does susceptibility testing have a role in predicting clinical or microbiological outcome? alasdair...
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Does susceptibility testing have a role in predicting clinical or microbiological outcome?
Alasdair MacGowanNorth Bristol NHS Trust & University of BristolSouthmead HospitalBristol, UK
The paradigm
pharmacodynamic microbiological clinical index size outcome outcome
Cmax/MICAUC/MICT>MIC
The Pharmacodynamic world - students view
AUC/MICfluoroquinolonesdaptomycinaminoglycosidesketolidesmetronidazoletetracyclinesglycopeptidesoxazolidinones
Cmax/MICfluoroquinolonesaminoglycosidesdaptomycin(metronidazole)
T > MICmacrolidesclindamycinoxazolidinonesB lactamsglycopeptides
The Pharmacodynamic world - shades of grey
AUC/MICtetracyclines
ketolides
Oxazolidinonesglycopeptides
AUC/MIC;Cmax/MIC
fluoroquinolonesaminoglycosides
(daptomycin)
? Dalbavancin
Cmax/MIC
T > MICBlactams
erythromycinclindamycin
Clinical studies showing a relationship between pharmacodynamic index and outcome
drug pD index size referencegentamicin/amikacin/netilmicin
gentamicin/tobramycin
Cmax/MIC
Cmax/MIC
>10
>10
Moore et al, 1987
Kashuba et al, 1999
cefipime T>MIC ? Tam et al, 2002ciprofloxacingrepafloxacinlevofloxacin
gatifloxacin/levofloxacinlevofloxacin
AUC/MICAUC/MICCmax/MICAUC/MICAUC/MIC
AUC/MIC
>125>175>12
>120>35
>87
Forrest et al, 1993Forrest et al, 1997Preston et al, 1998
Ambrose et al, 2003
Drusano et al, 2004vancomycin AUC/MIC >100 Schentag et al,
in presslinezolid AUC/MIC
T>MIC>100>85
Rayner et al, 2000
Pharmacokinetics and susceptibility
pD index pharmacokinetics susceptibilityCmax/MIC
AUC/MIC
T>MICCmax
log Cmic Kel
Cmax (mg/L)
Dose. F (mg/L.h) Clp
Cmax t½ (mg/L.h)0.692
MIC (mg/L)
MIC (mg/L)
MIC (mg/L)
Which is dominant - pharmacokinetics or susceptibility?
Pharmacokinetic variability
total drug AUC (mg.L.h)
volunteerspatients with
infectionagent/dose
mean %CV mean %CVciprofloxacin/variouslevofloxacin, 500mggatifloxacin, 400mgmoxifloxacin, 400mglinezolid, 600mg
-483448180
2020161234
-7351-
165
7770404856
range (112-980)
Susceptibility variability - MICs(www.bsacsurv.org; www.EUCAST.org)
Wild type (EUCAST) Variationciprofloxacin - E. coli 0.002-0.06 mg/L x30levofloxacin - E. coli 0.002-0.06 mg/L x30moxifloxacin - E. coli 0.008-0.25 mg/L x30
Present (BSAC)ciprofloxacin - E. coli 0.002 - > 512 >250,000
Which is dominant - pharmacokinetics or susceptibility?
Usually susceptibility drives changes in pD index; hencein situations where MIC ranges are large, categorical sensitivity testing should be predictive.
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (1)General casesPhillips et al, 1990
St Thomas’ Hospital, Londonbacteraemias 1969-88, retrospective analysisStaphylococci, Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa
Outcomes
died
therapy n. survived infection disease
appropriate
inappropriate
1346
159
84%
68%
9%
17%
7%
15%
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (2)
Behrendit et al, 1999Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt1989-93, retrospective analysis
Outcome: 28d mortality
therapy n. survived (%)
any appropriatenon appropriate
817164
8472
appropriate in 48hnot appropriate in 48h
8569
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (3)
Specific settings - ICUIbrahim et al, 2000St Louis USA, Medical & Surgical ICU (37 beds) 1997-99Prospective cohort study
Multiple logistic regression:-inadequate antimicrobial therapy as independent determinant ofmortality RR 6.9 (5.1 - 9.3, p < 0.001)
Commonest resistant isolates - VRE, Candida sp, MRSA, CONS,P. aeruginosa - also highest mortality
therapy n. % mortalityinappropriate
appropriate
147
304
61.9 RR 2.18 (1.77 – 2.69) 28.4
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (4)
Specific settings - ICU
Harbarth et al, 2002Geneva, Switzerland, Surgical ICU (22 beds) 1994-7retrospective cohort study of 244 bacteraemias
In multivariate analysis
factor Hazards
ratio
ratio
APACHE II at onset
number of organ dysfunctions
appropriate antimicrobial therapy
1.08
1.39
0.35
(1.04 – 1.12)
(1.11 – 1.65)
(0.2 – 0.63)
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (5)
Specific pathogens: S. aureus
Gonzalez et al, 1999Madrid, Spain, 1990-1994S. aureus, pneumonia + bacteraemiaprospective cohort study
Group treatment n, treated(%)
n, died(%)
MSSA
(n = 41)
vancomycin
cloxacillin
17 (41.5)
10 (24.4)
8 (47) p<0.01
0
MRSA
(n=22)
vancomycin 20 (91) 10 (50)
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (6)
Specific pathogen - S. aureusChang et al, 2003Multi centre, prospective observational study of 505 patients in USA.End points were persistent and relapsed infectionFactors relate to relapse in multi variant analysis -
• infective endocarditis • vancomycin therapy (vs nafcillin) for MSSA
Outcomes when IE excluded
patients withpersistent
bacteraemia>7d
relapse failure
MSSAnafcillinvancomycin
MRSAvancomycin
0/188/70
4/83
0/185/70
4/83
0/1813/70
8/83
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (7)
Specific pathogen - S. aureus
Sakoulas et al, 2004
30 patients with S. aureus bacteraemia recruited intoclinical trials. (PIII/IV) treated with vancomycinlogistic regression indicated significant relationshipbetween MIC (and killing) and treatment success
MIC (mg/L) success< 0.51-2
57%9.5%
Antibiotic resistance and bacteraemia (8)
Specific pathogen: S. aureus
Conterno et al, 1998Sâo Paulo, Brazil, 1991-92retrospective case control study comparingMSSA to MRSA (n = 136)
Multivariate analysis - 3 risk factors for death -
lung as site of entry OR 17.0shock OR 8.9MRSA OR 4.2
MRSA bacteraemia more likely to have inappropriate therapy in first48h
Antibiotic resistance in bacteraemia (9)
Specific pathogen: P. aeruginosa
appropriate therapy improves outcomeYes - acute leukaemia Bodey et al, 1985Yes - general group in HIV Vidal et al, 1996No - general group Hilf et al, 1989No - ICU patients Carmeli et al, 1999
combination therapy improves outcomeYes - general group Hilf et al, 1989Yes - acute leukaemia Bodey et al, 1985
(monotherapy with aminoglycoside)No - general group inc HIV Vidal et al, 1996No - cancer Chatzinikolaou et al, 2000
(monotherapy with ceftazidime or imipenem)
Antibiotic resistance in bacteraemia (10)
Specific pathogen P. aeruginosaChamot et al, 2003115 patients with P. aeruginosa in historical cohort between 1988-98, inSwitzerlandCox proportional hazard model to 30d follow-up
HR 95% PEMPIRICAL THERAPYadequate combinationadequate monotherapyinadequateDEFINATIVE THERAPYadequate combinationadequate monotherapyinadequateICU STAYNoYesURINARY/VASCULAR ORIGINNoYes
1.03.75.0
1.00.72.6
1.03.2
1.00.21
1.0-14.112.-20.4
0.3-1.71.1-6.7
1.2-8.9
0.05-0.9
0.050.02
0.420.04
0.02
0.04
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia
Zelenitsky et al, 2003
retrospective study of 38 patientsserum concentrations, MIC determined
Outcome measured as - persistent infection (21%)- death to 30d (21%)- cure (58%)
Cmax/MIC ratio of >8 predicted > 90% cure foraminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin
Extended spectrum Blactamase (1)
Paterson et al, 1998
400 consecutive blood stream isolates of K. pneumoniae, 11 hospitals
Overall mortality - 24%
Mortality lower if carbapenem used in first 5 days (5% vs 43%, p=0.01)
21% mortality if treated with ciprofloxacin and susceptible
50% (2/4) mortality with cefipime50% (2/4) mortality with piperacillin-tazobactamcombination of active Blactam plus amikacin did not improve outcome(mortality 15% vs 17% p>0.2)
Extended spectrum Blactamase (2)
Kim et al, 2002
142 blood isolates in Korea, E. coli or K. pneumoniaeStrain MIC > 2mg/L to 3rd generation cephlosporins
Patients treated with extended spectrum cephalosporin (most receivedaminoglycoside)
favourable responseESBL + ESBL - P
day 3day 5end of therapy
6/17 (35%)6/17 (35%)9/7 (53%)
33/51 (65%)36/50 (72%)47/50 (94%)
0.0350.007
<0.001
Extended spectrum Blactamase (3)
Piperacillin - tazobactam
Burgess (2003)ESBL + E. coli or Klebsiellaoverall 6/18 patients failed
4/9 piperacillin-tazobactam2/9 other agents
Ambrose et al, 2003Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375g 6hrly0.50 - 0.73 target ascertainment of ESBL positive E. coli,K. pneumoniae in Monte Carlo simulations(4.5g 8hrly probably similar; 4.5g 6hrly better)
Extended spectrum Blactamase (4)
treatment of E. coli/Klebsiella with ESBLs in theurinary tract
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Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infection
Talan et al, 2000
Los Angeles, USAas part of a randomised double blind comparative study ofciprofloxacin & TMP/SMX conducted between 1994-7(n = 378)
Resistance to TMP/SMX 18% in E. coli(90% of pathogens)
TMP/SMX associated with higher bacteriological/clinical failures
Antibiotic resistance in pneumonia (1)
Definition of penicillin resistance:-
penicillin susceptible 0.06mg/Lintermediate 0.1 - 1.0mg/Lresistant 2mg/L
Antibiotic resistance in pneumonia (2)
penicillin non susceptibility does not impact on clinicalresponse or outcomes for therapy with penicillin/amoxicillin± clavulanate
• paediatric community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (retrospective; n = 207), Friedland & Klugman 1992• adults with pneumococcal pneumonia (retrospective; n = 23) Sandches et al 1992• paediatric bacteraemic pneumococcal infection (prospective), Friedland, 1995• adults with pneumococcal pneumonia (prospective; n = 504) Pallarres et al, 1995• invasive pneumococcal infection + bacteraemia (retrospective; n = 106) Choi & Lee, 1998
Penicillin non susceptibility does not impact (continued)
• paediatric invasive pneumococcal infection, mainly bacteraemia (retrospective) Deeks et al, 1999• hospitalised patients with pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (retrospective; n = 101; pen R 2mg/L) Ewig et al, 1999• hospitalised patients with pneumococcal bacteraemia (retrospective; n = 156) Farinas-Alvarez et al, 2000• community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (prospective, n = 465) Bedos et al, 2001• hospitalised patients with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia (prospective, n = 146) Moroney et al, 2001
Penicillin non susceptibility does have a clinical impact
• pneumococcal pneumonia (n = 5837) overall mortality related to older age
underlying diseaseAsian raceliving in Toronto
Excluding early deaths i.e. <4 days:-
Feikin et al, 2000
Antimicrobial Adjusted ORPenicillin
Cefotaxime
MIC 4mg/LMIC 0.1 – 1.0mg/LMIC 2mg/LMIC 1mg/L
7.1 (1.7 – 13.0)1.0 (0.3 – 3.0)5.9 (1.1 – 33.0)1.2 (0.3 – 7.4)
Penicillin non susceptibility does have a clinical impact
• pneumococcal pneumonia (retrospective study, n = 462) multivariate analysis identified the following as independent predictors of mortality - older age
severe diseasemultilobar infiltrateeffusion on CXRhispanichigh level penicillin resistance
Turrett et al, 1999
Penicillin non susceptibility does have a clinical impact
• adults with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (n = 192) > increased risk of suppurative complication after adjustment for other factors
Metlay et al, 2000
• children with invasive infection - mainly bacteraemia (n = 304) > longer ITU stay; all other factors similar
Quach et al, 2000
Conclusion for S. pneumoniae:-
penicillin “resistance” probably only has therapeuticsignificance once MIC values are 2-4mg/L
wild typedistributions
microbiologicalcut offs
MIC
pD index pharmacokinetics
microbiological outcomes clinicalbreakpoints
clinical outcomes
Putting it together (1)
Wild typedistributions
microbiologicalcut off
Penicillin-S. pneumoniae
MIC
most drug-bacteriacephalosporin-ESBLBlactam-MRSA
Vancomycin-MSSAP. aeruginosaP/T - ESBLs
pD index pharmacokinetics
microbiological outcome
clinical outcome
Putting it together (2)
Conclusions
> clinical data on resistance significance is weaker than animal/in vitro data> appropriate early therapy probably improves patient outcomes> applies in a wide range of clinical contexts and pathogens but not everywhere> categorical sensitivity testing (S/I/R) is a crude approximate of the true drug - pathogen - host relationship> clinical breakpoints should have improved predictive value as pD principles are understood> microbiological breakpoints may be therapeutically misleading