does structural ice concern you?
DESCRIPTION
DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU?. IT SHOULD!. WE WILL DISCUSS. NASTY STATISTICS The Reg’s applicable to ICG Recognizing hazardous conditions Avoiding hazardous conditions Escaping without losing control References for more details. NASTY Facts about ICING Accidents. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
DOES STRUCTURAL ICE DOES STRUCTURAL ICE CONCERN YOU? CONCERN YOU?
IT SHOULD!
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
WE WILL DISCUSSWE WILL DISCUSS
NASTY STATISTICS The Reg’s applicable to ICG Recognizing hazardous conditions Avoiding hazardous conditions Escaping without losing control References for more details
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
NASTY Facts about ICING NASTY Facts about ICING AccidentsAccidents
11% of weather accidents involve ICING 57% of ICING accidents involved SINGLE
ENGINE FIXED GEAR AIRCRAFT 49% of Pilots involved had >1000 PIC 25% of Pilots had >100 <500 PIC
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
MORE NASTY Facts…MORE NASTY Facts… 53% of icing accidents occurred in
MOUNTAINOUS AREAS 14% occurred near large bodies of
WATER 57% of Pilots received WX Briefings and
ICING CONDITIONS were indicated 49% OF ICING ACCIDENTS resulted in
FATALITIES
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AT HIGHEST RISK-AT HIGHEST RISK-
EXPERIENCED PILOTS Who received WX BRIEFINGSFlying SINGLE ENGINE FIXED GEAR
AIRCRAFTNear MOUNTAINS or LARGE
BODIES of WATER
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
REGULATIONREGULATIONMISCONCEPTIONSMISCONCEPTIONS
FAR 91- DOES NOT SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS ICING for small aircraft
91.517 is in Subpart F and applies only to large and turbojet powered aircraft
BEWARE- NTSB Case law
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WHAT IS “KNOWN” ICE?WHAT IS “KNOWN” ICE?
NTSB Case Law DEFINITION: Icing conditions are considered to exist if these conditions are forecast or reported.
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““KNOWN” ICE FORECASTSKNOWN” ICE FORECASTS
AIRMET ZULU FOR ICE– AIRMET ICE...MA CT RI NY PA NJ WV MD DE DC
VA AND CSTL WTRS FROM ALB TO 140ENE ACK TO 200SE ACK TO SBY TO 50WSW BKW TO HNN TO AIR TO ERI TO ALB OCNL MOD RIME/MXD ICGICIP BTN 100 AND FL210. CONDS ENDG 19-21Z N OF AIR TO CYN TO 160ESE ACK LN. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z ELSW.
– FRZLVL...020-050 NRN HLF ME. 060-100 RMNDR N OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN. 100-130 S OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN.
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““KNOWN” ICE REPORTSKNOWN” ICE REPORTS
PIREPS-– AUW UA /OV 22 NE AUW /TM 2028 /FL
070 /TP C208 /SK BL /TA -2C /IC LGT CLR /RM B/L LVN
– UA /OV FGT/TM 1917/FLUNKN/TP B737/TA 01 @ 100/M07 @ 180/IC LGT RIME 100-180/RM DURGC
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REGULATION REGULATION MISCONCEPTIONSMISCONCEPTIONS
COMBINE “KNOWN ICE” WITH: 91.9 Manuals, placards, and markings
– Placards or POH/AFM MAY state “Flight in known ice is prohibited”
91.13 Careless & Reckless Operation– MAY apply if you get into icing trouble in an
unequipped airplane
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REGULATION REGULATION MISCONCEPTIONSMISCONCEPTIONS
Parts 121 AND 135 DO address icing extensively– EXCELLENT GUIDANCE BUT “OPTIONAL”
FOR G.A. OPERATION
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REMEMBERREMEMBER
Aviate, Navigate, Communicate, Litigate
ATC wants you on the ground safe Chance of paperwork or FAA Sanction is
remote
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STILL...STILL...
SOME PILOTS will CONTINUE to attempt to fly unprotected aircraft IFR when icing is forecast
SOME PILOTS (IFR & VFR) will continue to have inadvertent icing encounters
SOME PILOTS will DIE in icing
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WE WILL EXPLORE-WE WILL EXPLORE-
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PROMOTING ICE
STRUCTURAL ICING CHARACTERISTICS ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE TECHNIQUES HANDLING ICING EMERGENCIES
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ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL
WEATHER DROPLET SIZE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
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WEATHER BASICSWEATHER BASICS
ICE REQUIRES:– VISIBLE MOISTURE– TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING
VISIBLE MOISTURE CAN BE:– CLOUDS OR– PRECIPITATION
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WEATHER BASICSWEATHER BASICS
WARMER AIR holds more moisture than COLDER AIR
AIR is cooled by UPLIFTING (ADIABATIC COOLING)
UPLIFTING CAN BE LOCALIZED OR WIDESPREAD
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WEATHER BASICSWEATHER BASICS
LIQUID WATER CAN EXIST AT TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING (SUPER-COOLING)
+2 TO –15 dg C = HIGH PROBABILITY OF ICING
CLOUDS COLDER THAN –15 dg C ARE FREEZING (Cloud Glaciation)
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DROPLETS GROW WITH:DROPLETS GROW WITH:
INCREASED LIQUID WATER CONTENT (LWC)
FURTHER COOLING (CONDENSATION) MORE TIME TO COALESCE ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENT TO PROMOTE
COALESCENCE
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ICING TYPES Smallest to ICING TYPES Smallest to Largest Droplets:Largest Droplets:
RIME ICE (Small Droplets) “SNAP” CLEAR ICE (Larger droplets) “SPLAT”
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TYPES TYPES OFOFICEICE
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ICING TYPES Smallest to ICING TYPES Smallest to Largest Droplets:Largest Droplets:
MIXED ICE (Rime/Clear/Rime/Clear) SLD ICE (Supercooled Large Droplets
range from just smaller than mist to FREEZING DRIZZLE / RAIN)
FREEZING PRECIPITATION
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RISK INCREASES WITH RISK INCREASES WITH DROPLET SIZEDROPLET SIZE
LARGER DROPLETS IN:– CLOUD TOPS – OLD CLOUDS– BUMPY AIR– “WARM” (-5 TO +2 C) – CUMULUS (LIFTING)
SMALLER DROPLETS IN:– CLOUD BASES– YOUNG CLOUDS– SMOOTH AIR– “COLD” (<10 C)– STRATUS (FLAT)
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WHERE WILL WE FIND WHERE WILL WE FIND MORE SEVERE ICING?MORE SEVERE ICING?
– TOWERING Cu (above freezing level) – THUNDERSTORMS– JUST BELOW INVERSIONS**– LAKE EFFECT CUMULUS– STRONG OROGRAPHIC UPLIFTING
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WHERE ARE THE WORST WHERE ARE THE WORST ICING CONDITIONS?ICING CONDITIONS?
FREEZING DRIZZLE AND RAIN– ASSOCIATED WITH WARM / OCCLUDED
FRONTS – PRECIP FALLS AS LIQUID THROUGH
WARMER AIR INTO FREEZING AIR BELOW INVERSION
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SLD PROBABILITYSLD PROBABILITY
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COLLECTION EFFICIENCYCOLLECTION EFFICIENCY
SMALLER RADIUS FEATURES GATHER ICE FASTER– Sharp vs. rounded leading edges – Ice itself– Horizontal / Vertical Stabilizers– Tips vs. roots– Struts– Propeller blades – Antennas– OAT Probes and Windshield Wipers
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PROPELLER BLADE ICEPROPELLER BLADE ICE
SHARP LEADING EDGE- MORE ICE
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WING VS. TAIL,WING VS. TAIL,ROOT VS. TIP,ROOT VS. TIP,
CESSNA VS. MOONEYCESSNA VS. MOONEY
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RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL ICING CONDITIONSICING CONDITIONS
ACTUAL ICING AREAS TYPICALLY LOCALIZED– ALTITUDE +/- 3000 FEET– WIDTH VARIABLE, OFTEN LESS THAN 50
MILES– Synoptic Weather (moisture & lifting)– Surface features (lakes & mountains)
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WEATHER BRIEFING:WEATHER BRIEFING:
– Advisories (Airmet And Sigmet Warnings)– SYNOPSIS and AREA FORECASTS – SURFACE and 500 MB CHARTS– Winds and Temperatures Aloft– Pilot Reports– A.D.D.S. Neural Network Icing Forecasts
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PRE-FLIGHT PLANNINGPRE-FLIGHT PLANNING
ROUTE & ALTITUDE VS: – Weather Briefing– Terrain – Obstruction Clearance– LARGE Bodies of “Warm” Water– Suitable Alternates– Payload And Fuel Vs. Performance
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNINGPRE-FLIGHT PLANNING
DEVELOP ESCAPE ROUTES SELECT ALTERNATE AIRPORTS
– Approaches– Runway lengths– Surrounding Terrain
RESOLVE FUEL QUANDARY– More is required when running high power– Less is desired to keep weight down
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ENROUTE VIGILANCE ENROUTE VIGILANCE
Watch & listen for:– Temperature Changes– Cloud Heights And Characteristics– Surface Weather Changes– Center Weather Advisories– New Pilot Reports– STRANGE NEW NOISES, HUMS, MOANS, ETC.
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CHARACTERIZING ICING CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATIONACCUMULATION
TRACE- – Barely forming, not hazardous
LIGHT ICING- – Less than 1 inch accumulation per hour– Ice protection systems keep up easily– Unprotected aircraft can escape but must do
so within 20 – 30 minutes
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CHARACTERIZING ICING CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATIONACCUMULATION
MODERATE ICING- 1 – 3 inches per hour, – NEED ice protection systems– DANGEROUS for unprotected aircraft
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CHARACTERIZING ICING CHARACTERIZING ICING ACCUMULATIONACCUMULATION
SEVERE ICING-– rapid buildup, – more than 3 inches per hour, (CAN EXCEED 24
INCHES PER HOUR)– ice protection systems cannot keep up, – ice forming on unprotected areas causing
significant drag, – Runback causes feathers and ridges spoil lift
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EFFECT OF ICING ON EFFECT OF ICING ON PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
ICE MODIFIES AERODYNAMICS– INCREASES PARASITE DRAG– SERIOUSLY MODIFIES AIRFOIL – LEADS TO:
• HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK• INCREASED STALL SPEED • AWKWARD CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS
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EFFECT OF ICING ON EFFECT OF ICING ON PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
ICE ACCUMULATION RESULTS IN-– REDUCED CLIMB PERFORMANCE– POTENTIAL ALTITUDE LOSS– REDUCED STALL MARGINS– SERIOUS CHANGES IN PITCH AND ROLL
RESPONSE
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PILOT RESPONSE TO PILOT RESPONSE TO ONSET OF ICINGONSET OF ICING
INCREASE POWER- • USES MORE FUEL AND COULD EFFECT PITCH
CONTROL
MAINTAIN HIGHER SPEED & LOW ANGLE OF ATTACK-
• AVOID INCREASING COLLECTION AREA• AVOID SLOW AIRSPEED STEEP ANGLE CLIMBS• AVOID APPROACHING HIGHER STALL SPEED
DESCEND IF NEEDED TO AVOID UPSET
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RESPONSE TO CONTINUED RESPONSE TO CONTINUED ICINGICING
ESCAPE! FOLLOW PRE-PLANNED EXIT STRATEGY
– CHANGE COURSE OR ALTITUDE – CLIMB IMMEDIATELY IF POWER MARGIN ALLOWS– DO 180 IF NEEDED – TURN AWAY FROM ICE PRODUCING CLOUD
STRUCTURES – DESCEND TO ABOVE FREEZING ABOVE MEA/MOCA– DESCEND IF NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CONTROL
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STILL ACCUMULATING?STILL ACCUMULATING?
LAND BEFORE LOSS OF CONTROL OR UNCOMMANDED DESCENT!
DO NOT DEPEND UPON ICE PROTECTION SYSTEMS INDEFINITELY!
ESCAPE!
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NASA VIDEONASA VIDEO
Discusses effect of ice on aircraft performance and control
Discusses appropriate pilot response to loss of control
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WING
DIRECTION OF FLIGHTTAIL
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
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FLOW SEPARATIONFLOW SEPARATION
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ROLL UPSETROLL UPSET
Collection efficiency- wingtip leading edge
Occurs more when slow and clean Separation Bubble forms Bubble moves aft and reduces ailerons
effectiveness
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ROLL UPSET ROLL UPSET
CHARACTERIZED BY:– Uncommanded roll, aileron “snatch”,
neutral/reversed roll pressure
RELIEVE BY:– Increasing airspeed– Reducing angle of attack– Deploying flaps
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TAILPLANE STALL / PITCH TAILPLANE STALL / PITCH UPSETUPSET
Collection efficiency- horizontal tail Occurs more when flaps are extended Separation Bubble moves aft and
effects elevators
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TAILPLANE STALL / PITCH TAILPLANE STALL / PITCH UPSETUPSET
CHARACTERIZED BY:– Lightened pitch control, elevator pulsing,
porpoising, difficulty trimming, sudden and severe nose down elevator snatch
COUNTER-INTUITIVE RELIEVE BY:– PULLING back on yoke– Retracting flaps – Consider Reducing power and airspeed
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PITCH AND ROLL UPSETSPITCH AND ROLL UPSETS
Ice Accumulation reduces controllable speed range
Auto-pilot masks onset of control issues Tail plane stall on short final may be
unrecoverable
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REVIEWREVIEW
AVOID ICING CONDITIONS KNOW ESCAPE ROUTES UNDERSTAND CHARACTERISTICS OF
DANGEROUS ICING CONDITIONS AVOID USING FLAPS WHEN ICED KNOW UPSET RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
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SAFETY THROUGH PROFESSIONALISM
NASA GLENN HANDOUTSNASA GLENN HANDOUTS
CD ROM: INTER-ACTIVE TRAINING FOR G.A. PILOTS
DVD:– ICING FOR REGIONAL AND CORP PILOTS– ICING FOR GENERAL AVIATION PILOTS– SUPERCOOLED LARGE DROPLET ICING– TAILPLANE ICING