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Does Ethnically Stratified AddressBased Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon and Houston Robyn Rapoport, Susan Sherr & David Dutwin

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Page 1: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? 

Case Studies in Oregon and Houston

Robyn Rapoport, Susan Sherr & David Dutwin

Page 2: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

• Background for Research Question• Case Studies – Oregon and Houston• Glimpse into Future Research – Geographic Stratification by Income Level

Outline

Page 3: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

Background for Research Question

• RDD coverage is declining, particularly of issue for smaller geography studies (such as state‐based studies) • The proportion of CPO households is rising

• Sampling techniques to reach cell phone residents with out‐of‐state area codes are not presently available 

• ABS offers opportunity for full coverage – find CPO HHs and do micro‐targeting for sub‐populations

Page 4: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

Literature Review 

• Side‐by‐side studies using Address Based (AB) and RDD samples point to a bias in AB samples toward respondents who are non‐Hispanic whites and more educated• BRFSS Comparison: Link, et al (2006, 2008)• Massachusetts HIS: Sherr, et al (2009)

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Case Studies

•• In 2010, SSRS conducted two large‐scale ABS studies using sample stratified by incidence of race/ethnicity

• Samples were stratified by census block group – more precise way to target specific geographic areas of ethnic minorities than phone exchange 

• Primary goal of stratification plan – to increase the number of ethnic completes and meet geographic targets

Health of Houston Survey (HHS), on behalf of the 

University of Texas, Institute for Health 

Policy

Oregon Health Insurance Survey (OHIS) on behalf of Oregon Health 

Authority’s Office of Health Policy and Research

Page 6: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

Research question: To what extent does geographic targeting via ABS also help to address the ‘education gap’ since geographic areas of 

greater ethnic diversity tend to be lower SES? 

Page 7: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

Oregon Health Insurance Survey• Sample  Design:

• Extracted all HHs with Hispanic or Asian surname 

• Flagged block groups with 10% or more AA, Asian, or Native American, or 30% or more Hispanic 

• Residual block groups stratified in geographic strata to ensure minimum number of completes for each region

• 21 Strata:• 15 Geographic Regions• Ethnic Strata: High AA, High Hispanic, 

High NA, Hispanic Surname, Asian Surname

Health of Houston Survey• Sample Design:

• Sample first stratified by the 7 SuperPUMAs in Harris County

• Extracted all HHs with Vietnamese or other Asian surname

• Flagged block groups with 50% or more AA, 50% or more Hispanic, 10% or more Vietnamese, and 15% or more Asian

• 42 Strata• Within 7 SuperPUMAs, sample 

stratified by Ethnicity: High AA, High Hispanic, High Vietnamese, Asian Surname, Vietnamese Surname, Residual Strata

Stratification Procedures

Page 8: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

General Specifications 

3 Modes• Telephone• Web• Hard copy 

CATI and web offered in Spanish 

3 Modes• Telephone• Web• Hard copy 

All modes offered in Spanish and Vietnamese 

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Gaining CooperationMatched Sample Unmatched SampleAddress matched w/landline number

Unlisted, CPO, or no phone

Advance letter* ● ●

Advance letter mentions post incentive  ●

Post card reminder ● ●

Up to 20 call attempts ●

Refusal conversion via telephone ●

Reminder letter with hard copy q’re** ● ●

*$2 pre‐incentive with Houston advance letters**Letter and instrument were sent a second time to Oregon non‐responders

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Stratification by ethnic groups achieved primary goal of increasing ethnic completes

Ethnic/Race Completes (n=10,143)

Ethnic/Race Completes (n=5,082)

weightedto SRS*

unweightedcompletesl

White 87.9% 85.6%Black 1.7 2.0Asian 2.6 3.4NA 2.5 3.0Hispanic 4.5 5.2Other .8 .9

weighted to SRS*

unweightedcompletes

White 48.4% 40.5%Black 18.8 19.0Asian 4.8 13.8Hispanic 25.2 24.0Other 2 2

*Simulated ‘de‐stratification’ using Simple Random Sample (SRS) baseweight

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More non‐response among lower SES; unmatched sample is more educated than matched

7%

26%

35% 33%

5%

20%

38% 37%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

Denotes significance at the 0.05 levelOregon Matched n=4,829; Unmatched: n=3,930Houston Matched n=3,275; Unmatched: n=1,784

11%

22%26%

41%

5%

18%

33%

44%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

12% 25% 37% 27%ACS 21% 28% 26% 25%

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8%

31% 33%28%

11%

34% 34%

21%

4%

16%

38%42%

6%

26%

37%31%

LT HS HS Some College College +

Education by mode

Denotes significance at the 0.05 level, but not all significant differences are highlighted on this slide.

(n=2,505) (n=4,346) (n=1,026)

Higher educational attainment associated with web and hard copy modes

(n=882)

Page 13: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

20%

26%23%

31%

3%

13%

27%

57%

1%

22%

41%36%

LT HS HS Some College College +

Denotes significance at the 0.05 level, but not all significant differences are highlighted on this slide.

Education by mode

(n=2,082) (n=1,870) (n=1,107)

Starkest differences noted between WEB and CATI

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HYPOTHESISStratification by income at the block group level may help address bias since lower 

income levels correlate modestly with lower educational attainment

Created variable to estimate sample demographics if stratified block groups by average income level

Glimpse into the future……income stratified by geography 

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Income Stratification Procedure

Low income50%

Middle income30%

High income20%

• MSG provided income by census block group• Divided census block groups into thirds: high, medium, and low income• Created variable in dataset • Weighted income groups to approximate income‐based stratification

Page 16: Does Stratified Address Based Sample in Both Ethnic and ... · Does Ethnically Stratified Address‐Based Sample Result in Both Ethnic and Class Diversity? Case Studies in Oregon

8%

28%

35%

29%

6%

22%

39%34%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

Income‐stratified

6%

26%

35% 34%

5%

20%

39% 37%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

Weighted to SRS*

Income stratification reduces overall educational levels but does not eliminate the gap by sample type 

Matched n=4,829; Unmatched: n= 3,930

*Simulated ‘de‐stratification’ using Simple Random Sample (SRS) baseweight

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16%

25% 26%

33%

8%

20%

35%37%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

Matched n=3,275; Unmatched: n=1,784

11%

22%26%

41%

5%

18%

34%

42%

LT HS HS SomeCollege

College +

Income‐stratified Weighted to SRS*

*Simulated ‘de‐stratification’ using Simple Random Sample (SRS) baseweight

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Summary

• ABS offers potential for best sample coverage of small geographic areas

• Stratification by ethnic group can increase the number of ethnic completes vs. what would have been attained otherwise; however, reaching unmatched households with lower SES remains problematic – this population is harder‐to‐reach and less likely to complete either the hard copy or online versions of the survey.

• Stratification by income may be a somewhat more effective way of increasing the proportion of completes with lower SES HHs…but disproportionate non‐response is likely to be an issue with alternate stratification plans also.

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Implications

• May want to experiment with…• Larger incentives offered to block groups likely to be of lower SES to encourage respondents to call in or complete the hard copy or online instrument

• Incenting unmatched HHs to provide telephone numbers so that outgoing calls can be made

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Thank You

Robyn [email protected] West Baltimore PikeMedia, Pennsylvania 19063www.ssrs.com@ssrs_solutions