyaquaticorganisms inthebody intomethylmercury,thesubstancethroughthefishandshrimpintothehumanbodyandanimals,itwilldestroybrainbloodvessels,causingaseriesof central nervous system symptoms such as hand, foot, lips numbness and red Pain, languagedisorders,hearing failureandother symptomsof cerebralarteriosclerosispatients;methylmercurycanalsoleadtoabortion,fetalmalformationsandcongenitaldementiachildren,greattoxicity.

Organismsofleadintakewithavarietyofenzymescombinetointerferewithvariousaspectsofthephysiological activities of the organism, and systemic organ damage. The most important is thenervous system, kidney, hematopoietic system and blood vessels and so on. Lead poisoningmanifested as anemia, abdominal pain, high blood pressure. Low-dose exposure to lead canadversely affect the function of the humanbody's red blood cells, kidneys, immune system, bonemarrow,andcentralnervoussystem,andallof theseeffectsmaynotbeclinicallyapparentbeforetheyoccur. Leadpoisoningwill affect the infant standing,walkingand talkingage,mayalso cause


34

children to distraction,memory loss, decreased comprehension and learning difficulties. Pregnantwomen inadvertently lead poisoning during pregnancy, can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or birthdefectsofthebaby.Leadpenetrationtothebrain,candirectlyinhibitthegrowthhormonesecretion,causingchildrenshortstature,precociouspuberty,obesityandsoon.

Cadmium iswidelydistributed innature, itsharm tohumanhealth ismainlydue to industrial andagricultural production causedbyenvironmental pollution.Cadmium is absorbedby thebody, thebody will selectively accumulate in the liver, kidney caused by disease, resulting in anemia andmetabolicdisorders.Cadmiumintheenvironmentcannotbebiodegradable,anditsbiologicalhalf-life in thehumanbodyup to10 to30years,knownas themosteasily stored in thebodyof toxicsubstances. The main symptoms of the poisoning atherosclerosis, renal atrophy or chronicglomerulonephritis.Inaddition,theexcessiveintakeofcadmium,cadmiumintothebonecanreplacesome of the calcium, causing bone softening and deformation, severe cases caused by naturalfracturesanddeath.Japanhada"bonepain"theanatomyofthedeceased,foundthatthebodyasmuchas122fractures.Lengthreductionof30cm,cadmiumcadmiumcontentthanthecontrol150timeshigher. Inaddition,cadmiumalsomutagenic,carcinogenicandteratogeniceffectsandcausehigh blood pressure, emphysema. Chromium is a dangerous carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic"three to" heavymetalmaterial; because of its strong oxidizing, on the skin,mucousmembraneshaveseverecorrosive. Inaddition, thechromium into theanimalwillbemethemoglobinoxidationintomethemoglobin,leadingtoitsnormalcarryingoxygen;excessivechromiumwillalsonucleicacidandnuclearproteinprecipitationdegeneration,lossofactivity.

Arsenicanditscompoundsarewidelyfoundintheenvironment.Themaintoxicarseniccompounds,arsenic trioxidethatarsenic ishighly toxic.Arsenic toxicity in thehumanbody ismainlyassociatedwiththeenzymeinthecell,sothatmanyenzymesinactivation,resultinginmetabolicdisorders.Skinhyperpigmentationandhyperkeratosisoftheskin,theoccurrenceofcrackingoftheulcerisanotherfeatureofarsenicpoisoning.Acutearsenicpoisoningisnottimelyiftherescuecauseddeath.

Copper isanessentialtraceelements inthebody,thecontentof ironinthehumanbodyandzinc.Excessive copper on the organisms have significant toxic effects, can lead to copper poisoning.Recentstudiessuggestthatlivercancermortalityandenvironmentalcoppercontentwaspositivelycorrelated.Inaddition,coppermetabolicdisorderscanproducebrainandbrainstemlesions.

Inaddition,thebeneficialordetrimentaleffectsofheavymetalsinthewaterarenotonlydependenton the species, physical and chemical properties of the metals, but also on the concentration ofmetals and the valence andmorphology of their presence. Even if the beneficial concentration ofheavy metal elements exceeds a certain value, there will be severe toxicity, animal and plantpoisoningorevendeath.Metalorganiccompounds(suchasorganicmercury,organic lead,organicarsenic, organic tin, etc.) than the corresponding metal inorganic compounds toxicity is muchstronger,solublemetalthangranularmetaltoxicity.


35

2.54:Isheavymetalpollutionintheseamoreandmoreserious?

Nowadays,moreandmorereportsonheavymetalpollutionintheoceanshavebeenreported.Doesthismean that the pollution of heavymetals in the oceans is becomingmore andmore serious?Compared with three or four decades ago, the heavy metal pollution is undoubtedly serious;However,inrecentyears,pollutionisstillincreasing?

China's economy is steadily increasing, the use of heavy metals and a corresponding increase inemissions, heavy metal pollution, of course, will become increasingly serious. However, thisreasoningisnotnecessarilytrue.Pollutantemissionsdonotalwaysincreasewitheconomicgrowth.Technological progress and scientific management can cut off the link between economicdevelopmentandpollutiondischarge.Accordingtothesurvey[23] in1992to2007,China'sGDPperunitofwatercausedby thegradual increaseofheavymetalemissions.From2007 to2012,heavymetalemissionswith thegrowthofGDPhasnot increased.NationalBureauof Statisticsdataalsoshow that from 2003 to 2011, the national emissions of industrial waste water lead, mercury,cadmium,hexavalentchromium,arsenicshowedadecreaseinthetotaltrend.

Theheavymetalpollutionoftheseacomesfromtheindustrialwastewater,thedirectdischargeofdomesticsewageintothesea,andmoreindirecttransportationfromtheriver.Inrecentyears,thedirectdischargeofheavymetalshasbeeneffectivelycontrolled,thedownwardtrendinemissions,whiletheamountofheavymetalstransportedbyriversisstillnotreduced.

According to the issuedby theMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection in recentyears[24],all kindsofheavy metals discharged into the sea with the discharge of industrial wastewater and integratedsewagearegenerallydecreasing.In2007,mercury,hexavalentchromium,lead,cadmiumemissionsare maintained at about 1 ton or less. In addition to industrial wastewater, the contribution ofdomesticwastewaterdirectlyintotheseacannotbeneglected.However,until2011,only19kgofmercury,113kgofhexavalentchromium,1276kgof lead,cadmium46kilogram.Thedischargeofdomestic sewage is the most serious, and it is equal to the sum of industrial waste water andintegratedsewage.

The amount of heavy metals that enter the ocean indirectly through the river is much greater -hundreds or even thousands of times - than the abovedirect sea discharges.Moreover, in recentyearstomonitorthelead,copperemissionsarestillrisingtrend.

In addition to analyzing the monitoring data over the years, there are some "tricky" methods tounderstandthetrendofmarineheavymetalpollution.Asmentionedearlier,theheavymetalsinthewaterwillsinkintothesedimentwiththeparticles.Thebottomofeachlayerofthesamerecordasthepagesofwaterpollutionatthetimeofthesituation.Ifdrillingamudcolumn,theanalysisoftheheavymetalcontentofeachlayer,itcanclearlyunderstandthehistoryofheavymetalpollution,andeven can be traced back hundreds of years ago. Some researchers collected samples of columnar


36

sedimentsamples fromseveral samplingpoints in thePearlRiverestuary in2000 foranalysis.Theresults showed that although the specific data of each sampling point were different, the overalltrendwassimilar:nearly100years,especiallythelast20-30years,theconcentrationofleadandzincinsedimentsincreasedobviously;copperandnickelhadnosuchriseTrendshavebeenfluctuatinginanarrowrange.

Another approach is the use of coral growth characteristics: the accumulation of coral layer ofcalciumaccumulated to formtheskeleton, like the tree's rings leave thesametracesof theyears.Theheavymetal content in the coral skeletonwaspositively correlatedwith the concentrationofheavymetalsinthewater.SomeresearchershaveanalyzedcoralsamplesfromtheDayaBayareaofGuangdong,whichhavebeenpreservedforabout30years:therelativeconcentrationofzincinthecoralskeletonhasrisensteadily,acceleratinginthelast10to20years,increasingby3to5Times.

Atpresent,China'sannualnumberofheavymetalsintotheseaisstillalotofheavymetalpollutioninthemarinesituationisstillgrim.Ifthetimelyandscientificmanagementtoreducepollutionfromthe source to control the spread of pollution, to themarine ecological environment to self-repairtime, the situation can still be recovered. China's marine heavy metal pollution in the spatialdistributionisveryuneven,evenintheoveralldeteriorationofthebackground,therearestillmanyareasoftheseaisclean.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics,in2010,affectedbyvaryingdegrees of pollution in coastal waters area of 10.07 million square kilometers, of which seriouspollutionaccounted for47,800squarekilometers, therearestill42,400squarekilometersofcleancoastalwaters.Tomaintainthemarineenvironment,wecandomore.

2.6JapaneseMinamatadiseaseevents

2.61EventReview

JapanKumamotoCountyMinamataBayteemwithseafood.MinamataisasmalltownintheeasternpartofMinamataBay,withover40,000inhabitants.Thesurroundingvillagesarehometomorethan10,000farmersandfishermen.Theabundanceoffisheriesmakesthetownparticularlyprosperous.

In1925, the Japanesenitrogen fertilizerplanthere,and lateropeneda syntheticaceticacidplant.After 1949, the company began to produce vinyl chloride,the annual production continues toincrease,more than 6,000 tons in 1956. At the same time, the plant discharges untreated wastewaterintoMinamataBay.[25]

In1956,astrangediseasewasdiscoverednearMinamataBay.Thisdiseasefirstappearedinthecatbody,sickcatgait instability,convulsions,paralysis,orevenjumpintotheseatodie,knownasthe"suicide cat." Shortlyafterward, thepersonwasalso found tohave this condition.Patientsdue tocentralnervoussystemandperipheralnervedamage,symptomsasabove.Atthattime,thedisease


37

was called "strange disease" because of unknown etiology. This "strange disease" is the futuresensationoftheworld"Minamatadisease",isthefirsttoappearasaresultofindustrialwastewaterpollutioncausedbypollution.

"Minamatadisease,"theculpritwastheworld'scutting-edgetechnologyinthechemicalindustryofnitrogen (N) production enterprises. Nitrogen for the soap, chemical seasonings and other dailynecessities as well as acetic acid (CH3COOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other industrial productsmanufacturing. Japan's nitrogen industry was founded in 1906, followed by the extensive use ofchemicalfertilizersleavingtherapiddevelopmentoffertilizermanufacturing,andevensomepeoplesaythat"thehistoryofnitrogenisthehistoryoftheJapanesechemicalindustry,"Japan'seconomicgrowth is " Led by the completion of the chemical industry under the support of ". However, the"pioneer industry"wantondevelopment, gave the local residentsand their livingenvironmenthasbroughtendlessdisaster.

Figure19:CAUSESOFMINAMATADISEASE(source:medindia.net)

Vinylchlorideandvinylacetate inthemanufacturingprocesstousemercuryofthecatalyst,whichmakes the discharge ofwastewater contains large amounts ofmercury.Mercury is converted tomethylmercurywhenitisconsumedbyaquaticorganismsinwater.Thispoisonoussubstance,whichishalfthesizeofadug-spoon,cancausedeathinhumans,andthecontinuedproductionofnitrogen


38

at that time has caused themethylmercury content ofMinamata Bay to reach levels sufficient topoison the Japanese national population twice . Minamata Bay has been heavily polluted byperennial industrialwastewater discharge, and the fish and shrimp inMinamataBay are polluted.Thesecontaminatedfishandshrimpthroughthefoodchainhasenteredtheanimalandhumanbody.MeHgthroughthefishintothebody,isgastrointestinalabsorption,againstthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Methylmercuryintothebraincancausebrainatrophy,damagetonervecells,damagetomaster the body balance of the cerebellum and the perception system. According to statistics,hundreds of thousands of people eatMinamata Bay in themethylmercury-contaminated fish andshrimp.

Figure20:ASEVERECASEOFMINAMATADISEASE(SOURCE:ShimbunAsahiandWilliamUnderwood“MinamataDiseaseatFifty”2013,01,12)

Many years ago, there have been reports about the biotransformation of fish, birds and cats inMinamataTown.Eventhecatsareextinct."Minamatadisease"endangeringthehealthof the localpeople and family well-being, so many people physically and mentally destroyed, the economysufferedaheavyblow,orevenbrokenfamily.Evenmoresadly,duetomethylmercurycontamination,fishandshrimpinMinamataBaycannolongerbeeatenandconsumed.Thelivesoflocalfishermenhavebecomedeprivedofdependency,andmanyfamilieshavebecomeimpoverished.


39

2.62Eventresolution

Causeofdisease

Mercury,iscommonlyusedinthetemperaturetableshowshowmanydegreesofsilver-whitemetal,it is a highly toxic heavymetals,with strong volatility.Mercury toxicity to organisms depends notonlyon its concentration,butalsoon thechemical formofmercuryand thecharacteristicsof theorganism itself.Mercury isbelievedtopenetratethroughthesurfaceof themarineorganism(skinandgills)orcontainmercury-containingfoodintothebody.

Wayofentry

Mercury enters the ocean mainly through industrial wastewater, the loss of mercury-containingpesticides, and the deposition ofmercury-containingwaste gases. In addition,mercury-containingslag and pulp is also one of its sources. Why should Minamata Bay contain mercury-containingseafood?ThisisalsothecasefromafactoryinMinamata.Minamatatownhasasyntheticaceticacidplant, in the production of mercuric chloride and mercury sulfate two chemical substances as acatalyst.Catalystintheproductionprocessonlyplayaroleinpromotingthechemicalreaction,andfinallyalldischargedintothewastewaterneartheMinamataBay,andmostofthesedimentinthebottomofthemud.Thecatalystschosenfortheplant,mercuricchlorideandmercurysulphate,aretoxic but not very toxic. However, they can become toxic tomethylmercury in the seamud by abacterium called Methylcobalamin. Methylmercury can be released at a rate of 1% per year,resultinginsecondarypollutiontotheupperseawater.Thefishandshellfishthatlivehereforalongtimearemost susceptible tomethylmercury contamination. Theamountofmercury in seafood inMinamata Bay is measured Has been more than 50 times the edible, residents of long-termconsumptionof suchmercury-containing seafood,naturallybecome thevictimsofmethylmercury.Oncethemethylmercuryintothebodywillquicklydissolveinhumanfat,andmostgatheredinthehumanbrain,adhesioninthenervecells,sothatthereductionofribonucleicacidcells,causingcelldivisiondeath.

Fataldose

Scientifictestconfirmedthatthesafetyofhumanbloodmercuryconcentrationof1microgram/10ml,whenreaching5-10micrograms/10ml,therewillbeobvioussymptomsofpoisoning.Calculated,ifapersoneating200gramsperdayofmercury0.5mg/kgoffish,thebody'sintakeofmercuryjustinthissaferange.However,theamountofmercuryinseafoodmeasuredinMinamataBayisashighasseveraltensofmilligramsperkilogram,andthedailyconsumptionofotherfoods,whichmayalsocontainacertainamountofmercury,Itismuchmorethanthesafetylimitofthestandard.


40

Minamatadiseaseisadirectresultofmercurypollutionofthemarineenvironmentpollution,hassofar been found inmanyplaces similar to thepollutionpoisoning, but also found that other heavymetalssuchascadmium,cobalt,copper,zinc,chromium,andnon-metallicarsenic,theyOfthemanychemical properties are similar with mercury, which can not but cause people's vigilance, andanother"bonepain"occurs,afterlong-termfollow-upinvestigationandstudy,eventuallyconfirmedthatthisisaheavymetalcadmiumpollutioncaused.

Hereditary

Minamata disease is also highly inherited, pregnant women to eat methylmercury-contaminatedseafood,maycausethebabysufferingfromcongenitalMinamatadisease,evensomehealthypeople(may beminor damage, no obvious disease) offspring is also difficult Escape the bad luck.Manychildren with congenital Minamata disease, there are sports and language barriers, the diseaseresemblespolio,indicatingthattoeliminatetheimpactofMinamatadiseaseisnoteasy.Asaresult,environmentalscientistsbelievethattheheavymetalpollutionintheenvironmentisa"timebomb",when the external conditions to adapt, it may lead to premature explosion. For example, underanoxicconditions,someanaerobicorganismsmaymethylatethe inorganicmetal. Inparticular, theuncontrolled release of large quantities of pollutants in the last 20 years has saturated theadsorptioncapacityofsomeharborsandnear-shoresedimentsandmaydetonatethe"timebomb"ofchemicalpollutionatanytime.

Fromthischapterwecanseethattherearemanyreasonsfortheimpactofthemarineenvironment,forexample,duetohumanactivitiesonthemarinepollution,suchasshipsailing,factorywastewater.Duetooilpollutioncausedbythesea,suchasoilspillsontheseacausedseriouspollution.Thereareheavymetals on themarine pollution, such as the factory has not been processed directly to thesewage discharged into the ocean caused by excessive marine heavy metals caused by marinepollution. Thepollutionof theoceanshas adirector indirect impactonhumanbeings.Due tooilspills caused by ecological disasters, due to heavy metal pollution caused by various diseases.Therefore,weshouldbeawareoftheimportanceofthemarineenvironmenttous,theprotectionofthemarineenvironmentshouldbetheresponsibilityandobligationofeachofus.


41

Chapter 3: Marine Pollution ControlMeasures

3.1Changetheenergystructure

from China's existing energy structure inspired, I think the energy structure of the impact on theenvironment can not be ignored. According to the survey, in the range of 2000meters from thesurfacebelowthesurfaceofthecrust,theforecastofthetotalcoalresourcesof5,059.2billiontons.Intermsofreserves,bytheendof2013,China'sprovedreservesofcoalwere114.5billiontons(62.2billiontonsforanthraciteandbituminouscoal,52.3billiontonsforsub-bituminouscoalandlignite),accountingfor12.8%oftheworld'sprovedreservesofcoal.

Chinahasnowbecometheworld'slargestcoal-producingcountries,theworld'scoalbearnearlyhalfof the output. Coal as China's most important energy resources, reserves, wide distribution, coalqualityisbetterandmorecompletevarieties.InChina,coalplaysadominantroleinenergysupply,with a share of 67.5%. China's coal output in 2013 was 3.68 billion tons (1.84 billion tons of oilequivalent),anincreaseof1.2%,accountingfor47.4%ofworldcoalproduction.[26]


42

Table3:China'stotalenergyproductionandcomposition(source:SteelInformationofHeBeiprovince2013)

China is not only the world's largest coal producer, but also the largest consumer of coal. Coalconsumptionin2013was1.95billiontons,anincreaseof4.0%,accountingfor50.3%ofworldcoalconsumption.


43

Table4:China'stotalenergyconsumptionandcomposition(source:SteelInformationofHeBeiprovince2013)

In recent years, China's coal production and consumption in the primary energy production andconsumptionintheproportionremainedat66%,whiletheoutputisoccupied3/4ofthehighshare.Fromthetrendofcoalconsumptionproportion,inrecentyears,coalconsumptioninthetotalenergyconsumption in the proportion of declining trend,mainly due to environmental policies in recentyears,aswellasthecontinuousdevelopmentofcleanenergydevelopment.[27]

Withtheincreasinglystringentenvironmentalstandards,thecontinuousdevelopmentandutilizationofnewenergy,althoughcoalproductionandconsumptionintheproportionofenergyconsumptionhas declined, but its energy production and consumption in China's dominant position in thestructureforalongtimeWithinafundamentalchangecannotoccur.

ImpactofCoalProductionandConsumptiononEnvironment

TheimpactofChina'scoalontheenvironmentmainlyinthemining,transportationandutilization,ofwhichtheuseofcoalpollutionontheenvironment.Theimpactofcoalminingontheenvironmentmainly for the land resources, water resources destruction and pollution of the atmosphericenvironment.Inthecoalminingprocess,undergroundlargeareaofempty,formingalargenumberofmined-outarea,likelytocausegroundsubsidence.Atthesametime,coalminingandwashingofwaterresourcesalsocauseddamageandpollution.


44

In addition, in the course of coal mining, coal mine gas and natural release of gas will producepollution.According to statistics,China's coalminemethaneemissionsofup to70-90billioncubicmetersperyear,accountingforabout1/3oftheglobaltotal,isveryseriousenvironmentalpollution.Inthewashingprocess,thescreenoutoftheganguespontaneouscombustionemissionsofalargenumber of sulfur dioxide, carbonmonoxide and other toxic gases. China's coal gangue emissionsaccountedforabout15-20%ofrawcoalproduction.

The unbalanced distribution of coal resources in China determines the transport pattern of coaltransportation between north and south and coal transportation from west to east. Theenvironmentalpollutioncausedbycoalstorage,loadingandtransportationismainlycoaldust.Datashowthat in recentyears,China'scoalstorageandcoal transportprocess in thedustproducedbyabout20milliontonsperyear,thereisagreaterimpactontheenvironment.

Compared with coal production and transportation, coal utilization has a greater impact on theenvironment.China'scoalconsumptionintheformofdirectcombustion,abouthalfofthecoalusedfor coal-firedpowergeneration, coaldirect combustion for theenvironmentalpollution causedbysoot-typemore serious.Data show that in2013 thenationalemissionsof sulfurdioxideemissions20.439 million tons. Among them, industrial sulfur dioxide emissions of 18.352 million tons,accountingfor89.8%.Nationalemissionsofsmoke(dust)dustemissions12.781milliontons.Amongthem,industrialsmoke(powder)dustemissionsof10.946milliontons,accountingfor85.6%.

Thecoalpollutioncausedbythesedirectpollutionoftheoceans,itcanbeseen,changetheenergystructurecandirectlyimprovethemarineenvironmentpollution.

3.2MeasuresfortheControlofMarinePollutionbyShips

1.TostrengthenChina's legislationonshippollutionpreventionandcontrol,establishandimprovethemarineenvironmentallawsysteminChina,adheretothelegislationofshippollutionpreventionandcontrolandtheuniformityoftheenvironmental legalsystem,especiallymarineenvironmentallegal system, and correctly handle ship pollution prevention and control Legislation and relatedmarine environmental law and the relationship between the characteristics and adhere to thecomprehensiveandsystematicreviewofexistingshippollutioncontrollegislationonthebasisofthenecessary amendments and additions, the key legislation and general legislation combined toimprove themarinepollutionprevention legislationat thesametimeFormulatenational lawsandregulations on prevention and control of pollution from inland waters. While strengthening thedomestic legislation on ship pollution prevention, we should study and learn from the advancedexperience and effective management methods of foreign ship pollution prevention legislation,adopt the system and measures of pollution prevention and protection of marine environmentprevailinginvariouscountries,andmakethebestaccordingtoactualneeds.Possibleparticipationinthe relevant conventions, shouldmake every effortwith international standards, the international


45

conventions of the specific, domestic. International treaties are an important manifestation ofmoderninternational law.In internationalrelations,thestatehasaninternationalobligationunderinternational treaties. It has the duty to make its domestic law consistent with its internationalobligations.Therefore, themarineenvironmentalprotection law ismadeaccording to therelevantinternational conventions. Amendments are absolutely necessary. The 21st century is the era ofgreat development of marine industry, which requires us to be from a strategic perspective,attention to the ocean, treat the sea. The implementation of the revised law not only improvesChina's legislation on marine environmental protection, but also plays an important role instrengthening marine environmental management, further protecting and improving the marineenvironment, protecting ecological balance and promoting sustainable economic and socialdevelopmentofourcountry.

Ontheworldlevel,onthebasisoftheabove,countriesshoulddevelopacompletesystemofmarineenvironmental law, for those of the marine environment pollution caused by the ship should bepunished.

2.Tofurtherimprovethemarineenvironmentalprotectionawareness,tominimizeoravoidhumanfactors caused by pollution. For the operational pollution of ships, strengthen the publicity andeducation,sothatthemajorityofthecrewfullyawareofthedangersofpollutioninthewaters,tohelp them understand the prevention of pollution, the protection of the marine environment ofgreat significance and enhance anti-pollution awareness. Increase penalties, illegal operations orbringthepollutionofthere-incorruptiblevessels,punishthemtotakemeasurestostrengthenthesupervisionandinspectionofwaterpollution,effortstominimizeseapollution.Strictlyabidebythelawsandregulationsonthepreventionofpollutionfromships,andimprovemanagementstandards,improvetheallocationofanti-foulingequipmentforships,sothatshipshaveastrongabilitytodealwithwasteinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftherelevantinternationalconventions.Alltypesof ships should be equipped with oil and water separation equipment, port construction of oil-containingsewagetreatmentfacilitiesandemergencyequipment.Atthesametime, it isnecessarytoincreasepublicawarenessandpublicawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandstimulatepublicparticipationinmarineenvironmentalprotection.Isthemosteffectiveprerequisiteforthecompleteeradicationofmarinepollution.

3.3Oilpollutioncontrolmeasures

Asakindofenvironmentalpollution,offshoreoilpollutionhasarousedcloseattentionallovertheworld, and prevention and control of offshore oil pollution is urgent. Governance of marine oilpollutionshouldstartfromthehumanities,tofindsolutions.


46

1.Raise environmental awareness and protect the ocean. Ocean gave birth to the rich life of theearth, for the development of life on Earth to provide a vast space. Butwith the development ofsociety,peopleactually theoceanasanaturaldumpingsites, resulting ina largenumberofwastewater, waste gas, waste discharge into the sea. Ocean self-purification capacity is limited, if thehumanpollutionoftheoceanexceedsthethresholdofself-purificationcapacityofthesea,marinepollution will certainly have a devastating impact on the entire planet. China has about 320,000kilometersofcoastline,388,000squarekilometersof territorialwatersandnearly3millionsquarekilometersofjurisdictionofthesea,whichisanimportantresourceforsustainabledevelopmentinChina.However, according to a comprehensive survey of coastal and tidal resources in China: thetotalamountofpollutantsenteringChina'scoastalwaters is6.5million tons/year,ofwhichoil is180,000 tons / year, China's oil pollution shows an increasingly serious trend . Therefore, it isnecessary to improvepeople'senvironmentalqualityandchangepeople's traditional ideaofusingthe ocean as a natural garbage dump driven by oil interests. It is fully aware that damage to themarineenvironmentisnotonlyendangeringaseaarea,butalsoaffectingthewholeworld.behavior.

2.Tostrengthenlegislativeoversight, increase lawenforcementefforts. InaccordancewiththeUNConventionontheLawoftheSeaandotherinternationallawsandregulations,allcountriesshouldaccelerate the formulation and implementation of special laws on offshore oil pollution inaccordance with their national conditions, ratify the International Convention on Oil PollutionPreparedness, Response and Cooperation as soon as possible, Pollution control, strengthen themanagement of oil tankers and crew training; the international community to cause sea and highseas oil pollution units, organizations, countries should be dealt with severely, at the same time,shouldstrengtheninternationalcooperationandcommongovernanceofoffshoreoilpollution.

3.Topreventandcontrolpollutionofcoastalwatersofindustrialpollutantsintheenvironment.First,by adjusting the industrial structure and productmix, change themode of economic growth, thedevelopment of circular economy. The second is to strengthen themanagement of key industrialpollution sources, the implementation of the whole process of cleaner production. Third, inaccordancewith the "who is polluted,whobear the" principle, professional treatment and in situtreatment,prohibitindustrialpollutionsourcesoftoxicandhazardoussubstancesemissions.Fourth,theimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentandthe"threesimultaneous"system.Fifth,theimplementationoftotalpollutantdischargecontrolandsewagepermitsystem.

4. To prevent, mitigate and control pollution of coastal cities along the coastal waters of theenvironment. Including the adjustment of irrational town planning, strengthening urban greeningandcoastalcoastal forestconstruction,protectionofcoastalwetlands,speedupthecoastalurbansewagecollectionpipenetworkandtheconstructionofsewagetreatmentfacilities, increaseurbansewagecollectionandtreatmentcapacity,improveurbansewagetreatmentfacilitiesDenitrificationanddephosphorization.

5. Toprevent,mitigate and control thepollutionofmarinepollutants in themarine environment.Starttheshipoilpollutant"zeroemissions"plan,theimplementationoftheshipsewagesystemsealsystem.Theestablishmentoflarge-scaleportwastewater,wasteoil,wasterecyclingandtreatment


47

systems, transportation and fishing vessels to achieve the discharge of pollutants focused onrecycling,shoretreatment,dischargestandards.

6.Topreventandreducetheoccurrenceofsuddenpollutionaccidents.Thedevelopmentofmarineoil spills and toxic chemicals spill contingency plans, the development of port environmentalpollutionaccidentcontingencyplans,theestablishmentofemergencyresponsesystem.

7.Preventionandcontrolofoffshoreoilplatformoilpollutiongeneratedbyoilandgarbageonthemarine environment pollution. So that the environmental quality of oil and gas fields and thesurroundingareasmeettheenvironmentalqualitycontrolrequirementsofsuchfunctionalareas,notadverseeffectsonothermarinefunctionalareasadjacenttothedevelopmentprocess,nomajoroilspilloccurred.Theoilspill responseplanshouldbeformulatedfortheoffshoreoilexplorationanddevelopment.

3.4heavymetalpollutioncontrolmeasures

Firstofall,heavymetalpollutionisdifficulttocontrol,whichis inseparablefromitscharacteristics,butalso it ismoreandmoreattentionofthereasons,so inthecontrolandcontrolofheavymetalpollution must be fully taken into account its characteristics. As the heavy metal pollutants arepersistent pollutants, cannot be completely removed from theenvironment, canonly change thelocationortheexistenceoftheform,sotheheavymetalpollutioninthe"anti"andtocontrolasanadjunctivemeasure.

1.SourceGovernance

Around the heavy metal pollution enterprises, especially the backward technology, seriousenvironmentalpollutionenterprisesseriousenvironmentalsafetyproblemsinvestigationandfoundasolutiontoawarningone,andresolutelyeliminatethehiddendangersofpollutioninthebud.

Scientifically adjust the environmental safety protection distance of heavy metal enterprises andprohibit the constructionof new relatedprojects in areaswith important ecological functions andareaswhereenvironmentalqualitycannotbestabilizedduetoheavymetalpollution.Organizethedevelopment of heavy metal industry in key areas, environmental impact assessment of keyindustries,improvethesystemoflawsandregulationsastheprerequisitefortheacceptanceoftheenvironmental impact assessment documents of the relevant construction projects in the heavymetal industry. In the future, thosewhodidnotcomplete theeliminationofbackwardproductioncapacity inareaswhere significantpollutioncausedbymass incidents in the region, suspended itsnewfocusonthepreventionandcontrolofpollutantdischargeconstructionprojectapproval.


48

Environmental protection departments at all levels should effectively strengthen the heavymetalpollution incident information submitted in the event of a problem, it is necessary to report andproperly handle and assist the local government to do a good jobof informationdisclosure,massappeaseandpublicityandeducation,andearnestlysafeguardtheenvironmentalrightsandinterestsofthemasses,Maintainsocialharmonyandstability.

Environmentalprotectiondepartmentsshouldbeonaregularbasistheseenterprisesaroundthesoilwaterandothersampletestingtoensurethatthesurroundingheavymetalemissionsstandards,donot pollute the environment. Strengthen the treatment mechanism of enterprise waste, so thatrecycling, to prevent environmental pollution, while improving the health conditions of labor toensurethehealthofworkers.

2.Cleanerproduction

Thenewandexpandedlarge-scalesmeltingprojectsshouldstrictlycontrolthetotalamountofheavymetal emissions. The transformation of industrialwater circulation system, improve the industrialwater cycle rate. Reasonabledeploymentof enterpriseproductionwater, to promote the cascadeuse of water technology. Improve the level of industrial wastewater treatment technology, thewastewater back to the production system for processing. Strengthen the research on keytechnologies related to clean production and popularize and apply the existing advancedtechnologies, accelerate the technological progress of the industry and improve the quality andefficiencyofthedevelopmentoftheindustry.

Optimize the layout of enterprises, located in large and medium cities, towns and other denselypopulatedareasonthewinddirectionandfromthenearestsensitivepointdistanceoflessthan1kmofheavynon-ferrousmetalsmeltingenterprisesshouldbethroughtherelocation,stopproduction,etc. exit. At the same time to strengthen the green plant around to ensure that the vegetationcoverage, in order to reduce pollution particles. Such as oleander, acacia, camphor, tree, crapemyrtle and other plants, can effectively absorbHF, Cl2, SO2 and other harmful gases, and reducedustconcentrationaroundtheplant.

3.Improvedtechnology

Improveindustrytechnology,technologyandequipment,automationandmechanization,reducetheamount of heavy metal pollutants. Strengthen the industry heavy metal pollution control coretechnology research, increase business "three wastes" treatment. Strengthen the comprehensiveutilizationofresources,andpromoteindustrialupgrading.

Heavy metal pyrometallurgy should pay attention to the flue gas purification treatment,hydrometallurgy should pay attention to wastewater discharge standards, such as the use ofmicrobialwet copper smelting, the premise is to dowell seepage leakagewell to ensure that theleachingsolutionisnotleaking.Rawmaterialsthroughthecarfortransport,transportvehiclesmustbe closed vehicles or top cover, to prevent dust or spilled. After being transported to the rawmaterialarea, it isdirectlydischarged intotherawmaterialworkshop.Therawmaterialworkshop


49

should be closed structure. In order to prevent the secondary dust generation, the rawmaterialworkshop should be regularly sprinkled and humidified. For factory vehicles must be thoroughlycleanedbeforeleavingthefactorytoavoidthepollutioncausedbyvehiclescarryingthesurroundingenvironment,rinsewastewatershouldbecollectedtothesewagetreatmentplanttotherearoftheplant.

Adjusttheindustrialstructure,acceleratetheeliminationofbackwardproductionequipmentrelyonscientific and technological progress, and actively promote energy-saving emission reductiontechnology development. Improve the degree of enterprise intensive, the use of advancedtechnology and large-scale equipment, improve energy efficiency. Vigorously research anddevelopmentofcleanerproductiontechnologiesandequipment,focusingontechnologyintegrationandinnovation,strengthenthestudyofcirculareconomytechnology.

Frequentoutbreaksofheavymetalpollutionincidenttobringusburstsofpainatthesametimeaswewakeupwakeupthealarmofenvironmentalprotection,theincentivebehindthemoreworthyofourexplorationandreflection.Environment is thenecessarycondition foroursurvival, ifwedonottreattheenvironment,thentheenvironmentwillbedifferentwaystoretaliateagainstmankind,weonlytaketheeconomicandenvironmentalharmoniousdevelopmentpath,cantrulybenefitthepeople.


50

Chapter4:SuggestionandProspect

Themarine environment has a huge impact onhuman life. The globalwarming causedbymarinepollutionandrisingsealevelalsoposeagreatthreattomankind.Marineoilpollutioncausedbythedestructionofthebiologicalchain,environmentaldegradationandotherissuesarealsoveryserious.Heavymetalpollution to thesea isadirect resultofhuman life,heavymetals throughthenaturalcycleintotheoceaninthebiologicalchain,andultimatelyintothehumanbody,thehumanhealthcausedahugeimpact.

Protection of the marine environment is the responsibility and obligation of each of us, and themarineenvironmentisnowfacedwithahugetest,notoptimistic.However,inrecentyears,withtheenhancementofpeople'senvironmentalawareness,themarineenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenmore and more attention. More and more new environmentally friendly energy be used,environmental monitoring efforts to enhance the discharge of industrial wastewater dischargestandards,wecanseethehopfulofmarineenvironmentalprotection.

With the progress of mankind, I believe that marine environmental problems will eventually beresolved.


51

Reference

[1]:YanZhang“China'sMarinePollutionattheBeginningofthe21stCentury”2012,11,09

[2]:GuoQingNa“CanKaoXiaoXi”2016.08,28(3)

[3]:GuoQingNa“CanKaoXiaoXi”2016,08,28(3)

[4]:ZhangShiPing“Chinaseapower”2009-05-01,67-80

[5]:ZengDing“FengHuangWang”,2004-12-09(1)

[6]:WangFengNian“Themechanismandprincipleofecologicalcompensation”,2006(1):31-35.

[7]:People’s Republic of China “Marine environmental protection law of the people's Republic ofChina”1999,12,25

[8]:SiYuZhuo“MaritimeLaw”Beijing:LawPress,2003

[9]:BP“Worldenergystatistics2014”2014

[10]:Hualing“CCS:towardsa lowcarboneraaccelerator”scienceandtechnologydaily,2009-09-06(2)

[11]:SEPA Information Center “State Oceanic Administration, 2002 China Marine EnvironmentalQualityBulletin”2002

[12]:ChenJianqiu"CurrentSituation,ImpactandPreventionofOilPollutioninOffshoreChina",2002

[13]:SEPA Information Center “State Oceanic Administration, 2002 China Marine EnvironmentalQualityBulletin”2002

[14]:LiYongQi,DingMeiLi"MarinePollutionBiology"1991

[15]:ZhiZhenFeng“Renminwang”2004

[16]:ZhiZhenFeng“Renminwang”2004

[17]:XinHuaChina“SpecialreportonMexicoGulfoilspill”ChinaDaily,2010

[18]:HaiXin“RevelationofMexicoGulfoilspill”SinaChina,2010


52

[19]:ChenYu“Xinhuawang”,2010,09,18

[20]:XiaNaNa,WangJun“Population,resourcesandenvironmentinChina”2012,S1

[21]:"2012ChinaMarineEnvironmentalQualityBulletin",2012

[22]:"2012ChinaMarineEnvironmentalQualityBulletin",2012

[23]:HeWenNa"EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology",2007

[24]:GuoQing"EnvironmentalQualityBulletinofChina'sCoastalWaters"2012

[25]:LiGuoqing"thetenkeypointsofinternationalmarineenvironmentalprotection","ChinaOceanNews"1999,05,07(3)

[26]:LiangXi"Interpretationofenvironmentalpollutionofcoal"2015,03

[27]:LiangXi"Interpretationofenvironmentalpollutionofcoal"2015,03

dong guo-analysis of global marine environmental …€¦ · pollution and prevention and control...

Documents