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Does the Indonesian Government System Promote Quality Educa9on? An Ins9tu9onal Approach Ninasap’ Triaswa’ Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia

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Does  the  Indonesian  Government  System  Promote  

Quality  Educa9on?  An  Ins9tu9onal  Approach  

Ninasap'  Triaswa'  Faculty  of  Economics    University  of  Indonesia  

“Whether  the  Indonesian  Government  System  Promotes  Quality  Educa9on”  •  The  Role  of  Ins'tu'ons  for  Quality  Educa'on  • Main  Organiza'ons  for  Quality  Educa'on  •  Suppor'ng  Systems  for  Quality  Educa'on  

1.  The  Role  of  Ins9tu9ons  for  Quality  Educa9on    

•  Ins9tu9ons  =  set  of  rules  and  regula9ons,  both  formal  and  informal  (from  Structure  à  Conduct  à  Performance:                            ”  quality  educa9on”)    

Role  of  Government  in  Educa'on  

•  Central  government  (2011):  Rp  89.7  T    •  Transfer  to  regions  (2011):  Rp  155.6  T  •  Educa'on  Development  Fund  (2011):  Rp  1  T  •  Total  Na'onal  Educa'on:  (2011):  Rp  246.3  T  •  APBN  2011:  Rp  1229.6  T    •  GDP:  Rp    7427.1  T  •  %  to  APBN  2011:  20%  •  %  to  GDP  2011:  3.3%.  

Government  System:  Formal  Rules  and  Regula9ons  suppor9ng  quality  educa9on  •  Cons'tu'ons  =  UUD  RI  1945  (4th  amendment)  •  Laws:      

–  No.17/2003  on  State  Finance    and  No.32  on  Regional  Government  (role  of  central  vs  local  government  on  educa'on)  

–  No.  20/2003  on  Na'onal  Educa'on  System  –  No.1/2004  on  Na'onal  Treasury    –  No  15/2004  on  State  Finance  Inves'ga'on,  Management  and  

Accountability  –  No.32/2004  on  Regional  Government  –  No.  33/2004  on  Financing  Balance  between  Central  and  Regional  

Government  –  No.25/2005  on  Na'onal  Development  Planning  System  –  No.  17/2007  on  Long  Term  Development  Plan  2005-­‐2025    –  Annual  Government  Work  Plan  (RKP),    –  Na'onal  Budget  (APBN)  and  –  Local  Budget  (APBD)  and  –  Other  local  rules  &  regula'ons  at  opera'onal  levels  

2.  Main  Organiza9ons  for  Quality  Educa9on    

•  Central:  President  and  Vice  President  supported  by  – MoEC,  MoRA,  MoHA,  MoF,  Min.  Of  Planning,  BPK  

•  Regional:Governor,  Bupa'/Walikota  supported  by  – Educa'on  Office,  Bappeda,  Sekda,  Bawasda  

Main  Func9ons  •  Ministry  of  Educa'on  and  Culture  (MoEC)  before  was  

MoNE,  has  produced    its  revised  Strategic  Plan  2011-­‐2014  in  December  2010  as  a  basis  for  decision  making  process  at  na'onal  level.  

•  Ministry  of  Home  Affairs  and  Local  Government  –  MoHA  is  the  provider  of  rules  and  regula'ons  related  to  local  government  accountability  

–  Local/District  Government  announces  the  opera'onal  rules  and  regula'ons  

•  Ministry  of  Finance  and  Na'onal  Supreme  Audit  –  Direc'ng  the  PFM  Reform  to  the  Performance  Management  (e.g.  Performance  Planning,  Budge'ng,  and  Audi'ng)  

•  Ministry  of  Na'onal  Planning  –  Coordina'on  of  Planning  from  local  to  central  government  in  prepara'on  of  Annual  Work  Plan  (RKP)  

Planning  and  Budge'ng:  Central  &  Regional    

Source:  sosialisasi_PP_no.  39_th_2006  

Planning,  Budge'ng,  Repor'ng  and  Audi'ng  

Source:  scosialisasi_PP_no.  39_th_2006  

Monitoring  and  Repor'ng  Mechanism    

Source:  sosialisasi_PP_no.  39_th_2006  

 •  Demand:  Households  à  

•   the  increasing  trend  of  popula'on,  especially  the  middle  class  income    in  Indonesia  à  poten'al  demand  for  quality  educa'on  (Mc  Kenzie  Report  in  2012  projec'on:    it    increases  from  about  45  millions  in  2010  to  more  than  130  millions  in  2030)  • Current  Employment  BPS  data:  more  than  half  of  Indonesian  workers  s'll  at  the  lowest  level  (primary  educa'on  or  less)  à  poten'al  demand  for  quality  educa'on  (lower)  

Market:  D  &  S  for  Quality  Educa9on    

Market:  D  &  S  for  Quality  Educa9on    

Supply:  Government  versus  Private  à  • Currently  government  is  the  main  provider  for  schooling  in  Indonesia  (primary  to  secondary  educa'on),  while  private    is  the  main  provider  for  ter'ary  educa'on  • Access  for  schooling  is  s'll  limited  (the  higher  level  of  educa'on,  the  lower  school  par'cipa'on  rate  ,  varies  amongregions)  

ISSUES/CHALLENGES  ARE....  •  Although  Indonesia  has  general  ins'tu'onal  framework  for  suppor'ng  quality  educa'on,  it  s'll  needs:  – Consistent  design  (from  central  to  local  gov  to  school  levels)  of  opera9onal  rules  and  regula9ons  for  effec9vely  achieving  quality  educa9on  (Pendidikan  berkualitas)  providing  among  others:  •  effec've  organiza'on  structure  to  managing  quality  educa'on  (i.e.  Planning,  Budge'ng,  Implementa'on,  and  Monitoring  &  Evalua'on)  

ISSUES/CHALLENGES  ARE....  •  Government  Structure  for  achieving  Quality  Educa'on  is  fragmented:  –  The  authority  for  implemen'ng  educa'on  policy  to  school  level  is  conducted    at  the  Local  Government  levels  while  …  

–  The  main  educa'on  policy  is  decided    at  the  Ministry  of  Educa'on  and  Culture  level  ...  

– Mnitoring    and  evalua'on  process  are  complikcated  and  not  well  supported  by  an  integrated  info  system  

– Ministry  of  Home  Affairs,  Ministry  of  Finance  and  Ministry  of  Na'onal  Planning  and  Na'onal  Supreme  Audit  has  the  authority  to  provide  general  rules  and  regula'ons  for  public  accountability  system  

ISSUES/CHALLENGES  ARE....  •  Concensus  on  defining  Quality  Educa9onà  currently  it  is  s'll  not  

clearly  defined.  Most  of  government  current  indicators  (in  state  documents)    for  quality  educa'on  are  input  and  of  supply  side,  i.e.  very  limited  indicators  related  to  outputs  (i.e.  graduates)  and  outcomes  (i.e.  employment  produc'vity)  or  in  terms  of  service  to  demand  side  (e.g.  Students)  

•  Although  the  MoEC  has  a  revised  Strategic  Plan  which  was  designed  to  accommodate  the  Performance  Management  model  as  stated  by  the  PFM  Reform  (based  on  Law  no  17/2003),  it  has  no  direct  control  to  educa'onal  policy  implementa'on  at  the  local  levels.  

•  Indicators  that  were  applied  at  MoEC  mostly  are  supply  side  inputs  e.g.  Number  of  schools,  teachers,  ra'o  of  teachers  to  schools  

•  Very  few  on  demand  side  indicators    e.g.  Percentage  of  popula'on  age  >  15  yrs  that  illiterate,  gross  enrolment  ra'os  

•  Very  limited  incen've  system  at  school  levels  for  quality  teaching  and  learning  

ISSUES/CHALLENGES  ARE....  Concensus  on  building  an  Incen9ve  System  for  quality  educa9on  à  bureacra'c  reform  has  provided  a  basis  for  building  an  incen've  system  for  performance  management.  However  currently  it  is  not  yet  clear  how  it  would  support  the  quality  educa'on.  “Money  follows  func'ons”  principle  is  important  for  building  quality  educa'on  For  example:    

•  Teachers’  remunera'on    (primary  and  secondary  level)  currentky  decicded  by  central  and  local  government,  does  not  represent  teachers’  performance  at  school  levels    

•  At  ter'ary  level,  higher  educa'on  ins'tu'ons  could  build  a  beper  incen've  system  for  their  staff  

•  MoHA  provide  general  accountability  rules  for  local  government,  however  it  does  not  specify  any  quality  educa'on  indicators  that  should  be  reported  on  the  accountability  report  Local  governments  do  not  effec'vely  follow  the  guidelines  from  central  minsitries  unless  there  any  incen've  mechanism  suppor'ng  the  central  policies.  

•  Ministry  of  Finance  and  Na'onal  Supreme  Audit  (BPK)  have    crucial  roles  to  design  whether  the  central  and  local  governments  should  apply  performance  management  consistent  with  policies  in  educa'on  sector.  The  BPK  should  then  conduc'ng  the  performance  audit  susppor'ng/  reflec'ng  educa'on  quality.  However,  boh  MoF  and  BPK  have  not  yet  clearly  designed  the  accountability  system  toward  quality  educa'on  

ISSUES/CHALLENGES  ARE....  •  The  Ministry  of  Na'onal  Planning  (MNP)  does  not  have  a  strong  authority  as  in  the  Orde  Baru  era,  it  s'll  has  the  planning  coordina'on  func'on  but  not  the  budgetary  func'on  anymore.  The  PFM  reform  since  2000  has  fully  shired  the  budgetary  authority  to    MoF.  Thus  there  is  a  separate  planning  and  repor'ng  mechanism  for  planning  (MNP)  and  budgetary  (MoF)  func'ons.    

•  Another  (possible)  addi'onal  role  of  Ministry  of  Na'onal  Planning  is  to  monitor  the  performance  management  in  each  ministry.  Currently  the  performance  monitoring  on  quality  educa'on  is    the  role  of  MoEC  through  its  sta's'cal  directorate.    However,  the  response  rate  arer  decentraliza'on  is  lower  due  to  lack  of  incen've  system.  

3.  Suppor9ng  Systems    •  Weak  Incen9ve  System  – Government:  weak  coordina'on  between  central  vs.  local  government  (e.g.  case  of  recruitment  of  teachers  as  civil  servant)  •  Based  on  Civil  Servant  Law,  it  is  very  difficult  to  terminate  the  employment  of  civil  servant  •  The  implementa'on  of  Bureaucra'c  Reform  program  does  not  clearly  set  up  the  incen've  system  for  civil  servant  

– Private  sectorà  apply  a  market  based  incen've  system  (primary  to  ter'ary  educa'on  levels)  

– Civil  societyà  provide  some  grants  for  suppor'ng  quality  educa'on  

3.  Suppor9ng  Systems  •  Very  Limited  Integrated    Informa9on  System  – Government:  Central  and  Local  •  Data  collec'on  at  Ministry  of  Educa'on  and  Culture  is  weak  due  to  decentraliza'on    policy  (report  from  the  regions  are  not  very  regular)  •  Main  indicators  based  on  BPS  (for  Popula'on  and  Employment  Survey)  

– Market:  Demand  and  Supply  for  Informa'on  system  (both  educa'on  and  employment)  •  Job  Fair    • Website:  Government  and  Private  

POLICY  RECOMMENDATIONS  Strengthening  the  ROLE  OF  GOVERNMENT  à  since  educa9on  is  a  “right”  •  Structure:  

–  To  restructure  Government  System  in  suppor'ng  quality  educa'on  (who  is  accountable  for  educa'on  performance?)  

•  Conduct:  To  improve  the  effec'veness  of  organiza'on  to  implement  the  performance  management  concept  (e.g.    •  MoF:  to  simplify  budget  procedures,  apply  ICT  for  budge'ng,    •  Na'onal  Supreme  Audit:  to  conduct  Performance  Audit  regularly,    •  MoEC:  to  strengthen  the  integrated  informa'on  system)  

•  Performance:  –  To  build  concensus  on  main  indicators  at  school  levels  for  quality  teaching  

–  To  monitor  and  evaluate  educa'on  performance  based  on  a  transparent  integrated  system  (to  build  a  symmetric  informa'on  system)    based  on  comprehensive  and  consistent  data  

POLICY  RECOMMENDATIONS  •  STRENGTHENING  THE  ROLE  OF  PRIVATE  INSTITUTIONS  &  

PEOPLE/CIVIL  SOCIETY  •  Structure  

–  Clarify  the  model  of  public,  private  and  people  structure  for  partnership  to  support  quality  educa'on  i.e.  the  government  policies  :  •  Local:    simplify  educa'on  business  license  procedures,    •  Central:  tax  incen'ves  for  imported  educa'onal  goods  (books,  laboratory  equipment  and  materials,  etc)  

•  Conduct  –  Transparent  process/procedures  of  private  school/educa'onal  ins'tu'on  for  the  use  of  public  funds  for  quality  educa'on  

•  Performance  –  Publish  Report  on  private  and  civil  society  ins'tu'ons’  performance  on  suppor'ng  quality  educa'on  

THANK YOU – TERIMA KASIH