documenta tion of land us e indicators vaalues in … · nt of biom al unit. values (per f soil...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUIN GA
1
Apart fromenvironmeLife Cycle AL. (2007).
In the softwversion in and subse(LBP), DeScience) a
According and incorp
Ero
Me
Phy
Gro
Bio
These landthe LANCAthe respecmethods c
The valuessoftware arepresentasystem. Tenvironme
1 Country-speparameters(2003); TYN“distance to
UMENTABI
INTRODU
m the classental issue is
Assessme.
ware and d2010. The
equent workpt. Life Cy
and PE Inter
to BAITZ (2porate them
osion Resist
echanical Fi
ysicochemic
oundwater R
otic Product
d use indicaA® tool (Lanctive land uan be found
s calculatedand aggregative for theThus, land ental impact
ecific input das of humus coN CY 1.1 datao groundwater
ATION
UCTION
sical impacs widely co
ent (LCA) c
database symethodolog
k, that was cycle Enginernational Gm
2002), a set into the sof
tance,
ltration,
cal Filtration
Replenishm
ion.
ators are cnd Use Induse types (d in BECK, B
d accordinggated over e entire life
use can evaluation
ata for the tooontent, skeletaa set for precir”, a default va
OF LA
ct categoriensidered to
community
ystem GaBgy behind iscarried out
eering (GaBmbH (cp. B
of indicatoftware. The
n,
ment,
alculated foicator Calcu(cp.Table 2BOS, WITTST
g to these mthe proce
cycle of mabe conside.
ol has been dal content, decpitation, summalue (0.8-10m)
AND US
es like GWo be very im
(cp. for ex
i land use s based on at the Univ
Bi; former ECK, BOS, W
ors has beeese are:
or several laulation Too2 - Table 8TOCK ET AL.
methods areess chain any of the aered as an
derived from tclination, and mer precipitati) is used.
SE IND
WP, AP, EPmportant andxample LIND
parametersthe disserta
versity of StInstitute fo
WITTSTOCK
n defined to
and intensivl) based on
8). A detail (2010).
e then integto form enaggregated n additiona
the ISRIC dateffective catioion and evapo
DICATO
P, POCP ed constantlyDEIJER (200
s are integration of Matuttgart, Char Polymer ET AL. 2010
o model lan
ve processn country-sped descript
grated in thnvironmenta
processes al aspect in
abase (ISRICon exchange cotranspiration.
ORS VA
etc., land y gains atte00), MILÀ I
rated, startiartin Baitz (Bair of BuildiTesting an
0).
nd use aspe
es with thepecific inpution of the
he GaBi datal indicator in the GaBn LCA to
C WISE 2002)capacity and f For the input
Page 1 / 22
ALUES
use as anention in the
CANALS ET
ng with theBAITZ 2002)ing Physicsnd Polymer
ects in LCA
e support oft data1 andunderlying
tabase andrs that areBi database
extend its
) for the inputfrom MITCHELL
t parameter of
2
S
n e T
e ) s r
A
f d g
d e e s
t L
f
For the caland use tythe land (occupationsame land follows:
Occupatio
Transform
The resultishown in T
Table 1: In
Indicator
Erosion Re
Mechanica
Physicoch
Filtration
Groundwa
Replenishm
Biotic Prod
Positive oc
Eroocc
Meby t
2 kg dry mass
lculation of ypes of the (t4) (cp. BE
n phase is a use type. F
on indicato
mation indic
ing units of Table 1.
ndicator un
esistance
al Filtration
emical
ater
ment
duction
ccupation in
osion Resiscurring soil e
echanical Fithe product
s
indicator valand before
ECK, BOS, Wa static situaFor each ind
or value = (Q
ctor value
qualities, tr
nits
Quality
[kg/(ha*
[cm/d]
[cmol/kg
[mm/a]
[kg2/(m²
ndicator valu
tance (exprerosion due
ltration: amtion of one f
alues, indice transformaWITTSTOCK
ation; consedicator, occ
Q(t4, ref)-Q(t
= (Q(t4)-Q(t
ransformatio
y unit
*a)]
gsoil]
²*a)]
ues can be
ressed by ke to the effe
mount of wafunctional u
cator qualitieation (t1) du
ET AL. 20equently, focupation and
t2,3))*area u
t1))*area us
on and occ
Tran
indic
[kg/a
[cm*
[(cmo
[(mm
[kg/a
interpreted
kg of erosioects caused
ater that couunit.
es Q have turing use (t210). At this
or all procesd transform
used*time
sed
upation ind
nsformation
cator unit
a]
m²/d]
ol*m²)/ kgsoil]
m*m²)/a]
a]
as follows:
on): kg of s by the prod
uld not be f
to be calcuand t3), an
s stage it sses calculaation in gen
of occupat
icator value
O
un
[k
[c
[(c
[m
[k
oil eroded iduction of o
filtered due
lated for thd after regeis assume
ated, t2 and neral are ca
tion
es as used
Occupation
nit
kg]
cm*m²]
cmol*m²*a )/
mm*m²]
kg]
in addition one function
e to the effe
Page 2 / 22
e state andeneration ofd, that thet3 have the
alculated as
in GaBi are
indicator
kgsoil]
to naturallynal unit.
ects caused
2
d f e e s
e
y
d
Phyeffe
Groto t
Biopro
Positive tra
Eroin tran
Meregcau
Phyfolloimp
Grotimtran
Bioregcau
Negative in
According
ysicochemicects caused
oundwater Rthe effects c
otic Productoduction of o
ansformatio
osion Resistthe time fonsformation
echanical Fgarded landused by the
ysicochemicowing the pacts cause
oundwater e followingnsformation
otic Producgarded land used by the
ndicator val
to BAITZ (20
cal Filtratiod by the pro
Replenishmcaused by t
tion: amouone function
on indicator
tance: kg oollowing then impacts ca
iltration: am use per da production
cal Filtratioregarded la
ed by the pr
Replenishm the regard
n impacts ca
tion: amouuse per ye
production
ues show t
002), the re
n: amount oduction of o
ment: amounhe producti
nt of biomnal unit.
values (per
f soil erodee regardedaused by th
mount of way on the u of one func
n: amount and use onoduction of
ment: amouded land usaused by th
unt of biomear on the u of one func
he respectiv
eference situ
of cations tone function
nt of grounion of one fu
ass not pr
rmanent im
ed in additiod land use he productio
water that cused land dctional unit.
of cations n the used f one functio
nt of grounse per yea
he productio
mass that iused land dctional unit.
ve positive
uation tref is
that could nnal unit.
dwater, whunctional un
roduced du
pacts) can
on to naturaon the us
on of one fu
cannot be fue to the p
that cannoland, due
onal unit.
ndwater, whar on the uon of one fu
s not produe to the p
impacts.
assumed t
not be fixed
ich could nnit.
e to the e
be interpret
lly occurringsed land dnctional uni
filtered in termanent tr
t be fixed tto the perm
hich cannot sed land, dnctional uni
duced in thermanent t
o be the sa
d to the soil
ot be reple
effects caus
ted as follow
g soil erosiodue to the it.
the time foransformati
to the soil manent tran
be replenisdue to the it.
he time fotransformati
ame as the s
Page 3 / 22
due to the
nished due
sed by the
ws:
on per yearpermanent
llowing theion impacts
in the timensformation
shed in thepermanent
llowing theion impacts
situation t4.
2
e
e
e
r t
e s
e n
e t
e s
2
For the folare docum
Agr
Bau
Cop
Har
Iron
Lig
Ore
Table 2 - Tt1-t4, respeto the pregeographicbasis of geagreed, thathe use phvegetation
For the agfact that th“used” for afterwardsaddresses
Table 2: L
Co
B
Ca
Fr
Ge
GABI DO
lowing procmented in thi
ricultural pro
uxite
pper
rd coal
n Ore
nite
e
Table 8 shoectively tref . edominant lcal maps. Teographical at a primaryhase again. types.
ricultural prhe farmland
hundreds s again. As this issue.
Land use ty
ountry
Brazil
anada
rance
ermany
OCUMENT
cess groupsis report:
ocesses
ow for the dThe land u
land use tyThe situation
maps showy rain fores It was said
rocesses, nis used a loof years. T a further
ypes for ag
Farml
surf
Farml
surf
Farml
surf
Farml
TATION
s, land use
different couuse types foype in the ns t4 respecwing the natt used as ad that the a
o transformong time foThat meanresearch n
ricultural p
t1
and (no com
face vegetati
and (no com
face vegetat
and (no com
face vegetati
and (no com
indicator va
untries and or t1 were c
area wherctively tref wetural vegeta
a mining arearea is stron
mation indicar farming in
ns it was oeed there
processes
mplete
on)
Fa
mplete
tion
Fa
mplete
on)
Fa
mplete Fa
alues have
process tyhosen in dire the landere also choation in the ea cannot bngly disturb
ator values n contrary tooften farmlahas to be
t2, t3
armland (no
surface vege
armland (no
surface vege
armland (no
surface vege
armland (no
been imple
pes the lanscussions w
d occupatioosen in expspecific are
become a pbed and can
are calculao a mining aand before found an a
complete
etation)
complete
etation)
complete
etation)
complete
emented into
nd use typeswith expertson takes plpert discussea. For exarimary rain n host only
ated. This isarea. Farmlthe specif
allocation m
t4, t
Tropical s
Wood: Co
woodl
Wood: M
woodl
Wood: M
Page 4 / 22
o GaBi and
s regardings accordinglace out of
sions on themple it wasforest after
y secondary
s due to theand can beic use and
method that
tref
savannah
oniferous
ands
ixed tree
ands
ixed tree
2
d
g g f
e s r y
e e d t
Co
Ma
Th
United
Am
NOTE:
Table 3: L
Co
Au
B
Table 4: L
Cou
Arg
Aus
C
Indo
Sw
Table 5: L
Co
ountry
alaysia
hailand
d States of
merica
“Wood” in
“Forest” in
artificially
Land use ty
ountry
ustralia
Brazil
Land use ty
untry
entina
stralia
Chile
onesia
weden
Land use ty
ountry
surf
Wood
Wood
Farml
surf
this docume
n this docum
ypes for Ba
Wo
wood
Wood
ypes for Co
Tempe
Tempe
Se
Wood:
R
Forest: C
ypes for Ha
t1
face vegetati
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
and (no com
face vegetat
ent is defined
ment is defin
auxite extra
t1
ood: Deciduo
dlands, unspe
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
opper extra
t1
rate savanna
rate savanna
emi-desert
(Sub-) tropic
Rainforest
Coniferous fo
ard coal ext
t1
on)
pical Fa
pical Fa
mplete
tion
Fa
d to be natur
ned to be ar
action sites
ous
ecific
pical
action sites
ah
ah
cal
orest
traction sit
t2, t3
surface vege
armland (no
surface vege
armland (no
surface vege
armland (no
surface vege
ral, non proc
rtificially plan
s
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
s
t2, t3
Mining area
Mining area
Mining area
Mining area
Mining area
tes
t2, t3
etation)
complete
etation)
complete
etation)
complete
etation)
essed and n
nted wood d
area
area
Fallo
t4, t
woodl
Wood: (Sub
Rainfo
Wood: (Sub
Rainfo
Wood: M
woodl
naturally grow
deemed to b
t4, t
Forest s
Fallow gro
surface ve
t4, tref
Semi-des
Semi-des
Semi-des
ow ground (n
vegetatio
Tundra
t4, t
Page 5 / 22
tref
ands
b-) tropical
orest
b-) tropical
orest
ixed tree
ands
wn woodland
e processed
tref
steppe
ound (no
egetation)
f
sert
sert
sert
no surface
on)
a
tref
2
d
d
Co
A
B
C
Co
Ind
M
M
New
Ph
Russia
Sou
Unite
United Sta
ountry
Australia
Bosnia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
olombia
India
donesia
Italy
Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
w Zealand
hilippines
n Federation
Spain
uth Africa
ed Kingdom
ates of Amer
Wo
wood
M
Wood
Wo
Gras
Gras
Wood
Wo
Wood
Forest
Wood
Wood
S
Wo
Wood
n Wo
Gras
Temp
Farml
surf
rica Wo
t1
ood: Deciduo
dlands, unspe
oorland, law
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
ood: Conifero
woodlands
ssland, mead
ssland, mead
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
ood: Monsoo
woodlands
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
: Mixed tree
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
Semi-desert
ood: Mixed tr
woodlands
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
ood: Conifero
woodlands
ssland, mead
perate savan
and (no com
face vegetati
ood: Deciduo
ous
ecific
wn
pical
ous
dow
dow
pical
on
pical
forest
pical
pical
ree
pical
ous
dow
nnah
mplete
on)
ous
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
t4, t
Forest s
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Moorlan
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Fallow gro
surface ve
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Moorlan
Non continu
influence
Fallow gro
surface ve
Semi-d
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Forest: Co
fore
Moorlan
Semi-d
Moorlan
Moorlan
Page 6 / 22
tref
steppe
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
d, lawn
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
ound (no
egetation)
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
d, lawn
uous urban
ed area
ound (no
egetation)
desert
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
oniferous
est
d, lawn
desert
d, lawn
d, lawn
2
Co
Ve
Vi
Table 6: L
Co
Au
B
Ca
Table 7: L
Co
A
Au
B
Bu
Ca
Czech
Fr
Germa
Germa
Ge
Germany
ountry
enezuela
iet Nam
Land use ty
ountry
ustralia
Brazil
anada
Land use ty
ountry
ustria
ustralia
osnia
ulgaria
anada
h Republic
rance
ny: Lausitz
ny: Middle-
ermany
y: Rhineland
wood
Wood
Wood
ypes for Iro
S
Wood
Wo
ypes for Lig
Forest
Wo
wood
M
Forest
Farml
surf
Farml
surf
Forest
Forest
Farml
surf
d Farml
t1
dlands, unspe
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
on ore extra
t1
Semi-desert
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
ood: Conifero
woodlands
gnite extrac
t1
: Coniferous
ood: Deciduo
dlands, unspe
oorland, law
: Coniferous
and (no com
face vegetati
and (no com
face vegetati
: Coniferous
: Coniferous
and (no com
face vegetati
and (no com
ecific
pical
pical
action sites
pical
ous
ction sites
forest
ous
ecific
wn
forest
mplete
on)
mplete
on)
forest
forest
mplete
on)
mplete
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
s
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
t4, t
Fallow gro
surface ve
Fallow gro
surface ve
t4, t
Semi-d
Fallow gro
surface ve
Tun
t4, t
Moorlan
Forest s
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Page 7 / 22
tref
ound (no
egetation)
ound (no
egetation)
tref
desert
ound (no
egetation)
dra
tref
d, lawn
steppe
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
2
Co
G
Hu
I
Mac
Ma
P
Ro
Russian
Slo
Slo
S
Th
T
United
Am
Yug
Table 8: L
Co
Au
Au
Au
Au
ountry
reece
ungary
ndia
cedonia
alaysia
oland
omania
n Federation
ovakia
ovenia
Spain
hailand
urkey
d States of
merica
goslavia
Land use ty
ountry
ustralia
ustralia
ustralia
ustralia
surf
F
Forest
Wo
M
Wood
Forest
Perma
little su
Perma
little su
M
M
Gras
Wo
F
Wo
wood
M
ypes for Or
O
ZnPb
Titan
sand b
5
Titan
Zircon
t1
face vegetati
Forest steppe
: Coniferous
ood: Monsoo
woodlands
oorland, law
d: (Sub-) trop
Rainforest
: Coniferous
anent crops (
urface veget
anent crops (
urface veget
oorland, law
oorland, law
ssland, mead
ood: Monsoo
woodlands
Forest steppe
ood: Deciduo
dlands, unspe
oorland, law
e extractio
Ore
bCd-ore
ium-ore,
basis, TiO2
50%
nium-ore
nium sand
on)
e
forest
on
wn
pical
forest
(field,
tation)
(field,
tation)
wn
wn
dow
on
e
ous
ecific
wn
on sites
Temperat
Temperat
Temperat
Temperat
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
t1
te savannah
te savannah
te savannah
te savannah
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
t4, t
Semi-d
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Moorlan
Fallow gro
surface ve
Semi-d
Moorlan
Moorlan
area Sem
area Sem
area Sem
area Sem
Page 8 / 22
tref
desert
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
d, lawn
ound (no
egetation)
desert
d, lawn
d, lawn
t4, tref
mi-desert
mi-desert
mi-desert
mi-desert
2
Co
B
Ca
Ca
C
C
C
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ind
No
Sout
Sout
Sout
Sw
United
Am
ountry
Brazil
anada
anada
Chile
China
China
ermany
ermany
ermany
donesia
orway
th Africa
th Africa
th Africa
weden
d States of
merica
O
Chrom
Nic
Zn/C
Co
molybd
Do
CaM
Rare-ea
-
Colem
Na
Agg
Coars
extr
Quar
(silic
Ti
Quar
(silic
Antimo
Manga
Silicon
Lead-
Moly
Ore
mium ore
kel ore
Cu-ore
opper-
denum ore
lomite
Mg[CO3]2
arth metals
iron
manite-ore
atural
regate/
se-gravel
raction
rtz sand
ca sand)
n ore
rtz sand
ca sand)
ony / gold
anese ore
n dioxide
-zinc ore
bdenum
Wood: (S
Rain
Wood: C
wood
Wood: C
wood
Semi
Grasslan
Grasslan
Farmland (
surface v
Farmland (
surface v
Farmland (
surface v
Wood: (S
Rain
Forest: C
fo
Temperat
Temperat
Temperat
Forest: C
fo
Wood: D
woodlands
t1
ub-) tropical
nforest
Coniferous
dlands
Coniferous
dlands
i-desert
d, meadow
d, meadow
(no complete
vegetation)
(no complete
vegetation)
(no complete
vegetation)
ub-) tropical
nforest
Coniferous
orest
te savannah
te savannah
te savannah
Coniferous
orest
Deciduous
s, unspecific
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
e Mining a
e Mining a
e Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
Mining a
area Fallo
(no
veg
area T
area T
area Sem
area Fallo
(no
veg
area Fallo
(no
veg
area Moor
area Moor
area Moor
area Fallo
(no
veg
area T
area Sem
area Sem
area Sem
area T
area Moor
Page 9 / 22
t4, tref
ow ground
o surface
getation)
Tundra
Tundra
mi-desert
ow ground
o surface
getation)
ow ground
o surface
getation)
rland, lawn
rland, lawn
rland, lawn
ow ground
o surface
getation)
Tundra
mi-desert
mi-desert
mi-desert
Tundra
rland, lawn
2
Co
United
Am
United
Am
Table 9 tocountries aprocesses hectare is
Table 9: L
Co
B
Ca
Fr
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ma
Th
Th
United
Am
United
Am
ountry
d States of
merica
d States of
merica
o Table 13 as well as tis calculategiven and t
Land use pr
ountry
Brazil
anada
rance
ermany
ermany
ermany
ermany
ermany
alaysia
hailand
hailand
d States of
merica
d States of
merica
O
Phosp
m
Rare-ea
show the rthe data soed using theherefore the
roductivity
Wi
Win
Win
Oil
Na
plantat
Na
plantati
Ore
phate rock
mine
arth metals
respective ources the ve GaBi mode used m² p
y Agricultur
Crop
Sisal
Canola
Flax
Hemp seed
Hemp straw
inter rapesee
nter wheat, co
ter wheat str
palm-plantat
atural Rubbe
ion(latex)per
atural Rubbe
on(seed) pe
Corn
Soja
Wood: D
woodlands
Wood: D
woodlands
land use pvalues are gdels for the per kg crop
re
ed
orn
raw
tion
er
rennial
er
rennial
t1
Deciduous
s, unspecific
Deciduous
s, unspecific
productivitygathered frorespective can be calc
Land use [crop]
2,37E-0
6,06E+
1,46E+
2,50E+
8,00E-0
2,50E+
1,08E+
5,54E-0
5,09E-0
2,90E+
8,06E-0
8,50E-0
4,05E+
t2, t3
Mining a
Mining a
in m²/kg pom. The inpcrops. Therculated.
[m2/kg ]
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
02
01
00
01
01
00
area Moor
area Moor
roduct in thput for the re, the crop
Refer
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
PE INTERN
Page 10 / 22
t4, tref
rland, lawn
rland, lawn
he differentagricultural
p output per
ence
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
2
t l r
Table 10:
Co
Au
B
The valuesthey are mcontent va
Table 11:
Co
Arg
Au
C
Ind
Sw
Land use p
ountry
ustralia
Brazil
s for the lanmultiplied wi
ries depend
Land use p
ountry
gentina
ustralia
Chile
donesia
weden
productivit
nd use in m²th the respding on the
productivit
ty Bauxite
Product
Bauxite
Bauxite
²/kg for copective metalocation of
ty Copper
Product
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper
pper were taal contentsthe mine.
Land use [bauxit
1,85E-0
1,30E-0
aken from thof the diffe
Land use [coppe
1,36E-0
1,36E-0
1,36E-0
1,46E-0
1,21E-0
[m2/kg te]
04
04
he indicatedrent kinds o
[m2/kg er]
02
02
02
02
02
Refer
MORI (
MORI (
d sources. Aof copper. T
Refer
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
Page 11 / 22
ence
1998)
1998)
AdditionallyThe copper
ence
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2005),
A (2007)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2005),
A (2007)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2005),
A (2007)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2005),
A (2007)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2005),
A (2007)
2
y r
Table 12:
Co
A
B
C
Co
Ind
M
M
New
Ph
Russia
Sou
Unite
United Sta
Ve
Vi
Land use p
ountry
Australia
Bosnia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
olombia
India
donesia
Italy
Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
w Zealand
hilippines
n Federation
Spain
uth Africa
ed Kingdom
ates of Amer
enezuela
iet Nam
productivit
n
rica
ty Hard Coa
Product
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
Hard Coal
al
Land use [hard co
1,30E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,30E-0
1,50E-0
1,20E-0
1,50E-0
1,40E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
2,90E-0
1,70E-0
1,50E-0
1,20E-0
[m2/kg oal]
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
Refer
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
Page 12 / 22
ence
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
2
Table 13:
Co
A
C
Table 14:
Co
A
Au
B
Bu
Ca
Czech
Fr
Germa
Germa
Ge
Germany
G
Land use p
ountry
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Land use p
ountry
ustria
ustralia
osnia
ulgaria
anada
h Republic
rance
ny: Lausitz
ny: Middle-
ermany
y: Rhineland
reece
productivit
productivit
d
ty Iron Ore
Product
Iron Ore
Iron Ore
Iron Ore
ty Lignite
Product
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Land use [iron or
9,21E-0
9,21E-0
9,21E-0
Land use [lignite
1,50E-0
1,30E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,30E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
[m2/kg re]
04
04
04
[m2/kg e]
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
Refer
BILLITON (
BILLITON
RIO TINTO
RIO TINTO
BILLITON (
BILLITON
RIO TINTO
RIO TINTO
BILLITON (
BILLITON
RIO TINTO
RIO TINTO
Refer
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
Page 13 / 22
ence
(2006B),
(2007B)
O (2006)
O (2008)
(2006B),
(2007B)
O (2006)
O (2008)
(2006B),
(2007B)
O (2006)
O (2008)
ence
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
2
Co
Hu
I
Mac
Ma
P
Ru
Russian
Slo
Slo
S
Th
T
United
Am
Yug
The valuesthey are mvary depen
Table 15:
Co
Au
Au
ountry
ungary
ndia
cedonia
alaysia
oland
umania
n Federation
ovakia
ovenia
Spain
hailand
urkey
d States of
merica
goslavia
s for the lamultiplied wnding on the
Land use p
ountry
ustralia
ustralia
nd use in mith the respe locations
productivit
Titaniu
Product
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
m²/kg for opective metof the mine
ty Ore
Product
ZnPbCd-ore
um-ore, sand
TiO2 50%
re were taktal contents
es.
e
d basis,
Land use [lignite
1,50E-0
1,40E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,50E-0
1,70E-0
1,50E-0
ken from ths of the diff
Land use ore]
4,46E-
2,43E-
[m2/kg e]
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
he indicatedferent kinds
[m2/kg
03
02
Refer
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
WEYER
d sources. As of ore. Th
Refer
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
Page 14 / 22
ence
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
Additionallyhe contents
ence
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
2
y s
Co
Au
Au
B
Ca
Ca
C
C
C
ountry
ustralia
ustralia
Brazil
anada
anada
Chile
Chile
China
Z
C
Coppe
Dolo
Product
Titanium-ore
irconium san
Chromium or
Nickel ore
Zn/Cu-ore
er- molybden
Copper ore
mite CaMg[C
e
nd
re
um ore
CO3]2
Land use ore]
4,62E-
4,05E-
2,14E-
3,89E-
3,24E-
1,60E-
1,55E-
1,58E-
[m2/kg
02
02
02
03
03
02
02
04
Refer
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
Page 15 / 22
ence
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
2
Co
C
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ind
No
Sou
Sou
ountry
China
ermany
ermany
ermany
donesia
orway
th Africa
th Africa
Rare-
C
Nat
Coars
Quartz
Quartz
A
M
Product
earth metals
Colemanite-or
tural Aggrega
e-gravel extr
z sand (silica
Tin ore
z sand (silica
ntimony / go
Manganese o
s - iron
re
ate/
raction
a sand)
a sand)
old
re
Land use ore]
1,90E-
1,58E-
1,58E-
1,58E-
3,50E-
1,58E-
1,85E-
2,09E-
[m2/kg
02
04
04
04
02
04
02
02
Refer
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
Page 16 / 22
ence
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
2
Co
Sou
Sw
United
Am
United
Am
United
Am
ountry
th Africa
weden
d States of
merica
d States of
merica
d States of
merica
S
L
Phos
Ra
Product
Silicon dioxid
Lead-zinc ore
Molybdenum
sphate rock m
are-earth met
de
e
m
mine
tals
Land use ore]
1,58E-
3,69E-
1,02E-
1,21E-
4,13E-
[m2/kg
04
02
04
02
03
Refer
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
BILLITON
BILLITON
XSTRATA
XSTRATA
Page 17 / 22
ence
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
(2006A),
(2007A),
A (2007),
A (2005)
2
3
In the exaResistancethe extractscaled to 1
Figure 1:
Transformafollowing fo
(Q(t4)-Q(t1)
Figure 1 slignite in Svalues arelignite an ayear in thethe transfobetween thfor the landis a moor3
the two situ
EXAMPL
ample, rese (Transfortion of 1 t of1 kg, can be
Erosion Rlignite in
ation examormula:
))*area used
hows the ESpain comp positive, wamount of 0e time followormation. Inhe lignite exd use types landscapeuations are
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
[kg/a]
LE
ults and remation) andf lignite in Se found in th
ResistanceSpain and
mines the pe
d.
Erosion Resared to the
which means0.0023 kg swing the reg Malaysia txtraction im
s in the situae that repres not as grav
3 not repres
00E+00
00E‐03
00E‐03
00E‐03
00E‐03
00E‐02
20E‐02
40E‐02
60E‐02
E
espective id Biotic Pro
Spain and 1he GaBi dat
transformMalaysia
ermanent im
sistance trae indicator vs there is a oil is additio
garded landhis amount
mpacts in Spation t1 and sents fallowve as for M
senting hill or
Lignite S
rosion R
interpretatiooduction (O t of lignite tabase.
mation indi
mpacts cau
ansformationvalues for t negative imonally erode use on the
t sums up topain and Mt4. In Spain
w land with Malaysia: Th
r raised moo
Spain
Resistan
on approacOccupation)in Malaysia
cator valu
used by a la
n indicator he extractiompact on thed to the na
e used land o 0.0143 kg
Malaysia is dn the land usome vegeere, the lan
rs, but deple
Lig
nce (Tra
ches are p). Indicator a. The respe
es for the
and use. It
values for ton of 1 t lige environmaturally occdue to the
g. The reasodue to the dse type for
etation. Thend use type
eted land.
gnite Malaysia
nsform
presented fvalues are
ective indica
e extraction
is calculate
the extractignite in Malment. In Spacurring soil
permanenton for the ddifferent lant1 is grassla
e quality diff for t1 is (su
a
mation)
Page 18 / 22
for Erosione shown forator values,
n of 1 t of
ed with the
on of 1 t ofaysia. Both
ain for 1 t oferosion pert impacts ofdiscrepancynd qualitiesand, for t4 itferences ofub-) tropical
2
n r ,
f
e
f h f r f y s t f l
rainforest Concerninglower one.lignite in S
Figure 2:
Occupationaccording
Occupation
So the stat
Figure 2 shSpain compositive, th
The extracamount ontypes for tmining aremoorland, regeneratiostill have hBiotic Prodlignite in M
and for t4 g impact fa Therefore,pain.
Biotic ProdSpain and
n examinesto the follow
n indicator v
te after the
hows the Bmpared to thhat means t
ction of 1 t nly sums upthe situationea does nofor Malaysion potentiahigher qualiduction for 1
Malaysia.
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
[kg]
it is fallowactors for er, the differe
duction ocd Malaysia
s the direcwing formula
value = (Q(t
regeneratio
Biotic Produhe indicator here are ne
lignite in Sp to 0.0136 kns t4 and t2
ot have gooa it is fallowl of the landity paramet1 t lignite in
00E+00
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
00E‐02
w ground, rosion, rainfence betwee
ccupation i
ct impacts a:
t4, ref)-Q(t2,3
on of the lan
ction occupvalues for t
egative envi
pain avoidskg. The rea
2,3. The situod land quaw ground red in Spain iters than w Spain are
Lignite S
Biotic
representinforest doesen the two
ndicator va
a land use
))*area use
nd is compa
pation indicathe extractiironmental i
s the producason is agaiuation in t2,3
ality paramepresenting is higher thasteland, ahigher than
Spain
c Produ
ng a wastes have a ve
qualities is
alues for t
e has durin
d*time of oc
ared with th
ator valueson of 1 t ligimpacts.
ction of 0.0n mainly to
3 is for botheters. For Swasteland, an the Mala
and subsequn the indica
Lig
ction (O
eland with ery high lans bigger tha
he extracti
ng its use
ccupation.
e state duri
for the pronite in Mala
691 kg biombe found in
h sites miniSpain the smeaning th
aysia one. Suently the itor values f
gnite Malaysia
Occupat
very few d quality, w
an for the e
ion of 1 t o
time. It is
ng land use
duction of 1aysia. Both
mass; in Mn the differeing area. Osituation in hat in the exSo the mooindicator vafor the extra
a
tion)
Page 19 / 22
vegetation.wasteland axtraction of
of lignite in
calculated
e.
1 t lignite ingraphs are
alaysia thisent land useObviously, a
t4 again isxample, theorland doesalues of theaction of 1 t
2
. a f
n
d
n e
s e a s e s e t
4
With the inpossible toinformationwhole proc
However, alimitations
Lan
Entgatthe
Alloand
Still the baproducts ouses, indicThis proce
In conclusdetermine tool and dperiodically
DISCUSS
ntegration oo examine an producedcess chain.
as this is thto be ment
nd use infor
try data is thered. Mor
ese values a
ocation of td is subject
ackground on a countrycator valuesedure allows
sion, the lathe main co
due to incry updated to
SION AND
of consistenand to quan refers to l
he first incluioned:
rmation is o
often derivre site specare often dif
ransformatito further re
data providy scale. Fos can be cas for a detai
nd use datontributors reasing dato ensure up
D OUTLOO
nt land use ntify the effeland quality
sion of suc
nly included
ved from dcific values fficult to obt
on effects esearch.
des valuabler the compaalculated usled compar
tabase in Gto land useta availabilip-to-datene
OK
informationects a prody paramete
ch land use
d in land co
databases wwould serv
tain.
especially f
e informatioarison of exsing LANCrison of loca
GaBi gives e effects. Duity, same ass of result
n in the GaBduct or a prors and is s
information
onsuming un
where only ve the accur
for agricultu
on which cxactly locatA and can ations.
the user aue to furtheas other LCs.
Bi databaseocess has osummable a
n into a data
nit processe
country spracy of the
ural process
an be useded foregroube include
a good starr developmCA data, la
e, for the firon the landand scalab
abase, there
es.
pecific valuresults. Ne
ses is not d
d to compaund process
ed into unit
rting point ment of the m
and use d
Page 20 / 22
rst time it isd used. Thele over the
e are some
ues can beevertheless,
done so far
are differentses or landprocesses.
in order tomethod, theata will be
2
s e e
e
e ,
r
t d .
o e e
5
BAITZ (20
BECK, WITTSTOC
AL. (2010)
BILLITON
(2006A)
BILLITON
(2006B)
BILLITON
(2007A)
BILLITON
(2007B)
BOS (2008
ISRIC W(2002)
LINDEIJER
(2000)
MILA I CA
ET AL. (20
LITERAT
02) BAIT
Fläczur Umw
BOS, CK ET
)
BEC
Indi
Onl
BHPMethttpryPd
BHPSteehttpryPd
BHP
Onl
BHP
Onl
8) BOS
Docland
WISE BAT
Wag
Onl
R LIND
Clea652
ANALS
007) MILÀ
FRE
LanCyc
TURE
TZ, M. (2002chen-Inanspganzheitlichwelttechnik
CK, T.; BOS, icator Value
ine: www.lb
P BILLITON (tals. Coppep://sustainabdfs/BBM_20
P BILLITON (el Materials
p://sustainabdfs/CSM_2
P BILLITON (
ine: http://w
P BILLITON (
ine: http://w
S, U.; WITTS
cumentationd use effect
TJES, N. H. (geningen.
ine:http://lib
DEIJER, E. (2aner Produ
26(00)00024
À I CANALS, EIERMUTH, Rnd Use Impacle Assessm
2): Die Bedepruchnahmehen Bilanzie), Aachen.
U.; WITTSTO
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