ED 087 625

AUTHORTITLE

INSTITUTIONREPORT NOPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

DOCUMENT RESUME

SE 017 232

Connolly, John A.; Stainback, Sandra E.Solid Waste Management: Abstracts From the Literature- 1964.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.SW-6671287p.Superintendent of Documents, Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402 (t2.00)

MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87*Annotated Bibliographies; *Ecology; *Environment;Management Systems; *Pollution; Public Health;Quality Control; *Sanitation; Technology*Solid Waste Management

ABSTRACTThe Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Public Law

89-272, Title II) and its amending legislation, the Resource RecoveryAct of 1970 (Public Law 91-512, Title I), authorize collection,storage, and retrieval of information relevant to all aspects ofsolid-waste management. As part of this effort, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's solid-waste management program isupdating the ',Refuse Collection and Disposal Annotated Bibliography,'series, initiated during the early Federal efforts in the 1940's. Thepresent bibliography has been abstracted and is arranged incategories corresponding to the various administration, engineering,and operational phases of solid-waste management. Indices includesubject, corporate author, author, and geographical location cited.Addresses of periodical sources are provided in an index. Theliterature represented does not include all the solid-wasteliterature published in 1964; 107 periodical and 109 nonperiodicaltitles covering both foreign and domestic literature were screenedfor inclusion. No effort was made to separate strictly technicalmaterial from that which is more general. (JP)

1 I i A

al

1 A aIA _. i A ik

iA, I I1/ 0' --

BEST COP1( AVAILABLEUS DEPAR !WENT OF HEALTH

FOUCATION 8 WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONtop it).. I ,..t 14' II. PI E .4 r P1,01,r77,14 tIL, , III, 11,1:,,,v7.11 V't I. 'ON r,L III i. N'i i'/Iii1i,r,,i,,T,7,1 , Pr) 1.1, 11 IF .. '14. r,PO4,01.SI" ' I I) Po N01 %f ( I ".1,7 NF 1 LiA N T I:1, , q i I % . 1. ( , N . . 1 ... , ' ' I l l 01I Oio .1 Co/4 POST 0.4 01. pot I, .,

,

AVAltABLE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Zstracts from the Xiterature-1964

This publication (SW.661 was prepared by

JOHN A.CONNOLLY and SANDRA E. STAINBACK

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

1971

BEST COPY AVAIUMIT

Note: The Federal solid waste management program is unable to furnishreprints of the cited publications, with the exception ofpapers authored by program personnel. If copies of publicationsare not available in local libraries, readers should contact theauthor(s) or publisher to obtain reprints.

An Environmental Protection Publication

This publication is also in the Public Health Service numberedseries as Public Health Service Publication No. 91-1964, Supplement G;its entry in two government publication series is the result ofa publishing interface reflecting the transfer of the Federal solidwaste management program from the U.S. Public Health Service to theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 53-60514

For Wk by the Superintendent of Documents. tlovernment Printing °Moe. Wm idnifion. Ibc.. :5402 'Vitt' $:

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

FOREWORD TO A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Since its beginning a quarter century ago, the Federal

program in solid waste management has had a number of

organizational aegises as well as several organizational titles.

Throughout this development, however, the pro;ram has consistently

maintained a strong, and what has become a highly characteristic,

interest in bibliography--in the world-wide solid waste literature.

The present volume is a continuation of that interest and of the

solid waste bibliography series Initiated in 1941.

--SAMUEL HALE, JR.Peru* Asatetant AdministratorJar roW Waste Amillerlignt

I

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Abstracts from the Literature

1964

Within the past few years we have been suddenly awakened to thedangers caused by mismanagement of solid wastes. We are now facedwith dealing with past accumulations of waste, and also with thetremendous task of establishing new guidelines and solutions tocombat the ever-increasing amounts of waste.

The usual approach to problem-solving is to survey previouswork done in the subject area, but early investigators of the solidwaste problem soon discovered that there was ao central, well-organizedsource of such information on solid waste management. Efforts toremedy this situation were implemented through the passage of theSolid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Public Law 89-272, Title It) and itsamending legislation, the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 (PublicLaw 91-512, Title I), which authorize collection, storage, andretrieval of information relevant to all aspects of solid wastemanagement.

As part of this effort, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency'ssolid waste management program is updating the Refuse Collection andPiopoaal Annotated Bibliography series, initiated during the earlyFederal efforts in the 1940's. The present bibliography has beenabstracted and is arranged in categories corresponding to the variousadministration, engineering, and operational phases of solid wastemanagement. indices include subject, corporate author, author, andgeographical location cited. Addresses of periodical sources areprovided in an index. The literature represented herein does notinclude all the solid waste literature published in 1964; 107periodical and 109 nonperiodical titles covering both the foreignand domestic literature were screened for inclusion. No effort wasmade to separate strictly technical material from that which is moregeneral.

This publication is the result of the combined efforts of theSolid Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) and the Franklin InstituteResearch Laboratories under contracts PH 86-67-182 and PH 86-68-194.SWIRS was also assisted in this project by 1970 summer-student employees:Cynthia Brooks, Susan Brown, and Martha Renner.

--RALPH J. BLACK, DirectorOffice of Technical InformationOffice of Solid Waste Management Programs

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

CONTENTS

PageIntroduction

Regulations(including Laws and Ordinances) 1

Finances(including Costs, Fees, Taxes, etc.) 4

Storage(including Methods and Equipment) 8

Collection and Disposal--General 16

Collection and Transportation of Refuse 38Disposal--General 53Agricultural Wastes 76

Composting 94Reduction 115Incineration 116Incineration--Europe 132Industrial Wastes 144

Hazardous Wastes(including Radioactive and Pesticides) 186Salvaging 192Salvaging Automobiles 210Sanitary Landfill 217

Street Cleaning 228Litter 232Health and Safety 234Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited 243Author Index 248Corporate Author Index 259Geographical Location Index 261Subject Index 265

vii

REGULATIONS (including Laws andOrdinances)

64-0001

Arizona supreme court rules for privatehaulers. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(2):4,Feb. 1964.

The Arizona Supreme Court declared thatcertificates of public convenience andnecessity could not be required of motorcarriers in the trash collecting businessfor trash haulers are private, not public,carriers. The decision concluded a seriesof applications to the CorporationCommission and litigation which began in1955. The Corporation Commission, in thecourt's opinion, was unreasonably attemptingto grant a monopoly to the appellant'scompetitors. The Court also pointed cutthat health regulations were not involvedin the case.

640002Chicago ordinance confines dumping tolandfill sites. Refuse Removal Journal,

7(3):24, Mar. 1964.

Chicago passed an ordinance designed to slaprigid controls on private dumping operations.The ordinance demands a $50,000 indemnifyingbond, license fees, regular inspections,daily coverage of refuse, and revocation ofpermits for violations.

6441003

City without removal ordinance faces epidemic.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(10):32, Oct. 1964.

Texarkana, Texas, which has inadequate refuseremoval and disposal facilities, is now facingan outbreak of encephalitis. The carrier ofthis disease is a mosquito, which breedsin garbage and on animals.

64410104

Edelman, S. Legal aspects of sanitationprograms. Public Health Reports,79(8):676-682, Aug. 1964.

Laws, municipal ordinances, andregulations control activities adverselyaffecting the environment. Private

BEST COPY AVAIIABli

interests often violate such controls,and conflict with ambiguously definedpolice power. Resolutions of questionsinvolving constitutional limitations oncoercive forces, especially thoseconcerning the enforcement strength ofstates' and communities' sanitationprograms, are discussed. One SupremeCourt case considered the collection anddisposal problem of garbage and othersolid refuse. The court ruled thatexclusive franchises for companies tocollect and incinerate all refuse fromwithin city limits were legal, sincehealth hazard claims supersede claimsof private property rights. Anotherdecision provided that no one has aproperty right in a public nuisance thatis so protected that the community cannotabate the nuisance without compensationto the owner for the value of the property.The court upheld the principle that healthhazards can be eliminated without formalhearings, though hearings may be requested

later. Similarly, it is legal for properbodies to improve or remove unsatisfactoryproperty which might endanger publichealth or safety. Police may establishhabitable dwelling standards, but suchcodes must clearly dictate their requirementsand impose a duty to admit inspectors asthe result of three cases. On the subjectof sanitation inspections, those not forthe purpose of obtaining criminal evidencewere judged not unreasonable searches. Anysuch criminal evidence procured withouta warrant was not legally valid. Finally,the court determined that lawfully requiredbusiness records could not be withheldalthough their contents might be incriminating.

640005

An editorial: court decision vital to allcontractors. Refuse Removal Journal,7(6):26, Juste 1964.

The U.S. Supreme Court declared that itwould not review a decision by the U.S.Court of Appeals, which held that privaterefuse contractors are not subject to theMinimum Wage and Hour Law of the FairLabor Standards Act. The two year historyof the case, Wirtz (Secretary of Labor)v. Modern Trashmoval, Inc., in which thedefense contended that the company came underan exemption covered by Section 13 of the Actfor retail or service establishments, ispresented. The decision is praised becauseit will save contractors money.

1

Regulation'. BEST COPY MM ABLE

&COONFletcher, J. C. Mow Florida's SanitaryDistrict Law has helped Pinellas County.Part 1. Public Works, 95(12):71-73, Dec.1964.

To provide sanitary service for those peopleresiding outside municipal limits, the FloridaState Legislature passed, in 1959, the CountyWater and Sewer District Law, Chapter 59-466,Laws of Florida, which became 153, Part II,of the Florida Statutes. The Act provides forthe creation of special taxing districtswithin the unincorporated areas of the countieswith the purpose of providing a water supplyor a sanitary system, or both, as needed bythe particular region; the Act furtherprovides for establishment of the districtsby the Board of County Commissioners, afterthe proper legal requirements have been met.These requirements are described in detail,as arc the legal experiences of PinellasCounty, which was one of the first counties toestablish a sanitary district. Theestablishment of several other districts isoutlined and the point made that the FloridaState Legislature provided an effective healthtool when it enacted this law.

64-0007

Justice Dept. indicts refuse association.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(1):16, Jan. 1964.

Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy said thatthe Philadelphia Refuse Removal Associationhas been indicted on charges of conspiringunlawfully to fix prices and rig bids forrefuse collection and of threatening andharassing refuse removal firms which would notparticipate in the conspiracy. The indictmentcharged violation of Section 1 of the ShermanAntitrust Act.

64-0008Krieger, J. H. The law of the underground.Civil Engineering, 34(3):52-53, Mar. 1964.

The three basic functions of groundwatermanagement, water supply storage, and wastedisposal, are becoming inextricably interrelatedand should be considered as part of a singlecirculating system. The lack of proper legalmeasures for pumping water, for utilizingunderground storage, and for the dischargesof sewage and industrial wastes, is discussedin detail. Suggestions for better coordinationof these functions include: (1) cooperation,where conflicts exist between agencies; (2)creation, by state legislatures, of super

2

agencies that would have overriding regionalpower: (3) action by any state in exerting itsauthority for the solution of local problems;and (4) an accelerated program by the FederalGovernment.

64.0009

Landlubbers fine liner for littering offshorewaters. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(9):58,Sept. 1964.

The Cunard Liner Caronia was fined forlittering 3 miles off the New Jersey coast.Although many ships have been suspected, itwas the first time a major ocean liner hasbeen observed and accused of littering localwaters.

64.0010

Latest internal revenue code disallowslandfill depreciation. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(8):33, Aug. 1964.

The Internal Revenue Code should contain adepreciation allowance for sanitary landfillprojects, just as it does for the mining, oiland gas interests. The initiation of astrong public relations and lobbying programon the part of the private contractors to bringsuch an allowance about is recommended.

64.0011

Legislation dooms dumps in Illinois. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(7):38, July 1964.

Legislation passed at the 73rd session of theIllinois General Assembly and signed intolaw by the governor makes it unlawful afterAugust 26, 1964, to operate an open dumpin which refuse is placed. The law providesthat, "no dump or site for the placing,depositing or dumping of refuse. Any suchdump...shall be completely covered withearth". It further provides for punishmentby fine in an amount not to exceed $200 foreach offense. Each day of operation inviolation of this act constitutes a separateoffense.

64.0012

Millard, R. F. Legal aspects of publiccleansing. London, Institute of PublicCleansing, 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Based on a series of lectures, this monographcovers the section of the syllabus for theTestamur Examinations dealing with publiccleansing laws. Part 1-- England and Wales....

contains sections of the following Acts andRegulations: Public Health, 1936 and 1961;Radioactive Substances, 1960; New Streets,1951; Highways, 1939; Removal of Vehicles,

1961; Housing, 1962; Quarry Fencing, 18B/;Local Government, 1933; Agricultural Powers,1954. Part II concerns Acts of London:Public Health, 1936; The London TrafficRegulations, 1958; Metropolitan Police, 1839;London Government, 1939; London CountyCouncil; and By-Laws. Sections from Acts inScotland are in Part III: Public Health,1897. Burgh Police, 1902 and 1903; LocalGovernment, 1908 and 1947; Water, 1946; andGlasgow Corporation Consolidation (GeneralPowers) Order Confirmation, 1960. Part IVcontains sections of Acts common to allareas: Prevention of Damage of Pests, 1949;Weeds, 1959; Litter 1958; Clean Air, 1956;Truck, 1831, 1887, and 1896; Payment of Wages,1960; and Explosives, 1875. Sections fromMotor Transport and Workshops Acts areobtained in Part V: Road Traffic, 1960 and1962; Lighting Obligations; Construction andUse Regulations; Petrol Pumps; Weighbridges;Vehicle Painting Regulations, 1926; CelluloseSolutions Regulations, 1934; and Factories,1961. Appendices to the monograph cover theLondon Government Act, 1963; and the Offices,Shops and Railway Premises Act, 1963.

64.0013

Municipal liability in operation of a villagedump. Public Works, 95(1):60, Jan. 1964.

The problem of governmental immunity inconnection with municipal liability fortorts is much discussed by the courts. In

Jollife v. Village of East Troy (Wisconsin,1963), the city, although engaged in agovernmental function, was held liable whena fire on the village dump spread to theplaintiff's barn. This decision was inaccord with Wisconsin's abandonment of thegovernmental immunity doctrine for municipaltort liability.

64.0014

Otto, F. Refuse s liability and insuranceproblem. Technische Ueberwachung, 5(11):421,Nov. 1964.

The disposal of refuse always presentsdifficulties if the town refuse collection

0006-0017

ngency is not consulted. Incineration andcomposting arc the only two methods ofdisposal which are not deleterious to thegroundwater. Three liability cases arementioned. The Water Household Law, Section22, states that liability is incurred, evenif the pollution of the water occurs withoutconscious knowledge of the act. Natural

water which has been polluted by solidmaterial does not automatically becomesewage. (Text-German)

64.0015

Pennsylvania closes down open dumps. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(10):28, Oct. 1964.

A new Pennsylvania state law, which requiresthe closing of all open garbage dumps, hascaused problems for small towns nearAllentown, Pennsylvania. Mayors andcouncilmen from four towns whose population isabout 35,000 and which at present have temporaryarrangements with private contractors metto discuss the problem. The state sanitarianproposed either landfill operation or theconstruction of a cooperative incinerator.The officials decided to hold another meetingbefore reaching a final decision. They wereinformed by the State that they have onlyweeks to comply with the letter of the law.

64.0016

Proper storage of household wastes equalslabor savings. Refuse Removal Journal,7(3):30, Mar. 1964.

Passage of an ordinance to assure that housegarbage storage is sanitary and can be easilyhandled by the trash collectors isrecommended. The elements such an ordinanceshould have are enumerated.

64-0017

Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1964. CompostScience, 5(1):18-19, Spring 1964.

On April 10, 1964, Congressman John i.esinskiof Michigan introduced H.R. 10807 in theHouse of Representatives. The measure, whichwas referred to theTommittee on Interstateand Foreign Commerce, was a bill to provideresearch. training, and technical andfinancial assistance to States for disposalof solid wastes. The text of the bill isprovided. The bill's main features includeprovisions for research and training

3

Finance%

%.SI COPY 1011143t1

activities conducted or supported by thePublic Health Service; the construction ofnot less than five composting demonstrationplants, plus other municipal refuse disposalfacilities; collection and disseminationof information; and rendering of technicalassistance to state and local governments.

6441018

Solid waste legislation. American Journal ofPublic Health, 54(12):2097, Dec. 1964.

The American Public Health Association'srecommended federal legislation in the solidwaste field is listed. These include enlargedresearch program, technical and financialassistance, and training of professionalpersonnel in improved programs.

640019Supreme Court decision concerning theestablishment of a municipal waste removalystem. Nasser and Abwasser, 105(20):549-550,May 1964.

In a municipality in Germany there was notype of waste removal system until 1956.Waste was dumped at the roadside. In 1956 aprivate enterprise was established for removingthe waste in that community, but all themunicipality had to say about disposal wasthat it considered the removal and eliminationof waste the sole concern of the proprietorof a house, industrial plant, etc. By localstatute of Sept. 27, 1960, the municipalityset up its own waste removal syqtem which allthe members of the community have to use. The

owner of the private enterprise sued themunicipality and requested a compensation of10,000 DM. The district court turned downthe claim. The court of appeals sentencedthe municipality to pay an indemnity of 1,000DM. The German Supreme Court reversed thedecision on the grounds that the municipalitieswere given the right by the consideration tointroduce any facility urgently needed by thepublic. (Text-German).

64.0020

United States tax court rules for depreciation

of landfill. Refuse Removal Journal,7(11) :20. Nov. 1964.

The U.S. Tax Court ruled that an owner ofa landfill site is entitled to depreciationdeductions on the space that is filled each

4

year. The court ruled in favor of John J.Sexton, owner of John Sexton ContractorsCompany in Chicago.

FINANCES (including Costs. Fees. Taxes.etc.)

64.0021

Caron, A. L. Economic aspects of industrialeffluent treatment. Tapp!, 47(9):62A, 67A, 72A,Sept. 1964.

The costs associated with various effluentprocesses for the removal of solids andsubstances responsible for oxygen uptake instreams are briefly discussed. Only effluentsfrom the pulp and paper industry areconsidered, and figures given are onlyestimates. Severing costs and expendituresfor in-plant changes are not included inquoted costs. The first step in effluentpurification is the removal of settleablesolids; 95 percent of these solids can beremoved in a,sedimentation unit. To aidthe removal of suspended materials, coagulantsmay be used. Charts show the cost for unitsup to 150 ft in diameter capable of handling upto 9.6 mgd. Clarifier operations costs arelow since little maintenance and low powerare required. Ilseless sludge obtained fromclarification can be disposed of by one ofthree methods: (1) drying in shallow basins;(2) using a vacuum filter; (3) or acentrifuge. The Mgt method costs from $1to $3 per ton of dry solid. Vacuum filtrationcosts $350 per sq ft of filter, and centrifugedisposal costs $6 to $9 per ton of dewateredsolids. Operational and maintenancerequirements for this last type are low;however, installation costs run about $1,500per hp. When, owing to its low oxygendemand, an effluent of high quality is notproduced, secondary treatment is necessary.Oxidation can he achieved through theactivated sludge process, biological filters,or aerated stabilization basins. Each methodis explained briefly. but in most cases apilot operation is required to determinespecific cost.

6441022

City saves with refuse transfer system.Public Works. 95(9):142, Sept. 1964.

Abilene, Texas, has saved an average of $95.55per day by adopting a transfer system for

BEST curt AVAILABLE

refuse removal. Four small and six mediumpackers travel to the transfer station, wherethey discharge the refuse through a funnel-likehopper into one of the transfer trailersstationed at a lower level. Remote controlsat the station enable the route unit driverto control the starting of the trailer engineand the packing cycle from the upper level.Compressed refuse deposited by route packersis reconpressed by the trailer's hydraulicpacker plate, which compacts refuse towardthe rear of the trailer to make room foradditional deposits. When full, the trailergoes to the final disposal area, while anew trailer moves into position and the cycleis renewed.

640023Computing the cost of refuse collection.Public Works, 95(8):122-123, Aug. 1964.

At a seminar on Solid Waste Collection andDisposal in 1963 at the University ofWyoming, the Laramie health officer describedin detail methods for predicting the overallcost of refuse collection. Assuming apopulation of 17,500, equipment costs willamount to $14.250 and personnel costs to$62,400 per year. Allowing for miscellaneousexpenses of $10,250, the total annual operatingcost was established at $87,170. Afterprovisions are made for cost of the disposalarea, including land costs, fencing, roads,etc., charges for residences and places ofbusiness can be calculated.

640024

Contractor shaves $270,000 off city's.annualtrash. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(6):46, June1964.

When Ottawa Sanitation Services Ltd. becameone of the first Canadian private haulers torenlace municipal collection in 1960, theyreduced annual costs from $947,000 to$677,000 despite a greater population andbetter service. The greater efficiency isattributed to the company's use of modernmachinery and its intricate routing andscheduling of collection.

640025Donaldson, E. C. Economics. Discussion cfindividual plants. in Subsurface disposal of

industrial wastes in the United States. U.S.

bureau of Mines Information Circular 8212.

0018-0027

Washington), U.S. Department of the Interior,1964. p. 9-32.

The costs of waste disposal installationsranged from $30,000 to $1,400,000. Costsvaried primarily with depth of disposal well,type of well completion, amount of coringand testing, type and amount of surfaceeouipment required to remove solids andenhance compatibility, pressure required forinjection of the liquid wastes, and size ofthe wellbore and casing. A general estimateof capital costs to be anticipated for aninjection well under favorable conditions ofwell location, drilling, and preinjectiontreatment of the waste is tabulated. Datasecured by visits to industrial plants arediscussed in detail and a summary ofoperating conditions is presented. For eachplant, the source and nature of the wastes,surface equipment, well completion, andgeology are described.

640026

East, E. W., and V. Coaling. Work study andincentive bonus as applicable to refusecollection and disposal at Worthing.Chartered Municipal Engineer, 91:53-58, Feb.1964.

Results are reported on a bonus incentivesystem based on a work study of a refusecollection and disposal operation. Thebonuses for the refuse collectors, forexample, ranged from 20 to 50 percent of abase pay. The base pay for collectors wasbased on a satisfactory working rate of 4.77hr for each 100 bins emptied. A bonus of30 percent could be achieved readily andregularly by the average worker. In therefuse disposal department, a reorganizationpermitted a reduction of workers from 22 to17. The potential savings were b 3,785, or5.4 percent, in the collection and disposalservices. Supervision is necessary tocounter any tendency to a lowering of thestandard of service. With the bonus

payments, it was possible to insurecontinuity of operation at savings to thetown. A study was conducted by a group ofconsultants to determine the value of abonus incentive system.

640027

Erhard, H. The political economy of wasteelimination. Staedtehygiene, 15(4):87-89,Apr. 1964.

5

Finances

gESI COV1

Comprehensive cost analyses for theelimination of waste for the two Bavariancities, Schweinfurt and Lindau/Bodensee, arepresented. In Schweinfurt the yearly amountcf waste is 32,000 cu m or trash and 21,000cu m of sewage sludge. The results of thecost analysis are presented in a table. Theleast expensive method is trucking the wasteto an abandoned gypsum quarry 17 km away. Thecosts would have made necessary an increaseof the service charges by 62.9 percent,However, with the aim of helping agricultureto replenish the humus content of the soil,a composting'plant was built where thenon-compostable trash together withindustrial waste is burned. Necessary servicecharge increase is 103.2 percent. The trashis treated according to the Brikollare process.The waste is mixed with sludge and pressedinto bricks which dry by capillary action.In the cost analysis for Lindau, compostingand incineration are compared. Sewage sludgeis considered only in the cost analysis ofcomposting and not of incineration; the 'costincrease was 283 and 176 percent, forcomposting 131 percent. Composting of wastebenefits the nation by supplying agriculturewith soil conditioners. The government shouldsubsidize waste composting by loans withoutinterest for the construction of thefacilities. This policy is practiced in theNetherlands. (Text-German).

64-0028

Jensen, H. P. Private collections. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.91-97.

Municipalities face spiraling costs of refusecollection and disposal. A number ofmunicipalities have solved their problems toa great extent by turning to private enterpriseto handle their rubbish collection anddisposal needs. A schedule of budgeted andactual collection costs in Oak Park, Michigan,showing savings with contract collection, isgiven. One apparently simple solution tothis problem of disposal costs would be toconvert the waste matter from something thatnobody wants and that nobody wants to pay for,into something that people want and thatpeople will pay for. Research along theselines definitely is indicated. The newconcepts and modifications in equipmentreflect not only the growth but the increasingcomplexity of the sanitation industry.Everywhere in the country enterprisingbusinessmen are rising to these challenges

6

and in so doing are not only helping themselvesbut also are helping to gain for the industrythe respect it deserves.

64.0029

Kingston, G. A. Scrap industry economics. InIron and steel scrap in the Pacific Northwest.

U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular No.8243. [Washington], U.S. Department of theInterior, 1964. p.22-33.

Prices and costs are major determinants inthe economics of the scrap industry. Theprice of No. 1 heavy melting scrap is thepace-setter for the pricing of other ironand steel scrap grades. Scrap prices areestablished essentially by the consumer. Adealer or broker calls the potential purchaserto see if he is in the market. In addition, theconsumer or broker might call the dealer tosee what type and quantity are available.The purchasing agent for the consumerindicates the current company scrap needand the price he is willing to pay. If theconsumer finds that there are no offers tosell at the price offered, he must increasehis offer. There are two principal variablesin marketing scrap: (1) the market price ofscrap; and (2) the cost of transport to themarket. Cost examples are given. Railroadshipping rates from selected points toSeattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, andGeneva, Utah, are tabulated. For the scrapdealer, the export market has played animportant role in creating favorable domesticconditions. Export contracts generally are .

signed for shipload quantities to be deliveredwithin a given period. This results in a driveto accumulate sufficient quantities, whichnecessitates a price increase to draw out scrapat distance and to speed up the flow oflocally available ferrous scrap. Domesticconsumers are caught by the upward price trendand have to pay higher prices to maintaintheir inventories. The economics ofshipwrecking are discussed.

64.0030

Lossie, B. Count your indirect costs whenpricing customer service. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(2):25, Feb. 1964.

Steps a small trash company should followare listed. These include pricing itsservices and counting in the indirect costs,which comprise labor and operating expenses,dumping costs, and a planned profit margin.

BEST COPY AVAILABIE

64-01W31

Lynn, W. R. Systems analysis for solidwaste problems. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Solid Waste Research, Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p,69-74.

A sample is given of the use of systemsanalysis in determining the least costinvolved in the disposal of refuse usingany one of five proposed methods.Comparatively little research has beendirected specifically to application ofsystems analysis to solid waste disposalproblems. However, many of the analyticaltichniques which have been developed forotter problems can be applied to this area.Systems analysis provides a tool forexamining complex interrelated municipalactivities, and the solutions obtained bythese methods provide a sound basis forreaching decisions. These analyses are notan end in and of themselves but rather areintended to serve the end of efficient andeffective decision-making. Although some ofthe techniques used in these approaches maybe abstract and mathematically complex, theprime motivation for the analysis is toobtain useful results and solutions.

64-0032

Middletown bonus scheme success. PublicCleansing, 54(2):733, Feb. 1964.

Middletown, England,' which had an undependablerefuse collection service that picked uptrash from many areas of the town only onceevery three or four weeks during winter, hasgreatly improved its service with the helpof an incentive bonus scheme. The cityalso trimmed its personnel and reshaped itsroutes for efficient weekly pickups.

64.0033

New York City budgets 115 million dollarsfor sanitation. Refuse Removal Journal,7(6):6, June 1964.

New York City has budgeted over $115 millionfor the operation of its Sanitation Departmentfor the 1964 to 1965 fiscal. year. Thedepartment has 14,000 employees, collects3,700,000 tons of refuse per year, and disposesof an additional 2,000,000 tons collected byprivate contractors. The disposal is processedby the City's many incinerators or handledby the Staten Island sanitary landfill, oneof the largest in the world. The city owns

0028-0036

a fleet of barges and tugs, which shiprefuse to Staten island. The metropolis,divided into 57 sanitation districts and234 sections, is serviced by a fleet of1,600 refuse packers. The department issliced into bureaus which deal with suchtasks as collection, disposal, maintenance,and training. The department also maintainsa library and a museum as well as a largeadministrative force. Much money also goesinto maintaining a snow alert during winter.

64-0034

Refuse collection and disposal costs inDetroit. Public Works, 95(9):152, Sept. 1964.

During the fiscal year 1963, Detroit, Michigan,collected 3,117,565 cu yd of refuse and153,370 tons of garbage. Residential rubbishis collected once in two weeks and residentialgarbage once a week. The cost for collectionand disposal of rubbish was $4.24 per cu ydand for garbage $33.06 per ton. In bothcases, collection represented about 80percent of the total cost.

64-0035

Use of computers for refuse disposal methodsand costs. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,123(3742):59-60, Feb. 22, 1964.

Refuse collection and disposal should beintegrated in plans for effective disposal ata minimum cost. Equipment selection andpersonnel assignment for collection can bereadily assessed by a computer. Theselection of a disposal system is morecomplex and must be one which will providefor the community needs in the predictablefuture for a cost within the financialcapability of the community. A reductionin the number of disposal plants and themaximum use of fewer plants of larger capacitymay be indicated by the computer. A probleminvolving 25 refuse collection areas and 18different possible disposal systems and sitestook 37 seconds of computer time to solveand would have required 6 months for oneman to obtain the same answer. Computerswill provide quick answers to major problemsand reduce expensive planning time.

64.0036

Uzzle, A. B. Garbage goes under ground tobeat costs. American City, 79(2):34, Mar.1964,

7

StorageBEST Ott MiNIABLE

Dunn. North Carolina, buried 55 gal cans witha wire bail to give the appearance ofbackyard pickup. The cost is only as muchas curb pickup.

644037

Vogel. H. E. Swiss resort towns have highercosts for trash removal. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(11):27, Nov. 1964.

The Swiss Water Pollution Control Associationhas investigated local conditions of refuseremoval in the major Swiss tourist centers.They found widespread indiscriminate dumpingof refuse on lake shores, on mountain slopes,and in creeks and rivers. The large influxof tourists during the hotel season and thetrend toward urbanization are responsiblefor the inadequate disposal. There are plansto establish common refuse utilization orincineration plants and to educate thetourists.

644038Wuhrmann, K. A. The annual costs of wastedisposal. Schweizerische Bauzeitung,82(44):769-772, Oct. 1964.

Many municipalities are confronted with thetask of planning for new. hygienic ways ofwaste disposal. It is easier to assess theInvestment costs involved in the new projectthan the annual costs which include alsooperating costs. Regarding investment costs,it is difficult to determine the time ofamortization, since in some cases a compostingplant has been in operation for 50 years,and in others the equipment has had to bemodified after a few years of operation.Since technical development in this fieldprogresses so quickly, the fast pace at whichthe equipment becomes obsolete is an essentialfactor in determining the time ofamortization. Another important aspect isthe planned maximum capacity vs. the initialcapacity. Calculations should be geared tothe present capacity and not to the ultimatelyplanned one. The operating costs need toinclude personnel, spare parts, improvements,expansions, repairs, power, fuel, water,lubricants, elimination of residues, taxes,Insurances, and licenses. An example ofannual cost calculation is given.(Text-German)

8

STORAGE (including Methods andEquipment)

64.0039

The American tour. Public Cleansing,54(12):1310, Dec. 1964.

The papers and discussion of the papersack system at the American Public WorksAssociation Conference are reported. Thesystems at Manchester, England, and Riverdaleand College Park, Maryland, as well as thegeneral status of paper sacks throughout theUnited States are discussed.

644040

Bevan, R. E. Manchester's experience withpaper refuse containers. In American PublicWorks Association Yearbook 1964. Chicago,American Public Works Association.p.206-211.

Manchester, England, is conducting a 3-yearsurvey on the potentials of paper refusecontainers and concrete stands. In a 3-monthstudy it was found that the concrete standwas preferred by householders as both metaltypes were blown over by strong winds. Adescription is given of some of theImprovements of the bags used for the first3-month study. There was a reduction inspillage of refuse during loading and noisewas also reduced to a good degree. Therewas also a reduction in time and effort bythe loader, who in the past had to roll andbang the dustbin from house to street. Thedustbin weighed 23 lb against the one-half lb ofthe bags. The cost estimate of the systemis also included.

64.0041

Bevan, R. E. More paper sacks in Manchester.Public Cleansing, 54(1):646, Jan. 1964.

After a 1961 research experiment, Manchester,England, will gradually expand the paper bagsystem. The disadvantages encountered in theresearch were largely eliminated by improvedstands and holders and by the addition ofanimal guard attachments. Some advantages arethe absence of dust during loading, theelimination of spillage on pathways and road,the concealment of the refuse, and the silenceof the operation. The additional costs of thesacks are broken down. Although tipping sacksseem to present no problem, other methods of

BEST COPY MA ME

disposal need to be investigated in orderto discover if sacks would create a problem.

640042

Black, R. J. Storage in paper sack;; avoids

rats and flies. Refuse Removal Journal,7(12):16, Dec. 1964.

Basic factors that determine acceptable refusestorage conditions in a community, includingthe problem of preventing fly larvae, anddifferent systems of storage are discussed.Perhaps the problem of improper storage couldhe solved by a community-wide installationof garbage grinders or the provision ofsuitable refuse containers as an integralpart of the regular refuse collection service.Paper bags have justified the latter approachin some cities by reducing collection costs.

644043

Bower-Butterfield refuse sacks. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 123(3759):42, Feb.1, 1964.

Early in 1964, Binsac, a paper sackhousehold refuse system, was scheduled formarketing by Bowaters, Ltd., and theButterfield Group. A new 'Mini-Binsac' forindoor use was also designed. A growinginterest by potential municipal and industrialusers was reported.

64.0044

The compression of refuse in multi-storybuildings. Public Cleansing, 54(3):794-795,Mar. 1964.

The 'Deva' Compressor, which compressesrefuse in paper sacks at basement level ofmulti-story buildings, is described. Developedby the Hydraulic Engineering Company, Ltd., ofChester, England, it consists of a turntableupon which ten sacks are mounted, a guidetube which directs refuse into the sacks, ablock plate, and a pressure plate.

64.0045

Connecticut city tests paper bags. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(8):4, Aug. 1964.

In a subdivision of 147 homes in themunicipality of Milford, Connecticut, anin-use test program with a new type of refusecollection system has been initiated. The

0037-0047

system, called Trim Town, replacesconventional garbage cans with stationarybaked enamel finished steel cabinets anddisposable heavy-duty bags. A homeownerdeposits refuse in the bag through a hingedand gasketed top lit; on the cabinet, and thefilled bag is removed from the receptaclethrough a full-length front door. The bags,which are constructed of two plies ofwet-strength and water-repellent paper, canhe set out in any kind of weather forcurbside or backdoor collection. Flatbottom construction lets them stand uprightwithout toppling. The city expects the newsystem to speed collection.

64.0046

Containerized system pays off. Waste TradeWorld, 105(13):14-15, Sept. 26, 1964.

The Manchester originators of the Beattiesystem of containerized waste collectionand disposal face a problem in dealing withmunicipal authorities and plant officialsbecause there is no real information availableon the cost of the collection and disposaldue to poor accounting practices. In industryit is not uncommon to use factory labor toload the waste into 5-ton trucks and chargethe labor to production costs. Any 5-tontruck with driver would cost at least b 60per month for 20 'lifts' or collections ofa waste container. The Beattie system chargesinclude h 4 a month for the average rent ofa container and an average collection chargeof R3 10s. This would give the customerdisposal facilities for 8 cu yd or 5 tons ofmaterial in the case where a container iscollected once a week. The containerizedservice provides the customers with theadvantages of hygienic storage, reducedfire risk, elimination of vermin, and labor

saving by properly sited containers. The

system has handled a variety of materialsuch as paper, cardboard, wire, broken glass,tins, paints, rubber incinerator residues,vegetable matter, and fish waste. With over40 collections per week for each of seven vehiclesin an 8-mile radius, the amount ofunrestricted tipping service becomes important,and transfer depots and bulk haulage maybecome a necessity.

64.0047

Cost - cutting refuse disposal. ModernSanitation and Building Maintenance, 16(12):18,Dec. 1964.

9

Storage BEST COPY AVAILABLE

A Pennsylvania warehouse now uses steelcabinet receptacles with a hinged, gasketedtop lid and hinged full-length door. Aheavy-duty kraft paper disposal hag serves asa liner in each cabinet. Previously thewarehouse had used swing-top receptacleswith metal liners. Removing the covers,lifting and emptying the filled liners, andtaking the receptacles to a separate areatook 15 to 20 minutes a day. Thereceptacles were rinsed four times a clayand scoured three times a week. The new systemof removing a filled hag and replacing itwith a clean one takes seconds. The bagsare made of two plies of water-repellentand wet-strength kraft paper, making totecontainers unnecessary.

64-0046

Davies, A. G. Hospital waste problems.Public Cleansing, 54(3):807, Mar. 1964.

Guy's Hospital in Southwark, England, usesthe paper sack system of refuse storage.Difficulty with wet kitchen waste can hesolved by switching to a hag with a waxedinner lining. Paper bags are expensive,but they are more sanitary and easier to_handle than conventional containers. Theloaded bags are horned la incineratorsadjoining each ward. The possible effectsif the system were expanded throughout theUnited Kingdom are considered. The chutesystem's adaptability to hospital life andchute sanitation are discussed.

64.0049

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(7):24, July 1964.

The number of containers in use by privatecontractors has increased 400 percent over4 years. This increase in containerizationis due to the rise of commercialization andindustrialization. Automated collection ofrefuse represents tremendous savings in timeand labor, despite problems which must besolved. The need for containerization willcontinue to spiral, and more and Improvedcontainerization will he needed.

64.0050

Ferguson, J. A. The problems of hulk inrefuse; Part If, Storage. Presented atMeeting of the Institute of Public Cleansing,Dundee, Scotland, Apr. 8, 1964. 11 p.

10

General practices of refuse storage InDundee, Scotland, are reviewed, consideringproblems involving the size, type, and

location of containers. On domestic premisesmany refuse storage facilities are inadequate,thus prompting a need for enlarged receptacles.However, data Indicates that 64 percent ofthe work performed in refuse collectionInvolves the movement of containers, so thatthese receptacles should be lighter inweight, too. Plastic bins are considered,as a bin with a capacity of 2.6 cu ft weighs only

lb. Use of paper sacks is anotherpossibility, although problems of cost anddurability arise. In addition, bulkcontainers should be placed near accessroads. Shop refuse has not increased inbulk proportionately with domestic, butmany shop premises are designed withoutsufficient refuse storage provisions. Shoprefuse can he stored in interchangeablesemi-trailers, bulk containers, dustbins,sacks, cardboard boxes, or bales. Officerefuse is of low density--usually clean,dry paper--and can he stored convenientlyin sacks. Factories, warehouses, and marketsinvolve storing reise in bulk, usually inthe same ways described for shops. Refusefrom hotels and restaurants is similar tohouse refuse, and licensed premises havenegligible storage problems. The maincomplaint in schools involves thesituating of bins near play areas.

64.0051

Fire tests rule out combustible containers.Safety Maintenance, 128(3):35, Sept. 1964.

As a result of tests conducted by GeneralServices Administration, combustible trashcontainers have been ruled 'completelyunsatisfactory' for use in all GSA buildings.GSA operates more than 8,000 governmentbuildings throughout the world. In theexperiment, flames burned right throughnonmetal containers, spilling the fierycontents on the floor; fires in metalcontainers died out.

64.0052

Ford, W., and Carswell. It's in the bagfur a second city. American City, 79(5):22,May 1964.

Disposable paper bags are now being usedin Riverdale, Maryland, in place of garbagecans. Riverdale, with a population of 6,000,is the second city to make the change. The

BEST COXMA MIE

bags have been received with 92-percentfavorable reaction by householders. They aresuspended from a metal stand, hold twice asmuch as regular garbage cans, are sanitary,light, weatherproof, and require half the staffand equipment to collect the refuse.

64-0053

Fort national council to promote paper sacks.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(11):14, Nov. 1964.

The Paper Shipping Sack Manufacturers'Association set up the National Refuse SackCouncil to promote the use of paper sacksfor refuse storage. Sacks have been citedas successful in Manchester, England, Sweden,and Denmark. They improve sanitation andprovide hotter working conditions forrefuse collection employees.

64.0054

Fox, C. C. Paper-bag collection on request.

American City, 79(10):14, Oct. 1964.

More than one-fourth of the 4,000 residentialgarbage-collection customers in Camden,Arkansas, elected to pay $0.65 extra per monthin order to have paper -hag refuse collection.The. Carhax Disposal System, developed by theInternational Paper Company, utilizes a bagwith more than a 30-gal capacity. The systemis neat and clean, for the two-ply paper hasis specially treated to hold wet and greasygarbage without rupturing, and no garbageover touches the metal holder. The City ofCamden found the Carhax System to be moresanitary in regard to insect control andodors, and collecting the lightweight bagswas a much simpler task than listing theregular galvanized cans. Collection istwice a week, and used bags are replacedwith new ones by the collector. Costs tothe customer in Camden are included.

64.0055

Fox, G. G. Paper bag disposal system findsready acceptance. Public Works, 45(12):118, 120,Dec. 1964.

A new paper bag garbage collection system,called the Carbax Disposal system, isdescribed. The service was made availablein Camden, Arkansas, and was initiallysubscribed to, on a voluntary basis, by

0048-0057

1,000 customers. The paper hag disposalsystem consists of a two-ply paper hagsuspended in a specially designed holder.The bag is treated to hold both wet andgreasy materials without breaking and has acapacity equal to more than a 30 galgalvanized can. The holder is made ofheavy duty steel and is designed to surroundthe suspended paper bag completely. Thefilled bags are removed twice a week by thecollector and replaced by a fresh bag. Theprice of the unit is $15.00 and the monthlysanitation fee $1.65 as compared to $1.00for regular collection service. An analysisof the results, as determined by aquestionnaire showed that 97 percent of theusers found the system more sanitary; 96percent felt it reduced both spillage and flyand other insect problems: 93 percent reportedreduced odor and noise, 100 percent approvedof the holder as to appearance; 95 percentapproved its durability, and 96 percentreported that the lid stayed tightly closed.

640056

Hughes, O. C. Refuse storage in multi-storybuildings. Royal. Society of Health Journal,84(6):319-321, Nov.-Dec. 1964.

Due to changes in the content of refuse,much planning will he necessary to adapt'storage methods to various types ofbuildings. The British Standards Institutionhas established refuse storage codes. Theneed to dispose of refuse quickly has beendone in some areas by means of refuse chutes.For example: chutes are adjacent toelevators in Germany and the United States;chutes and central vacuum system are adjacentto stairs in Sweden; and there is chute accessfrom mezzanine landing in Great Britain. Tocounteract smells and noise, place the chutein a separate room, and avoid depositing hotashes to prevent fires. The chutes should bestraight and discharge vertically over thecenter of the container. The chamber shouldbe accessible. Sloping curbs prevent bumping

containers. One difficulty with sink grindersand the Garchey system is the need to storeand collect refuse that will not pass theappropriate sink gauge. Refuse density is1 cuts per cu yd. One process employscompression to automatically fill paper sackswith refuse, producing uniform sized andnuisance-free packages.

640057

Hulls, H. Waste removal--a community task.Stoedthvgione, 15(0:1-4, June 1964.

11

Storage

In 1963, the rural community of Ganderkeseein Lower Saxony, population 15,000, establisheda waste removal service with the paper wastesack system. Participation in the serviceis compulsory for every household. The annualservice charge is DM 9, which covers the costfor the first 18 sacks. Some of the legalbackground for the regulations is discussed.The paper sacks hold 70 liters and aremoisture resistant. They withstand even rainand snow. The sacks are collected by atractor with trailer and by a horse-drawncarriage. Advantages of the sack system arenoiselessness and the fact that unusualamounts of waste, as they occur especiallyafter holidays, are simply taken care of byextra sacks. No case of fire with the papersacks was reported. The paper sack systemappears particularly attractive for ruralcommunities because no specialized wasteco'lecting vehicles are required.(Text-German) (Enclosed Reprint)

64.0058

Jay, C. T. The Binrota unit. PublicCleansing, 54(7):1014, July 1964.

The Binrota, manufactured in Great Britain,is a significant step forward in thedevelopment of the turntable system ofrefuse storage. Its chief asset is alifting mechanism that hauls the containersonto the platform. This solves the problemof water and rubbish spilling into thecircular crack between the platform and thefloor on the ground-level turntable, and iteliminates lifting heavy containers on theturntable above ground level.

64.0059

Kaupert, W. Plastic containers for wastedisposal. Staedtehygiene, 15(10):239, Oct.1964.

The plastic industry is not yet able toproduce a material which is not flammableand which holds its shape on heating. Thehighest permissible temperature is 80 C; forshort periods of time the material mightwithstand 100 C but at any temperaturebeyond this point it becomes soft and holesdevelop. One could line the plastic canswith sheet steel which would distribute theheat rapidly but the costs involved are toohigh. Another serious drawback of the plasticcan is that it loses its shape with minorseasonal temperature fluctuations and thatthe color is attacked by light. Presently

12

Hamburg is angaged in extensive experimentswith plastic containers but it is not boundby strict fire prevention rules as is Bavaria,where state authorities decide whether thesecontainers may be introduced or not.(Text-German)

54.0060

Kennels use paper sack disposal. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 124(3763):68, July18, 1964.

Sacks of special wet-strength kraft paper ina range of sizes are used by kennels in refusecollection. Because of ease of handling,hygiene factors and saving of labor andtime, paper sacks are replacing costlydustbins.

64.0061

Kruppe, H. Water protection during wastestorage. Technische Ueberwachung, 5(2):69,

. Feb. 1964.

With the participation of the appropriateauthorities and industry, a colloquium washeld on October 16, 1963 at Cologne by theInstitute for Industrial Water Management andAir Purification on the subject 'Storage ofIndustrial Wastes.' Reports on the followingsubjects were presented: (1) the storage ofindustrial wastes from the legal point ofview; (2) the hygienic requirements duringdeposition of industrial wastes; (3) thehydrological viewpoint during the storage ofwaste products; and (4) the technological andindustrial possibilities of waste storage.During the discussion it was emphasized thatthe technical and financial problems occurringduring the storage of waste of all kinds canonly be solved with the cooperation of thetown, the community, industry, and theauthorities. (Text-German)

al-0062

Mortensen, L. Rental containers become apopular item. American City, 79(4):34,Apr. 1964.

The city of Scottsbluff, Nebraska, purchasedten 1Y-yard detachable refuse containersand rented them to its business community for$2.50 a month. The containers which aredesigned to fit various makes of collectiontrucks, speed up local refuse collection. Thesystem was so popular that the city planson purchasing more containers next year.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

64-0063.

Municipality of Montclair, N.J., uses papertrash containers. Refuse Removal Journal,7(2):34, Feb. 1964.

Residents of Montclair, New Jersey, can usea voluntary paper garbage can system attheir own expense. Bags cost $.07; wallholders, $5.00; and receptacle holders, alittle higher. Residents of College Park,Maryland, have a compulsory paper can programand are supplied paper bags and wall holdersfree of charge. Past users of the paper canssaid they are more sanitary and convenient.

64-0064

New system halves Maryland community'scollection force. Refuse Removal Journal,7(5):29, May 1964.

Riverdale, Maryland, has replaced trash canswith paper bags through a town councilordinance. The paper bags are lighter thangarbage cans, and hold as much or more refuse.They can be loaded directly into the trucks,eliminating the time and motion needed to emptythe cans. Consequently, it was possible toreduce the work force from two trucks andeight men to one truck and four men.

64.0066

New waste disposal method in Braunschweig,West Germany. Staedtehygiene, 15(3):78,Mar. 1964.

Because of the great shortage of personneland the increasing amount of waste, a newwaste disposal method has been introduced inBraunschweig, West Germany. Instead of the110 liter garbage containers, large containersof 3.7 cu m volume are used. By means of ahydraulic tilting device attached to trucks,the containers can be easily loaded andunloaded. (Text-German)

64.0066

Newburn puts it in the sack. PublicCleansing, 54(11):1272, Nov. 1964.

Newburn, England, has entered into anagreement with a house construction firm toequip paper sack holders into some new homes.Operation of the system, advantages, and acost comparison with bins are presented. Thecity has experienced no difficulty in tippingsacks.

0058-0070

64.0067

One route tests paper bags. American City,79(8):34, Aug. 1964.

In Milford, Connecticut, a test program isbeing conducted to replace conventionalgarbage cans with heavy-duty, disposablepaper bags. Designed to serve as liners,the bags may be inserted and removed fromsteel cabinets without moving the supportingreceptacle. The bags are water-repellant,noiseless, and sanitary.

644068P. S. L. tests of paper refuse sacks in S.and D. 'Pakamatic'. Surveyor and MunicipalEngineer, 123(3741):51, Feb. 15, 1964.

The results are given on tests using P. S. L.(Paper Sacks Ltd.) paper refuse sacks in aS. and D. (Shelvoke and Drewry, Ltd.)'Pakamatic' continuous loading collectionvehicle. Sacks of refuse loaded into a'Pakamatic' were completely destroyed andthere was no loss in vehicle capacity withthe use of sacks compared to loading of looserefuse. The development of a collectionvehicle with shredders means that separationand incineration plants can use the papersack method of collection as well ascomposting plants without risk of the machinesjamming. The resulting paper shreds did nothinder the manual picking of rags, metals,or the operation of the magnetic separator.The hand-filled sacks used in the tests were

cu ft capacity wet strength capacity.

64.0069

Paper sacks for refuse collection. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 123(3753):25, May9, 1964.

Subjects discussed during a joint meetingof the Institute of Public Cleansing and theAssociation of Public Health Inspectors arereviewed. The advisability of replacing thedustbin by paper sacks for refuse collectionand the durability of paper against weatherand animals were considered as well as thepossibility for removal of the social stigmaassociated with refuse collectors.

64-0070

Paper sacks in the kitchen. PublicCleansing, 54(1):695, Jan. 1964.

13

Storage WAOIMIABIE,

In a London restaurant, the sanitary PalfreyRefusak, on its compact neva stand, is beingsuccessfully used. Besides being attractivein appearance and noiseless, the space-savingsacks have eliminated the problem of refusestorage.

64.0071

Paper sacks prepared for disposal. PublicCleansing, 54(9):1178, Sept. 1964.

Problems associated with passingrefuse-collecting paper sacks through aseparation-type refuse disposal plant havebeen dispelled through recent tests in GreatBritain. A packer-loader vehicle collectednumerous filled sacks, cutting them all upefficiently. The normal separation processwas then conducted with no whole bags evident.

64.0072

Park, J. Receptacle Remhrandts. AmericanCity, 79(9):25, Sept. 1964.

A novel method of attracting attention totrash cans has been employed by the resortcommunity of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Sixteentrash cans have been artfully decorated onall four sides with attractive paintingscreated by local artists. These attractivetrash cans have kept the streets and walkscleaner, becatse people constantly rememberthese distinctive containers and their purpose.

64-0073

Pascoe, G. and R. E. Lapar. Clearing refusefrom storage pit corners. Public Works,95(6):131, June 1964.

Poughkeepsie, New York, solved the problemof cleaning pockets of refuse from the sidesand corners of the storage pit of itsincinerator by attaching extension arms tothe bucket and crane that fed the refuse fromthe pit into the furnace.

64.0074

Plastic refuse bags. Food Manufacture,39(2):69, Feb. 1964.

Polyethylene refuse bags, 11 to 28 in. wideand 24 to 39 in. long, are in use fordisposing of potato waste and spoiled wrapsfrom food processing. The tough polyethylene

14

bags, completely waterproof and greaseresistant, are cheaper than other types ofrefuse bags and therefore represent animprovement in the efficient disposal ofwaste from the food production line. Thehags are easier to handle than bins and canbe fitted in a holder in seconds. The filledbag can be sealed and stored anywhere forconvenient collection at a later time.

64-0075

The problems of bulk: storage. PublicCleansing, 54(7):1019, July 1964.

A paper presented by J. A. Ferguson at ameeting of the Scottish Centre of theInstitute of Public Cleansing is reported.Contemporary storage systems' ability tohandle the increased bulkiness of refuse isdiscussed. For the most part, containershave not changed with the changing natureof refuse and methods of increasing containersize without increasing weight, such asplastic containers and the paper sack systemare suggested. Bulk containers andcommercial, office and factory storage arereviewed.

64.0076

Refuse bins instead of refuse barrels.Technische Ueberwachung, 5(3):108,Mar. 1964.

The Braunschweiger town authorities replaced110 liter refuse barrels with masonry refusebins with a capacity of 3.7 cu m. Each binreplaced 25 to 30 refuse barrels. The binsare transported three at a time on a truckwith a capacity of 5.7 ton and with themaneuverability to turn in small courtsand pass through narrow gates. The binsare emptied by hydraulic tilting of the lifttilt platform. Traveling a daily distanceof 80-100 km, 2 trucks can transport about180 refuse bins. This is comparable to theremoval of at least 4,500 refuse barrels(110 liter capacity). A supercargo truckwhich carries 7.65 ton is used for thetransport of extra heavy sheet refuse bins,such as those found in parks. (Text-German)

64-0077

Refuse sack. Engineering, 198:649, Nov. 20,1964.

The advantages of paper sacks over dustbinsfor refuse disposal are briefly discussed.

BES1 COPY AVAIIABIE

The sacks are made from two-ply wet strengthkraft paper and will hold wet or oily refuse.Holders mentioned ranged from free-standingstatic or mobile ones to wall-mounted metalones. The two points stressed are that whenthe output of refuse fluctuates, sacks aremerely changed more or less frequently andthat the final emptying requires only onetrip.

64-0078

Rohe, D. L., H. J. Magy, K. E. White, et al.An evaluation of fly larval migration fromcontainers of combined refuse in the city ofCompton, California. California Department ofPublic Health, Bureau of Vector Control, Oct.1964. 35 p.

The purpose of the study was to evaluatefly larval migration from refuse containersin a community where wrapped garbage iscombined with other refuse, stored in thesame container, and collected once-a-weekRefuse containers from 60 households wereselected for this study. All householdshad the following in common: garbage was

combined with other refuse; more than oneperson lived in the household; and thehouseholder was willing to cooperate and notchange from his normal practices of refusedisposal. The three test groups differedin the following respects: (1) Group Aused an uncovered storage container and hada garbage grinder in use; (2) Group B usedan uncovered storage container and did nothave a garbage grinder; and (3) Group C useda covered storage container and did not havea garbage grinder. Each group comprises 20households. The results and recommendationsof the survey are presented. The dominanceof the two species of green blow flies inthe study was of importance because of therapid development of these species under thesummer temperatures in Compton. Larvae emergewithin 8 hr of egg deposition. During thesummer, larval growth is often completedwithin 3 to 4 days. The mature larvae thenmigrate from the refuse container and pupatein the soil prior to the emergence of theadult.

64-0079

Second community adopts the paper bag refusesystem. Public Works, 95(5):117, May 1964.

The community of7jliverdale, Maryland, hasadopted the paper bag system. All of the1100 householders cooperated In a test of the

0071-0081

Westvaco system, as a result of observingtheir neighboring community of College Parkduring a test of the same system the yearbefore. After a trial period, the townsent cards to solicit reaction of householdersto the system. The response was 92 percentin favor. Because of the low cost of thepaper hag system, it is being supplied tohouseholders at no cost.

64.0080

Shayne, P. E. Containerization. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 274, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.80-84.

The number one problem in the containerindustry today is cleaning the container.Actually local Health Department Authoritieshold the customer responsible for keepingthe trash containers on his premises in asanitary condition, but the customer alsodemands this service of his trash removalcontractor. Because of the manpower andthe time it takes, cleaning containers .raises the cost of the service considerably.Collection trucks, because they representsuch a big investment, have to take in about$30.00 an hr. It takes about 5 minutes toclean the container. This costs thecontractor $2.50. Three methods are commonlyused to clean a container: spraying adisinfectant sanitizer into the emptycontainer; steam cleaning it; or applyinghot water and disinfectant with a turbo-likespray. What it really needs is someautomatic method of cleaning the containerthat would be efficient, save time, andeliminate the possibility of human negligence.What is needed is the technique of cleaningand disinfecting containers while they arein a dump position above the truck. Otherpertinent'problems are also listed. It isbelieved that all research in the detachablecontainer systems industry, as well as inrefuse disposal, needs to he done with thefuture in mind, and by improving detachablecontainer systems, one necessary step forwardwill have been taken toward the solution ofthe whole refuse problem.

64.0081

Shayne, P. Expensive cleaning methods slowcontainer process. Refuse Removal Journal,7(4):35, Apr. 1964.

Six basic types of modern automated containersare discussed. A chief problem such a

15

Collection and Di.sposal- General

container presents is the lack of a quick,inexpensive method of cleaning. However,the non-automated containers reuse the bulkof difficulties in this area. What is nowneeded is some automatic method of cleaningcontainers.

64.0082

Waste disposal in hospitals. Staedtehygiene,15(3):78, Mar. 1964.

Hospitals are turning more and more to theuse of paper bags for removing theaccumulating waste. Both movable andstationary racks are available, into whichthe bags may be hung. The bags come in twosizes, 60/70 liter and 110/120 liter.Hospitals prefer the paper bags to sheet steelcans because they can be handled noiselesslyand because they are more hygienic.(Text-German)

64-0083

Waste disposal unit. Engineering, 197:473,Apr. 3, 1964.

A ruggedly constructed Wastemaster disposalunit with pedal operated lid is described.When the pedal pressure is released, thelid closes, trapping any odors and reducingcontamination risk. Another advantage isthat the pedal leaves both hands free.Dumping is performed by moving a lever whichcauses the hinged base to fall away.Dimensions of the sheet steel, zinc platedunit are given. The standard capacity is17 cu ft.

COLLECTION AND DISPOSALGeneral

64.0084Alter, A. J., and F. Asce. Sanitaryengineering in Alaska. Civil Engineering,34(3):48-51, Mar. 1964.

In arctic engineering, designs have to besubjected to a thermal analysis as well asto the - conventional structural, chemical,biological, esthetic, feasibility, andfunctional considerations. All sanitaryengineering design concepts now in use inAlaska for water and sewage works can beroughly divided into three categories: (1)

16

protection from freezing by encapsulation orisolation from damaging temperatures; (2)insulation and heating of facilities whereverthey may be located; and (3) utilizatidn'ofnon-frost-susceptible systems. These threemethods are discussed in detail. Since thereare many unanswered questions concerningarctic water and waste system design,construction and operation, further researchis indicated in practically every aspect.Examples are: (1) new concepts of watersupply and waste handling are needed; conceptsare required that will lead to facilitiesthat will provide water acceptable for reuseand to facilities that will provide improvedcollection and disposal of wastes; (2)methods must be developed for the utilizationof low temperatures and low temperaturephenomena in water and sewage works; (3)community planning concepts suited to thewater supply and waste disposal requirementsof the Arctic; and (4) concepts for individualhousing must be better correlated with thecharacteristics of the community and utilityservice needs. Emphasis should be on theuse of locally available resources.

611-0085

Apply imagination to urban problems.American City, 79(12):86, Dec. 1964.

Speeches delivered at the 1964 Public WorksConvention and Equipment Show, included twotalks on refuse handling. One outlines the'do's' and 'don'ts' of specifying anincinerator, and the other presents the prosand cons of vacuumized sweeping.

64-0086

Baker, J. S. A cooperative municipal refusedisposal program Prince George's County,Maryland. College Park, University ofMaryland, Sept. 1963. 35 p.

A committee was appointed to study a refusecollection and disposal report prepared forthe Washington Suburban Sanitary Commissionon the Anacostia landfill. The report notedthat the expected life of the Commission'sAnacostia landfill was only five to sixyears. This consideration moved the committeeto undertake a study of the feasibility offorming a cooperative municipal refusedisposal facility that would be operated byand available to the cities and towns inPrince George's County. The services of thestaff of the Maryland-National Capital Parkand Planning Commission were obtained for

S-ST COI/ ARINUISLIE,

locating possible landfill sites that wouldconform with regional land use and planningconsiderations. The problems involved andcriteria used in selecting landfill sitesare discussed. A detailed description isgiven of 15 possible landfill sites andestimated costs are tabulated. An automaticdata processing system was employed as acomputing aid in determining the mosteconomical cooperative refuse disposalprogram. Two alternatives for refusedisposal other than the formation of amunicipal cooperative are given. It is feltthat better services can he obtained from aregional agency than can be providedindependently or through a cooperativearrangement. Thorough evaluation of thecomposting method of disposal is suggested.

6,61.0087

Baker, J. S. Planning a cooperative municipallandfill. In A cooperative municipal refusedisposal program Prince George's County,Maryland. College Park, University ofMaryland, Sept. 1963. p.5-11.

A problem associated with developing acooperative municipal landfill program isthat landfills are limited to fixed geographiclocations that must meet a number of rigidcriteria. The physical location of apossible landfill site becomes a limitingfactor as well as the charges for the disposalat the site. The approach taken in this

ustudy was to consider the possible use ofseveral landfill sites and to investigate theuse of an incinerator and several refusetransfer stations on a cooperative basis.The possible use of the composting method wasalso investigated. Several private firmswere asked to comment upon the feasibilityof establishing composting plants in Maryland.The criteria used in selecting possiblelandfill sites eliminated any site that wouldnot serve a population of 15,000 for at leastten years (a total fill volume of 150 acre-ft).At least one acre of the site should beconsidered unusable for filling because ofland requirements for buildings and roads.The location of landfill sites on publiclands is highly desirable and every effortshould be made to locate landfill sites thatmight allow the reclamation of publiclowlands for recreational or other uses.Other factors of importance are the geologicalformations underlying the proposed landfillsite, and the soil and drainage characteristicsof the site.

0082-0089

6441088

Baker, J. S. Preliminary site locations. In

A cooperative municipal refuse disposalprogram Prince George's County, Maryland.College Park, University of Maryland, Sept.1963. p.12-17.

Fifteen sites that may be suitable for use assanitary landfills were indentified. Adetailed description of each site is included.The larger landfill sites are privatelyowned and are located, generally, to thesouth of the majority of the cities andtowns included in the study. Landfill sitesowned by public agencies are generally smaller,but are located closer to the population .

centers than the larger sites. The costsof purchasing privately owned land wasestimated to be high, in some cases as muchas $40,000 per acre. Estimated costs ofrefuse disposal for each potential landfillsite under various degrees of utilizationare tabulated. The estimates include thefollowing cost factors: labor for weighing,compacting, covering and supervision; thecost of maintenance, repair and operation ofequipment; the cost of utilities includingtelephone, heat, light and water; amortizationof the costs of initial land development,original equipment purchases, and the cost ofpurchasing the land; sinking fund requirementsfor the replacement of equipment;administrative costs. Cost projections werealso prepared for an incinerator and foroperating two transfer stations and aretabulated.

64-0089

Baker, J. S. Designing the cooperativeprogram. In A cooperative municipal refusedisposal program Prince George's County,Maryland. College Park, University ofMaryland, Sept. 1963. p.18-30

Automatic data processing systems wereemployed as a computing aid in determiningthe most economical cooperative refusedisposal program possible within thealternatives available. Descriptions of theproblem and of the instructions given thecomputer for solving the problem are presented.The results of the first cycle are ofsignificance only if a regional agency, suchas the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commissionor Prince George's County, owned and operatedthe sites selected, made the sites availableto private collectors, and the sites wereused to near capacity. The results of thefinal cycle indicated the formation of fourseparate cooperatives with disposal costs for

17

aEsi COVI Aye Li

Collection and Disposal General

various landfill sites varying from $1.64 to$2.39 per ton. The criteria used wereselected with a view toward providing for themaximum utilization of each of the mostdesirable landfill sites. The smallest citieswere removed until the landfill utilizationequaled or was slightly less than the fullcapacity of the landfill site. The firststep in the formation of a cooperative wouldbe appointment of a committee or board,consisting of representatives from each ofthe cities considering participation inthe cooperative, to study the feasibilityof such a program. One method for sharing thecosts of a cooperative landfill is todistribute the initial and operating costson a population basis. Using the exampleof the cities that might form a cooperativewith a particular landfill site, a breakdownof costs for each city is presented.

64.0090

Baker, J. S. Alternatives to a cooperativeprogram. In A cooperative municipal refusedisposal program Prince George's County,Maryland. College Park, University ofMaryland, Sept. 1963. p.31-33.

The two basic alternatives for refuse disposalother than the formation of a municipalcooperative are: utilizatim of refusedisposal facilities provided by a regionalagency such as the Washington SuburbanSanitary Commission or Prince George'sCounty; or establishment of refuse disposalfacilities on an individual city basis. TheWashington Suburban Sanitary Commission hasgiven no indication of an intent to abandonits refuse disposal functions in PrinceGeorge's County. Cities and towns couldwork toward an improved regional refusedisposal program by urging the regionalagency to establish several disposal sitesat convenient locations throughout theCounty. The regional approach should not

exclude the active participation ofmunicipalities in the formation of ?olicios.and operating procedures. Some cities maywish to continue operating their own refusedisposal facilities or to use privatefacilities. As the metropolitan areaexpands and landfill sites are depleted,however, continuation of independent_ landfilloperations will become less feasible.Generally, the use of independent refusedisposal operations will he limited tocities located on the outer fringe of themetropolitan area.

18

64.0091

Barton, A. E. Labour relations in publiccleansing in Great Britain. Presented atEighth International Congress of PublicCleansing, Vienna (Austria), Apr. 14-17,1964. 13 p.

The history of public cleansing in GreatBritain is traced. Comparative pictures andjob descriptions of the refuse collector in1900 and in 1964 are provided. The numerousold and worn out workers on the Cleansingstaff in the early 1900's are noted. Agreat part of the work had to be done atnight and there were complaints on the waymen carried it out. The attire of the refusecollector with his horse-drawn vehicle isdescribed along with his typical duties. A53 to 6(1 hr work week was common. No socialsecurity or welfare benefits were available.The dustman had to be a tough character toaccomplish this dirty and physically demandingjob which lacked present-day stanr1erds andinnovations. The wage increases through theyears are shown, as are the decreasing hoursof work for the various job categories.'Joint consultation' which enabled theemployed and employee to work together fortheir mutual benefit, has been used inindustry but has not been common in PublicCleansing Departments in Great Britain. Theauthor describes two Joint ConsultativeCommittees he has been instrumental informing. Each committee, made up ofrepresentatives of all sections, meets theHead of the Department and his principalofficers at monthly meetings. The influenceof mechanization upon Public Cleansing isreviewed. Training courses enable promotionto a higher paying job. The various formsof social security and welfare benefits,including sickness and disablement insuranceare described. Trade Union membership iseither compulsory or desirable as it isthought to have been instrumental in securingbetter working conditions and welfareprovisions.

64-0092

Bell, J. M. Development of methods ofsampling and analyzing municipal refusePurdue University 1957 -1962. Lafayette, Ind.,Purdue University. 18 p.

The first two years of this project dealtprincipally with various sampling methods fordetermining the composition of a largequantity of refuse such as a truckload of8,000 lb. Results indicated that one has 95percent confidence of being no more than 20

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

percent in error by analyzing a quarter of atruckload of refuse when estimating suchparameters as percent by weight, percent byvolume, bulk density, percent moisture, percentash, and calorific value of the garbage,combustible, and non-combustible portion ofthe refuse. Also included in the first 2-yearstudy was a sampling procedure in whichsamples were obtained on a household basisin order to show the variation in quantityand quality of refuse from individualhouseholds throughout a homogeneousresidential area within a community. Astatistical analysis of the data gave someidea of the necessary number of households tobe sampled in a homogeneous area of acommunity in order to obtain a desiredaccuracy with a certain percent confidence.Field studies were conducted in order toobtain samples of refuse for laboratoryanalysis as well as to estimate the accuracyof the method used in obtaining the samples.A special study was conducted in the earlypart of the project in order to obtaininformation concerning the laboratorytechnique of drying and grinding refusesamples prior to subsequent chemicalanalyses. Recommendations for futureresearch are given.

64.0093

Black, R. J. A preliminary report on theproposed plan to dump refuse at sea by theCity of San Juan, Puerto Rico. U.S.

Public Health Service, Mar. 1963. 14 p.

Pertinent information was assembled toevaluate the proposed plan of the City ofSan Juan to dump its refuse at sea. Presentdisposal methods used by the city and oceandisposal of refuse by other cities wereconsidered. Length of ocean haul anddocking and loading facilities were studied.The City of San Juan is now collecting anaverage of 662 tons per day of refuse.Although crushing or baling would addapproximately $0.80 to $1.00 per ton to thecost of refuse handled, such processingmight be worth the additional costs provisions,to reduce floatage problem. Tentative contractprovisions, to he reflected in privatecontractors' offers, are critically examined.It was generally concluded that the dumpingof refuse at sea would provide the city withinexhaustible refuse disposal facilities atless cost than other available methods. Totalcosts are expected to range from $2.00 to$3.00 per ton for quantities of 500 to 600tons per day. It was recommended that windand current conditions he observed, transfer

0090-0095

structures and buildings he made of concreteor brick, alternate disposal facilities heprovided, and wood and similar floatingmaterials he disposed of at a landfill. Sincethe city would be forced to operate landfillsfor at least a sizeable portion of its refuse,suitable lands should be acquired and reserved.

64-0094

Black, R. J. The solid waste problem inmetropolitan areas. California Vector Views,11(9):51, Sept. 1964.

The magnitude of she present solid wasteproblems in urban areas is emphasized. Thelocal government outlay for refuse collectionand disposal, over $1.5 billion, is exceededonly by expenditures for local schools andfor roads. The private sanitation industryalso expends about $1.3 billion additionalyearly. Major problems discussed includethe population explosion; increasing percapita rate of refuse production; scarcityof land for sanitary landfill; pollution fromopen dumps; high citizen apathy; air andwater pollution; vector control; occupational

health; accident and fire prevention;continued, unlawful feeding of raw garbageto swine; and high accident rate of sanitationworkers, twice that of policemen and firemen.The author recommends much research incollection methods, since 85 percent of thedisposal cost is in collection. State legalauthority to provide area-wide refuse serviceis badly needed, and has been provided inonly nine states. Legal action coupled withthe growing body of technical informationshould enable more cities to cope effectivelywith their solid waste problems.

64.0095

Bugher, R. D. Progress begins with research.APWA [American Public Works Association] Reporter,Apr. 1962. 1 p.

This editorial points out the concern ofthe Amrican Public Works Association overthe fact that very little money is going intothe field of research for development ofimproved methods of collection and disposal.Therefore, the A.P.W.A. has attempted toalleviate this problem by publishing a bookon Refuse Collection Practice and byrequesting the Department of Health, Education,and Welfare to establish a broad program ofbasic and applied research in this particularfield of activity. The organization notes

19

Collection and Disposal General VA114.1101

that legislation is now in action to supportthe kind of program that is really needed.One study now bang conducted by the U.S.Public Health Service proposes: (1) to disposeof wastes through chutes connected to asystem of vacuum tubes; (2) to compressrefuse into reusable briquettes; and (3) touse mathematical models to determine theoptimum refuse collection system in specificareas.

84.0098

California State Department of Public Healrhh.Environmental health survey for the SantaRosa area. Sonoma County, Calif.Cincinnati, U.S. U.S., Public Health Service,Aug. 1963. p.1-76

Health, planning, public works, and housingpersonnel from Sonoma County and seven surroundingcountries attended a course on Urban Planningfor Environmental Health. A survey of theSanta Rosa area was conducted, findings wereevaluated, and group reports were written.The reports cover water, sewerage, refusecollection and disposal, air pollution control,housing, general environmental health, vectorcontrol, and planning. Recommendations forimproving the environmental health of thecommunity are listed and a program ofimplementation is summarized. A roster ofstudent and staff participants is appended.

64-0097California State Department of Public Health.Refuse collection and disposal. In

Environmental health survey for the SantaRosa area. Sonoma County, Calif.Cincinnati, U.S. Public Health Service,Aug. 1963. p.29-35.

Private companies operate under contract orfranchise to the individual cities to provideregular refuse collection service. Refusecollection in Santa Rosa is a mandatoryservice for which $1 is automaticallycharged on each water bill. Domesticgarbage is collected weekly and each householdis provided free curb collection of 1 cu ydof refuse weekly. Packer trucks are requiredfor the collection of garbage while openvehicles are used for refuse collection.The county provides seven disposal sitescontaining 97 acres of disposal area buthaving an average life expectancy of only 4to 5 yrs. Twelve ft deep trenches are dugand designated for public or commercialdisposal and salvage. The refuse, after

20

burning, is compacted with bulldozers andcovered with a dirt layer every 48 hr. It

costa the county 15 eta per cu yd ofuncompacted refuse to operate the disposalsite. Sixty-five percent of the operationalcosts are covered by disposal and licensefees. The refuse is not covered oftenenough to prevent fly breeding and the burningphase causes some air 'ollution. Theuncovered refuse provides nests for manyvectors and the salvage pile is unsightly.Special problems are created by the wasteof the fruit processing plants. By relatingthe refuse disposal plan to the generalplans it might be possible to createsanitary landfills on land that can bereclaimed for future use, such as park sites.

64.0098

California State Department of PublicHealth. Vector control. In Environmentalhealth .survey for the Santa Ross area.Sonoma County, Calif. Cincinnati,U.S. Public Health Service, Aug. 1963.p.57-61.

In two resort areas, most of the garbagecans were uncovered and there was a less thansatisfactory system of cleaning the cans. Atannery proved to be a major source of flybreeding due to poor sanitation practices.Neither of the two county dumps had adequatevector control. Investigation of chickenand cattle ranches revealed excess storageof manure. There is a definite vectorproblem in the central section of SonomaCounty. The legal right to control vectorproblems is derived from two types ofstatutory provisions: those relating to thecontrol of public nuisances and those relatingto the control of communicable diseases. Whatis lacking is adequate finances.

00099California State Department of Public Health.Environmental health survey Greater SantaCruz. Santa Cruz County, Calif.Cincinnati, U.S. Public Health Service, Dec.1963. 74 p.

Health, planning, public works, and housingpersonnel from Santo Cruz County and sixsurrounding counties oetended a course onUrban Planning for Environmental Health.Many hours were spent in and out of classassembling and evaluating findings, writinggroup reports, and preparing recommendations.The reports covered water services, sewerage

BEST COPY, AVAILABLE

control, housing programs, environmentalhealth programs, and planning. A list ofreferences and a roster of staff andstudent participants is appended.

64.0100

California State Department of Public Health.Refuse collection and disposal. InEnvironmental health survey Greater SantaCruz. Santa Cruz County, Calif.Cincinnati, U.S. Public Health Service,Dec. 1963. p.37-40.

Weekly refuse collection service is mandatoryin the city of Santa Cruz for all of theincorporated area. The service consists ofweekly backyard pickups of one 30-gal canof garbage and one 30-gal can of rubbish.The fee for this service is $1.40 per mo foreach premise. The city uses seven radioequipped packer-type trucks for this service;also tvo open-type trucks are available forrubbish during seasons of heavy needs; 1,181commercial enterprises are also served bythe city but the pickups and charges are onthe basis of frequency of collection andvolume of material. In some cases, thecity is using hulk bins of 1 and 2-cu ydcapacity for commerical accounts. There isone disposal site approximately 4 miles westof the center of the city containing 150 acres.The site was operating at a cost of 39 centsper cu yd of refuse in 1962. During thesummer months, landfill is practiced.During the winter months, some burning isdone. There have been instances where streetsand public places have been littered withrefuse, presumably by persons outside thecity who do not have refuse collectionservice. It is recommended the acquisitionof additional disposal sites be considered.A study should be made to consider increasingthe amount of rubbish collected from eachpremise beyond the present limitation of one30-gal can per week. Street sweepingscontaining organic material and wastebuilding materials should not be accumulatednear the sewage treatment plant.

64.0101

California State Department of Public Health.Environmental health survey of the Chico area,Butte County, California. Cincinnati, U.S.Public Health Service, Sept. 1963. 71 p.

Health, planning, public works and housingpersonnel from Butte County and 23 surroundingcounties attended a course on Planning for

0096-0103

Environmental Health. A survey was conductedof the Chico area, the findings were evaluated,and group reports were written. The reportscovered water services, sewerage services,refuse collection and disposal, air pollutioncontrol, housing, general environmentalhealth, vector control, and planning. A briefprofile of Butte County is presented and aroster of staff and student participants isappended.

644102

California State Department of Public Health.Sewerage systems. In Environmental healthsurvey of the Chico area, Butte County,California. Cincinnati, U.S. Public HealthService, Sept. 1963. p.23-28.

A new treatment plant, serving a presentpopulation of 16,000, consists of thefollowing units: headworks, clarifier, sludgedigester, sludge drying beds, and percolationand stabilization ponds. The sludge digesteris 60 ft in diameter and has a total volumeor 454,700 gal. It is capable of serving apopulation equivalent to about 25,000. Thesludge drying beds are 16,000 sq ft in areaand have been used very little up to thepresent time. There are four ponds with anapproximate total area of 102.7 acres. No

city ordinance exists pertaining to thedischarge of industrial or commercial

wastes to the sewers. It is recommended thatthe City develop plans for the time when theycan no longer dispose of their sewage on theproperty they presently own. The HealthDepartment should be consulted before anysludge from the treatment plant is used oncity parks. Laboratory facilities at theplant should include facilities for testingdissolved oxygen, sulfides, and detergents.

640103

California State Department of Public Health.Refuse collection and disposal. In

Environmental health survey of the Chico area,Butte County, California. Cincinnati, U.S.Public Health Service, Sept. 1963. p.29-33.

Within the corporate limits of Chico, sixprivate scavengers are licensed to collectrefuse. To pick up one 32 gal can perweek, the maximum chargeable rate is $1.25per month. Inside the city, leaves and lawnclippings are removed by. the city on thosestreets were pavement extends curb to curb.Garbage disposal units are allowed to beinstalled in both city and county areas.

21

Collection and Disposal General

Incinerators are permitted within the citysubject to fire department regulation. Theprimary city-county disposal area is 3 mileseast of Chico and consists of 10 acres ofland. Maintenance of the city-county sitecosts from $2,000 to $2,500 per yr which issplit evenly between the agencies. Burningis constant and as an open disposal area itwas found to be deplorable. It is recommendedthat the site should be immediately cleanedup and abandoned or converted to a sanitarylandfill. Twice weekly pickups of garbageshould he mandatory during warm weather. Thefeeding of garbage to hogs should heeliminated or conform to state laws.

64.0104

California State Department of Public Health.Vector control. in Environmental healthsurvey of the Chico area, Butte County,California. Cincinnati, V.S. Public Health.Service, Sept. 1963. p.52-57.

Present responsibility for vector controlrests with two agencies--the Butte CountyMosquito Abatement District on mosquitocontrol and the Butte County HealthDepartment handling most other vectorcontrol problems. The city dump revealedan ideal situation for a large rodentpopulation. Maintenance of the presentmunicipal refuse disposal site allowsincomplete burning of organic matter whichprovides media for fly breeding. In recentyears, wastes from walnut packing operationshave produced large numbers of flies. Afeasibility study should he undertaken ofconsolidating the three mosquito abatementdistricts of the county. Plans should be madenow for an intensive flea and rodent controleffort on the existing dump site prior to itsabandonment.

64-0105

A cleaner Falkirk. Public Cleansing,54(4):866-867, Apr. 1964.

The annual report on refuse collection anddisposal of Falkirk, Scotland is reviewed.A new Lacre Vacuum Sweeper combined with a

system of street washing has improved streetcleaning. The issuance of dustbins under aMunicipal Scheme has improved the storageand collection of refuse. The city hastested household refuse in its compostingplant and has found that such refuse compostis satisfactory.

22

BEST COM MAME64.0106

Collect 12,000 tons of refuse monthly fromresort city. Refuse Removal Journal,7(9):26, 60, 68, Sept. 1964.

Atlantic City, New Jersey, generates 12,000tons of rubbish each year, not includinggarbage. The collection of rubbish from thecity's beach, boardwalk, households and

commercial enterprises is outlined. Thecity operates a sanitary landfill and anincinerator, which burns 300 to 400 tons ofcombustible refuse per 24 hr.

64-0107

Creisler, J. Tidal wave creates sanitationproblems. Public Works, 95(12):68-70,138-142, Dec. 1964.

Sanitation problems connected with damagedone by the tidal wave which hit the. coastaltown of Crescent City, California, as aresult of the Alaskan earthquake of 1964,are discussed. The job of cleaning up wasdone in three phases: (1) securing of thearea and posting quarantine signs on allfood establishments; (2) cleanup of debris,destruction of damaged buildings and removalof public health hazards by local agencies;(3) similar action by the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers. The local agencies began theirphase of the work as soon as the area wassafe; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers movedinto the area 8 days after the seismic seawaves hit. Since the city water supply andsewage system remained intact, the mainsanitation problems were debris removal,control of damaged foodstuffs and liquor,and determining the public safety aspects ofbuildings damaged by the tsunami. The methodsused to resolve these problems are describedin detail, as are special problems such asthe obtaining of disposal equipment,systematic inspection and marking of damagedbuildings, and the legal aspects of theproblem. The need for and use of lawenforcement personnel during all phases ofthe sanitation program are stressed. Sixweeks from the day the tsunami hit, thecleanup work was finished and the sanitationprogram completed.

64.0108

Daily collection of 25 million lbs. createsproblem for. Ohio. Refuse Removal Journal,7(11):26, Nov. 1964.

The State generates 25 million lb of refusedaily and spends $35 to $40 million annually

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

for its collection and disposal. A pronouncedtrend is the steady and constant change inthe nature of the refuse. There is a decreasein the per capita production of garbage andashes and a corresponding increase in rubbish.House containers and three types of collectionservice in general use--private hauling,contract collection, and municipal collectionare discussed.

64.0109

Dateline: Vienna. APWA (American PublicWorks Association] Reporter,31(9):10, 18, Sept. 1964.

Some of the technical papers presented at theVienna Congress of the International PublicCleansing Association are reviewed. Alan E.Barton of England reported on the improvedworking conditions provided for refuse workers.Minoru Shirakawa reported on public cleansingpractices in Japan. Some of the refuse isnow being collected from plastic containersinstead of the open wooden boxes formerly'used. The water content of refuse in Japanranges from 40 to 80 percent; most of it isused for sanitary landfill, some is burned,and a small portion is used for making compost.There are 20 composting plants in Japanproducing about 600 tons of compost per day.Unfortunately the market for compost is notvery good in Japan. Franz Fischer ofAustria presented a paper on the new 600ton per day Von Roll incinerator which wasplaced in operation in Vienna in May, 1963.He described a method and calorimeterdeveloped for the determination of thecalorific value of refuse. R. Dijkshoorn ofthe Netherlands presented a paper on a largecentralized incinerator to he constructed inRotterdam. Studies are now underway inGermany and Switzerland on the effect ofincombusted incineration residues ongroundwater. W. Kaupert of Germany discussedthe various types of refuse collectionequipment utilized by German cities.Pneumatic tipper and the various hydraulicbin-tipping devices now in use have replacedstrenuous manual loading. O. Tope of Germanyreported on the 'wide variety of mechanicalequipment that has been developed for streetsanitation work.

64-C110

DeKalb County, Georgia, Board of Commissioners.Sanitary operations. Atlanta, Ga.,International Incinerators, Inc., Dec. 1963.23 p.

0104-0111

The growth of the DeKalb County, Ga.,sanitary department and the history of thecounty's first incinerator are reviewed. Theincinerator has a capacity of 150 truckloadsand its furnaces maintain controlled heatbetween 1,400 and 1,800 F. Two rotary ovenshave a capacity for burning 300 tons per dayof refuse. Smoke passes into a mixing chamberwhere water is sprayed through 20 separatenozzles, picking up soot, ashes, and otherimpurities. Residue from the kilns is pickedup by trucks for storage or immediate use.The county expects to salvage and sellbetween 20 and 25 tons of metal collecteddaily from the incinerator. A study wasmade of refuse preparation, storage,collectiOn, transportation and disposal inthe county, plus the existing SanitaryDivision problems and the recommended solutions.To alleviate the unsatisfactory pastoperations, the County Board of Commissionersadopted a new Sanitation Ordinance. TheOrdinance is presented in full. Collectionpractices were modified, short and long rangetransportation plans were made, and the DeKalbCounty Sanitary Division was reorganized. Anorganization chart and description of theSanitary Division are included.

64-0111

Deming, G. H. Professional training for solid

wastes management (public cleansing) inGreat Britain and other European countries.Public Health Service. Washington, U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,1964. 63 p.

Although the amount of refuse to be disposedof and the problems connected with itsdisposal are both increasing yearly, thedevelopment of skills and manpower neededto deal with the situation are not keepingpace. The consideration of these problemstogether with the realization that significantprogress has been realized in Great Britainin the training of public cleansing personnel,led to the initiation of this study. TheBritish experience is examined from thestandpoint of training opportunities offeredby higher educational institutions, thegrowth of professionalization in the fieldof public cleansing, the role in The Instituteof Public Cleansing and the nationalministries, and the elements of jobsatisfaction. In addition, some observationsare noted with respect to training in otherEuropean countries. The British experiencemay have utility for those in the UnitedStates who are concerned with the provisionof academic curricula and training facilities

23

Collection and Disposal--GeneralBEST COP AVROBIE

designed to meet manpower needs in solidwastes management.

64.0112

Dietrich, D. Ephrata, Washington decidesto 'do something' about its garbage disposalproblems. Western City 40(11):34, Nov. 1964.

At Ephrata (7,000 pop.) the 3 man municipalsanitation crew offers weekly pickup at $1.50per month. Commercial areas are servicedmore frequently and at a higher rate. Allrefuse cans (there is no limit to number)are required to be placed on elevated racks18 in. above the ground. If there are anyviolations of any of the sanitaryrequirements, a bright red warning tag isleft. The crew uses a 20 yd Garwood packerfor pickup and a Caterpillar 955H Traxcavatorat the landfill. Cleaning and maintenance ofequipment is performed on a regular schedule.The crew is fitted with white uniforms topresent a good appearance to the public. Atthe landfill, rotation of two trenches allowsclean dumping facilities each day. Althoughthere is unlimited public use, they allow noscavenging.

64-0113

Dodson, J., and H. Wellman. Research on awaste system for aerospace stations.Technical Report AMRL-TDR-64-33.Ohio, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories,Air Force Systems Command, Wright-PattersonAir Force Base, May 1964. 73 p.

An engineering evaluation was conducted toselect an optimum waste management systemfor collection, storage, and/or disposal offeces and urine in a space station underweightless conditions. Based on this study,a detailed design of an optimum wastemanagement system was prepared for a 7-man,15-day mission. Tests performed on abreadboard model of the feces collectordemonstrate the feasibility of the selectedapproach. The optimum waste management systemis based on separate collection of urine andfeces. The feces are collected, stored, andpartially dried by space vacuum in one pieceof equipment; urine is collected in plastic

urinals, sterilized, And transferred to adiaphragm-type, spherical, storage tank forintermediate storage prior to water recovery,treatment or disposal. Tests performed onthe breadboard model demonstrate thefeasibility of the recommended approach withregard to: (a) lack of pressure buildup.with

24

partially dehydrated feces, (b) satisfactoryodor removal from recycled air, and (c)complete bacterial removal from vented gases.

64-0114

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(10):12, Oct. 1964.

The AJnited States spends $3 billion annuallyto collect and dispose of solid wastes, butonly $200,000 on research in solid wastes.This compares unfavorably with the percentof gross that private enterprise sets asidefor research. The shortcomings of the currentways of disposing of wastes, and researchinto the possibility of reclaiming garbageand rubbish by extracting the basic chemicalcomponents, not just by salvaging thenmn-combustibles are discussed.

64-0115

Eldredge, R. W. 1963 Refuse disposal studySt. Joseph County, Indiana. Chicago, U.S.Public Health Service, 1963. 37 p.

Public Officials requested the Indiana StateBoard of Health and the U.S. Public HealthService to study the refuse collectiondisposal practices in St. Joseph County andmake recommendations for the improvement ofservice. Results of a field survey showedthat the majority of solid waste disposalsites were operated as open dumps.Alternative methods of waste disposal wereinvestigated. County-operated sanitarylandfills were recommended. An ordinance toregulate sites and methods was also stronglyrecommended. The ordinance should containminimum standards for operation of sanitarylandfills and incinerators. Allowance shouldbe made for any new or improved methods ofrefuse disposal. Location of sanitarylandfill sites should be cooperativelyselected so that maximum usage can be madeof the finished fill by park, industrial,or recreational facilities. Incinerationshould be considered only when availablesanitary landfill sites are too remote foreconomical transportation of refuse.

64-0116

Franborough. Public Cleansing, 54(1):670,Jan. 1964.

According to its annual report on refusecollection and disposal, Farnborough, England,

was hampered by severe weather, an increasein work from new development, and a shortageof labor due to sickness among personnel. In

addition, the existing tipping area will beexhausted by the end of 1964; a jointneighboring program with neighboringcommunities is recommended. Salvagecollection is profitable.

64-0117

From kitchen sink to refuse tip. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 124(3766):47-48,Aug. 8, 1964.

A commercial system for the disposal ofhousehold waste is described. Normal refusesuch as bottles, cans, cartons, and kitchenwaste are disposed of through the kitchensink and flushed by normal waste water into acollecting basin from which it is removedmechanically by tanker vehicle to themunicipal dump. The trap and waste tube arespecially designed te accommodate objects suchas bottles and cans. From the time the wasteis placed in the sink until it reappears atthe dump, it is untouched, andwithout an offensive odor. There are nomoving parts, electrical devices, or grinders.The collection tankers empty each collectionchamber of both refuse and water by vacuum.The water is removed by squeezing with hydraulicpressures up to 1,000 psi inside the tankerand drained to the sewer through a one-eighthin. screen. The system is especially adaptedto use in high-rise apartment houses iftnstalled during construction, but it can beplaced in existing buildings.

644118

The golden yellow hearse. American City,79(3):26, Mar. 1964.

A golden yellow dead-animal truck respondsto calls to collect large animals that die inNew York City. The average week consists ofsix carcasses, most of them horses. Thecompletely enclosed truck features a largetail gate that acts as a ramp when foldeddown, After the sanitation men attach oneend of a cable to the unfortunate animals'hind legs, a winch in the back of the truckpulls it into the enclosure. The carcassesgo to a rendering company nearby which salvagesthem for glue, fertilizer and hides. Aftera thorough cleaning, the truck gets sprayedwith a sweet-smelling substance.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

64-01i3

Cordon, M. Sick cities. New York,Macmillan, 1964. 366 p.

0112-0122

The problems of cities and of_ urbanizationare discussed in terms of highways, trafficproblems, air pollution, water supply, parksand recreation areas, crime and policeprotection, fire education, libraries, noise,waste collection and disposal, taxes andpublic expenditures, the overlapping unitsof government, and planning. The bookcontains 15 chapters and a subject index.

64-0120

Harrogate. Public Cleansing, 54(1):669,Jan. 1964.

The annual report on refuse collection anddisposal of Harrogate, England is reviewed.There is an increase in tonnage and volume,and the growth of building on the perimeterof the town is affecting the length of haul.Refuse is disposed of by controlled tippingwhich has resulted in reclaimed land.

644121

Haug, L. A., and S. Davidson. Refusecollection and disposal survey indicateschanging trends in 118 Western cities.Western City, 40(4):26, 28, 30, 31, 34, Apr. 1964.

The current survey indicates that 27 percentof 118 cities include backyard collection aspart of their basic service. Some citiescollect rubbish from curb or alley and garbagefrom the rear year. Often, if there is amarket, waste material is separated into: (1)

clean paper, (2) glass, (3) metals, and (4) foodwastes for hog feed. Most cities reportrefuse collection by cities most popular,followed by private arrangements and contractservices. The size of packers is enlarging,as shown in Inglewood, California, which uses38 cu yd capacity packers and in South Gatewith 30 cu yd capacity packers. The packerdesign, a relatively new piece of equipmentpermits a one-man operation. The vast majorityof cities set maximum container size orweight by ordinance with the largest numberof cities setting the limit at 30 to 35 gal.(The article also contains an extensive charton 'Collection and Disposal of Garbage andRefuse in 118 Western Cities'.)

64-0122

Hope, M. C. Keynote address. In Proceedings;Ad Hoc Conference on Solid Waste Training.

25

Collection and Disposal--General BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,Cincinnati, Nov. 4-6, 1964. U.S. PublicHealth Service. p.1-6.

Storing, collecting, treating, and disposingof solid wastes from our communities,busine'ss establishments, industries, and farmspose problems of mounting complexity andurgency. Increasing concentrations ofpeople in urban areas and improved livingstandards result in rising refuse/personproduction. Furthermore, present managementmethods are already largely inadequate forthe problem at hand, and the public is notdemonstrating the requisite concern thatauthorities need as a mandate for action.Solid waste management is, in large part,a major economic problem. Public andprivate costs total about $2.8 billion;75 to 80 percent of this amount is spentfor collection. Local officials, as inNew York City, Boston, and Los Angeles arestriving to solve the problem. Planningagencies--multi-jurisdictional,city-county, and county--have completedor are in the rocess of producing 31research studies. State leadership isessential, yet only nine states have achievedmajor progress. In the Federal Government,the Public Health Service provides technicalassistance, guidance and consultation,besides economic aid. It is cooperating withthe Tennessee Valley Authority (composting)the various APWA (handling), and variousuniversities (training). More research isrequired on the characteristics of solidwastes and new processes for'transportationand ultimate disposal. Better communicationmust exist between researcher andpractitioner. Important legislation hasbeen introduced but not yet enacted.The magnitude of the dilemma calls forcombined effort throughout the nation.

64.0123

Hughes, K. S. Dispose of wastes. SanitationSeries No. 6. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Federal Extension Service, June 1963. 10 p.

Waste disposal methods for rural areas arepresented. Topics covered include: garbage,trash, human wastes, sanitary latrines, wastewater, animal wastes, and dead animals. Thisbooklet is designed as an aid to extensionand village workers in many countries.

64.0124

Jacocks, F. A. Environmental sanitationsurveys. U.S. Public Health Service, Oct.1962. 12 p.

26

The need for planning is evident in manyfields--assessing the present situation aswell as the accumulation of data so thatguides can be established for futureactivities. With this in mind the PublicHealth Service has prepared an EnvironmentalHealth Planning Guide which deals with thefollowing subjects: health agency operations,planning agency, air pollution control,housing programs, radiological health, refusecollection and disposal, sanitation programs,sewerage services, and water supply services.The Guide serves its most useful purpose inareas where there is no organized planninggroup. Field surveys at Omaha, Nebraska;Lake county, Illinois; and Fort Wayne,Indiana; are disucssed. Corrective actionsafter these surveys are presented. The PublicHealth Service believes that it can bestfulfill its obligation in the field ofenvironmental health planning by use of twoweek resident courses, given approximatelytwice a year, short (usually two days)orientation courses, and by assistance infield demonstrations courses. Places wherethese courses are held are given.

64.0125

Kampschulte, J. Urban sanitation. VDI'

(Verin Deutscher Ingenieure) Zeitschrift,106(14):599-603, May 1964.

International problems of waste disposaland modern ways and means of coping with themwere discussed at two technical meetings.The meetings were accompanied by an exhibitionof the newest models of street cleaningmachines and waste removal trucks, includingnew sweeping machines (one with a loadingcapacity of two tons), a number of snowplows, snow blowers, and sand strewingvehicles, some with salt blower attachments.The newest concept in the field of wastedisposal is a recommendation to state theamounts of waste by weight, the annualamounts of waste by ton per year. Currently,plastic waste containers are being triedout in various cities in West Germany. Paperbags have been introduced in places (e.g.hospitals) where it can be guaranteed that noglowing ashes will be deposited. Large refusecontainers have come into more extensive use,mainly because they can be removed andreplaced by vehicles operated by one man.Almost all waste removal trucks are nowequipped with facilities for compacting thewaste to one-third of its volume. Bulkyrefuse is handled by special vehicles withlarge conical drums which can crush evenlarge objects, such as pieces of furniture.(Text-German)

BEST WY AVAILABLE

64-0126

Kaupert W. INTAPUC conference in Vienna,Austria. Staedtehygiene, 15(8):187-189,Aug. 1964.

An international meeting on waste disposalproblems was held in Vienna, Austria. Thefirst papers discussed personnel problemsand the work output of street cleaners. Itwas pointed out that the work output of astreet cleaner fluctuates between 45 percentand 28 percent of the standard output,depending on the width of sidewalks, obstacles,steps, rain, wind, and working technique. It

was reported from Zurich that a mobilehammermill equipped with a VW motor analyzesthe accumulating waste for qualification ascomposting or incineration. It was suggestedthat a uniform method of analysis he usedinternationally. It was also suggested thatin addition to composting plants, incineratorsare justified in smaller cities. The designof the new waste incinerator in Vienna, whichconsists of three furnaces with a capacity of200 ton per day each, was discussed. It isexpected that the proceeds from the sale ofheat, which is supplied to hospitals, willcover not only the operating costs but alsothe costs for amortization. In conclusion,a report on street cleaning vehicles wasgiven in which a multi-purpose vehicle forsweeping, washing and snow plowing wasfavored. (Text-German)

64.0127

Klock, J. W. The sanitary scientist of 1970.Public Health Reports, 79(1):71-72, Jan. 1964.

The sanitary scientist must devise and applyacceptable standards for air, water, wastedisposal, food, and shelter besides discoveringmeans to reconstitute the wastes producedinto usable commodities. Only when these twotasks have been successfully undertaken, canman fully utilize the resources of hisenvironment. To deal effectively with thecomplex cyclic phenomena of nature--biological,meteorological, and geological-- the scientistof today must understand all facets of water,sewage, air, solid wastes, radiological, foodsanitation, epidemiological, and industrialhygiene problems. Certain fundamental skillsin basic areas are requisite, with a strongchemical, biological, and engineeringbackgrounds preferred. Especially importantareas of study include physical chemistry,biochemistry, the earth sciences, biological,and social sciences. Thorough preparationin mathematics and statistics for interrelationand quantitative interpretation of these

0123-0129

sciences is also essential. Once adequatelytrained, the scientist can then favorablycoordinate the biological, geological, andmeteorological cycles of nature with healthand sanitation concepts.

64-0126

Kuehn, O. Equipment development. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.

The development of changes and advancementsin refuse disposal trucks over the past tenyears, has been very limited. The mostrevolutionary change has been the ejectorplate for removing the refuse from these units,rather than dump type removal. A studyshould be made of which size unit is the moreeconomical from the standpoint of compaction.At the present time, a 10 or 12 yd body willhold far more refuse by weight per cu yd thanproportionately can be put into a 20 or 25yd unit. The items to which research effortscould be applied are: study of equipMentuse-segregating refuse-weight-equipment,cost-man power- ejector plate, or dumpbody-aluminum bodies and frames-plasticmaterial-all related to refuse truck use;and engine study-size-HP-torque and formulasto justify agreed on size of engine, etc.-twindisc clutches-double reduction rearaxles-lubrication-motor oils, etc.-transistorized ignition-realistic preventativemaintenance program-wide tread aeroplanetires. In new incinerators where two or morecranes are used for bringing the refuse fromthe pit up to the charging hopper, acentralized control room is being advocated.The advantages of this type of installationare enumerated.

64-0129

Kumpf, E., and K. Maas. Refuse and wasteremoval. International Research Group onRefuse Disposal (IRGRD) InformationBulletin No. 20. Washington, U.S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare, May 1964.p.59-60.

This work presents a comprehensiverepresentation and explanation on the entiresubject of collection, removal, andutilization of refuse from households,communities, industry, and trade. Extensivecollaboration with local and foreignspecialists ensures complete and fundamental

27

Collection and Disposal GeneralBEST COPY AVAILABLE

explanation, including special problems. It

covers all those problems of technical,organizational, and economical kind, whichalways occur in practice. Extensiveinformation is also given about legalrequirements. This handbook will probablyhe extended to four parts and latersupplemented from time to time followingtechnical developments. The first issue of276 pages is now available and is highlyrecommended.

64.0130

Labor relations in public cleansing. PublicCleansing, 54(6):933-936, June 1964.

Two papers on labor relations presented bythe president of the Institute of PublicCleaning of Britain and by the director ofPublic Cleansing of Stockholm, Sweden arereported. The first noted higher livingstandards for the workmen as manifested bygreater pay and improved working conditionsand recommended joint consultation betweenmanagement and representatives of the workmen.The second paper recommended the employmentof the incentive bonus system of piece-ratesof work to improve work quality and alsodiscussed transfer stations and incinerationin Stockholm.

64-0131

Leyland U. D. C. Public Cleansing,54(1):671, Jan. 1964.

The annual report on refuse collection anddisposal of. Leyland, England is summarized.An increase in weight and volume of refuse,partly due to town growth, and a rise in costsis noted. The municipal dustbin scheme andsalvaging have been executed satisfactorily.

64-0132

McKee, J. E. Dimensions of the solid wasteproblem. In Proceedings; National Conferenceon Solid Waste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4,1963. American Public Works Association,1964. p.1-7.

It is conventional to divide the solid-wasteproblem into two major areas: collection,

including storage, transfer, and transport;and disposal, including any concomitanttreatment. For refuse, it is estimated that80 to 90 percent of the total cost isattributable to collection and transportation,

28

with only 10 to 20 percent arising fromdisposal by landfill operations. Ifincineration is employed, approximately 60percent of the total cost arises from collectionand 40 percent from incineration. In LosAngeles County, the solid-waste problem isover four times as large as the liquid-wasteproblem on a dry-weight basis, slightly largerin total annual cost, and over three timesas large on the basis of annual operatingcost. It is expected that comparative figuresfor other metropolitan areas will he of asimilar magnitude. Total expenditures forresearch in the area of liquid wastes are ofthe general magnitude of $10 million per year.In contrast, the total research expendituresfor refuse collection and disposal probablydo not exceed $200,000 per year. In theabsence of adequate collection aenforcedrules against burning, much of the trash ofa community may be converted into gaseouspollutants by inefficient combustion.Sanitary landfill has been shown to ba aneffective and economic method of refusedisposal in most areas. But land suitablefor landfill is fast disappearing in manymetropolitan areas. There is no sizablemarket for compost from solid wastes and noneis likely to develop in the near future.

64-0133

Miller, M. The treatment of refuse in theSoviet Union. Compost Science, 5(2):17-19,Summer 1964.

A detailed account of refuse collection inMoscow is presented. For organizationalpurposes a district administration and acommunal administration was established.The district administration removes refusedaily. The driver's wages are graded anda bonus incentive system is employed. Thecommunal administration is responsible forthe supply and upkeep of the refuse containers.Food residue collection, which is carried outby the tenants of the buildings, is handledseparately and goes directly to pig foodfactories. In 1962, a refuse utilizationplant with a capacity of 400,000 cu m peryear was put into operation. Refuse collectionin Moscow at this time was 1 million cu m peryear. Before the plant was designed, thecomposition of refuse was investigated, andthe results are tabulated. One kg of residuesgives 1,400 cal of heat, thus giving a totalof 15 million kg cal, which is sufficient tocover all the technological processes in theplant. The design and reception unit of theplant is described in detail. The refuse iscarefully sorted and 15 percent of it is

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

composted. Cost of construction of the planthas been estimated at 1.24 million rubles.The factory is self-supporting, since thereceipts from the sale of the recovered scrapand the 15 percent compost cover the costs.

64.0134

Morristown Chamber of Commerce. Refusecollection and disposal. In Morristown.Morristown, Tenn., Feb. 1963. p.18-19.

It is estimated that each person generatesone half ton of refuse per year inMorristown. Because the characteristics ofrefuse vary widely, several methods of

disposal are used. The selection is usuallybased on what is locally acceptable and willcause the least detriment to its environment.City collection is available within the citywith residential collection once a weekand commerical establishments once a day.Within the county, the county provides forthe collection of garbage once a week toapproximately 2,500 homes with the remainderof the county receiving a collection onceeach two weeks. All solid waste that iscollected within the city and county is filland cover for the garbage and the burningof brush, sawdust, and wood scraps. Thisburning operation contributes to the airpollution problem and should be discontinued.There are no regulations governing garbagecontainers within the county. Action isdefinitely needed as the collection onlyonce each two weeks creates a health hazard.The city has a vector control and a continuousrodent control program.

64.0135

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee.Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee.Suggested design criteria for refuse storagecollection and disposal in recreational areas.Washington, U.S. Public Health Service, 1963.20 p.

Many of the refuse and solid waste disposalproblems in recreational areas may he uniqueto the extent of requiring special studiesand engineering judgment in the selection anddesign of suitable facilities. Material ispresented to provide guidelines forestablishing effective sanitary refusedisposal, practices, to describe variousmethods of refuse disposal, and to suggestprocedures meeting public health requirementswith a view to promoting uniformity ofpractice. The procedures presented are not

0130-0137

proposed as firm standards or as regulations.Preparation of refuse, storage containers, andcontainer racks is described. Collectiontrucks suitable for use in recreational areasare considered. Disposal by sanitary landfillis recommended where possible and incinerationis suggested as the next best method. Emphasisis placed on special procedures to preventrodents and wild animals from interfering withthe handling of solid wastes in parks,campgrounds, and picnic areas.

64-0136

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee.Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee.Storage of refuse. In Suggested designcriteria for refuse storage collection anddisposal in recreational areas. Washington,U.S. Public Health Service, 1963. p.4-6

Draining and wrapping of garbage preventscorrosion of cans and odors. The collectionof garbage from recreational areas for hogfeeding should be discouraged. Bundles ofbulky wastes should not weight more thanabout 50 lb, and their length should notexceed 4 ft. All garbage should be kept indurable, watertight, rust resistant,non-absorbent, and easily washable containersthat are covered with closefitting lids andfurnished with suitable handles. Lining thecontainer with paper or providing a disposableplastic liner will aid in maintainingcleanliness. The conventional heavy-dutygalvanized iron garbage can with recessedbottom of 20 to 30 gal capacity meets allrequirements. Special attention should begiven to the construction and locationof containers in campgrounds and picnicand cabin areas where animals are encountered.The containers should be effectively anchored.All garbage containers at food serviceestablishments should be kept on concreteslabs or elevated metal stands. All storageracks should have open bottoms and should holdcontainers at least 12 in. off the ground.Concrete slabs are generally not assatisfactory as racks. When any liquid orsolid residue remains, it should be washedfrom the can and flushed into the sewagesystem. In campgrounds and picnic areas,cans are generally located near roads forconvenience.

64.0137

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee.Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee.Collection of refuse. In Suggested design

29

Collection and Disposal--General

criteria for refuse storage collection0disposal in recreational areas. Washington,U.S. Public Health Service, 1963. p.7-9

tOPI AVPRABLE.

Frequent, systematic, and reliable collectionservice should be the goal of everydevelopment. The frequency of collectionwill vary accordihg to the type of facilitybeing served, but, in general the followingperiods should prevail: daily for largefood service establishments; twice weeklyfor residential areas; and daily to onceor twice weekly for picnic areas, campgrounds,and parking areas. Collection of refuse inrecreational areas may be provided -bycontract, by the concessionaire operatingthe area, or by the agency responsible forthe administration of the area. Combinedcollection prevents some abuses and conditionsthat are conducive to high pest and vectorpopulations. Most state laws require thatgarbage be adequately heat-treated to killanimal disease organisms before being fed tohogs. Modern, enclosed, liquid-tight truckbodies prevent scattering of loose material,leakage of liquids, and minimize odorproduction. Compactor trucks are practicalfor large areas because they have anincreased load capacity. Open trucks may heused for three limbs, trimmings, andnoncompressible items, including ashes. Thefollowing types of collection trucks areconsidered satisfactory for recreationalareas: trucks with dump or fixed-type,wat..rtight bodies; can-exchange trucks;and enclosed trucks equipped with powerelevators and/or mechanical compactors.

64-0138

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee.Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee.Disposal of refuse. In Suggested designcriteria for refuse storage collection anddisposal in recreational areas. Washington,U.S. Public Health Service, 1963. p.10-19.

Sanitary landfills are widely used wheresuitable unwooded land is convenientlylocated because both initial and operatingcosts are generally low. Equipment, personnel,and operating procedures for the trenchmethod, ramp or progressive slope method, andarea method are described. Valleys andravines may be used as landfill sites ifoperations do not interfere with naturaldrainage. Well designed and efficientlyoperated incinerators eliminate food forbears and rats and breeding places for flies.Since incineration has proved to be an

effective means of refuse disposal in

30

recreational areas, this method is the bestalternative where landfilling is not practical.Multiple-chamber incinerators are describedbecause they can be expected to burn refusewith a minimum discharge of air contaminants.The incinerator should be located in aninconspicuous spot as near as possible tothe center of the area to be served. Thesite should be accessible by road, preferablythose that are not used by the public. Wherebears are prevalent, the incineratorshould be charged as soon as possible andthe area fenced to minimize attraction.Incinerator size can be determined from theamount of refuse to be burned on a lb perday basis. Basic refuse quantities arelisted for lodges and hotels, campgrounds,picnic areas, and park headquarters. Garbagegrinding and hog feeding may also bepracticed.

64-0139

Personnel management in cleansing service.Public Cleansing, 54(10):1223, Oct. 1964.

At the meeting of the Junior Members'Discussion Group of the Institute of PublicCleansing's Scottish Centre, the personnelofficer of the Cleansing Department ofEdinburgh presented a paper 'PersonnelManagement in the Cleansing Service.' Thehistory, definition and scope of personnelmanagement in the cleansing service, theneeds of recruitment, communications andrelations with staffs, and training arediscussed.

64-0140

'Piggy back' trailers key to Detroit plant.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(7):28, July 1964.

Detroit is considering a program of wastedisposal which includes rail transferstations, giant 64 cu yd compaction trailersthat would ride 'piggy back' on specialflat cars to distant unloading points, anda ring of sanitary landfill sites locatedwell beyond the economical hauling rangespossible under present conditions.

64-0141

Preston prepares for long term refusedisposal. Surveyor and MunicipalEngineer, 123(3743):54, Feb. 29, 1964.

The nine months experience with the newmethod of disposing of an annual load of

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

34,000 tons of local refuse is described.The plan involves controlled dumping 7 milesfrom Preston in Lancashire in an area whichshould he adequate for 110 years. A transfer

loading station was'provided so that thehouse-to-house collection vehicles coulddischarge their contents to be picked up bylarge trucks with the capacity to move therefuse in bulk to the dump. The transferstation and the surrounding areas are keptclean by highly efficient dust collectors.

64.0142

Proceedings; Ad Hoc Conference on Solid WasteTraining. Robert A. Taft Sanitary EngineeringCenter, Cincinnati, Nov. 4-6, 1964.U.S. Public Health Service. 71 p.

The conference pointed out weak areas insolid wastes services and facilities andmade recommendations for improvement.Problems exist with litter, special wastes,lack of communication, and unpassedlegislation The agenda included discussionon storage, collection, disposal, planning,implementation of a program, the role ofeducation and training courses. The PublicHealth Service bears the major burden forbuilding a training program for all levels ofresponsibilities. The roles of State andlocal agencies and universities are discussed.

64.0143

Proceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.228 p.

The major objectives for this conference asset forth by the planning committee were: to

stimulate research on problems in the field;to stimulate young researchers to work inthe field; to point out resources for supportof research in the field; to delineate thesolid waste problems by operational people;and to project future needs in order to planfor long-range problems. The 2!-_, day meeting

provided an opportunity for each group tocommunicate their view to the other groups.The proceedings represent the latest ideason the research needs in this area, as seenby the conference participants. Variouspapers are presented from each of the groups:quantities and characteristics of solidwastes; waste collection, storage, andtransportation; treatment and disposal ofsolid wastes; and processing, conversion,and utilization of solid wastes. A lengthy

0138-0145

discussion session follows each paper.Summary reports were offered at the finalsession of the conference. The conferencewas sponsored by the Environmental Sciencesand Engineering Study'Section of the U.S.Public Health Service in cooperation with theAmerican Public Works Association held atthe University of Chicago, Center forContinuing Education. The conference wassupported by a Public Health Service Grant.

64-0144

Public Works operations in Milwaukee. PublicWorks, S95(9):84, Sept. 1964.

The services of the Milwaukee Bureau ofPublic Works are described. These includegarbage collection, incineration of refuse,traffic sign installation, sewer maintenance,and snow and ice control. Over 123,000 tonsof refuse were collected in 1963, at a totalexpenditure of $3,338,000. Combustible refuseburned amounted to 126,377 tons in 1963. Theestimated snowfall in 1963 was 34 in. Thisrequired 24 ice control and salting operationsand three plowing operations, which cost thecity an estimated $800,000.

64-0145

Purdue University. A report on the samplingand composition of municipal refuse.Lafayette, Ind., 1962.

On March 6, 1961, a one-year refuse surveywas initiated between the City of Bloomingtonand Purdue University. The purpose of thesurvey was to supply Purdue with basic datato statistically evaluate a proposed samplingmethod for determining the composition ofmunicipal refuse, and to make available thebasic data for use by the City to determinefuture methods of refuse collection anddisposal. A total of eight sampling areaswas chosen for the study. The sample areasconsisted of a total of 582 people and 182housing units. The total quantity of refusecontributed by the sample areas was collectedby a special crew and brought to a centrallocation for further processing. Eacharea's refuse was separated intothree categories: paper, wood, leaves, etc.;garbage; and non-combustibles. At eightdifferent times throughout the year the totalquantity of refuse produced by the City ofBloomington was weighed at a local weighingstation. This provided a check for thecalculated sample weights. The total quantityof material, weight and volume, for the entire

31

Collection and Disposal--General

city varied trom a low in March to a high inOctober and July. The bulk density was, ingeneral, higher during the fall and winterthan during the spring and summer. Perhapsthe most significant result of the dataobtained was the relatively low percent ofcombustibles and garbage in the refuse ascompared to values obtained by surveys inother cities. The percentage ofnon-combustibles was high. The high percentof ash content results in an unusually lowBtu value for the total refuse.

64-0146

Quake victims engaged in gigantic clean-upjob. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(5):8, May1964.

Anchorage's private refuse haulers and theDepartment of Sanitation are laboring hardto clean up the tons of rubbish caused bythe earthquake of March 27. One hundreddowntown buildings and 50 percent of theother large structures will probably have tobe torn down, Since all the rubbish probablycan't fit in the city's one sanitary landfill,it might 1,e buried in the gullies andcraters wrought by the quake. The city'ssanitation operations under normalcircumstances are also described.

64.0147

Refuse collection and disposal. In

Environmental health survey Wayne Township,New Jersey. Cincinnati, U.S. Public HealthService, July 1964. p.23-30.

Wayne Township has 9,400 dwellings and 625commercial and industrial establishments.The collection of refuse with few exceptionsis by private scavengers. A 1963 surveyindicated that 97.5 percent of homes havecollection service. The remaining dispose oftheir refuse by on-site burial. Scavengersare licensed by the Health Department anduniform fees of $1.75 pet month for twocollections per week with curb service or$3 per month for collection at the doorare charged by all scavengers. Collectioncharges for commercial establishments varyfrom $5 to $300 per month. Disposal ofrefuse is by sanitary landfill on meadowlands in North Arlington and Rutherford.There is a privately owned dumping area usedfor demolition waste and household refuseexclusive of garbage which is in goodcondition. Maintenance of a small town dump,about 2 acres in extent, is unsatisfactory.

32

It is recommended that a master refuseplan be prepared for Wayne to include

cooperation with other communities, Federaland State agencies, and universities. It

was also suggested that the private dump becleaned up and that dumping at the town dumphe terminated.

64.0148

Refuse collection and disposal. In Trainingcourse environmental health survey, reportand recommendations, Greater San Buenaventura,Cal..7.fornia. U.S. Public Health Service,Mar. 1964. p.39-42.

Separate collection of garbage is requiredin San Buenaventura, California. It isavailable at no extra cost. There are norequirements regarding refuse collection.The garbage collector has a contract with thecity and hauls and disposes of refuse at anearby hog farm. The need for these twodifferent services is questionable. The cityordinance on collection vehicles is extremelylax, but the streets appear exceptionally cleanand litter-free. The urban fringe is servicedby private transaction with individualrefuse colk!cting agencies. Permits forrefuse collectors are obtained at the sheriff'soffice, but he imposes no regulations uponthe operation. County and private sanitarylandfills are the method of refuse disposal.The private landfill is used by most citycollectors due to the lower charges there.Approved individual incinerators are allowedto operate from 7 am until 12 noon. Therestrictions are lax in this area, also.Recommendations by the group of healthofficials include: a feasibility study ofa municipal or franchise refuse collectionoperation; a county-wide master plan fordisposal to meet expanded needs; the need toreduce fly breeding; the setting of higherstandards for private collectors; theinstallation of garbage grinders; and theelimination of backyard incineration.

64.0149

Refuse. In Environmental healthreport/Macon, Georgia. Macon, Apr. 1964.p.8-12.

There is a need for more rigid control andenforcement of the collection ordinance ofMacon-Bibb County. Through the efforts ofonly one man in the enforcement section ofthe Public Works Department, approximately100 violators have been convicted during the

year. Macon, through the Department ofPublic Works, provides refuse collectionservice to 100 percent of the city residencestwice weekly.- The residential area isdivided into 46 collection routes of 850units of pickup. The growth trend duringthe past 2 years indicates a yearly increaseof 800 units. Industries within the citydispose of their own solid wastes. The Cityof Macon owns and operates two areas fordumping solid wastes. Combustible andnon-combustible wastes, excluding garbageand putrescible matter, arse deposited on an

open dump. Residential refuse and putresciblewaste from commercial establishments andindustries are incorporated in a sanitarylandfill. The open dump, while beingsheltered from the view of the public, presentsan unsightly appearance. No coveringoperation is carried on at this dump. Thesanitary landfill has encountered problemsduring wet seasons. The lack of funds,personnel and cooperation of other agenciesdefeat any organized control of the sites. A

list of recommendations for the future isfurnished. The study is co-sponsored byThe Georgia Department of Public Health incooperation with The University of Georgiaand the U.S. Public Health Service.

64.0150

Refuse. In Environmental health report ofAugusta, Georgia. Richmond County Departmentof Health, Aug. 1964. Section 111.

It is estimated that over 91,000 tons ofrefuse are produced annually in all ofRichmond County and by 1985 this amount willincrease to about 177,000 tons. Considerationwas given to refuse collection and disposalin the City of Augusta as well as the entirecounty of Richmond. The City of Augustaprovides regular refuse collection anddisposal service to all residents, businessestablishments, and industrial firms withinthe city limits. No fees are charged forthis service. Garbage collection is daily.Disposal of Augusta refuse is by one modifiedsanitary landfill. Broad criteria for asuccessful facility of this type includesfreedom from odor nuisance, fly breeding,rodent harborage, and smoke problems. TheAugusta landfill fails to meet any of thesestandards. Refuse is covered but not

adequately. A heavy fly population was notedat the time the fill was surveyed, and trashas well as garbage was burning and smokingheavily. The city's budget provides for5380,000 for collection and disposal. Refusedisposal at the Fort Gordon Military

BEST COPY AVAILABLE0146-0152

Reservation is accomplished by means of anefficiently operated standard sanitarylandfill within the reservation area. Alist of recommendations for future action isfurnished. The survey is co-sponsored bythe Augusta Chamber of Commerce,Augusta-Richmond County Planning Commission,Georgia Department of Public Health incooperation with The University of Georgia,Georgia Department of Industry and Trade,and U.S. Public Health Service.

64-0151

Savage, E. M. D. Bogue, and W. G. Brown.A study of rodent control problems in Boston,Massachusetts, 1963. Atlanta, U.S. PublicHealth Service Communicable Disease Center,Feb. 1963. 49 p.

On June 6, 1962, the Boston City HealthDepartment requested the Public Health Serviceand the Massachusetts State Department ofHealth to determine the magnitude, nature,and causes of rodent infestations in Boston,and to recommend procedures whereby the citycould reduce the rodent problem. The studythat resulted covered: exterior surveys of3,647 premises located in 150 city blocks;inside inspection of 1,784 buildings,including 46 food establishments; and ananalysis of the Back Bay rodent controlprogram. All the evidence collected on thesurveys in Boston indicates a high degreeof container-damage by refuse collectorsso that the containers could not be covered.Rats were noticed in food establishments andin parks and parkways, but were minimal inwaterfront areas, granaries, and warehouses.There is evidence that drainageways may serveas a hub for rodent infestations in adjacentareas. Recommendations were made to theBoston City Health Department in the areasof: personnel; food establishments; and thestorage, preparation, collection and disposal

of solid wastes. It was recommended that theDepartment employ a full-time qualified rodentcontrol supervisor to direct and coordinateall rodent control activities within thecity. Results of all studies made in theBoston area revealed that the potential forrodent infestation is city-wide, but thatrodent problems are greatest in Dorchester,Back Bay, Roxbury, Charlestown, andAllston-Brighton.

64.0152

Solid waste handling in metropolitan areas.Public Health Service Publication No. 1554.

33

Collection and Disposal-General BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1964. 41 p.

This Public Health Service publication wasprepared for the Surgeon General's AdvisoryCommittee on Urban Health Affairs by theNational Center for Urban and IndustrialHealth, Bureau of Disease Prevention andEnvironmental Control. The table of contentslists the following: The Problem; PublicHealth Implications: Economic impact; LegalAspects; Effect of Community Differences andTechnological Advances; Lack of Public Concern;Development of Standards; Research andTraining; The Metropolitan-wide Approach;State and Local Action; Role of the PublicHealth Service; Policy Questions; and a 43citation bibliography.

644153

Statistics on the removal of solid waste.Wasser and Ahwasser, 105(24):670-671,June 12, 1964.

In the series 'Reports from Stuttgart onresidential water economy' there appeared an'evaluation of the statistics on solidwaste disposal in the year 1961', edited byMichael Ferber of the Technical Universityof Stuttgart. The data published in thisbooklet are of great importance for theevaluation of the problem of waste disposal.The statistics comprise 583 municipalitieshaving a population of more than 10,000 anda total population of 32.2 millions which isabout 55 percent of West Germany's entirepopulation. 533 municipalities with a totalpopulation of 31.4 millions have madeparticipation at a waste collection servicecompulsory. The average amount of waste byweight was 249 kg per resident per year, byvolume, 734 liters per resident per year.The specific weight was 340 per kg cu m.on the average one truck was available forremoving the waste of 10.200 residents; 389municipalities had weekly waste collectingschedules; 53 collected waste once or twiceand 134 twice a week. The 533 municipalitiesreported a total amount of approximately 8million tons of waste for the year 1961 ofwhich 97 percent were dumped, 2.2 percentburned, and 0.82 percent composted. Thestatistics further pointed out that 147municipalities have disposal sites for only2 to 6 years, 71 for 6 to 10 years, and 77for more than 10 years. (Text-German)

64.0154

Stead, F. M. Ecological considerations,administration of solid waste collection

34

and disposal systems and research implications.In Proceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.12-15.

Environmental sanitation programs in theUnited States are based on three assumptions:unwanted waste products are best handled bydischarge into the environment; having donethis, man can he adequately protected at thepoint of exposure or at the point ofconsumption; and the needed action can betaken to protect the public health withvirtually the unlimited use of the policepowers, no other considerations intervening,to avoid a disastrous effect. Today 90percent of the people in California live inan area where the transparency of the air hasbeen drastically reduced. Eighty percent ofthe people live in areas where there is amarked detrimental effect on vegetation andagricultural crops of one sort or another.Seventy percent live in an area where duringmany days of the year there is severephysiological discomfort. Looking to thefuture there are only two choices. Thepresent rear guard action can be continuedwith the certainty of final defeat, or anew concept can be adopted--one with aprospect of permanent success. Thegeographical denominator is set by thetopography, not by the political boundary.In the case of solid waste, some thought mustbe given to converting useless organicmaterials to a resource of value. Organicwastes must be thought of as a savingsaccount--a working supply of basic materials,not only for the production of fabrics,structural materials, and chemicals, butalso as a source of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,sulphur, and other materials which can hereprocessed.

64 .0155

Stead, F. M. Solid waste collection anddisposal systems--ecology, administration,research. Compost Science, 5(1):5-6,Spring 1964.

Due to the current rapid rate of change, thepresent concepts of environmental sanitationprograms will soon be obsolete. Sanitatioaprograms are based on three assumptions.First, unwanted waste products are besthandled by discharge into the environment.Second, man can be protected at the pointof exposure. Last, we can take any degreeof action requisite to protect public health.With respect to water resources, the State

of California is greatly concerned byincreasing mineralization. The principalsource of this mineral burden is agriculture.Chemical usage has increased the mineralcontent of irrigation return flows untilnow they endanger water supply systems. Twochoices exist. Present action can becontinued with only bleak prospects or newconcepts can be adopted. An example of thelatter is the development of an environmentalhealth program--a total system to handle air,water, ane land resources. This can beaccomplished either on a state or regionalbasis, for the common denominator istopography. Solid wastes must be convertedto usable materials to produce fabrics,structural materials and chemicals, and toform substances that can form livingmaterials. By composting and placing compostin a compact fill and consolidating allorganic wastes, this task can be achieved.The water carriage principle for transportingwastes must be replaced by utilizing wastesat processing sites. Finally, the publicinterest must he completely identified anddecision-making machinery put into operationfor ultimate success.

64.0156

Steady progress in cleansing in Mombasa.Public Cleansing, 54(1):672, Jan. 1964.

Refuse collection and disposal on thetropical island of Mombasa is reviewed.A reduction of 789 days in absence fromsickness and a low labor turnover are noted.Trailers transport the refuse to controlledtipping areas. The regulation requiring theuse of dustbins causes problems because itis not being enforced.

64.0157

Sumner, J. Technical developments in refusecollection and disposal. Public Cleansing,54(4):822, Apr. 1964.

Modern technical developments in refusecollection and disposal in Great Britain aresurveyed. Trends in the character ofrefuse--such as an increase in weight andvolume and a decrease in density--and theireffect on refuse handling are analyzed.Developments are discussed: (1) refusestorage, including lighter containers, chutessystems, turntable carrying 4 to 6 containersat the receiving end of a chute system.Garchey system, kitchen grinders, andcontainerization; (2) collection vehicles,

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

0153-0158

including different kinds of compressionequipment and material used to constructvehicle bodies; (3) refuse disposal, includingsanitary landfilling, pulverization,incineration and composting; (4) methods ofrefuse collection, including the dustlessloading system and the paper sack system;(5) transfer loading stations, which varyfrom the relatively simple to the moremechanized type; and (6) methods to avoidpolluting ground water.

64.0158

Sundquist, S. Labour relations in publiccleansing. Presented at Eighth InternationalCongress of Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria),Apr. 14-17, 1964. 30 p.

In Swedish labor relations an increasedproductivity is one of the basic prerequisitesfor the achievement of a higher standard ofliving. The endeavors of employers andworkers are manifested in the agreementsbetween various employers' associations andthe respective trade unions, for example,regulations for the application of piece-workcontracts. Public Cleansing in Sweden ischiefly conducted by municipalities and inStockholm the municipal cleansing departmentis responsible for street-sweeping, andrefuse collection and destruction. Someconventional methods of work in publiccleansing in Stockholm are discussed.Manual street-sweeping is done on apiece-contract, and streets are classifiedas to working effort required. The resultsof time and motion studies of manual sweepingare given. The principal sweeping of dustfrom roadways and gutters is done bysweeper-collector machines paid onpiece-contract. Every machine has aninstrument recording its operation. InStockholm the flushing of roadways with wateris used to complement machine sweeping andthese operations are reviewed. Gullies arecleaned by machine with an average of 2.5cleanings per gully per year. The landlordis responsible for the collection and disposalof refuse in dumping grounds indicated by

the municipality. An account of the piece-worktimes is provided. The activities of theone incinerator plant at Loevsta and thetransfer stations are described. TheDepartment of Public Cleansing in Stockholmis responsible for snow clearing and sanding.Eight percent of the total volume work loadis rated for piece -work. This has theadvantage of establishing high qualitystandards.

35

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Collection and Disposal --General

64.0159

Tauber, F. The industry at the INTAPUCexposition. Staedtehygiene, 15(10):236-239,Oct. 1964.

Many companies from all over Europeparticipated at the exposition in Vienna,Austria. A multi-stage traveling gratefurnace and a rotating tube furnace were ondisplay. A special feature of the incineratorby Maslit Export AB, Sundbyherg, is thefurnace which is inclined so that the wasteglides clown to the grace by gravity. In thesection on street cleaning machines, anautomatic sweeper which operates pneumaticallythrough a circulating air current was shown.Waste containers with a volume of 3.7 cu mwere exhibited together with the vehiclefor transporting these containers. Three ofthese containers can be transported at atime and they can be emptied convi.nientlythrough tilting devices. Various types ofwaste removal trucks and sweeping machineswere also on display. (Text-German)

64-0160

Training course environmental health survey,report and recommendations, Greater SanBuenaventura, California. U.S. PublicHealth Service, Mar. 1964. 78 p.

This publica'ion is a report of anenvironmental health survey of the city ofSan Buenaventura, California, and adjacentareas of Ventura County. It was conductedas a training exercise during presentationof the course, Urban Planning forEnvironmental Health, February 24 to 29, 1964.It contains recommendations for a proposal,approach, and follow-up for an environmental!,Palth plan. This was drawn up by a teamcomposed of Public Health Service and StateHealth officials. Group reports are containedon the subjects of water services, sewerageservices, refuse collection and disposal,vector control, air pollution control,housing programs, environmental healthprograms, and planning. Illustrations,charts, and additional data are containedas supplements to the group reports.

64-0161

Turkey's capitol modernizes entiresanitation system. Refuse Removal Journal,7(8):25, Aug. 1964.

The old method of trash collection anddisposal in Istanbul, Turkey is compared

36

with a newly introduced modern method modeledafter those of the American city. Themodern method will retain horse-drawn cartsto negotiate the narrow and crooked streetsof the city's ancient section. Otherwise,there will be a complete modernization ofthe sanitation system.

64-0162

U.S. Public Health Service. Environmentalhealth survey Greater Lexington area.Cincinnati, Apr. 1963. 85 p.

At the mutual request of the Lexington-FayetteCounty Department and the Kentucky StateDepartment of Health, the U.S. Public HealthService conducted the training course, UrbanPlanning for Environmental Health, Apr. 1

to 12, 1963, in Lexington, Kentucky. Throughthe use of personal observations and interviewswith people in both official and nonofficialcapacity throughout the area, information wasobtained during a two day period regardinglocal environmental health conditions. Thegroup reports cover general health services;planning; water supply services; sewerageservices; solid waste storage; collection anddisposal; housing, air pollution controland radiological health. Recommendationswere summarized and a class roster appended.

64-0163

U.S. Public Health Service. Sewerage services.In Environmental health survey GreaterLexington area. Cincinnati, Apr. 1963.p.49-55.

A newly completed sewage treatment plant,costing approximately $3 million, providesprimary and secondary treatment (90 to 95percent DOD reduction) for 8 mgd (milliongallons per day) with a capacity of 12 mgdand capabilities of expanding to 27 mgd. It

uses the activated sludge type process andhas Town Branch as its dilution stream.Approximately 26 percent, or 9,000 homes inthe Lexington area, use septic tanks as amethod of sewage disposal. Sewer problemsoriginate not because of poor facilities orlack of sewers but because some of the urbanarea people are unwilling to give up septictanks due to the expense. Industrial wastesare presently governed by a city ordinancerequiring pre-treatment to bring it down toan unobjectionable level. It is recommendedthat the standards, specifications, and policyfor sewerage system and sewage treatment plantapprovals be improved so that municinalities

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

may he assured that small interim systems thatwill be absorbed later into a municipal systemwill meet the requirements of the majorsystem. The establishment of an up-to-datecomprehensive drainage plan for the presentand future urban areas was also suggested.

64.0164

U.S. Public Health Service. Solid wastestorage, collection and disposal. In

Environmental health survey GreaterLexington area. Cincinnati, Apr. 1963.p.56-61.

A field review of residential storageprovided evidence of a high degree ofcompliance with local ordinances, rules andregulations, which require metal containersof 30-gal capacity or less, with tightfitting covers. In commercial areas, rubbishwas often placed for collection without theprovisions necessary to pr-,rent scatteringand open burning was occasionally practiced.In both the city and the county there istwice a week collection of garbage andhousehold wastes and once a week collectionof rubbish. In the city, bulky items orlarge accumulations of rubbish are alsocollected upon request. Garbage and householdwastes are collected from the backyard usingthe tub-out method, and rubbish collections

are made from the curb. In 1962 this servicerequired the use of 21 packer trucks, 10open-bed trucks, and 108 men at a cost of$433,151. This averages $1.78 per residenceper mo. A 200-ton per day incinerator isoperated by the city on a 5-day wk, 16 hrper day schedule. During 1962, theincinerator burned an average of 140 tonsper day of refuse with an operating cost of$2.36 per ton. The city also operates adump for the disposal of rubbish, incineratorash, construction and demolition wastes, andnon-putrescible industrial wastes. Thecounty government has not provided adequatedisposal facilities. It is recommended thatall open burning and dumping of refuse bediscontinued and the sites improved to abateany nuisance.

64-0165

U.S. Public Health Service. Solid wastes.in Environmental health study 1963-Seattleand King County. 1963. p.28-29.

Several methods are used in King County forsolid wastes collection. All of the county's

0159-0167

31 municipalities use some type of regulatedcollection system. The other municipalitiesare served by private collectors. Acompulsory collection system with monthlycharges is used in 16 municipalities. In15 municipalities, and in the unincorporatedareas, private refuse collection service isnot mandatory. Residents who elect to usethe services of one of the private collectioncompanies pay them a monthly charge. Thesurvey disclosed that 24 of the 31communities wery not providing garbage ormixed refuse collection often enough duringwarm weather to.prevent excess flyproduction. Sixteen communities were notusing enclosed type collection trucks. Ofthe 21 refuse disposal sites in the county,only 10 are sanitary landfills operatedby municipalities and the county. Theother sites are trash dumps, open pitdumps, burning dumps, landfills coveredinfrequently, or a combination ofunsatisfactory methods of waste disposal.There are three transfer stations to reducehauling costs. By 1970, when the populationof King County is expected to reach 1,175,000,the county will have to dispose of almostone million tons of waste per year. A listof recommendations is listed for the County.This study was made by the U.S. Public HealthService.

64-0166

What will be on show at Margate. PublicCleansing, 54(5):874, May 1964.

The equipment to be displayed at the 1964British Institute of Public CleansingConference at Margate is described. Snowequipment, pedestrian and driver controlledmechanical sweepers, gully emptiers, refusecontrol tractors for use on controlled tipsites, protective clothing, paper sacksystems, and various packer vehicles arediscussed. The new types of machines andtheir new features are reviewed.

64-0167

What's on at the pictures. Public Cleansing,54(9):1155, Sept. 1964.

Eight films on refuse collection andiisposal available from the film library ofthe Institute of Public Cleansing are listed.

37

8S1

COLLECTION AND TRANSPORATIONOF REFUSE

64.0168

All waste is not the same--but it must beremoved. Staedtehygiene, 15(10):242-243,Oct. 1964.

To aid in forecasting of future trends inthe design of trash collecting vehicles,some. statistics on the physical propertiesof waste are compiled. In 1961, the averagespecific weight of municipal waste was 350kg per cu m, generated at a daily rate of2.25 liter per inhabitant. These numberscan be projected to become 300 kg per cu mand 2.8 liter per inhabitant for 1964, and250 kg per cu m for 1970. These forecastsfor the specific weights are confirmed bythe observation that only 11.5 percent ofthe households have central, remote, oil orgas heating systems and that this share willnot change substantially in the rear futurefor socio-economic reasons. The volume willcontinue to increase for some time to come.This is mainly due to increased use ofpacking material which rose from 32.2 kgper inhabitant in 1950 to 84.6 kg in 1962.Commercial and bulky waste together constituteless than 7 percent of the municipal waste;their specific weight is estimated to bearound 100 kg per cu m. For industrialwaste average values are not useful sincethey depend too much on the various industries.(Text-German)

64.0169

Anderson, R. L. Refuse collection equipmentand manpower requirements. In AmericanPublic Works Association Yearbook, 1964. Chicago,American Public Works Association.p.149 -152.

Twelve conditions influencing service andcosts are discussed. The Solid WastesCommittee is currently working on sophisticatedanalysis of a comprehensive refuse survey.There is no prospect for any dramaticbreakthrough to revolutionize equipment ormanpower requirements of refuse systems, butthere is room for continuing improvement inmanagement, equipment and techniques to beapplied by alert and imaginative administrators.

640170

Australian town develops its own collectionsystem. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(9):74,Sept. 1964.

38

AMIABLE

Trash collection in Waverly, New South Wales,Australia is described. Present day practiceis compared with that of the past. Thecollection trucks unload into a collectiontrailer, which transports the rubbish to thecity dump.

644)171

Backyard service improved by use of smallvehicles. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(1):24,Jan. 1964.

Trash collectors now drive small three-wheeledsatellite vehicles into the backyards ofClaremont, California. This innovation hassaved $10,000 per year in salaries, lessenedback injuries, and freed trucks from waitingat curbs for backyard trash pickups.

64-0172

Biggest-ever cleansing exhibition. PublicCleansing, 54(12):1325, Dec. 1964.

The equipment exhibition at the GermanConference at Munich is reported. Equipmentincluded refuse collection trucks (wherethe accent is on dustless loading), tractors,sewer cleaning vehicles, sweepers, and bulkcontainers.

64-0173

Bowerman, F. R. Los Angeles developstransfer stations for eight large trailers.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(10):16, Oct. 1964.

Transfer stations in general and in LosAngeles in particular are discussed. Thereare two kinds of transfer stations--a directone and one in which the refuse is rehandled.State motor vehicle codes provide theguideline for the measurements of the transfertrucks. Los Angeles uses a direct stationthat allows for storage of refuse duringpeak periods. Los Angeles is alsoexperimenting with the use of sewage totransport some solid wastes.

64.0174

Bowerman, F. R. Transfer operations. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p. 75-79.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

The transferring of refuse from the relativelysmall collection vehicle with its limitedpayload to a large bulk-hauler is not a newpractice; such systems have been in use fora number of'decades. It is an axiom inmaterials handling that each time a materialis re-handled, the total cost rises; this isthe principal advantage that direct dumptransfer stations have over other types usingstorage and re-handling. However, anotherequally important axiom in materials handlingis that intermediate or re-handling stepsare justifiable if the net effect is areduced unit cost for handling. Usually thelatter results from a compacting step whichincreases the density of the material andallows more units of weight to be handledin the same space. State motor vehicle codesusually stipulate permissible gross tonnagesfor highway hauling and add certain limitson wheel and axle loadings. The ultimategoal of refuse transfer stations is toprovide for the transferring of refuse atan optimum spacing to minimize non-productive.travel of refuse collection vehicles. Anumber of schemes appear to be competitive:the use of pit and crane for overhead directloading of trailers; the use of shaker pansor belt conveyors designed to accept suddeninfluxes of large quantities of refuse; andthe use of containerization or baling as astep just prior to loading the transfervehicle.

64.0175

British city installs new refuse transfersystem. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(6):33, 36,June 1964.

To solve their disposal problem for 34,000tons of refuse each year, the City ofPreston, England, decided to use a 600 acretract landfill area 7 miles from town. Sinceit would be economically unfeasible for

collection trucks to make the daily 14-mileround-trip haul, the old existing incineratorwas demolished and a modern transfer stationwas constructed in its place. Refusecollection vehicles drive into the facilityat ground level and dump their loads onto aconcrete-floored area measuring 125 x 85 ft.A small caterpillar-type bulldozer, with an8 ft blade, pushes the refuse through twoloading chutes in the concrete floor. Rubbishfalls through openings directly intotop-loading transfer vehicles. Two 49 cu ydand two 38 cu yd capacity carriers transportthe solid waste to the landfill area. The

average depth of fill is 14 ft, and it isestimated that it will take 110 years touse up the entire site.

0168-0179

64.0176

Calculation of rental charges and financingequipment purchases. In Solid waste disposaland municipal equipment "rental". NewYork, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation,June 1963. p.71-76.

To make a motor-equipment pool self-supportingthe rental charges should include the cost ofoperations and depreciation. The operatingcharge not only includes direct costs suchas gas, oil, repairs, and servicing, but alsoa share of the overhead cost. The true costof operating city-owned equipment includessuch factors as insurance, licenses, taxes,building maintenance and depreciation, rents,light, heat, water, telephone, etc. The mostdifficult of all costs to administer isprobably that of equipment's operating life.However, equipment suffers its greatest lossin value during the first year or two, andrarely does it lose all of its value. Rentalsystems that include depreciation automaticallyallow for the purchase of a replacement pieceof equipment.

64.0177

Chicago considering new transfer sites.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(1):34, Jan. 1964.

The City of Chicago is considering a planto establish three special collecting andtransfer sites for bulk trash, one each inthe north, central and mid-south sectionsof the city. This plan might eliminate theinefficiency of hauling bulk trash to acentral dump, where each load wastes a greatdeal of space.

64.0178

Chicago sanitation bureau 'sells' communityon its daily service. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(12):10, Dec. 1964.

Chicago's Sanitation Bureau which employs3,000 men is a 'tightly run ship.' Fiftyward superintendents keep the Commissionerinformed about collections, damaged city gear,etc. Foremen are authorized to write ticketsfor some 35 sanitation offenses. Chicago's15,015 alley blocks are hazardous forsanitation men, for they are unpaved, muddyafter rains, slick with ice in the winter,and infested with rats.

64.0179

Cobey markets new side-load packer. WesternCity, 40(7):49, July 1964.

39

Collection and Transportation of Refuse

The Cobey Corporation offers a new side-loadpacker and refuse body available in 16, 18,20, and 24 cu yd capacities. Refuse emptiedthrough the side door openings is forced tothe rear of the body and compacted withpressure up to 79,500 lb by a packer platen.This platen is operated by an injection armand double-acting hydraulic cylinders. Thereis less cylinder packing, less strain andwear on each section, and dead weight iseliminated. There is also a topslide openingdoor through which the most bulky refuse canbe loaded.

64-0180

Collection by train. Public Cleansing,54(4):855, Apr. 1964.

The train is composed of small containersfor the purpose of maintaining.a twice-weeklycollection. This operation, which takesplace in Valdosta, Georgia, eliminates theexpensive replacement of compression-typevehicles. Three small trailers are pulledby a small four-wheel-drive vehicle. In thecollection, a man brings the bin to one ofthe trailers for emptying. One man isassigned to each trailer and they arrivefor emptying the bins in sequence. As theman empties his bin, he steps into thepulling vehicle and draws the train forwardready for the next man to arrive. Thetractor unit is equipped with a two-wayradio to contact a larger packer truck whenthe train is full. The cost of the train is$6,000 less than a compaction type vehicle,its operation and maintenance is 20 percentof the cost of the vehicle it replaces, andsavings in labor, is $5,000 per train peryear.

64-0181

Colorado School of Mines Research Foundation,Inc. The transportation of solids in steelpipelines. Golden, 1963. 125 p.

Current interest in the transportation ofsolids in steel pipelines has pointed outthe necessity for a comprehensive compilationof information pertaining to this mode ofconveyance. Data were collected from thetechnical literature in order to make itavailable to industry in a form useful forpreliminary design studies. Included arechapters dealing with the theoretical andpractical aspects of designing, operating,and maintaining a solids pipeline as well asdata sheets of successfully operating pipeline

40

BEST COP! AVAILABLE,

systems. Some of the types of materials beingtransported in these systems are: boraxplant refuse, cleaning plant refuse, coaland coal refuse, power plant fly ash, goldslime, uranium-bearing gold slime, sand fill,and iron ore tailings. An extensivebibliography is appended. (The preparationof the Technical Committee on Pipe ofAmerican Iron and Steel Institute, New York,N.Y.)

64-0182

Colorado School of Mines Research Foundation,Inc. Pneumatic transport of solids inpipelines. In The transportation of solidsin steel pipelines. Golden, 1963.p.55-56.

Pneumatic transport in pipelines has beenused commercially in transporting granularsolids for many years. Advantages of

pneumatic transport of solids are as follows:straight line conveying is eliminated, onesystem can serve any number of feeder ordischarge points, dust hazards are eliminated,handling losses are low, and the operationis clean and safe. Disadvantages includehigh capital cost, high power cost, and thefact that the system is uni-directional.Pneumatic transport systems can be classifiedaccording to their air requirements and theiroperating pressures. The system usuallyincludes the following four components: aconveying pipeline; a prime mover such as ablower, exhauster, or pneumatic pump; afeeder to introduce the solids, a dustcollection system at the discharge point.The effects of various parameters--such aspipe diameter, size, shape and amount ofsolids; and gas velocity on friction lossesin a pneumatic transport system are not yetcompletely understood. The most comprehensivetheories on vertical and horizontal pneumatictransport of solids are summarized.

64-0183

Contractor replaces fleet every four years.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(5):16, 24, May 1964.

Sanitation Service Company in Santa Barbara,California, sells its trucks every 4 yearsto keep maintenance costs down whileenhancing the total value of its fleet.The company's penny-accounting route-costanalysis breaks operations down to minutespecifics, enabling the company to makeimprovements in tire, trucks and otherequipment for efficiency. Despite a

BEST OFT AViliLPR/1

considerable increase in business, the firmhas been able to reduce its fleet and trimits payroll.

64.0184

Convention literature averages ten pounds oftrash per person. Refuse Removal Journal,7(9):44, 54, Sept. 1964.

A recent convention of 800 teachers at anAtlantic City hotel added 8,000 lb (or10 lb per person) to the normal amount ofrefuse collected weekly by one of the trucksof ABC Refuse Removal Service. This companyhas four. Leach packers on InternationalHarvester chassis and 300 one and two yardcontainers to serve 135 hotels, restaurantsand commercial stops, two golf clubs, andthe State Marina, a series of long docks.

64-0185

Danforth, H. L. Train transfer garbageoperation makes for quick, quiet service inTucson. Western City, 40(4):24-25, Apr. 1964.

Tucson has found that their new train transfersystem is economical. On most routes garbageis picked up by an International Scout towing3 containers. When thes containers arefilled, the garbage is transferred to the`mother truck', having a 24 yd compactiontype body with a front end loading device.Other such compactor trucks are used topick up the heavier commercial stops. At

Tucson, the average number of stops is 5,500per day. Tucson has reports that there havebeen no vehicular accidents involving thetrains since they were put in service 5months ago. One of the most important aspectsof the system. is supervision. Transfer points.routes and pick-up schedules must be carefullypre-planned to keep the operation runningsmoothly. Though this system has metfavorable public reaction, there has been aproblem with spillage during the transferfrom trailer to truck which must be corrected.This sytem is very flexible and can bearranged to fit various areas.

64.0186

Danforth, H. L. Tucson inaugurates traintransfer collection system. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(1):8, Jan. 1964.

The train system for refuse collection, whichconsists of a towing vehicle and a varying

0180-0190

number of trailer containers, was recentlyadopted by the City of Tucson, Arizona. Twoadvantages of this system are maximummaneuveribility in negotiating the city'snarrow alleys and streets and flexibility inadjusting the load capacity of the vehiclesto the area serviced.

64-0187

Davies, A. G. Central buying agencies formunicipal vehicles. Public Cleansing,54(9):1160, Sept,. 1964.

Pros and cons of bulk buying, wherebyauthorities make joint orders for equipmentfrom manufacturers in an attempt to reduceprices is considered. Disadvantages outweighadvantages, mainly because central buyingwould tend to create monopolies.

64-0188

Davies, A. G. Why not mammoth collectionvehicles. Public Cleansing, 54(4):343,Apr. 1964.

The problem of refuse transport over aconsiderable distance is considered. Thebulk haulage vehicle operated from a transferstation is costly, unsightly, and perhapsunsanitary. The use of three-axle, six-wheelrefuse collection vehicles, capable ofleading the whole day's refuse with only onejourney to the point of disposal isrecommended. To accomplish this, improvedcompression units must be manufactured.The cost advantage of this system over boththe transfer station and haulage by theconventional refuse packer trucks is outlined.

64-0189

Dead seals part of hauler's city contract.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(2):6, Feb. 1964.

The seal-collecting operation of AladdinSanitation & Engineering Corp. of SantaMonica and Malibu, California is described.The company operates a special unit whichcollects dead animals and 100 to 150 deadseals a year as well as regular refuse.

64-0190

Dustless loading. Public Cleansing,54(10):1217, Oct. 1964.

41

Collection and Transportation of Refuse BEST COPY MIME

Drawbacks to the dustless system of refusecollection and methods being employed inGreat Britain to overcome them are discussed.The chief handicaps are the weight, costs,and the restrictions arising from the needto purchase a standard bin. Plastics have tosome extent alleviated the weight problem,and one firm has developed a portableadapter for its shutters which allows theuse of two types of bin.

640191

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(5):26, May 1964.

The problem of recruiting the right kind ofpersonnel for refuse collection results fromthe lack of pride of many sanitation employeesin their work. An educational program foremployees on the size and importance of therefuse and collection industry is necessaryto instill a sense of pride in their work.

64.0192

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(11):10, Nov. 1964.

Refuse collection operators often entrustexpensive equipment to careless employees,then wonder why the value of such equipmentdepreciates so quickly. The refuse industryalso suffers from the operator who treats histrucks well, but fails to keep them neat inappearance. A clean and efficient image isessential to good public relations in refusemanagement. A refuse contractor has a serviceto sell, and it must he pleasant. Workersshould he neat and courteous and must displaycompetence.

64.0193

Electro-hydraulic refuse lorry. Engineering,198:631, Nov. 27, 1964.

A new electro-hydraulic refuse lorry exhibitedby Eagle Engineering Company Limited isdiscussed. The principle employed in thisvehicle is to have two electro-hydraulicallyoperated moving barriers at the rear of thebody that continuously force refuse towardthe front and simultaneously compress it.The two sizes of refuse collection body nowin production have capacities of 35 and 50cu yd of uncompressed refuse. Rockingmotion is derived from a pair of hydraulicrams, on each side of the body. The

42

pump supplying the rams is driven electricallyfrom the front of the vehicle engine. Whiletipping, the entire compression unit israised clear of the discharged refuse.

64-0194

Fehn, C. F., J. 0. Hall, M. Rosenthal, et al.Bulk storage and mechanized collection ofcombined refuse. Public Health Reports,79(5):413-416, May 1964.

Recently developed systems for bulk storageand mechanized collection of combined refuseprovide for in-place, mechanized transfer ofrefuse from bulk-storage containers tolarge-capacity compactor collection trucks.This system eliminates the need to transportbulk-storage containers to disposal sites.Capacities of containers range from .5 to 8cu yd. They are constructed of heavy-gaugemetal, can exclude small animals and insects,and are neither unsightly nor malodorous.Self-loading, compactor-type trucks emptycontainers at storage points in less than aminute. The process consists of: engagingthe container with the truck's lift mechanism,

lifting and inverting the container over thetruck's opening, and righting the emptycontainer. Special refuse storage bins,quantities of small containers, refuseseparation and numerous personnel are notrequired, but operational difficulties doexist. Keeping the heavy doors closed,preventing indigents from obtaining shelterin them, and effective cleaning pose realproblems. Valdosta; Georgia was one of thefirst cities to install such a containersystem. This city installed 278 containersand purchase two collectors. Businesses payservice charges, depending on volume collected.Savannah, Georgia also installed a similarsystem, employing 367 containers and twotrucks. Schools, public housing authorities,and a few businesses reimburse the city forits use. Tables indicate refuse collectioncosts. With continued improvement, parks,roadside rest stops, and other recreationalsites should gain benefits already enjoyed bycommercial, industrial, and public housingareas.

64.0195

Garrison, W. T., 0. T. Gay, and M. D. Bogue.Public Works, 95(6):121, June 1964.

Madison County, Alabama, has instituted aunique system of collecting refuse in ruralareas. The key element of this new system

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

is the use of detachable hulk- storage

containers of 6 and 8 cu yd capacities, placedat strategic locations along roads andhighways. Householders tore the refuse inthe containers which are collected twiceweekly by a packer truck.

64.0196

Getting rid of refuse. Fluid PowerInternational, 29(336):95-97, Mar. 1964.

A special loading and transport system, knownas the Maximum Payload (M.P.L.) and developedto overcome the problem of transporting largequantities of domestic refuse to disposalareas, is described. The system makes useof a refuse baling-press, a hydraulic powerand control unit, and a new type of refusetransport vehicle. The baling-press reduces80 cu yd of refuse into a single cartridgewhich is then loaded into the cylindricalbody of the road transport vehicle. Detailsof each part of the system and its operationare given. The baling-press unit consistsof a cylinder which is divided into acompression chamber, a charging chamber, anda piston-accommodation chamber and which isfitted with a loading hatch. All linearmotions are hydraulically powered andcontrolled by the Vickers Sperry Rand 400-galcapacity hydraulic power unit with two pumps.The transport vehicle has a cylindrical bodyand is similar to those used by petroleumcompanies for bulk transportation of fluids.A uni-directional ejection piston is builtinto the body ofthe vehicle and is retractedby the introduction of the refuse-cartridge.This action applies sufficient pressure tomaintain the cartridge-form during the tripto the disposal point and to eject thecartridge on arrival. The installation ofthe system at a refuse station on theThames River is described.

64.0197

Householders prove one man's trash is

another's treasure. Refuse Removal Journal,7(6):37, June 1964.

Emptying homes of rubbish was the first phaseof a cleanup program on Staten Island. Thedrive put New York's Sanitation Departmentthree days behind schedule and promptedwidespread scavenging by residents of oneanother's curbside rubbish. Householders'comments on the scavenging are also presented.

0191-0200

64-0198

Hydraulic press aids refuse disposal.Engineering, 197:202, Jan. 31, 1964.

A special loading and transport system tohandle lightweight, less dense refuse isdescribed. It consists of a refuse balingpress and an entirely new refuse transportvehicle. The operation and construction ofthese units is discussed. The press isdivided into a compression chamber, acharging chamber and a piston accommodationchamber. All linear motions are hydraulicallypowered. The refuse emerges from the pressas a cartridge, 21 ft long and 7 ft indiameter and is pushed into the specialcylindrical vehicle. A unidirectionalejection piston built into the vehicle appliespressure to maintain the cartridge formduring its journey and finally ejects it.

64-0199

Johnson, B. B. Motorized refuse collectors.American City, 79(2) :103, Feb. 1964.

The 16,000 population city of Claremont,California's success and savings in usingsmall, crew-driven transfer vehicles to carryrefuse from back yards to collection trucksis described. The city allows up to 400 lbsof refuse per residence. This system alsoenables the crew to cover more homes daily.

64.0200

Kaupert, W. German refuse collector types.Presented at Eighth International Congressof Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria), Apr.14-17, 1964. 10 p.

An alphabetical list describes the designand features of German refuse collectors.The Faun-Werke has been manufacturing theroller-drum refuse collector, the body ofwhich does not give continuous loading. Thedegree of compaction does not meet present-dayrequirements. It is being superseded by anew type of compaction collector which makespossible continuous loading and greatercompression. The Haller body has remainedthe same but had increased compression dueto various improvements in construction.As soon as the pile of refuse has reached therequired height, a screw located directlybeneath the top of the receptacle carries itforward until the body below the screw isfull, and the compaction process begins asrefuse is squeezed through the screw. Keller& Knappich produces the KUKA refuse collectors

43

BEST CRY MAMECollection and Transportation of Refuse

which load refuse by means of tipper andconveyor wheel into a rotating drum withhelical vanes. This type of body produces ahomogeneous, uniformly-moistened refusecontent, which helps to reduce dust formationduring dumping. It is the only type thatunloads without the need for tipping, withthe same direction of rotation and raised-endcover. Magirus, like Faun, compacts the

refuse as it is forced into the box-shapedbody. The loading mechanism consists of twoscoops, the filler or feed scoop, and thepresser or charging scoop, which aresynchronized and convey the refuse underpressure into the body of the vehicle. TheMan refuse collector is designed for domestic,shop and bulky refuse in addition to providingbin-hoisting and tipping devices for indoorrefuse containers, etc. Alternation of aconveyor with a presser plate forces the refusein a rapid, continuous operation, achievingthe desired compression.

64.0201

Kaupert, W. Modern vehicles and equipmentused by German Public Cleaning Services.Presented at Eighth International Congress ofPublic Cleansing, Vienna (Austria), Apr. 14-17,1964. 21 p.

Topics discussed are: refuse, which iscategorized and the collector capacity givenin relation to refuse volume and weight; thesuitability of refuse collections in relationto size, compression, and hygiene; Germanrefuse collector types, with a descriptionof the design and features of the productsof five German chassis- 'and body-constructingfirms; and refuse collection with highcapacity bins, which discusses the economicadvantages as well as recommended specifications.

64-0202

Kunsch, W. M. Public Works, 95(3):105,Mar. 1964.

Waterbury, Connecticut, has a policy ofreplacing four of its twenty refu.,-, collectionrackers with new units each year. Thispolicy reduces maintenance costs. The

operation of the city's landfill andincinerator are also described.

64-0203

Landman, W. J. Designed to work hard.American City, 79(3):106, Mar. 1964.

44

By efficient planning and building, Hempstead,New Yark 350,000 population, changed fromcontract to all municipal refuse collection,saving about 10 percent over contract rates.Their program is briefly explained.

64.0204

Lewis, W. A. The problems of bulk in refuse;Part III-- 'Collection' . Presented atMeeting of the Institute of Public Cleansing,Dundee, Scotland, Apr. 8, 1964.

The pattern for future refuse in Dundee,Scotland, is one of ever-increasing bulk.With respect to collection methods, all thatthis increase requires is adequate bin space.Lighter-weight receptacles are being considered,as the weight ratio between bin and contentsis a definite disadvantage. If provision ismade in the design of buildings for sufficientstorage accommodation, great savings can bemade in the number of collections each week.Collection from multi-story buildings wouldperhaps be most economical if the Americansystem were employed, using containers of4 to 12 cu yd capacity. Another methodproposed for high flats would discharge refuseinto a fixed hopper, from which the contents

could be emptied with a vehicle underneath.Trade refuse collection can be made moreefficient with the cooperation of shop ownersin packing and storing refuse. Based on arecent test in Greenock, a load from 240houses would weigh 3 tons 4 cwts and occupy23 cu yd. Any of today's compression vehiclescould accommodate this volume in one load.One problem arising is that the ratio betweenvehicle weight and refuse weight is becominggreater. Also, with the rising paper andcardboard content of refuse, it would beeconomical to initiate salvage collection.One method for this collection is theprovision of a separate salvage section atthe front of the vehicle body. The loss ofrefuse space in a compression vehicle wouldnot be great.

64-0205

London's ire raised over dustless bin. Refuse

Removal Journal, 7(5):4, May 1964.

The Streets Committee in a report to London'sCommon Council recommended the use of closedtrucks and containers for refuse collectionand storage. The city is buying the trucks,but it must overcome 'red tape' before itcan purchase the special containers.

BEST copy AVAILABLE

64-0206

Mammoth vehicles--mammoth headaches. PublicCleansing, 54(5):907, May 1964.

Anticipated difficulties in operatingspeculated mammoth-sized refuse collectionvehicles of 50 cu yd capacity is discussed.These vehicles would need to be emptiedonly once a day and would transport the refusedirectly to the disposal site. Problems oftip site maintenance with all deliveries beingmade within an hour in the evenings, the lackof maneuverability of large vehicles in tightareas and cul-de-sacs, and the probabilityof even longer hauls to dump sites are allconsidered impediments to acceptance of thelarge collection truck system.

64.0207

Manufacturer adapts refuse collection systemto handle metals. Refuse Removal Journal,7(7):13, July 1964.

The Transmission Division of Clark EquipmentCompany has installed a new refuse collectionsystem in the Jackson Iron Works. The system,which collects scrap iron, has increased thecontractor's per trip haul from 1.3 to 15tons. The collection system includes astationary hydraulic compactor.

64-0208

Meiller Kipper bulk container refuse unit.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 124(3761):45,July 4, 1964.

A hydraulically-operated handling unit,which can be mounted on a standard truckchassis, loads, carries and dumps full bulkrefuse containers. The containers of varyingcapacities, designs, and typos are independentof the handling unit and can be loaded byhand or dumper.

64.0209

Memorandum of evidence on refuse collection.Chartered Municipal Engineer, 91:29-30,Jan. 1964.

The possibility of refuse collection methodsbeing a source of litter and the problem ofunauthorized private dumping are both reviewed.The best method of collection is for thecollector to take the storage container fromthe storage site and dump it in an adequatelysized collection truck (preferably a dustless

0201-0211

loading type). This results in a muchcleaner collection system than curb collection,especially with a bonus system. Gardenrefuse should be composted and not collected.Builder's materials should not be removedfree of charge. Abandoned cars which cannotbe traced should be removed. A cooperativeventure of several towns could provide theequipment at a central point to cope withthe special problem of abandoned cars.

64-0210

Metro, A. A. No refuse refused. AmericanCity, 79(4):117, Apr. 1964.

Mayor Edward D. Bergin's citywide clean-upprogram for Waterbury, Connecticut, calledfor designating given collection areas wellin advance, and placing a second notice inthe newspaper with a collection time scheduleto give people ample time to c3-an cellars,attics, and garages. Everything was pickedup, regardless of size, shape, or weight.Street department crews followed the collectorsto clean up the streets and gutters and patchthe streets, and water-department personnelinspected and painted all hydrants. Thespecial collection weighed in at 5,000 tons,and included refrigerators, stoves, watertanks, and bed springs. The outlying areasposed no problem because people could placerubbish on curb lawns and driveways. Thecentral high-density area was another matter.To make room for the rubbish, all parkingwas banned a day in advance and on thecollection day, and traffic was barred from ,

narrow one-way streets. The collection forceconsisted of twelve trucks with Leachpacker-type bodies and two open-body trucks.The campaign required 52 working days andcovered every street in the city of 107,000.

64-0211

Municipal equipment 'rental' . In Solidwaste disposal and municipal equipment'rental' . New York, Buttenheim Publishing

Corporation, June 1963. p.64-70.

An increasing number of cities administortheir motor vehicles on a rental basis everyyear and many of them offer all types ofequipment. The benefits include an upgradedstandard of maintenance, a more orderly wayto replace old and inefficient models withnew models, maximum use of all equipment, anda positive knowledge of what it costs tooperate the various pieces of equipment. Thebest method of managing municipal equipment

45

Collection and Transportation of RefuseBSI' ter RIMIABLE

is to establish a centralized equipmentmaintenance service including central controlover the procurement and use of the equipment.Under such a system equipment of a specializednature may be assigned to certain departmentson a full-time basis to different departmentsas the need arises. Some cities find itpossible to control all equipment through acentral agency. In general this agency becomespart of the department of public works. A

central control organization, by adopting therental method, can become self-urporting. Thisrequires careful administrative book-work.Examples of municipal rental are given.

64.0212

New cleansing depot and garage for Dumfries.Public Cleansing, 54(7)0004, July 1964.

Purposes of the new Cleansing Departmt..^.tdepot at Dumfries, Scotland are to accommodatevehicles of that Department and others of theCouncil, to provide for vehicle maintenance,and deal with recovered waste products. Adetailed picture of building layout andfunction on the unusual site is presented.

64-0218

New York City opens a $22 million sanitationdepartment building. Refuse Removal Journal,7(10):35, Oct. 1964.

A new central repair shop will house NewYork City's entire repair and maintenanceunit, which services over 2,200 collectiontrucks and street cleaning units as well asother municipal vehicles. The shop will alsohe the headquarters for three refuse collectiondistricts.

6441214

No flying papers at this transfer station.American City, 79(6):26, June 1964.

This refuse truck-to-barge transfer stationis completely enclosed in such a way that norefuse con blow around or float into theThames River during dumping. There have beenno complaints about this clean operation, andloaded vessels may easily transfer wastes tooutlying disposal areas.

64.0215

Pedo, D. J. Reorganization cuts refusecollection costs. Public Works, 95(7):110,

July 1964.

46

South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which had aninefficient, unsanitary, and expensive systemof refuse storage and haphazard collectionroutes, passed a refuse storage ordinanceand revised its collection routes for greaterefficiency and sanitation. A public relationscampaign, which included the distribution ofa pamphlet explaining the new ordinance,helped make the changes acceptable to thepublic and thereby to the city council.

64.0216

Pollock, K. M. Venice, without streets,moves refuse by water. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(10):10, Oct. 1964.

Venice, the Italian City which has canalsinstead of streets operates 25 refusegondolas each with a two man crew and twometal containers. The refuse, the bulk ofwhich is garbage, is transferred to scows,towed 20 miles out into the Adriatic Seaand dumped overboard.

64.0217

Preventative maintenance program helps keepSeattle's refuse trucks operating. WesternCity 40(5):47, May 1964.

The Washington National Disposal's fleetmaintenance program keeps its 42 LeachPackmasters in tip-top shape and is stilleconomical. Phase one of its .4 phase programconsists of a daily soap and water washdown of each truck. Phase two has threemaintenance operations: 1) basic maintenanceservice every 4 weeks; 2) tune-up every 12weeks; and 3) service of the 'rolling'mechanisms every 48 weeks.

64-0218

Propose 105 mile pipeline to transport refusein Germany. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(11):24,Nov. 1964.

Germany is considering a proposal to constructa 105 mile pipeline to carry garbage fromnorthern Germany to the North Sea coastline,where it will be used to build up the land.Other methods of waste disposal have provedunsatisfactory. The pipeline would alsotransport waste water.

64-0219

Refuse collecting vans. Engineering, 198:619,Nov. 13, 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Three refuse collection vehicles from apublic works exhibition are briefly discussed.Made on the Swedish Norba system, they are: a

manual loader, for ordinary collection; adustless loader, for municipal bin schemes;and a dual purpose unit for both. Compressionand choice of chassis are mentioned. Mainattributes of the Norba system include:maximum payload; saving in tipping space;and solid tips. Any type of garbage, refuseand light scrap is acceptable to thesevehicles.

64-0220

Relander, B. Collections pose major problem.Waste Trade World, 105(20):66, Nov. 14, 1964.

Finland has an increasing demand for wastepaper as the result of modernizing andexpansion of paper and board mills, with ademand in 1965 estimated at 125,000 tons,which will not be met at the presentcollection rate of 24 percent of theproduction of 400,000 tons. Because of thehigh charges for freight, large scale importsare expensive. While the paper collectionfrom commercial sources is almost 100 percent,there is a problem in organizing collectionsfrom private homes and other small sourcesbecause the large country is so sparselyinhabited. The efforts to collect wastepaper include thousands of collection pointsoperated by junk dealers, o-operative stores,and private merchants all uver the country.For every kilo of waste paper brought to thecenter, the collector receives coupons whichenable him to buy wrist watches, cutlery,etc. at reduced prices in addition to beingpaid cash for the paper. Collections aremade in the name of charities, with the paperbeing collected at regular intervals byprofessional truck drivers. Collections forcharities are arranged several times a yearby volunteers with the aim of effectivelyclearing the area of paper stocks. Janitorsare either paid directly for waste paperfrom apartments or payments are made totrade unions. These drives are supplementedby propaganda through the press, radio,television, and schools.

64.0221

Report on the M.P.L. refuse transport system.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 123(3752):35,May 2, 1964.

The M.P.L. (Maximum Pay Load) system ofhousehold and industrial refuse transport,

0212-0224

first installed at Hammersmith, is reviewedafter 14 months during which time 11,743 tonsof refuse was handled. To facilitate theemployment of specialized vehicles, transferstations were introduced at intermediatepoints between collection and disposal. Atthe Hammersmith transfer point, the refuseis compacted by press for transport to thedisposal site 18 miles from the transferstation. The M.P.L. system is in essence atransport system designed to move larger loadsin fewer trips and delivers a denser, morecompact load which tak up less room at thedump.

64-0222

Roland, F. Illinois residential route adds500 new customers per year. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(8):18, Aug. 1964.

Monarch Disposal Company of Wood Dale,Illinois, has renewed a 5 year contract withElk Grove, a new community of 3,000 homes,still growing at a rate of 500 houses peryear. Monarch also has other householdand commercial routes in the Chicago area.

64-0223

Samans, H. Hygienic removal of garbage frommarkets. Staedtehygiene, 15(10):234, Oct.1964.

The removal of garbage from markets inlarge cities by trucks is both uneconomicaland unhygienic. In many German cities, amongthem Munich and Stuttgart, the garbage iscollected by underground conveyor belts whichtransport the garbage to a heavy duty hammermill, also installed underground. There thegarbage is cut into small hits and sprayedwith water. The resulting slurry is emptiedinto the municipal sewer system. Supplementedby a magnetic iron collector, the equipmentaccepts hard material like wooden hoards andbottles. Some large hotels use similargarbage disposal systems. A hammermill isshown in two photographs. (Text - German)

64.0224

Self delivery is no help to collection.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(12):30, Dec. 1964.

The Kewalo and Kapalama incinerators atHonolulu are operating at full capacity withabout 200 tons per day at each unit.Division personnel have to turn away

47

Collection and Transportation of Refuse

individuals who deliver refuse, since theincinerators are not designed fordo-it-yourself disposal. Individuals andbusinesses should have their trash in placefor collection, to facilitate proper pick-upservice. Tree trimmings, which are not cutinto 36 in. lengths, have to be taken eitherto the Waipahu or Kailua landfills.

640226

Shih, C. C. S. Hydraulic transport of solidsin a sloped pipe. Proceedings of theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers PipelineDivision, 90(PL2):1-14, Nov. 1964.

The effects of pipe slopes on the energygradient of the flow mixtures, as well as thefunctional relationships among the pertinentphysical quantities involved in thetransportation of solids by water in a pipeis discussed. Three slope angles of thepipe, horizontal, 8.73 dcgrees and 17.71degrees, were used for the experiments andeach different angle was tested exactlythe same. The solids concentration wasapproximately 18 percent for all runs. Thesesolids consisted of 1/2 in. wooden balls thathad been soaked until they became waterlogged,giving them a specific gravity slightlygreater than one. Three general conclusions,supported by evidence presented in tablesand graphs, are stated as a result of theexperiments: (1) For a given concentrationof solids and flow rate, an increase in pipeslope causes a rise in head loss; (2) theeffect of pipe slope on head loss becomesmore pronounced for higher solidsconcentrations; and (3) the rise of head lossfor a given pipe slope is caused by theincrease of either the solid concentrationor the flow rate of mixtures.

640226Snow thoughts in the sunshine. PublicCleansing, 54(9):1132, Sept. 1964.

The vehicle and appliance exhibition at the66th annual conference of the Institute ofPublic Cleansing in Margate, England isdiscussed. Equipment included snow cleaningappliances, refuse collection vehicles, bins,bulk containers, mechanical sweepers,pulverizing units, and tractors. A trendtoward compression collection vehicles withcontinuous loading mechanisms and increaseduse of plastics In brushes, bins, trucks,and protective clothing is noted.

48

MAISIE

64 .0227

Southwark new refuse transfer station.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 123(3747):46,Mar. 28, 1964,

The new Southwark Borough refuse transferstation, designed to replace the railconveyance of refuse to the dump at Longfieldin Kent by trucks, is described. The localcollection vehicles dump their refuse on anelevated platform. The refuse is pushedthrough slots in the platform by a loadingshovel into the bulk transport trucks on alow level road under the platform for the 25mile trip to Kent. The concrete structurehas no ledges and water is available forhosing the platform and for water sprinklernozzles to control dust when required. Thethrough put of the station will be 34,000 tonsper year and will contribute to the increasedefficiency of the refuse removal procedures.

64.0228

Special trailers solve Miami's haulingproblems. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(4):6,Apr. 1964.

A special trailer had to be designed toimprove the hauling of tons of non-burnablematter and incinerator residue from Miami'stwo incinerators to a single municipallandfill site. Formerly, the non-combustibleswere hauled through the streets in open-bodydump trucks, causing complaints from thehouseholders about the stench, the spillageof tin cans, and the streams of ash-saturated

water that dribbled from the tailgates of thevehicles. The body of the new trailer iscompletely closed, yet low enough in heightto clear the top of the incinerator ashtunnels. It has a one-piece, cylindrical,all welded steel frame and body, equippedwith a hydraulic packing mechanism. Theproblems Miami encountered in searching forlandfill sites are also described.

640229

Stirrup, F. L. Transfer loading stations.London, The Institute of Public Cleansing,1963. 56 p.

The scope and method of investigating arereviewed. A detailed examination of existingmethods covered the following: a converteddestructor plant, borough of Hornsey; simpletransfer stations, boroughs of Hammersmith

BESI CO MAWS

and East Barnet; a transfer depot with par'separation, borough of St. Pancras; a tra.depot with full separation, city of SalforoPossible future developments includeextraction of materials for salvage, reductionof volume by bulldozer, pulverizing,pulverizing-Gonard system, compressionwithin the vehicle, and compaction within thedepot. The conversion from road to railtransport is discussed. Costs for separationand baling, transfer loading, controlledtipping and incineration, depots andoverheads, allocation of load charges, andrefuse baling tests in the city of Salfordare also covered. The appendices itemizethe costs of the various operations.

64.0230

Stragier, M. 'Refuse wrangling' in theold west. Western City, 40(9):50, Sept. 1964.

Scottsdale, Arizona, 'The West's Most WesternTown' , has set up a train transfer systemfor their 13,000 residential and 750commercial accounts. Their trains have 3trailers towed by a Dodge pickup mountedwith an extra container in place of thepickup bed. They haul about 400 compactedyd per day, 6 days per week from a town of44,000. Each train ( 'calf' in Scottsdale)services an average of 870 residences per day.The packers ( 'cows' ), with 28 yd bodies,can easily contain 3 to 4 calfloads. Theforeman, inspector and superintendant areknown as 'bulls' and the crew wearswestern style uniforms. Because the crewmade such an impression with the children,the city offered honorary membership inthe Refuse Wranglers for any child who keptthe alley behind his home clean.

64.0231

Tchobanoglous, G., and G. Klein. Anengineering evaluation of refuse collectionsystems applicable to the shore establishmentof the U.S. Navy. Berkeley,University of California, College of Engineeringand School of Public Health, Feb. 28, 1962.478 p.

On May 20, 1959, the Navy entered into a 2year contract with The Regents of theUniversity of California covering the refusecollection operations of the shoreestablishments of the U.S. Navy.. Refuseproduction and collection were studied at allfaCilities at each selected activity. The

areas covered include: office buildings,

0225-0232

stores, grounds, ships, and housing areas.The systems investigated were hauled-containerand stationary-container systems, with andwithout transfer stations for transfer fromcollection vehicle to haul vehicle. Thetypes of equipment studied includeself-loading collection vehicles, collectionvessels, large trailers, and compacting andnon-compacting vehicles as well as theequipment used at different types of transferstations. Cost estimates were made forequipment, labor, and operating expenses.Work methods and time-study data forrefuse-collection operations were obtainedby a survey team. A comparative economicanalysis between five different collectionsystems, for the collection of rubbish fromthree typical naval installations producingabout 9.7, 19.4, and 29.1 cu yd per day ofrubbish, found that the system usingself-loading compactors was the mosteconomical, regardless of the haul distance.

64-0232

Tchobanoglous, G., and G. Klein. Generalconsiderations. Refuse production. In Anengineering evaluation of refuse collectionsystems applicable to the shore establishmentof the U.S. Navy. Berkeley, Universityof California, College of Engineeringand School of Public Health, Feb. 28, 1962.p.17 -46,

Data are presented on refuse production anda classification of refuse collection systems.A classification of refuse and definition ofterms is given. Some of the more important

'cfactors which affect the type "'rid quantity ofrefuse produced from naval installations(exclusive of domestic refuse from navalhousing areas) include the following: typeof facility, level of activity, and climateand geographical location. The overallrubbish production rates and number of rubbishpickup points for five naval installationsare compared and tabulated. It was foundthat the distribution of quantities of rubbishproduction from pickup points followed asimilar pattern at each of the installations- -28 percent of all pickup point: generateda quantity of rubbish in the range of 0 to 5.0cu yd per week. Refuse production data forspecific facilities cover: buildingsproducing rubbish only; commissary andexchange stores; civilian cafeterias, Navygalleys, and service clubs; ships; piers,docks, berths, and shipbuilding ways; andstation grounds. Where possible, dailyrefuse production data for facilities weresubjected to statistical analysis. The

49

Collection and Transportation of Refuse551

quantity of domestic refuse collected fromhousing facilities operated or used by theNavy depend on factors such as: packaging,garbage grinders, incineration, and collectionfrequency. Three typical naval housing areaswere studied in Northern and Southern California.The systems were classified as to mode ofoperation, equipment used, and the type ofrefuse collected.

64.0233

Tchobanoglous, G., and C. Klein.Hauled-container systems. In An engineeringevaluation of refuse collection systemsapplicable to the shore establishment of theU.S. Navy, Berkeley, University ofCalifornia, College of Engineering andSchool of Public Health, Feb. 28, 1962.p.47-98.

The hauled-container systems ovserved duringthis study can be classified into thefollowing three categories: hoist-trucksystem, frame-loaded container system, andtrash-trailor sy.tem. The equipment used inhoist-truck collection systems consists ofopen or covered metal containers, generallyranging from 2 to 15 cu yd in capacity, andof one or more truck bodies on which ismounted a mechanism capable of hoistingthe containers from the ground to the truckand of discharging the container contents.The frame-loaded-container system also hasone driver and truck perform collection andhaul. The containers are usually larger(10 to 40 cu yd) and are slid onto the truckon a special frame. a sually they are dumpedby tilting the frame and are especiallysuited for collection of non-putresciblerubbish. The trash-trailer system consistsof large semi-trailers, which are used as

storage containers, and a tractor for hauling.At the disposal site, trailers requireauxiliary power equipment and personnel forunloading. This system is used for areas withhigh rubbish production rates. Maintenance,health and safety aspects, operation, typicalcosts of owning and operating are discussedfor each system. The containers and vehiclesare illustrated.

64.0234

Tchobanoglous, C., and C. Klein.Stationary-container systems. In Anengineering evaluation of refuse collectionsystems applicable to the shore establishmentof the U.S. Navy. Berkeley,University of California, College of

50

RINUIBLE

Engineering and School of Public Health,Feb. 28, 1962. p.99-174.

Stationary-container systems are those inwhich the containers used for the storage ofrefuse remain at the point of refusegeneration and refuse from a large number ofcontainers is loaded into the collection vehiclebefore a trip to the disposal site. Thestationary-container systems include thoseemploying self-loading compactors, those employingmanually loaded vehicles, and those employingvessels. The self-loading compactor systemconsists of open or covered containers andcollection vehicles equipped with a loadingmechanism capable of unloading thecontents of the containers into the body ofthe vehicle. The capacity of the containersvaries from 0.5 to 8 cu yd. The two types ofoperations involved in manually loadedvehicle systems are operations associatedwith the appearance of the station andits grounds and the collection of refusefrom housing areas. The container:, range insize up to 55 gal oil drums and thevehicles are compacting or non-compacting trucksvarying in capacity between 9 and 30 cu yd.Refuse produced aboard ships is collectedwith the aid of YG scows and LCM's.Personnel, collection procedures, survey data,disposal sites, and typical costsestimees are included for each system, Thecontainers, trucks, and ships areillustrated.

640235

Tchobanoglous, G., and G. Klein. Systemsemploying transfer operations. In Anengineering evaluation of refuse collectionsystems applicable to the shore establishmentof the U.S. Navy. Berkeley,University of California, College of.

Engineering and School of Public Health,Feb. 28, 1962. p.175-260.

The employment of transfer operations iseither dictated by necessity, such as in thecollection of refuse from moored ships, orindicated as a result of economicconsiderations. Refuse, collection bodies,or containers may be transferred from thecollection to the haul vehicle with orwithout the aid of a transfer station.Transfer methods, facilities, equipment,sanitary conditions, vehicles, personnel,costs, and economic considerations arecovered for small, medium and large capacitytransfer stations, stations employingcompaction facilities, and stations used in

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

conjunction with ships and collection vessels.Systems where transfer takes place from acollection to a haul vehicle without thebenefit of fixed transfer station facilitiesemploy loaders and trailers; dump trucks,fork-lift loaders, and specially designedcontainers; and two trucks equipped with

frame-loading mechanisms. Equipment,vehicles, and operational data are discussedand illustrated.

64-0236

Tchobanoglous, C., and G. Klein. Design ofrefuse collection systems. In Anengineering evaluation of refuse collectionsystems applicable to the shore establishmentof the U.S. Navy. Berkeley,University of California, College ofEngineering tInd School of Public Health,Feb. 28, 1962. p.261-311.

The procedures which can be used to designand evaluate collection systems andoperations are outlined. The conditionswhich must he evaluated before a suitablesystem can be selected are: refuseproduction; number and location of pickuppoints; refuse production rates; disposalmethods and sites; physical characteristicssuch as climate, topography, and layout ofstreets; and health, safety, and aestheticconsiderations. Systems and equipment whichmay be used are summarized in a table. Designentails determining container, labor andvehicle requirements, and laying outcollection routes for hauled-container orstationary-container systems and/or systemsusin transfer stations. A typical analysisof the relative economy of equivalent refusecollection systems is illustrated. Container,equipment, and operating costs are consideredas well as round-trip haul distances. Forthe systems examined and assumptions noted,the system using a self-loading compactorwas found to be the most economic for anypractical haul distance at each of the threesizes of installations considered.

64.0237

Three-wheel carts double number of dailycollections. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(5):34,May 1964.

Cleveland Heights, Ohio, has switched tosmall, three-wheeled vehicles to hoist trashcans from back yards to curb-side pickupareas and has thereby increased the number

0233-0240

of household stops from 300 to 700 per dayand trimmed iLs manpower requirements from76 men to 52.

64.0238

Tompkins, V. Truck-mounted chipper-container.American City, 79(12):18, Dec. 1964.

Walla Walla, Washington, has mounted abrush-chipping unit with a container to storetree chips on a refuse packer. The completedunit is compact and flexible for easyon-the-spot removal of brush.

64-0239

Tottenham's policy on clearance of blockagesin refuse chutes. Public Cleansing, .

54(10):1199, Oct. 1964.

Tottenham, England, has instituted aspecial unit to clear stoppages in chutesand to clean and disinfect chutes andreceiving containers. The unit consists oftwo men and a delivery-type vehicle with arear tail lift, which elevates containersinto the truck. The vehicle is also equippedwith chute clearance rods, grapnels, waterhose and reel, water kegs, brooms, shovelsand disinfectant.

64.0240

Transfer station saves nearly $100 a day.American City, 79(9):25, Sept. 1964.

A transfer system initiated in Abilene,Texas in Mar. 1961 resulted in savings of$95.55 a day. Abilene's transfer stationconsists of an earth fill ramp from whichthe packers discharge refuse through afunnel-like hopper into the trailers. TwoHobbs Hyd-Pak trailers, of 42 cu yd capacityeach, service the four small and six 16 'dcollection trucks. The hopper sides combinewith the trailer's folding roof doors toguide the refuse into the trailer. Remotecontrols enable the collection truck driversto start the trailer engine and packing cyclefrom the upper level of the transfer station.The transfer system also improves the useof manpower and permits more efficientscheduling of collection vehicles.

51

Collection and Transportation of Refuse13f5 UPI 101111311

64.0241

Trow, J. Vehicle test in Sheffield. PublicCleansing, 54(7):990, July 1964.

Sheffield, England, has added a DennisPoxit Major III and a Sheroke and Drewry 35cu yd Pakamatic to its refuse collectionfleet of about 80 Shefflex vehicles. Allits vehicles have incorporated into them arear low loading mechanism that requires binsto be lifted only 2 ft off the ground.

64-0242

Tyson, C. B. Refuse collection train improvesservice. Public Works, 95(1):99, Jan. 1964.

Valdosta, Georgia, has switched to refusecollection trains, which consist of three4 yd Lo Dal containers mounted on wheels andtowed by an International Scout. Packertrucks dump the contents of the trailersinto their bodies. The reason for theswitch is that the initial purchase price,operating costs and manpower requinmentsare less for a train than for the conventionalcollection system of packers.

64-0243

Vehicle and equipment exhibition. PublicCleansing, 54(6):947, June 1964.

The vehicle and equipment show at the EighthInternational Congress on Public Cleansing inVienna is reported. The display include thePurswagen, a.refuse collection vehiclemanufactured in the Netherlards with mechanicalloading, continuous feed and partialcompression; the Kuka compression vehiclewhich accepts bulky items; and theLesa-Unimog vehicle which has no back wheelaxle, uses front-wheel drive, and is usedfor bulk containers.

64-0244

Vehicles. Public Cleansing, 54(2):812,Mar. 1964.

A meeting of the Junior Members' DiscussionGroup in Glasgow, Scotland is reported. The

meeting.consisted of a demonstration ofmodern refuse collection vehicles, streetcleaning vehicles, and mechanical gullyemptiers, and a discussion of such topics asloading capacity, crew accommodation,equipment for bulky wastes, and suction

sweepers.

52

64.0245

Vehicles on hire in Lanarkshire now. PublicCleaning, 54(12):1316, Dec. 1964.

According to its annual cleansing report,Lanarkshire, Scotland set up a centralTransport Department to provide and maintainvehicles for other county departments.

64-0246

Walla Walla designs mechanized brush chippers.Western City, 40(8):34, Aug. 1964.

In order to increase mobility and efficiencya Pak-Mor barrel packer was mounted on a1957 Ford V-8 chassi which was first shortenedby cutting off the front end of the barrelto allow space to mount the chipper. In orderto get the chips into the packer, a roundgalvanized pipe 13 in. in diameter and 12gauge sheet metal was manufactured. Theunit is very compact and flexible and solvedthe brush and limb disposition problem atWalla Walla.

64-0247

Wallis, H. F. Gaps in the refuse collectionservices. Public Cleansing, 54(3):770,Mar. 1964.

A memorandum on refuse collection submittedby the Council for the Preservation of RuralEngland (CPRE) to the Ministry of Housingand Local Government is reported. The CPRErecommends strong regulations for theprovision of adequate dustbins by householders,builders and others; weekly collection;elimination of roadside pickups; provisionfor removal of bulky refuse by localauthorities; a regular review of the numberand size of litter bins; and incentiveschemes to boost employee morale.

661-0248

Wrong body and chassis combination may havedrastic effect on costs. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(12):24, Dec. 1964.

Guidelines for selecting new equipment forrefuse collection vehicles are presented. Therefuse collector should keep in mind thatthe true costs are those run up by the unitduring its entire life cycle, not just thefirst costs. Some factors to be consideredare operating costs and maintenance laborcosts.

Arava :

riFST (Air' nvn"--.64.0249

Xanten, W. A. Waste collection, storage,and transportation. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Solid Waste Research, Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.65-68.

Two broad. categories of solid wastes arediscussed: refuse incident to the ordinaryconduct of a household (including yard refuse);and all other special categories inclusingcommercial and industrial wastes. Becauseof the differences in methods of approach,nomenclature, record keeping, cost accounting,and a number of other variables, costcomparisons between cities is not onlydifficult, but can be dangerously misleadingunless carefully interpreted. Great strideshave been made in the areas of improvedcollection equipment, containerization, andthe design and operation of transfer andmarine loading stations. As a communityincreases in size and complexity the solidwaste problems mount in a geometrical ratherthan an arithmetical progression. Suchelements as lengths of haul, requirements formore expensive disposal mechanisms to maintainhigh-level and nuisance-free sanitary controls,dense traffic patterns, higher servicefrequencies, etc. all tend to emphasize theneed for adequate administration andmanagement and careful long-range planning.It is claimed that a research project hasbeen recommended to establish the intrinsicvalue of compost in the United States incollaboration with the Department ofAgriculture.

64.0250

Yankee contractor 'sweetens' clients withscented trash. Refuse Removal Journal,7(4):8, Apr. 1964.

The Elm City Sanitation Service which servicesten communities of southwestern New Hampshiresprays its loaded household collection withpine scent frequently and washes its truckdaily. Other ways in which the company triesto enhance the popular concept of refusecollection in the area it services are alsodescribed.

DISPOSALGeneral

64.0251

American City Magazine. Solid waste disposal

and municipal equipment 'rental' . New

0241-0253

York, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, June1963. 82 p.

A series of articles that appeared in TheAmerican City, which are of use for referencepurposes and in-service training, are. presented.The first section is a collection of paperson various phases of refuse disposal,delivered originally at the Solid WastesConference held at the University ofPittsburgh. These papers cover: the sanitarylandfill, incinerator design, planningmunicipal composting, compost plant designand operation, combined disposal of sewagecompost plant design and operation, combineddisposal of sewage sludge and refuse, anover-all engineering evaluation, the area-wideapproach to refuse disposal, and compostingcosts in Israel. The second section dealswith the interesting growth of municipalmotor equipment departments that own, maintain,and rent the equipment to the operatingdepartments, and through this arrangementthey pay for the maintenance and purchase ofnew equipment as needed. The rental ratesare especially revealing as an indicationof operating costs.

64.0252

Antarctic refuse problem. Public Works,95(7):118, July 1964.

The method of refuse removal used by theUnited States McMurdo Station in Antarcticais to pile the refuse on the ice coveringthe bay in front of the station; annually,when the ice breaks up, the refuse is carriedout to sea. This method worked well from1955 to 1962. However, in 1963 the icefailed to break up on schedule and, as aresult, nearly two years' refuse hasaccumulated. Fortunately this is not serious,since there are no winged insects inAntarctica to breed in the garbage, and thecold prevents decomposition. The refusecannot be buried since the ground is alwaysfrozen, and it can be burned only under rigidlycontrolled conditions, because of the firehazard involved.

64.0253

Automated waste disposal. Safety Maintenance,128(3):55, Sept. 1964.

The typical belt-fed incinerator, such asthat in Girard, Ohio is described. Detailsof the building for unloading refuse, thesorting area to collect salvageable materials,

53

DisposalGeneral01 IWILABIJE

the hinged-steel belt conveyor system, the recommended studies are discussed as aburner, and the forced air system and control spin-off from research work done at Purduecenter are presented. University during the last 6 years toward the

64-0264

Await report on dumping in ocean by 12thlargest liner. Refuse Removal Journal,7(11):34, Nov. 1964.

The S. S. Caronia, charged by the FederalGovernment and the State of New Jerseywith dumping refuse into offshore water, wasgranted a delay in the proceedings until theycould conduct their own investigation ofthe incident. The case is expected to besettled out of court.

64.0255

Baumgartner, D. J. Water supply and wastedisposal problems at remote Air Force sitesin Alaska. Technical Note No. TN-62-1. FortWainwright, Alaska, Arctic AiromedicalLaboratory. Mar. 1063. 6 p.

Wast disposal and water supply problems atremote Air Force sites are presented. Theseproblems affect health, well-being, aestheticconditions, and convenience, which influenceman's ability to function effectively incold environments. Specific problems andtheir solutions are discussed and illustrated.Examples include: disposal of waste in areaswhere water is not readily available. Anaerobic recirculating waste system forconservation of water and disposal of wasteshas been developed to solve this problem. Incircumstances where privies or bucket toiletsare in use, continued efforts to develop electricincinerating toilets are warranted. The mainobjective is the provision of equipment whichrequires little maintenance and performs adequatelyunder the environmental conditions at remoteinstallations. (Defense Documentation Centerfor Scientific and Technical InformationAD-411 319)

64.0266

Bell J. M. Characteristics of municipal. refuse. In Proceedings; National Conference

on Solid Waste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4,1963. American Public Works Association,1964. p.28-38.

Present methods of sampling and analyzingmunicipal refuse, present research, and

54

development of a practical and reliabletechnique for sampling and analyzing municipalrefuse. Field studies were conducted in orderto obtain sam les of refuse for oryanalysis as well as to estimate the accuracyof the method used in obtaining these samples.Sample areas were selected by stratifiedrandom sampling after the city had beenclassified into high, medium, and lowsocio-economic strata on the basis of housingand/or property market value. A logarithmicrelationship was found between the samplingratio and the average percent sampling error.A linear regression analysis was made by themethod of least squares. The linear equationis given. The entire quantity of eachmaterial received was shredded to a maximumsize of 2 to 3 in. A 'representative'sample of from 1,000 to 3,000 g of the materialwas selected and placed in a plastic containerand dried to a constant weight of 70 F.Weighings were made before and after todetermine percentage of moisture and thenground to a maximum 2 mm for chemicalanalysis. The methods of laboratory analysesare outlined. A list of recommendations forfuture research is offered. It is concludedthat a better understanding of the chemicalcomposition of refuse will facilitate thedesign of more efficient recovery methodsfor utilizing part of the refuse as part ofa planned conservation program.

64.0257

Braun, R. Analysis and valuation of solidrefuse with regard to incineration andcomposting. Presented at Eighth InternationalCongress of Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria),Apr. 14-17, 1964. 3 p.

The quantity, the nature, and the compositionof the refuse to be processed must beestimated when planning solid refuse treatmenteither by incineration or by composting.Refuse may be either reduced to its differentingredients and analyzed afterwards, whichis tedious and inaccurate, or the wholesample can be ground, homogenized, incineratedand analyzed. The Public Cleansing Departmentin Vienna has used a large calorincter todetermine values after incinerating thecontents of a garbage can with a gas flame.This method, which has been later improved,obviates the tedious sorting and preparing ofthe samples, but requires a large number ofdeterminations. A simpler and more accurate

BEST 'COPY AVAILABLE

method makes use of a mobile hammer-mill whichgrinds the refuse and reduces it to grosspieces which are then homogenized into typicalsamples of raw refuse. These are later dried,pulverized and analyzed in a powder state.Plants must be erected for the removal ofrefuse in general rather than solely fordomestic refuse. Composting can be utilizedfor the sole purpose of converting refuseinto humus or can be used to produce asaleable product which can be used for soilimprovement. The compostibility of refusemust be determined and kinds of refuse whichare in principle compostible are: domesticrefuse, sewage sludge, and industrial refuseof an organic nature. Industrial waste maycomplicate the composting process due to itsone-sided chemical composition, and preliminaryprocessing may be necessary. The object ofthe investigation of the original materialis to ascertain whether it guarantees a finalproduct containing sufficient humus-formingsubstances.

64-0258

Braun, R. Analysis and valuation of thefinal products (incineration residues andcompost). Presented at the EighthInternational Congress of Public Cleansing,Vienna (Austria), Apr. 14-17, 1964. 4 p.

The method used for the determination of thedegree of incineration should considercalorific production and the dumping of thecombustion residues. There is an economicallimit which prescribes the degree thenon-combusted material must be incinerated.There is a possibility that non-combustedorganic particles when putrefied may have aharmful influence on ground water, but thisdanger with regard to incineration residuesis not very great. The loss on ignition whichis used as a measure for the incinerationdegree for solid fuels has doubtfulapplication to the valuation of theincineration degree of refuse-slag inconnection with the effect on ground water.Other methods of analysis are discussed. Acompost improves in quality in proportion toits content of humus-forming substances, andthe quality of the organic substances mustbe determined as well as the contents. The

composition of com,..,or is discussed withrespect to research work and methods ofanalysis. The problems associated with theproduction of auxines during the putrefactionprocess of organic matter are enumerated. A

standardization of the methods of analysison an international level is necessary forcorrect interpretation.

0254-0262

64-0259

Bulk refuse handler. Engineering, 198:649,Nov. 20, 1964.

A bulk refuse handling unit made by PowellDuffryn Engineering Company Limited isdescribed. The unit incorporates a dustsealed loading hopper and has a capacity of6 cu yd. A range of sizes and types includingan end-loading vermin-proof, fire-proofcontainer are mentioned. This unit is bestused in multi-story flats, markets, andabbattoirs.

64-0260

Burnley's solution to the rubbish dump.Public Cleansing, 54(3):801, Mar. 1964.

Burnley, England, has begun a campaign toreduce the problem of rubbish dumped onempty lots by offering and advertising servicesto remove the rubbish.

64-0261

Carmichael, W. Changing composition ofdomestic refuse. Surveyor and MunicipalEngineer, 123(3755):49-50, May 23, 1964.

The problem of the change in bulk of refuseand its effect on refuse disposal is discussed.In Edinburgh, the bulk of refuse has increasedby 160 percent, but only 20 percent by weightin the last 15 years, while the density hasbeen more than halved. The total volume ofrefuse collected is increasing at 7.5 percenta year; the total weight of combustible andorganic matter is increasing at the rate of20 percent a year, while the total weightof ashes (dust and cinders) decreases 5percent a year. Dumps are being filled 60percent quicker than ten years ago. TheEdinburgh separation-incineration plant builtto handle 240 tons of crude refuse a day in1938 can handle only 150 tons today. For each100 tons of crude refuse treated in separationand incineration plants, 60 tons have tobe taken to the dump. Composting offerssome dump economy. Refuse will continue toincrease in bulk and decrease in density,requiring improvisation and adaption ofexisting methods and plants and difficultiesin design of new treatment plants because ofthe changing composition of the refuse.

64.0262

Carmichael, W. The problem of hulk in refuseas it affects refuse disposal. Presented atMeeting of the Institute of Public Cleansing,Dundee, Scotland, Apr. 8, 1964.

55

DisposalGeneral

From an analysis of Edinburgh's refuse overa period of 15 years, general tendencies inlarge cities can be expected to includedaugmented total bulk (with increasingpopulation), increased amount of combustibleand organic matter, and decreased percentageof ashes in refuse. A principal problem isscarcity of tipping sites, but reducingrefuse bulk by increasing density (as bypulverization) would be helpful. Incinerationor composting can aid in reducing both bulkand total weight. In many cases, the needfor treatment plants has been acceleratedby this scarcity of tipping space.Incineration is not only a satisfactorysolution for disposing of loW-density domesticrefuse at present, but may serve extensivelyin the disposal of future refuse which mayhave even lower density and minimal ashcontent. However, increased concern with airpollution generates a need for alternativemeans of treatment, such as transfer plantsworking in conjunction with compressorbulk-carriers, pulverizers, or bulldozers.Increased bulk in industrial wastes can bekept manageable by separate waste papercollection. Data is provided to illustratethe average densities of refuse and thetreatment of refuse.

64-0263

Clark & Groff Engineers. Sanitary wastedisposal for Navy camps in polar regions.Part II. Final report. Port Heuneme,Calif., U.S. Naval Civil EngineeringLaboratory, May 1962. 115 p.

Existing practices with recommendations forresearch and improved waste handling conceptsfor littoral and ice installations aresummarized. Effects of the polar environmentand military characteristics are evaluated.Present practices and research wereinvestigated through field visits to articinstallations, interviews, conferences, andcorrespondence. After the establishment ofaesthetic and sanitary criteria, a broadspectrum of waste handling processes wasevaluated and the most promising systemconcepts were selected. It was concludedthat the regeneration of potable waterfrom the sanitary wastes would solve the watersupply and waste disposal problemssimultaneously and entirely within theencapsulated environment of the polarcamp. The proposed system consists ofminimum flush tiolets, combinationof all wastes, and regeneration by a hightemperature oxidation (HTO) unit or by

56

ROOM

vacuum distillation with catalysis. Inthe event that water supply is not a problem,wastes can be collected; disinfected by wasteheat, steam or electricity; and dischargedto snow, ice sump or marine outfall. Forisolated areas and small groups of men, arecirculating synthetic flushing fluid unitwould give adequate solution to the humanwaste problem with optimum water conservation.

64-0264

Creisler, J. A whale of a problem. PublicWorks, 95(1):80, Jan. 1964.

Del Norte County, California, could notapply the conventional methods of disposalof dead marine animals to a whale stranded onSouth Beach, because the whale was stillalive. After unsuccessful, humane attemptsat killing the mammal, the county finallyresorted to dynamiting it.

64.0265

Davies, A. G. Refuse disposal--problem andtask of our time. In Proceedings; SecondInternational Congress, International ResearchGroup on Refuse Disposal, Essen, Germany,May 22-25, 1962. p.1-24.

The indiscrimate dumping of refuse must cease,for it bears no thought to problems of waterpollution, vermin breeding or general nuisance.Harnessed to mechanical power, it can.enablethe recovery and utilization of land. Unlessscientists offer radical opportunities forchange, it seems that incineration, pulverisingand composting are the available alternativesfor ultimate disposal. There is a need forresearch and development with funds from thenational level in each country, in orderthat experimental work can be undertaken tothe best advantage. The circumstances mustbe created whereby it becomes possible toadopt the most efficient and appropriatemethod of disposal in each case, withfinance forming a supplementary factorrather than a primary one. Althoughthere are signs of changing tendencies, thecheapest approach to an individual problem isnot always the best.

64-0266

D.C. officials seek new disposal sites.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(2):34, Feb. 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

The nation's Capital is running out of disposalsites for the ash residue that is generatedby its four incinerators. The city's onesanitary landfill is expected to be usedup within another year. Modern packagingtechniques receive the blame for theever-growing load of waste. No one has yetcome up with a solution.

64.0267

Des Rosiers, P. E. Investigation of low-costsanitation systems; branch report. FortBelvoir, Va., U.S. Army Engineer Researchand Development Laboratories, Nov. 19, 1962.77 p.

An extensive survey was made of the literatureon sanitation systems applicable to thetreatment of human wastes in fallout shelters.Preliminary Laboratory tests of variouschemical agents were conducted to determineeffectiveness for control of objectionalodors and to measure the bacteriocidal andbacteriostatic properties of the chemicalagents. Conclusions are that the sanitaryvault concept has inherent advantages thatshould be evaluated under realistic falloutshelter conditions in order to determineoptimum design and acceptability features.The masking of odors is considered to be apoor method of odor control. A minimum airrecirculation rate of 2 cu ft per min in theprivy tested is effective in controlling thelevel of odor. Chemical treatment of humanwastes collected in open containers caneffectively suppress odors. Three combinationsof readily available and relativelyinexpensive chemicals found effective were:cupric sulfate, sodium bisulfate, andmine-al oil; saponified cresylic acids andmineral oil; and boric acid, sodium perborate,and mineral oil. The dual purpose container,with proper chemical treatment of waste,can serve as a suitable means for collectingand storing of human excreta over a periodof at least seven days.

64.0268

Des Rosiers, P. E. Evaluation of human wastedisposal systems. In Investigation oflow-cost sanitation systems; branch report.Fort Belvoir, Va., U.S. Army Engineer.Research and Development Laboratories, Nov.19, 1962. p.1-36.

It is the objective of this study to evaluatetechnically human waste disposal methods,known or as yet unconceived, for possible

0263-0269

use in fallout shelters. The essentialcharacteristics of such a unit are:acceptance of any wastes without subsequent

handling; a safety factor for over-crowdingand modular desing. Applicability of standardsewage disposal methods to fallout shelters,biological decomposition, gas production insewage digestion, and currently availablehousehold sewage treatment devices arereviewed. Approaches to the problem are:individual disposal bag method; maceration,or a sanitary vault. Disposal of humanexcrement in individual soft-plastic orrubber containers, tightly sealed anddeposited into a common receptacle, shouldbe considered. The container would be anon-permeable bag attached to a toilet seat.Excreta can be treated in a manner that isacceptable if it is mechanically reducedto a size where disinfectants can come inintimate contact with it, and the liquid isseparated from the solid waste and eventuallytreated for possible reuse. The sanitaryvault would be a single valut or receptaclewhich would initially contain a supply ofdisinfecting and odor control chemicalsdesigned to receive all wastes. Ofconsiderable value is the fact that asanitary vault will function effectivelywithout electric power, mechanical parts,or running water.

64.0269

Des Rosiers, P. E. Investigation of chemicalodor control methods for treatment of humanwastes. In Investigation of low-costsanitation systems; branch report. FortBelvoir, Va., U.S. Army Engineer Researchand Development Laboratories, Nov. 19, 1962.p.27-70

It is the objective of this study to evaluateeffective chemical sanitizing methods foruse in treating and deodorizing human wastesin the confined environment of fallout shelters.Effective sanitizing methods for the treatmentand deodorizing of human wastes must beprimarily concerned with either bacteriostaticor bacteriocidal measures. A laboratoryscreening test was devised to initially selectagents which would be effective in deodorizingand treatment of wastes. Those agents selectedwere: hydrated lime, hydrated lime andcharcoal, mixed cresylic acids, and borax.They were then subjected to privy studies.Results showed that three combinations ofreadily available and relatively inexpensivechemicals are effective in suppressing odorsin an open container which is used as areceptacle for human excreta. Any one of the

57

D is posal GeneralBEST COPY AVAILABLE

chemical combinations, CuSO4, NaHSO4, mineraloil; CuSO4, NaHSO4, mineral oil, cresylicacids; boric acid, sodium perborate, mineraloil; and saponified cresyclic acids, mineraloil, will reduce odor to a level which is notobjectionable. If the count of viableorganisms is used as a criterion forevaluation, the greater effectiveness ofcupric sulfate and sodium bisulfate isunquestioned. From the data accumulated, withodor suppression and bacteriocidal actionboth considered, this combination of chemicalswould be preferred.

64.0270

Disposal of waste oil, tires and buildingmaterials surveyed. APWA [American PublicWorks Association] Reporter,31(1):20-21 Jan. 1964.

This article presents the results of a surveyof 38 cities, population over 100,000, inrelation to disposal of waste oil, tires,

and building material. There are two tableswhich list the cities using private disposalmethods and/or public disposal methods. Ofthose cities where the materials are disposedprivately, waste oil is most commonlyreclaimed, waste tires are disposed inlandfills or dumps, and building materialsare disposed of in landfills. Of the 26cities that assume disposal responsibilities,8 use landfills to dispose of waste tires,and 17 use landfills for disposal of buildingmaterial. Most cities are satisfied withtheir disposal methods. While currentregulations and disposal practices haveeliminated air and water pollution problemsin 24 cities, only a small portion havespecific regulations for disposal of wasteoil, tires, and building materials.

64-0271

Disposal of wastes in South Australia. Good

Health for South Australia, 126, 10-13,Oct. 1964.

Methods of refuse disposal in South Australiaare a) controlled tipping; b) dumping andburning; and c) disposal into the sea. Themost practical and cheapest method iscontrolled tipping. The reclamation of landis shown'in Marion, where a soccer fieldhas been developed over a tipped area. A

proposal to assist in the disposal problemis to use the tidal swamp in PortAdelaide-Salisbury area where thousands of

58

acres of mosquito breeding swampland areavailable, and could be converted into usefulrecreation areas. Controlled tipping shouldbe the main method used, with a large moderndestructor for the disposal of burnablerefuse.

64-0272

Disposal system. Modern Sanitation andBuilding Maintenance, 16(8):33, Aug. 1964.

The Auto-pak eliminates the need for separateincinerator stack and destructor room. Astrash is placed into a refuse hopper, anelectric eye activates the system's hydraulicpacking mechanism. Refuse falls to thebottom. The packing ram moves forward witha force of 40,000 lb, compacting refuse toless than 25 percent of original volume.

64.0273

Donaldson, E. C. Disposal wells. InSubsurface disposal of industrial wastes inthe United States. U.S. Bureau of MinesInformation Circular No. 8212. [Washington], U.S.Department of the Interior, 1964. p.6-8.

Where the manufacturing process is dependentupon inunterrupted operation of awaste-disposal well, some companies haveprovided a standby well. The waste stream issplit either by separate injection pumps orby valves from a common manifold. Sometimesmonitor wells are pumped and sampled once amonth to test the quality of water from thelowest fresh water aquifer. For the averagechemical waste disposal well, a 15 in.diameter hole is drilled about 200 ft belowthe deepest fresh water aquifer, where ten1:1-in. OD casing is set and cemented to thesurface. A cased-hole or open-hole completionmethod can be used. Unconslidated sandformations may be gravel-packed to preventsand cavings from filling the bottom section

of the injection casing and thus restrictingthe outward flow of fluids. Disposal wellsare equipped with tubing when corrosive wasteis to be injected. Tubing that is internallycoated with plastic or cement commonly isused. When the well is completed, drillingmud is washed from the face of the formationby pumping water into the tubing and allowingit to circulate to the surface through theannulus between the tubing and the casing.Acidizing and hydraulic fracturing of theformation are used to increase the injectivityof newly completed wells and to stimulate

BEST' Ctii Aitia

old wells that have become plugged withsuspended solids.

64.0274

Donaldson, E. C. Surface equipment used inwaste disposal. In Subsurface disposal ofindustrial wastes in the United States.U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular No.8212. !Washington], U.S. Department of theInterior, 1964. p.2-6.

The essential units of a typical system forsubsurface disposal of waste consist ofsump, separator, clarifier, filter, chemicaltreater, surge tank, and pump. The amountand type of equipment necessary to prepare awaste mixture for injection depends upon theamount and size of suspended solids in thewaste, the pure size of the formation matrix,the chemical compatibility of the waste andformation water, and the corrosiveness ofthe waste. The removal of suspended solidsis unnecessary where the disposal formationis limestone or dolomite containinginterconnected vugs and fractures. A cementsump tank or a 30,000 to 50,000 gal steeltank provides storage for collecting andmixing waste streams. Large, shallow, openponds provide sufficient detention time topermit natural sedimentation of particulatematter from the waste during passage fromthe inlet to the outlet. The ponds arecommonly equipped with aerators to oxidizeiron and manganese salts to insoluble formsthat precipitate in the agitation pond.Aqueous chemical wastes usually contain largeamounts of particulate matter such as polymericflocs, dirt, oil, and grease that can plugthe disposal formation. The sedimentationprocess can be accelerated by adding aflocculating agent. Dual filtration is usedto condition waste for disposal into sandstoneformations with small pore sizes. When thewaste contains microorganisms, a small amountof a suitable bactericide is added.

64-0275

Dove; L. A. The area-wide approach to refusedisposal. In Solid waste disposal andmunicipal equipment 'rental' . New York,Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, June1963. p.51-56.

A regional or area-wide approach to refusedisposal is in keeping with the trend towardmetropolitanization that is evolving in mosturban areas. A new level of area-wide selfgovernment or a regional planning agency

0270-0277

empowered to make decisions of importance tothe total urban community is necessary. Some

of the legislative acts and policy measur'sthat a regional body should consider withregard to area-wide refuse disposal include:taking immediate action to ban the open dump;adopting minimum standards for refusedisposal operations over the entire region;adopting a comprehensive area-wide ordinance

to regulate and control the disposal anddumping of refuse; consideration of controllingrates at disposal sites or effectivelydistricting the total region under study; andpreserving certain sites with optimumcharacteristics for refuse disposal forfuture needs. Factors such as the mostfavorable soil conditions to minimize waterpollution, meteorological conditions, andthe over-all effect on the transportationnetwork should be given full considerationin site selection. The kaleidoscopic patternof financing refuse collection and disposalin any given area makes it impractical togeneralize on solutions to this problem.

64-0276

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(3):14, Mar. 1964.

In many areas the so-called shortage of .

disposal sites is an artificial one createdby the opposition of the uninformed public.An educational program to enlighten the publicabout the many problems related to refusecollection and disposal is needed. Such aprogram should he sponsored by the NationalCouncil, supported by the entire Sanitationindustry, and developed and carried out byexperts in public communications.

64-0277

An editorial. Refuse Removal Journal,7(8):14, Aug. 1964.

The shortage of disposal sites is discussed.In the future there may be 'disintegrating

plants' that will turn refuse into gaswhich will vanish into the atmosphere orspace-penetrating missiles which will transformthe universe into a giant disposal facility.Now, however, perhaps the key is thedevelopment of a really workable method ofcomposting. Hopeful signs in this directionare plans by Westinghouse to build compostplants lnd the Solid Waste Disposal Act of1964 currently before Congress.

59

Disposal-General

64.0278

Eldredge, R. W., and H. 3. Dominick.1963-1964 Refuse disposal study: WinnebagoCounty, Illinois. 1964. 39 p.

Winnebago County, Illinois, is about 91 milesnorthwest of Chicago. Rockford, the countyseat, is an industrial city employing most ofthe residents of the County who are employedin manufacturing activities. By 1970 thepopulation of the County may be about 300,000with Rockford having about 200,000. Theproblem of refuse disposal is compounded notonly by the rapid increase in household unitsbut also by the increasing amounts of refusegenerated by each unit. The present studydescribes the methods of refuse disposal,gives a brief history of Rockford's disposalfacilities in the County, and investigatespossible ground water pollution by sanitarylandfills. Conclusions and recommendationsare given in the Introduction.

64-0279

Emanuel, C. F. Waste disposal in spacevessels. Journal of the Water PollutionControl Federation, 36(10):1229-1239, Oct.1964.

in the aerobic degradation of combinedfeces and urine, there is one resistantfraction which is brown and called`hestianic acid' . It possesses a complex

and heterogeneous structure, is stronglyacidic, and has an inability to dialyze.The acid was found to be either poly-disperseor quite impure and contains neither proteinnor polysaccharide. Spectrographic analysisindicated the'presence of nitrogen andcarboxyl groups. Hestianic acid did notappear to arise from bile and bloodsubstances. The ubiquitous melanines aresuspected of being the source of hestianicacid because of structural and chemicalcomposition similarities. Because of theresistance of this pigment to biologicaldegradation, the problem of freeing thereactor from this refractory material willrequire special consideration. The...alkaline

permanganate degradation, hydrolyticdegradation with sulfuric acid, tryptichydrolysis, perchloric acid hydrolysis,dichromate oxidation, and hydrolytic reductionwith zinc and hydrochloric acid analyticalprocesses were employed to obtain resultsin this paper. Additional data and tablesare contained within this paper to suppertthe conclusions given.

60

64.0280

Examination of refuse samples. TechnischeUeberwachung, 5(4):141, Apr. 1964.

A movable outfit for the examination ofrefuse samples was procured by the Researchand Development Institute in Stuttgart. Withthis equipment, it is possible to obtain thenecessary data to make appropriaterecommendations for the removal or use ofthe different kinds of refuse, which in thecourse of a year are recorded in the booksof the Association for Communal Transport.Comparisons are made of the various methods,such as deposition in the raw or preparedstage, incineration, composting, and removalin conjunction with,liquid waste. The

equipment consists of a filtering device,which divides the refuse into three particlesizes, a grinder for pulverizing, portablecontainers for samples to 500 kg, a conveyorbelt, a spring balance and sets of pulleys.The chemical, physical and biological analysistakes place in the laboratories of theInstitute in Stuttgart. (Text-German)

64-0281

Faith, W. L. Air pollution research- -reflections and projection. Journal of theAir Pollution Control Association,14(9):367-369, 371, Sept:. 1964.

In this general review of past, present, andfuture of problem-oriented research in airpollution, solid waste disposal is presentedas one of the areas where engineering researchcan have a real impact on air pollutioncontrol. The methods of solid waste disposalpracticed at the present time include:uncontrolled open burning (as in municipaldumps); controlled open burning (weedcontrol programs); incineration; sanitarylandfill; and composting. The most widelyused, uncontrolled open burning, is the mostobnoxious from the air pollution viewpoint.In spite of its intolerable aspects, theother disposal methods also have their problemsand the town dump continues to pollute theair. The Taft Sanitary Engineering Centerhas conducted some excellent research on

incineration. but much is unknown about allforms of solid waste disposal. The need forgreater research expenditures in the study ofthe disposal of solid waste is apparent whenit is realized that the daily production ofsolid waste on a dry basis is three timesthat of the weight of our sewage. In thisreview and prediction article, solid wastedisposal is considered as one phase of air

pollution research. The conclusions inregard to air pollution apply also to solidwaste disposal. There is more money at thepresent than capable manpower, and thefunds are outrunning good ideas. The chiefsource of funds for air pollution research(and solid waste disposal) will be the U.S.Public Health Service which will underwritemost of the air pollution work in universitiesand, to a lesser extent, at the stateenvironmental level.

64.0282

Faust, S. D., and M. C. Manger.Electromobility values of particulate matterin domestic wastewater. Water and SewageWorks, 111(2):73-75, Feb. 1964.

Information on the quantitativeelectromobility values of particulate matterin domestic wastewater would be useful inthe evaluation of the electrochemicalphenomena involved in the removal of wastesubstances by various chemical and biologicaltreatment processes. A study was thereforedone to determine the sign of particle chargeand the magnitude and distribution ofelectromobility values of particulate matterin a typical domestic wastewater.Electromobility values were determined bythe Briggs cell technique. It was foundthat the particles are negatively chargedand have electromobility values ranging of-0.55 to -3.75 mu per sec per v per cm for707 observations. Specific conductance, pH,and instantaneous wastewater flow influencedthe distribution of the electromobilityvalues about a normal probability curve. Anormal distribution about an average valueis to he expected because of the heterogeneouschemical composition of the supracolloidaland colloidal fractions of domestic sewageand indicates that the association ofcounterions with the various particles isgoverned by probability within the well-definedlaws of electroneutrality.

64-0283

Feitchinger, C. Needed: more facts onwaste disposal. Nation's Cities,2(9):24-26, Oct. 1964.

As the problems of solid waste disposal growmore difficult and expensive to solve becauseof the growth of the urban population andmore rigid requirements of land, air, andwater pollution control, it appears that morebasic and applied research is necessary on

0278-0285

solid waste disposal to provide the decisionmakers with necessary facts to replace thetrial and error methods being applied now.Efforts of the town of Irondequoit, New York,with a population of 60,000 and very littleindustry to solve their waste disposal problemare discussed. The advantages and disadvantagesof sanitary landfill at the low cost of$1.25 per eon, incineration at $6.00 per tonand composting at $3.25 per ton were reviewed.Land-fill was eliminated due to lack of space.Cost, air pollution, and equipment obsolescencewere the disadvantages of incineration that

led to an interest in composting. A studywas made of the NORCO process in Jamaica anda proposal was received from NORCO to builda composting facility and charge the community$3.25 per ton for handling the refuse andguarantee the effectiveness of the processand the absence of odor, smoke, noise, orattraction of insects and rodents. Publicinterest and support is lacking, as is adefinitive third party objective study ofthe alternatives. Such a study would be alegitimate role for the federal governmentby providing disinterested data for theformulation of public policy.

64.0284

Ferber, M. The waste problem is a planningproblem. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,16(8):373-375, Aug. 1964.

Facts and conditions which must be consideredby the community in formulating plans fororganization of disposal of waste arediscussed. All planning starts with anestimate on the amount of waste expected andthe cost of its collection. This willdetermine the location and number of thewaste treating facilities. The diff2rentmethods for waste treatment are discussedand the advantages and disadvantages of eachare presented. In certain cases, acombination of methods like incineration andcomposting could be emplOyed. Finally, it issuggested that possibilities should be morethoroughly investigated to reduce the amountof waste produced by industry and households.Foundry sand and packing material are citedas examples. (Text-German)

64-0286

Forester, D. F. Problems of hulk in refuse- -`output' . Presented at Meeting of the

Institute of Public Cleansing, Dundee,Scotland, Apr. 8, 1964.

61

DisposalGeneral

Analyses of domestic refuse from the City ofGlasgow are given and corresponding tablesare included. Data indicates the tendencyover a 15-year period to employ forms ofheating other than solid fuel, thus loweringthe percentage of dust and cinder content inrefuse. If this trend continues, the alreadyincreasing paper content will rise stillfurther. In addition, the introduction of'smokeless zones' by the government's Clean

Air Act has increased trade refuse commitments.There is no great variation between 1947 and1963 in bone, vegetable, and putresciblecontent of refuse. If the percentage shouldincrease, however, the most economicalmethods of disposal would have to bereconsidered. An increase of 40 percent since1947 in metal content implies neededconsideration for most efficient means ofits disposal, also. However, the mostsignificant change is in the amount of papercontent, which has increased from 5 percentto 22 percent, disregarding paper andcardboard collected separately for salvage.Three and a half million tons of paper andboard were consumed in Scotland in 1939,while at present this amount equals some5 million tons. Assuming a density of1 to 11/4 cwts per cu yd, this data impliesnumerous problems of bulk in refuse and itsdisposal.

640286

Frechen, B. 1963 Meeting of the Associationfor Waste Water Technology, NorthRhine-Westphalia regional section. Wasserand Ahwasser, 105(8):211-212, Feb. 1964.

The tenth annual meeting of the NorthRhine-Westphalia regional section Associationfor Waste Water Technology was held inBochum on Nov. 15, 1963. Five lecturespresented there are briefly reviewed. Theirtitles are: "Urban problems in Bochum";"Measures for tank and tank truck accidents";"Accident prevention in sewage systems"; and"Trash and sewage sludge". Combinedelimination of trash and sludge by incinerationand by composting was discussed. It waspointed out that the sludge need beconcentrated only to a water content of 90percent for economic incineration. For acity with a population of 100,000, the dailycosts for the elimination of sludge is 500 DMas compared with 350 to 400 DM for combinedcomposting. The last lecture, "Clean watermaintenance", dealt with new waste waterpurification plants in the Ruhr-Lippe area.(Text-German)

62

BEST1py MAILABLE

64.0287

Freund, A. W., and C. J. Altenburg. Reporton waste disposal system. Mohole Project forBrown & Root, Inc., Machinery. Study No.M-46. New York, Gibbb & Cox, Inc., Sept.1964. 29 p.

This report presents the results of a studyfor the disposal of all burnable rubbish.When considering all the facts, includingmaintenance and operation of equipment,manning to operate the equipment, firehazards involved, housekeeping, weight, andcost, a baling machine is recommended. Thebaling machine would be installed and allbales of rubbish would be disposed of ashoreor at a distant point at sea via the supplyvessel. If an incinerator is desired, thenthe capacity of this unit should be about120 lb per hr. The 75 lb per hr capacityincinerator initially selected is consideredto be too small to meet the recommendations,and the installation of an incinerator willincrease topside weight in the range fromabout 6,375 lb to 11,500 lb. The use of abaling machine appears to be better, butstorage problems for the bales and handlingproblems associated with the space for unloadingfor the bales onto the supply vessel must alsobe considered.

64.0288

Freund, A. W., and C. J. Altenburg. Typesand classification of wastes and incinerators.Incinerator capacity. In Report on wastedisposal system. Mohole Project for Brown& Root, Inc., Machinery. Study No. M-46.New York, Gibbs & Cox Inc., Sept. 1964.p.3-12.

The Incinerator Institute of America hasassigned type numbers to waste materialsdepending upon their source and compositionand has classified incinerators by typcs,burning rate, and type of waste to be burned.Some of these classifications are presented.Differences in operation and spark arrestingdevices on the Navy shipboard type andcommerical incinerators are described. Theamount of rubbish is estimated at approximately920 lb per day. An 8 hr operation isconsidered most practical for marine watchstandards and on this basis the incineratorcapacity is estimated at 115 lb per hr.

64.0289

Freund, A. W., and C. J. Altenburg. Alternated

method for disposal of rubbish. Weight

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

comparison. In Report on waste disposalsystem. Mohole Project for Brown & Root,Inc., Machinery. Study No. M-46. New York,Gibbs & Cox, Inc., Sept. 1964. p.18-22.

Since it is not desirable to dispose of allrubbish and other burnable waste materialsby dumping in the sea, it appears that thenext best, lightest in weight, and leastcostly method of disposal is by baling anddisposal of the bales ashore or at a distantpoint at sea via the supply vessels. Ahandpowered baler is described. A room setaside for the storage of the waste bales mustbe provided. The size, weight, and number ofbales to be handled is given. A table ispresented to indicate a comparison of topside weights for various size incineratorsand baling machines.

64.0290

Geldreich, E. E., H. F. Clark, and C. B. Huff.A study of pollution indicators in a wastestabilization pond. Journal of the WaterPollution Control Federation, 36(11):1372-1379,Nov. 1964.

Waste stabilization ponds represent aneconomical method of waste disposal, largelydue to reported high coliform removals.Bacteria such as coliform indicate pollutionremoval. Studies of the effectiveness offecal coliform and streptococcous groups asindicators were made on a prison dairy farm.Characteristics looked for were: constantoccurrence in human feces; consistent presence;r1 sewage and polluted waters; and abilityfor accurate enumeration. Raw sewageemployed was composed of domesticand laundry wastes. Relative densities ofbacterial-indicators were determined for fourseasonal periods of the year. Raw sewagecoliform densities per 100 ml were 3.2,3.3, 3.3, and 2.4 million during spring,summer, autumn, and winter respectively.Fecal coliform levels ranged between 790,000and 920,000 per 100 ml during spring, summer,and winter, but inexplicably jumped to2.65 ml in autumn. Fecal streptococcaldensities varied from 2.1 to 4.1 million.These densities must be qualified because thepond was used in dairy operations. The pond

caused total coliform population reductionsfrom a minimum of 85.9 percent to a maximum of94.4 percent. Fecal coliform reductions werebetween 87.9 percent and 98.3 percent,fecal streptococcal from 97 percent to 99.8percent. S. bovis, absent from workers'feces, appears to be an excellent indicatorof non-human animal pollution. The possibility

0286-0293

of securing false positive reactions fromorganisms associated with soil was demonstrated.For this reason, fecal coliform andstreptococcus tests yield more valuableinformation than total coliform alone.Included data show information such asidentification schemes and bacterialdischarges, reductions, and distributions.

64-0291

Getting rid of solid wastes. Good Health forSouth Australia, 126:7-9, 26, July 1964.

Open dumps and controlled tipping arediscussed. Burning in open dumps causes airpollution problems, unpleasant odors, and anincreasing volume of complaints of nuisance.

It is important to set controlled tippingareas away from water sources to preventpollution. High accident and sickness ratesof the Department of Sanitation of New YorkCity, and the series of tests an applicantmust complete are reported. These includea rigorous physical fitness test. Eventhough these applicants pass the fitnesstests, there is an unfavorable comparisonwith those of the policemen, firemen, andstevedores in the same city.

.34-0292

Good neighborliness. Public Cleansing,54(2):73l, Feb. 1964.

The advantages of regional' disposal ofrefuse in England whereby many communitiesshare the same dump under one authority arediscussed. The County Planning Departmentof Lancashire is among the front runners inregional disposal, for it requested thescheduling of nearly 2,000 acres for thispurpose. Good neighborliness should be theguiding principle in setting up such disposal.

64-0293

Good on waste, bad on dogs. Public Cleansing,54(12):1334, Dec. 1964.

According to the annual cleansing report ofBurnley, Scotland, salvaging is successful.Refuse should he pulverized or compostedbefore tipped because of the changing natureof refuse. The cleansing and transportsuperintendent of Burnley is dissatisfiedwith the citizens' lack of concern regardinga good public cleansing system.

63

Disposal - General

64.0294

Goode, C. S. San Diego disposal planprovides for a 20-year population increase.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(12):18, Dec. 1964.

San Diego County has developed a refusedisposal plan which will form the basis ofplanning for the next 20 years. The plancalls for operation of 22 refuse disposalsites by the county and three by the City ofSan Diego to accommodate the present 1.2million population and ultimately twice thatnumber. The majority of the dispos:?1 sitesnow are controlled burning dumps. The greatnumber of canyons make the terrain ideal forsanitary landfill sites. Completed andplanned conversions of landfill sites intousable land are described. Communities mustdevelop master plans for refuse disposalsites--with imagination and foresight.

Research into guides for constructingbuildings over sanitary landfills is alsonecessary.

64-0295

Gordon, M. The city dump. In Sick cities.New York, Macmillan, 1964. p.229-248.

Boston is given as an example of the problemof solid waste disposal in an urban situation.For 27 years (1922-1959) Boston dumped 25pere of its refuse on Speciacle Island,which is 2 miles offshore in Boston Bay andcontains 50 acres. The rubbish became sohigh (35 to 45 feet) that it becameuneconomical to pile it higher. In 1959 anincinerator was put into operation. It wascapable of burning 900 tons of refuse daily,which was 60 percent of all the rubbishBoston was then producing. Across Americathe problem of disposal is becoming commonand acute. Dump sites are scarce and arouseneighborhood antagonism. Refuse itself isincreasing: there are more people and eachgenerates more refuse. The average personproduces almost 3!2 lb per day compared with2 lb per day 20 years ago. Even cities withdecreasing population have an increasingdisposal problem: Washington, D.C.'s

population declined from 802,000 in 1950 to764,000 in 1960 but its refuse increased from2.7 million to 3.5 million cu yd. The dump,

the sanitary landfill, the problems of thesmall governmental unit (the county in whichPittsburgh is located has only three timesPittsburgh's population but 129 separategovernment units), the hog as a consumer ofman's waste, the declining use of the oceanas a receptacle, the problems of collectionand haulage, household garbage grinders, and

64

to,41410VE

composting are all discussed in this survey.The experience of certain cities and countriesin dealing with these problems is cited.

64.0296

Greenleaf, J. W., and B. A. McAdams.Designing an ocean outfall for North MiamiBeach. Journal of the Water Pollution ControlFederation, 36(9):1107-1115, Sept. 1964.

Four plans for treatment plants and threepoints of disposal for the City of NorthMiami Beach, Florida are outlined. The firstof these plans (Plan A) would he to dischargea highly-treated sewage effluent into theIntracoastal Waterway near the Sunny IslesCauseway. Plan B involved the continuousdischarge of treated sewage effluent intoBiscayne Bay at Baker's Haulover Cut. Sincethe dilution factor is so great here, thesewage effluent would he disinfected to asomewhat lesser degree than that at SunnyIsles. The third plan (Plan C) involved thedischarge of sewage, which had undergone onlyprimary sedimentation into Biscayne Bay atBaker's Haulover Cut on the outgoing tide.The final plan (Plan D) considered dischargeto the Atlantic Ocean through a submarineoutfall. Chloride, pollution, float, bacterialdie-out, and dilution tests were run on theMiami Beach outfall. Upon the conclusion ofstudies. all tests proved favorable to PlanD. Data and illustrations give the resultsof tests performed.

64-0297

Halmos, E. E. Missile base water and wastefacilities. Water and Sewage Works,3(4):176-179, Apr. 1964.

Sewage disposal for Merritt Island, Florida,will be surprisingly simple despite thelocation and nature of the community. The66,000 acre community will he the site ofthe final drive in the U.S. race to themoon, and will have a daily population ofabout 10,000 persons. Although the area isnowhere more than 7 ft above groundwater, noproblem of contaminating local undergroundsupplies is expected to arise. First, allwater for drinking and process 'use will bepiped from 25 miles away, and secondly, littlehandling of contaminating chemicals is tobe done on the site. In addition, wastesfrom more normal industrial processes arehandled by individual septic systems. Aconcrete-walled, activated sludge treatment

plant is designed to provide primary andsecondary treatment for a capacity of

BEST Wry. AMIABLE

310,000 gpd. Three lift stations, eachequipped with injector-type pumps, servethe 63 by 100 ft one-story plant. The watersupply, piped from Cocoa, Florida, must servenot only normal sanitary purposes, butindustrial process and a closed hot-waterheat system as well. Pipes are set about7 ft below ground surface.

64.0298

Importance of research into refuse disposal.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3770):64-65, Sept. 5, 1964.

The importance of refuse disposal end thelack of data and research upon which to basecontrol work are emphasized. The interest ofthe Federal government in the United Statesin solid waste disposal is given as anexample as to what should be done in Britain.It was indicated that in the United Statesfinancial and technical support was given toprograms of solid waste disposal research ona nation-wide basis including the erection,maintenance, and operation of pilot plantsfor composting, incineration, grinding,disposal to sewers and salvage. Controlleddumping for land recovery is also beinginvestigated. It is urged that in Britainthe research into the numerous unsolvedproblems should be government sponsored andfinancial support he given to municipalitiesto erect pilot plants. Some of the problemsworthy of investigation include: a

determination of the temperatures requiredto kill pathogens in material being dumped;and the question as to whether the temperaturesrequired to kill pathogens in sludge willkill the useful comoonents of the compost.The need for research into operationalefficiency and economy is obvious.

640299

Improved conditions and lower costs in refusedisposal. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,123(3751):59-60, Apr. 24, 1964.

The new Hove refuse disposal and salvageplant is described. In the new plant thetailings, after the removal of two-thirdsof the total weight as salvage, areincinerated. The operation results inbetter workint, conditions and increased salvageincome. Out of a weekly 316 tons of salvagematerial, there were 4.5 tons of bottles,45 tons of paper, 18 tons of cans, and 4.5tons of rags. Magnetic separators beforeand after screening give the maximum recovery

0294-0301

of ferrous material (9 tons a week). The newplant is the answer to the lack of dum2ingarea in Hove.

64-0300

Jacobson, A. R. Home waste disposal in Alaska.Public Works, 96(3)140, Mar. 1963.

A waste disposal system incorporating amarine toilet, chlorinator, hand pump andstorage tank was constructed and evaluatedby the Environmental. Sanitation Section.Arctic Health Research Center, Anchorage,Alaska. The aim of the project was toprovide a satisfactory indoor toilet unitnot requiring a constant supply of water orelectric power for operation. The two unitstested operated by recirculating the flushingwater, thereby eliminating the need for awater source, and used a hand-operated pumpwhich eliminated the need for power. Thesystem proved acceptable when tested by atwo-member household over a 6-month period,but was not aesthetically acceptable to onemember of a second household. It is designedto save on the use of potable water, the verysmall amount of effluent (1 qt per day perperson) virtually eliminating the usualproblem of disposing of the large quantitiesof liquid wastes from toilets. However, theproblem of final disposal of the tankcontents has not been entirely solved.

64-0301

Jensen, H. P. Problem facing industry today.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(9):46, Sept. 1964.

Problems currently facing the sanitationindustry are discussed. The use of disposalsites is a major cost factor, increasing 240percent since 1955. State licenses are alsocostly. A number of municipalities such asWaukegan and Rockford, Illinois; Boston,Massachusetts; and Oak Park, Michigan, havelargely solved their problems by turningto private enterprise. Toronto, Canada, isan example of a city that has benefited fromthe use of sa itary landfills. What is nowneeded is research into solid waste disposal,including methods of making solid wastes usable,and public awareness that sanitary landfillsites need not be nuisances. Typicalprovisions in municipal ordinances as aguide to local officials are given. Garbage.rubbish, mixed refuse, ashes, hulk refuse,dead animals, hazardous refuse, householdwaste, institutional waste, commercial waste,industrial waste, building waste, a licensed

65

DisposalGeneral

waste collector, and building debr:sdefinitions are given.

64.0302

Johnson, R. L., F. J. Lowes, R. M. Smith, et al.

Evaluation of the use of activated carbons andchemical regenerant4 in treatment of waste water.U.S. Public Health Service, May 1964. 48 p.

The capacities of six activated carbons forthe soluble organics in filtered secondaryeffluent were obtained by use of acontinuous flow, column-type test. Resultsvaried from 7 to 13 g COD per 100 g ofcarbon. Because of the manner in which thetest was carried out, only the carbon withthe smallest capacity was loaded to themaximum extent possible. The chemicalregeneration of exhausted carbon wasinvestigated by use of nine inorganicoxidizing agents. Only hydrogen peroxide wascapable of restoring measurable adsorptioncapacity after more'than two cycles ofexhaustion and regeneration. The economicfeasibility of chemical regeneration is notpromising. The report includes explanatorytables and figures.

64.0303

Joyce, R. S., and V. A. Sukenik. Feasibilityof granular, activated-carbon adsorption forwaste-water renovation. AWTR-10. U.S.Public Health Service, May 1964. 32 p.

Granular, activated carbon in packed-bedcolumn contactors was shown to remove muchof the organic matter includingalkylbenzenesulfonate from municipal waste

water. The COD of a secondary effluentwas reduced to about 12 to 20 ppm and theABS was removed almost entirely. When anABS breakthrough concentration of 0.5 ppmis used as a criterion of carbon exhaustion,the amount of carbon required forcountercurrent contacting is less than 1lb per 1,000 gal. For the process to beeconomical the carbon must be reactivated andre-used. Thermal reactivation in a steam-airatmosphere was found to be technically feasible.With reactivation, the total cost of carbonadsorption was estimated to be less than 10cents per 1,000 gal for plants treating 10mgd of waste water. The report includesexplanatory figures and tables.

64.0304

Kampschulte, J. Waste utilization. VDI(Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Zeitshcrift,106(14):603-617, May 1964.

66

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

The various ways of eliminating waste employedin countries of Western Europe are discussed.A backward trend can be observed in thesorting out of junk from waste material, withthe exception of magnetic removal of metal.Composting plants, however, are on the rise.The Netherlands have 15 composting plantsand a new one is in the planning stage. Anew composting-incineration plant in Bucchs,Switzerland, has been taken into operation.Pictures of this new plant and a detaileddescription are given. Near Zurich and nearGeneva, waste-sludge comps: Ong plants havebeen built. Composting plants inSwitzerland, England, France, Sweden, andGermany are discussed. The cities ofManchester and Twickenham plan to buildcomposting plants with capacities of 250tons per day and 40 tons per day. In EastGermany, the natural composting method isused, which is explained in some detail. Awaste-sludge composting plant is in operationin Schweinfurt, West Germany, where sludgeand waste are m.xed and compacted into cubesfor rotting. In Heidelberg, compost isproduced in a rotting tower according to themultibacto method. New waste incineratorplants are being erected all over Europe.All the larger and more important plants aredescribed in detail and illustrations aregiven. Most exhaustively treated are thenew plants in West Germany, but others (inAustria, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland,England, Denmark, and Sweden) are alsodiscussed, with illustrations andcross-section diagrams. (Text-German)

64-0305

Lane, J. M. An over-all engineering evaluation.In Solid waste disposal and municipalequipment 'rental' . New York, ButtenheimPublishing Corporation, June 1963. p.40-45.

One of the first steps toward a solution ofthe solid waste problem is to determine thequantity of wastes which must he disposed of.Weighing the refuse over a period of timeprovides the best method. To determine thefeasibility of the various disposal methodssome knowledge of the characteristics of thewastes must be known but the published dataon their physical and chemical compositionis meager. To determine whether the disposalfacilities will be adequate to serve thecommunity in the future, their characteristicsand the trends in production must be studied.Even though the open dump has been accused

and found guilty, it is still used by manyas a means of disposal. Hog feeding is stillin use in many areas. Its economics dependupon the conditions of the hog market and the

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

length of haul to the hog farm. The majoradvantage of sanitary landfill is its lowfirst and operational cost. The sanitarylandfill method is most attractiveto the small community with a limited budgetand submarginal land within a short haulingdistance. One c:sadvantage of the sanitarylandfill is that its capacity is limited andwhen it is exhausted officials must findanother site of adopt another disposalmethod.

64.0306

Lane, J. M. An over-all engineeringevaluation. In Solid waste disposal andmunicipal equipment 'rental' . New York,Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, June1963. p.46-50

High-temperature incineration, as practicedtoday, provides a means for the disposal ofrefuse without creating nuisances. Properlyengineered, an incineration plant will answerthe needs of a community for the foreseeablefuture. It reduces the refuse to inert gasesdischarged to the atmosphere and an inert,inoffensive, easily compacted ash well suitedfor landfill. Only 20 to 25 percent of thewaste materials by weight remains as ash. Thereduction in their volume is even greater.Some are able to apply the heat content fromcombustion for useful purposes. The siterequirement for a incinerator is much smallerthan for a sanitary landfill and its locationis not nearly ac restricted. Combustioncomputations depend on the moisture content,heat value, and ultimate analysis of thefuel. Engineers have long realized thedesirability and economical advantage of thejoint disposal of refuse and sewage solids.More than 20 years' experience in burningsludge solids has shown one of the mostimportant requirements for success is that ofconstant agitation. The utilization of theheat content of the refuse gas to evaporatethe free moisture from the sludge solids andsupport their combustion has proved to be themost successful joint disposal method to date.

64.0307

Lawson, S. P. Economic and sanitary disposalof waste from small communities. Water andWaste Treatment, 9(12):584-588, Mar.-Apr. 1964.

The problem of how a small community shalltreat its wastes to the maximum advantage ofthe community is discusser.' The discussionincludes an illustration of the dynamic F/M

0302-0309

(food to microorganism) ratio in order toemphasize that the design of a waste plantis not only a problem in hydraulics antistructural design. The solution proposedfor the treatment of unreticulated Amal]community wastes is the application offundamental metabolic studies to a generalcase. There is a need for fundamental basicresearch and for biologically trainedengineers who can assess the practicalapplications of these basic studies. It isemphasized that the smaller community, beingcloser to the land, is interested in thereconditioning of waste as a product forreuse and the maximum use is made of sludgeand anaerobic dec.-3position. The idea isadvanced that water-borne sewerage is one ofthe basic causes of food shortage in theworld. Sketches are given of treatment plantssuitable for small communities. The smallerthe community, the greater the need forqualified advice and, the less the need forpackaged units based on claims rather thanan objective bioengineerin::: appro=ch.

64.0308

Ledbetter, J. O. Air pollution from aerobicwaste treatment. Water and Sewage Works,111(1):62-63, Jan. 1964.

Aerosols, giw.r off through aerobic wastetreatment, are air suspensions of particulateswhich may emerge as droplets. The droplet.::

evaporate, leaving the nuclei of solid wastes.Waste treatment plant odors originate ininflurnt from sewers, deposits of grit andgrease, stabilization, and anaerobic conditions.Methyl mercaptans, methyl sulfides. and aminesplus indoles and skatoles have been cited asthe most common offenders. Aerosols may beattenuated by covering the surface with apermeable plastic film that permits passageof air but not water. using a spray ofharmless water to knock down the aerosols,or collecting the aerosol above the unit andremoving particulates. Combustion, adserptionby activated carbon, and absorption into aliquid are the most effective odor controlmethods. Future efforts will ie. directedtoward more efficient oxygenatio: of liquidwastes by smaller volures of air. Municipalincinerators will he installed at plants.

64.0309

Leone, D. E., and R. J. Benoit. Biologicaltreatment of concentrated human waste.Journal of the Water Pollution ControlFederation, 36(12):1512-1523, Dec. 1964.

67

Disposal-General

A study is reported on the biologicaltreatment of human wastes. The experimentalwaste contained 20 percent urine, 20 percentfeces, and 60 percent water. The concentratedwaste was inoculated with activated sludge,and the results were based on the chemicaloxygen demand, total solids, and chemicalanalyses made before and after digestion ofthe waste with controlled pH and temperature.Highly concentrated human waste can bestabilized by activated sludge into rapidlysettling solids and a clear odorless liquidin only a few hour:;. A 10-1 volume ofactivated sludge will easily stabilizehuman urine and feces with 15 percent of theraw waste solids tramiformed into gases andwater. An additional 15 percent reductioncan he obtained in the raw waste solids by aprohibitively prolonged anaerobir. digestion.

64.0310

Ludwig, H. F., E. Kazmierczak, and R. C.Carter. Waste disposal and the future atLake Tahoe. Journal of theSanitary Engineering Division, AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, 90(SA3):27-51,June 1964.

To protect the beauty of Lake Tahoe, thebuildup of nitrogen and other nutrientsubstances in the lake from comm!tnity wastesproduced in the Tahoe Basin will have to bereduced. A study was initiated which providedfor: collection and evaluation of backgroundinformation on geography, climatology,hydrology, geology, land use patterns, watersupply, and sewerage facilities; samplingand analysis both of the lake waters and ofrepresentative streams in the basin; testsfor evaluating ground capacities for receivingeffluents by infiltration; and several specialstue.ies including evaluation of the biologicalproductivity of the lake waters based bothon laboratory and in situ testing. Threealternative feasible methods of disposal, forwhich costs are competitive, were recommended:(1) export from the basin to Nevada, otherthan via the Truckee River, where the wasteeffluent would be valuable for irrigationpurposes; this plan would include sufficienttreatment to meet regulatory standard.4,including protection of public health; (2)discharge to the Truckee River. following asimilar high degree of treatment; (3) dischargeof treated effluents to the lake water,through outfalls reaching adequate depths,following special tertiary treatment forremoval of both nitrogen and phosphorus.However, this method requires pilot scale insitu demonstration before its effectiveness

68

WM cal Otiutaiti

can be known. The cost of all alternativesis in the range of $400 per 1,000,000 gal.

64.0311

McCarty, P. L., I. J. Kugelman, and A. W.Lawrence. Ion effects in an aerobicdigestion. Stanford, Department of CivilEngineering, Stanford University, Mar. 1964.152 p.

Effects of inorganic and organic ions onanaerobic waste treatment process wereinvestigated. Anaerobic treatment is anefficient method for treating many organicwastes. It is used to treat concentratedsludges from municipal waste treatment andconcentrated and dilute waste from industry.Because waste is converted to methane gas, auseful product, anaerobic treatment is moreadvantageous than aerobic. It also producesmore complete degradation and less biologicalcells. Anaerobic treatment still is notwidely employed, due to the lack ofunderstanding of the complex effects of highconcentrations of inorganic materialsnormally present in industrial and municipalwastes. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,and ammonium cations were first studied.These ions, commonly found in sewage sludgeand industrial wastes, are relatively solubleunder anaerobic conditions. Each ion hadan optimum condition, at which treatmentefficiency was best. Antagonism occurredwhen at least one ion's optimum concentrationcounteracted another's inhibitory concentration.Heavy metals--copper, zinc, nickel, and ironwere studied next. Only iron was not toxicto the process. Precipitating the heavy metalswith sulfides relieved their toxicity.Sulfides are often produced in treatmentfrom degradation of sulfates and proteinreduction. Sulfide addition must be donewith care, for they are corrosive and toxicat low or high concentrations, unless presentas insoluble metal precipitates. Volatileacids were found to result from, not causefailure of the anaerobic progress. More thanone digestion parameter must be consideredto control anaerobic treatment.

64-0312

Michaels, A. Treatment and disposal ofsolid wastes. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Solid Waste Research. Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.99-107.

There are three major reasons for considerableimmediate concern about the refuse disposal

F3EST COPY AVAILABLE

problem: overall population growth; growthof urban areas; and increased per capitaproduction of refuse. If such trendscontinue, it is reasonable to conclude thatthe acuteness of the refuse disposal problemcan be defined as a geometric progressionwhen related to time. In addition toincineration, the other methods of disposalare sanitary landfilling and open dumping,composting, hog feeding, garbage grinding,salvage and reclamation, and dumping at sea.The methods are briefly described. In orderto determine the areas of greatest need froma research standpoint, it is advisable tofirst note the current status of the scienceand art of refuse disposal, and then pointout the problem areas. The problem areasare discussed in length. At the presenttime, the problem of sludge disposal is insome respects comparable to the problem ofrefuse disposal and the use of garbagegrinders would aggravate this problem.Therefore it is suggested that there is aneed to research such processes as:incinerating sludge in combination withrefuse; disposing of sludge with refuse insanitary landfills; and disposing of sludgeand refuse combining by composting. Undercertain particular conditions, some salvagingend reclamation has proven economical.Another major problem which is rapidlybecoming most acute is that of the disposalof abandoned automobiles, which is primarilya problem in economics.

64.0313

Morgan, P. E., and E. F. Clarke. Preservingdomestic waste samples by freezing. PublicWorks, 95(11):73-75, Nov. 1964.

Freezing was investigated as a means ofobtaining both chemical and biologicalstability of waste samples for an extendedperiod of time. The main chemical analysesperformed on sewage from.the City of Ames,Iowa, were the biochemical oxygen demand test(BOD), the chemical oxygen demand test(COD), solids and nitrogens. Comparisonswere made between fresh samples and onesthat had been frozen for 2,3, and 6 days.The collection of the samples is described;the time elapsed from collection to depositingin the deep freeze did not exceed 30minutes. The results of three complete seriesof tests, presented in a table and series ofgranhs, showed that: (1) the COD shows nosignificant change between the fresh andfrozen samples; (2) the solids content ofthe samples remained essentially unchangedafter freezing; (3) the various forms of

0310-0315

nitrogen present remsi,:.d the same on boththe fresh and frozen samples; (4) noconclusions could be presented in regard tothe DOD determination, since the presenceof toxic material in the samples causedunpredictable behavior. Conclusions arethat there is no significant change due tofreezing in the composition of domestic waste.

64-0314

Morris, J. C., and W. J. Weber. Adsorptionof biochemically resistant materials fromsolution. 1. U.S. Public Health Service,May 1964. 74 p.

Studies on the kinetics of adsorption ongranular carbon showed that: (1) Uptake from

dilute solution proceeds slowly for compoundsof high molecular weight such astetradecylbenzenesulfonate anddodecylbenzenesulfonate; equilibrium obtainsonly after several weeks; (2) The rate ofadsorption is a linear function of the squareroot of concentration, that is, a greaterfraction of solute is adsorbed per unit timethe more dilute the solution, which impliesthat the process favors removal of tracequantities; (3) Rates of adsorption decreaseconsiderably with increasing size ofadsorbate when the amount adsorbed per unittime is expressed in molar units, whenexpressed in weight units the effect is muchless pronounced; (4) The configuration ofthe adsorbate molecule affects rate of uptake:molecules with highly branched structures areremoved much more slowly than those ofidentical molecular weight but with aconfiguration that permits coiling orattainment of compactness; (5) Rates ofadsorption per unit weight of carbon varyreciprocally as the square of the diameterof individual carbon particles; and (6) Therate of adsorption of alkylbenzenesulfonatesincreases with decreasing pH of the solution.The findings correlate with equations derivedfor infraparticle diffusion, which indicatesthat the rate of adsorption is controlled byrate of diffusion of solute within themicropores of the carbon. The report includesexplanatory tables and figures.

64-0315

Municipal waste treatment progress. PublicHealth Reports, 79(7):612, July 1964.

The year 1963 surpassed all previous levelsfor construction of municipal waste facilities,with contract awards of $679 million.

69

DisposalGeneral

Municipal construction was 25 percent over1962 and 50 percent higher than 1961.Including other construction costs, thisrepresents an expenditure of $820 million in1963. Associated with it was federal aidunder the Water Pollution Control and PublicWorks Acceleration Program totaling $160million and $660 million in state and localfunds. A steady improvement in pollutioncontrol from municipal wastes occurred from1960 through 1963. Because of new needs,however, all available federal, state andlocal resources will he required to maintaincurrent progress in water pollution abatement.The survey found 2,677 communities lackingsewers, with 1,462 communities possessingobsolete or deficient treatment plants. Theestimated cost to rectify these two situationsis $1.9 billion.

64.0316

New York apartment building installing trashdestructor. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(3):22,Mar. 1964.

An automatic refuse disposal method is beingbuilt in the new Pavilion, a 35-story luxuryapartment house on New York's east side. Thenew technique eliminates unsightly ash cansbecause it employs a burning and conveyorsystem that passes the ashes directly fromthe building to the collection truck.

64-0317

Okey, R. W., R. L. Cohen, and D. D. Chapman.The effects of miscellaneous wastes onmesophilic activated sludge: cellulose.Brooks Air-Force Base, U.S. Air Force Schoolof Aerospace Medicine, 1962. 8 p.

A broad spectrum microbial culture similar toactivated sludge in utilizing cellulose hasbeen evaluated for its ability to utilizewastes. The metabolism of cellulose wasfollowed in Warburg and substrate. depletionstudies by utilizing measurements of chemicaloxygen demand. Activated sludges weredeveloped on cellulose as a sole carbonsource and on human waste with added cellulosedesigned to simulate the waste which would hereceived in a remote environment. From theWarburg and substrate depletion studies, .

constants of first-order oxidation rate wereobtained. The first-order oxidation constantswere found to vary between 0.0133 and0.0146 reciprocal hrs. It was observedthat a lag period varying From 400 to 1,500minutes precedes the utilization of celluloseby the microbial system.

70

WEST COM AVAILABLE64.0318

Okey, R. W., R. L. Cohen, and D. D. Chapman.Effects of miscellaneous wastes mesophilicactivated sludge: soaps, detergents, andvomitus. Brooks Air Force Base, U.S. AirForce School of Aerospace Medicine, May 1963.9 p.

Effects of soap, synthetic detergents, andvomitus on the performance of high solidsmesophilic activated sludge biologic-typewaste reactors designed for extended mannedspace flight are reported. Systemperformance was determined by oxygen uptakemeasured by microrespirometer and degree ofside effects. Castile soap and the detergentsodium dodecyl sulfate were metabolizedrapidly, and no deleterious side effects wereexhibited. Eight other cleansing agents hadserious disadvantages due to slowbiodegradabilty or extreme foaming or both.The relationship between biodegradibilityand chemical structure of the nonionicand anionic synthetic detergents isdiscussed. Human stomach content ofnonpathologic origin was found to berapdily metabolized, and pH depressionas would result from the discharge ofvomitus through a waste treatment systemhad only slight observable metabolic effectthough pH 4. The disposal of selectedcleansing agents, vomitus, and pH depressantsubstances posed no apparent problems.

64.0319

Poepel, F. and K. Hunken. The waste problemin large cities. Wasser and Abwasser,105(18):481-485, May 1964.

A survey of methods for cleaning waste water,of various types of purification plants, andof the various ways of eliminating householdand industrial wastes as well as sludges isgiven. The most common method of wasteremoval is deposition. In the areaMannheim-Ludwigshafen-Frankenthal, WestGermany, about ten large disposal sites arepresently in use. The dumping of waste isthe simplest and least expensive method.Incineration and composting are two rival.methods. The composition of the waste (i.e.the ratio between the easily combustiblesubstances and the substances decomposableby bacteria) determines which method tochoose. Investigations showed that combustiblesubstances are preponderantly contained inindustrial wastes, while domestic waste iscomposed of a greater part of putrescihlesubstances so that incinerator plants arecommonly located in industrial centers. Asfar as household wastes are concerned, the

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

question of whether to incinerate or compostis far more difficult to decide. The merefact such wastes are suited for compostingis not enough. A comparison of the costsinvolved in both methods will decide thequestion. (Text-German)

64.0320

Pcrtable stations for refuse analysis.Nasser, Luft and Betrieb, 8(5):277, May 1964.

The Research and Development Institute inStuttgart, in cooperation with the EngineerBureau for Health Technique, has developeda portable refuse analyzer, which wasdesigned and built by the firm of Hazemag,Muenster. This device has been used inSchleswig-Holstein since 1963. The machingis mounted on a trailer and its portableaspect allows it to service four differentplaces within one week. The analyzerdetermines the moisture content of the refuseon the spot. The other samples are air-driedand sent to the laboratory at Stuttgart,where the total organic content, the ash,the amount of active organic carbon, theavailable organic nitrogen, the celluloseand salt content, as well as the amountof active toxic materials, are determined.The pH, the calorific, and self-heatingvalue are determined as a control test forits fitness for composting. (Text-German)

64.0321

Quon, J. E., W. O. Pipes, and J. A. Logan.Combustion of human waste and productrecovery. Technical Note TN 62-16. FortWainwright, Arctic AeromedicalLaboratory, Oct. 1963. 8 p.

Study on the kinetics of combustion ofvolatilized wastes was continued. A newmethod of carbon dioxide analysis was triedand proved more satisfactory than the OrsatApparatus. Algal growth studies (Chlorella)with the ash from the volatilization chamberwere continued. Additional information onthe relationship between residual weight andoxygen supply, and between residual carbonand oxygen supply was obtained with thevolatilization chamber operated at 200 C.Results showed the characteristics of theraw urine and feces mixture were verysimilar to those reported previously. Thecarbon content with respect to time indicatedthat a relatively short period of hightemperature is sufficient to volatilize thewaste, provided the waste is in a predried

0316-0324

state. From the standpoint of waste disposal,it may suffice to reduce the carbon contentof the waste to less than 40 percent. Thesolubility of the residue varies for differentraw 'samples. A comparison of the solubilitydata at 300 C and 400 C shows that the weightof soluble material increases with thedegree of oxidation of the organic matter inthe waste. Algal growth was not supported bya carbon and nitrogen source alone.

64-0322

Quon, J. E., W. O. Pipes, and J. A. Logan.Gross chemical changes of human wasteundergoing thermal decomposition. TechnicalNote 63-13. Fort Wainwright,Artie Aeromedical Laboratory, Oct. 1963. 9 p.

Detailed characterization of thevolatilization of human wastes is studied.Gas analyses on the volatilization chambereffluent were made, using an Orsat Apparatus.Solubility and carbon content of the residueafter ignition at 400 C were determined fordifferent rates of air supply to thevolatilization chamber. A series ofexperiments to determine if the solidsresidue remaining after the volatilizationof human wastes contained nutrients adequatefor algal growth was also undertaken. Tableswere compiled showing the characteristicsof the raw urine and feces mixture, solubilityof residue, the residual weight and carboncontent of the ash with respect to time fordifferent operating conditions of thevolatilization chamber, distribution ofcarbon in the various forms, and thequalitative growth characteristics ofChlorella.

64-0323

Refuse disposal by contract extraordinary.American City, 79(2):38, Feb. 1964.

Bidding opened by St. Petersburg, Florida,for a 300 ton per day refuse disposal facilityunder a 20-year contract is described. Thespecifications and requirements for theproject are briefly outlined.

64-0324

Refuse disposal plan for the Detroit region.Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional PlanningCommission, 1964. '189 p.

The scale of the disposal problem of garbageand rubbish was examined and projected to

71

DisposalGeneral

1980. Existing and proposed methods ofdisposal were evaluated as to their adequacy,feasibility and costs. Two alternate planswere formulated, with engineering costscomputed and organizational methods suggested.Plans for the re-use of sanitary landfill areaswere developed in relation to the Commission'srecreation and land use plants. The resultsof these steps are presented in this report.The report is divided into six parts, eachof which is further divided into chapters.Subject headings for the parts are:Introduction, Refuse Collection, Disposalof Refuse, Land Use and Refuse Disposal,Regional Plan for Disposal of Refuse, andFuture Land Use for Refuse Disposal Areas.Appendix A is concerned with garbage andrubbish collection and disposal in theDetroit metropolitan region and Appendix Bdeals with suggested minimum standards. Anorganizational chart of the planningcommission executive committee and staff italso given.

64-0325

Refuse Removal. Technische Ueberwachung,5(1):34, Jan. 1964.

In this summary of an article on refuseremoval by W. Spichal in Gesundheits-Ing.(84(4):97-102, 1963), controlled storage,composting, and incineration are discussed.The amount composition, heating value, andsource of refuse in two large cities aretabulated in the original article. In

choosing a removal method, knowledge of thecomposition and heating value is particularlyimportant. At the present time, most of therefuse is stored. Control methods for storageinclude protection of the drinking water andavoidance of bad odors and vermin. Physicaland biological measures yield a better endproduct during composting. Three differentmethods of refuse removal are cited andillustrated. Incineration is considered themost hygienic method. The composition ofthe refuse and the proper design of theincinerator to prevent dust discharge areimportant considerations in this method.(Text-German)

64-0326

Researth on refuse disposal. Surveyor andMunicipal Engineer, 123(3753):32-33, May 9,1964.

Subjects presented in a paper delivered bythe International Research Group on Refuse

72

Disposal were an analysis and evaluation ofrefuse for incineration and composting, andan analysis and evaluation of the productsof these disposal methods. Tedious,expensive systems for examination ofindividual incinerator constituents werediscussed and the idea of collective analysissuggested. Also, international standardizationof the method of analysis was advised.Biological processes during compostingwere mentioned. The effect of compost onplants and soil was compared with that ofstable manure.

64-0327

Research work on refuse disposal. PublicCleansing, 54(6):936, June 1964.

A report on the work to date of theInternational Research Group on RefuseDisposal (IRGRD) is summarized. The paperprovided analysis and evaluation of refusefor disposal by incineration and compostingand of the final products of these methods.Composting was approached in two ways--asproducing a harmless material for dumpingand as producing a saleable product. Theeffect of dumped incinerated refuse on groundwater was also considered.

64-0328

Rogus, C. A. Refuse quantities andcharacteristics. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Solid Waste Research, Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. Americen Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.17-27.

The lack of essential information on thequantity and characteristics of refuse canbe attributed to the following: complexityof measurement; difficulty in standardizingsampling and laboratory techniques; generalfailure to recognize the need for thisinformation; and geographical distribution.Only a nation-wide, centrally directed effortwill provide the required answers. Thevarious solid wastes now extant in thiscountry are defined and described; the severalcriteria that affect the quantities andcharacter of refuse produced are discussed;existing knowledge of quantities andcharacteristics is reviewed; and the typesof information required are suggested,including reasons therefor. Although in thepast and to a substantial degree even todayquantities are reported by volume, usuallycu yds, it is almost self evident thatreporting by weight, in lbs or tons, is the

BEST COPY INURE

more accurate method. The factors whichaffect refuse characteristics and the totaloutput for municipal handling are enumerated.It is concluded that there now exists a lackof consistently dependable knowledge of refusequantities and their seasonal and yearlyvariations and changes. There is a similarlack of information as to refusecharacteristics, and physical and chemicalproperties. The absence of this essentialinformation largely exists because therequired overall nation-wide development ofuniform standards of measurements and ofanalysis has not been made to date.

64.0329

Rolle, G. Problems in analysis of refuse,compost, and sewage sludge. In InternationalResearch Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD).Information Bulletin No. 20. Washington, U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,May 1964. p.51-55.

A simple orientation for a practitioner isto know the moisture content, total andusable organic matter, and the calorificvalue. These data are of interest in alldisposal methods. Additional data must beknown when dealing with industrial wastes.When examining compost, it is desirable toknow such things as elemental composition,pH, and organic content. Because of theheterogeneous nature of composts and refuse,problems exist in sampling, drying, grindingand homogenizing. The problem is to getresults which are representative of thematerial. The accuracy of analysis plays animportant role in the choice of methods, asdoes the element of time. The goal is toobtain comparable results from allparticipating laboratories through unifiedand standardized methods of analysis. Thisis only possible if the laboratory equipmentis very similar.

64.0330

Sanitary facilities on country main roads.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 124(3782):30,Nov. 28, 1964.

Reports and talks given since 1960 onproviding sanitary facilities and litter binsfor through traffic on country main roads arereviewed. It is recommended that washingfacilities be included in the project, andthat the resulting sewage should be dealtwith by small domestic-type automatic disposalworks. The main concern in the article is

0325-0332

financing the construction and maintenanceof these facilities. The idea is presentedthat the Ministry of Housing and LocalGovernment--not the Ministry of Transport- -should pay these costs.

64.0331

Scott, M. The future of San Francisco Bay.Berkeley, University of California,Sept. 1963. 125 p.

The Institute of Governmental Studies providesa comprehensive overview of the entire baydealing with: an account of the history ofthe division of the bay among many privateowners and units of government; the physical,economic, and political pressures affectinguse of the bay and tending to reduce itssize; the economic resources that may bejeopardized by further unplanned anduncontrolled filling; the increasing need touse the bay for the disposal of wastes andflood waters, and the potential conflictbetween these requirements and demands forvarious filling projects; the great potentialof the bay for meeting regional recreationalneeds; and the political choices and decisionsfacing the people of the Bay Area as theyseek to safeguard the bay for present andfuture generations. The preparation of aplan as a first step is ending the presentcostly and potentially ruinous piecemealplanning and development of the bay and shoreareas is proposed. Areas discussed are: the

divided bay; the shrinking hay; the productivebay; the polluted bay; the neglected bay; andthe future bay maps, bibliography, andappendices are furnished. As the populationsteadily increases to the 14 million mark forthe area, the daily accumulation of solidwastes will rise to 28,000 tons, and if sanitarylandfill method of disposal should continueto be used, a great many square miles ofSan Francisco and its marshlands may disappear.

64.0332

Shaeffer, J. R., B. von Boehm, and J. E.Hackett. Refuse disposal needs and practicesin northeastern Illinois with refuse disposalpolicies for northeastern Illinois. TechnicalReport No. 3. Chicago, Northeastern IllinoisMetropolitan Area Planning Commission, June1963. 72 p.

A technical report on present refuse disposalpractices and facilities and future refusedisposal needs in northeastern Illinois,preceded by an official statement of policy

73

DisposalGeneralBESI

tW, MIKABLE.

on refuse disposal planning which was adoptedby the Northeastern 1111noisPlanningCommission on April 18, 1963, are presented.Chapters cover: refuse disposal--ametropolitan problem; status of refusedisposal, 1960; methods of refuse disposal;multipurpose concepts in refuse disposal;refuse disposal and ground-water pollution;the relation of refuse disposal to urbansociety; space needs for refuse disposal;and a metropolitan approach to refuse disposal.All of these topics are discussed in relationto the northeastern Illinois refuse situation.Appendices give present disposal spacerequirements; life of existing sites; othc-statistics on refuse disposal sites andincinerators; and ownership and remainingcapacity of refuse disposal sites bycounties in northeastern Illinois.

64-0333

Skitt, J. Disposal works: plant andmaintenance. London, Temple Press BooksLtd., 1964. 74 p.

Each of the successive operations which takeplace in a normal disposal works is examinedin detail including: the reception hopper,screening, magnetic separators, beltconveyors, dust control, the furnace, powerproduction, trade refuse incinerators, generalconsiderations, and maintenance.

64.0334

Smoke control problems. Public Cleansing,. 54(2):752, Feb. 1964.

Tho meeting of England's North-Western Centreis reviewed. The Cleansing and TransportSuperintendent of Burnley spoke on theproblems affecting his department since theinstitution of smoke control, such asinadequate bin size, excess refuse createdby public holidays, removal of refuse frommulti-story flats, and inadequate incineratorq,Possible solutions are offered in thediscussion afterwards.

64-0335

Solid Research needs for solid wastes.Public Health Reports, 79(2):97-100,Feb. 196L.

Trends in the nature and amount of solidwastes. and the means of disposal. werereviewed at a conference on research on

74

solid wastes sponsored by the Public HealthService and the American Public WorksAssociation on Dec. 2, to 4, 1963. Thevolume.of solid waste has grown more rapidlythan the population at the same time that theavailable economic space for waste disposalhas declined. A graph is given showing thegrowth of refuse and population coincidentwith the declire in the available land. Theideal method of disposal would be to convertthe wastes into useful marketable'forms byswift, inoffensive, silent, economical, andinvisible processes. In the meantime, theengineers will settlr for compaction intobales for burial, controlled combustionwithout flyash or noxious fumes that willreduce the weight load by 90 percent, andbetter means of disposing of residue, junk,and organic wastes. Since collection andtransportation amounts to 85 percent of thewaste disposal budget, the hope is foreffective methods of disposal within thehome, but garbage disposals transfer theload to the sewers and incinerators produceair pollution. Machines costing up to amillion dollars are available for shreddingold automobiles after removing the battery,radiator and tires and burning the upholstery.Vegetable wastes, formerly discarded by thehousewife, are now stacked near the packingplant. It was agreed that the research budgetof $200,000 for the Public Health Service forthe management of the $3 billion expenditurein solid waste disposal was inadequate.

64-0336

Taking a well-planned approach to wastedisposal. Chemin:31 Engineering, 71(5):48-50,Mar. 2, 1964.

The disposal of liquid wastes by pumpinginto deep wells is discussed. Oil and gascompanies have used deep wells for over 60years to dispose of brines. NASA plans touse a deep well to dispose of spent acid usedto clean out lines in a rocket plant nearNew Orleans. A paper plant in Pennsylvaniahas plans for underground dispo :;al of spentliquor. In some cases, chemical pretreatmentprovides for flocculation, neutralization orsterilization before pumping underground. It

is important before initiating such a programto review the state laws, subsurfacegeological conditions, and chemical orphysical problems which might result.Sandstone strata are suitable if they arepermeable and porous enough. Limestones arehighly suitable and their permeability can beincreased by hydrochloric acid. The volumeof waste should he redLced by concentration

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

or by removal of relatively harmlessconstituents. Liquid wastes can beadvantageously disposed of in many cases bypumping into deep walls.

64.0337

Teletzke, G. H. Wet air oxidation. ChemicalEngineering Progress, 60(1):33-38, Jan. 1964.

Wet air oxidation is the process of oxidizingorganic matter in the presence of liquid water.In treatment of concentrated industrial wastestreams, the objective is to reduce the oxygendemand of the waste stream before dischargingto a receiving body of water. The objectivesin treating sewage sludge are to eliminate anypotential health hazards and to economicallyreduce the volume of solids remaining fordisposal. The waste or sludge, ground to14-in. size, is delivered to the storage trwkto be preheated to 60 to 80 C. The materialto be oxidized has a high water content andlow fuel value; It is brought into thesystem by a positive displacement highpressure pump where it joins a meteredamount of air. The mixture passes througha series of heat exchangers and is brought upto 200 C at which oxidation proceedsspontaneously. The oxidation products leavethe reactor at temperatures of 220 to 320 C.Cases are separated from the liquid stream.A major part of power requirements may berecovered: Insoluble (:rg.:..c.7( removal isaccomplished both by solubilization andoxidation. Sludge voles'.: reductions of 50to 90 percent are expected with a shortsettling period after oxidation. Both rawand digested sludge have been handled.Organic nitrogen in sludge is converted toammonia which can nearly quantitativelyhe returned to the biological treatment stepand reutilized for treating industrial wastesdeficient in nitrogen. Data, flow diagramsand graphs are included. Table one liststypical operating conditions for severalsludge oxidation plants.

64.0338

University of West Virginia sets up firstsolid wastes course. Refuse Removal Journal,7(11):31, Nov. 1964.

The West Virginia University Deparrnent ofCivil Engineering will offer a three-credit-hour graduate course in Solid Waste Disposal.The course will be a part of an air pollutioncontrol graduate training program.

0333-0340

64.0339

Waste analysis with a mobile station. Wasserand Abwasser, 105(38):1062 -1063, Sept. 1964.

To decide in each case which is the mostexpedient and most economical method of wastedisposal, prior investigations as to theamount and the composition of waste arenecessary. For an efficient analysis, theInstitute for Research and Development inthe Field of Industrial and Residential WaterEconomy as well as Waste Problems, incooperation with the Bureau for HealthTechnology, developed a mobile statiot, forwaste analysis which has been in operationsince August 1963. The station, erectedon a movable trailer, comprise' a siftingmachine, a hammermill, and the necessaryaccessories like conveyor belt and scales.Approximately 3 cu m of waste are taken,crushed and thoroughly mixed. The watercontents of the waste must be determinedimmediately. Then 21 samples are taken,dried and sent to the laboratory in Stuttgart,West Germany, where the organic and toxicsubstances, the ash cellulosis, salt, nitrate,carbon contents. the pit value, heating valueand the self-heatin ability (required forcomposting) are determined. This sampleanalysis of waste must go on throughout theyear to get an idea of how the seasons affectthe waste composition. The costs for thisanalysis are compesed of the rent of thestation (annual operating costs per station- -14.000 DM), of the salaries for the personnelin the laboratory (usually one engineer andone technician), of the travelling expensesfor the personnel, and of the money fortransportation of the station, the laboratorytests (1,000 DM per week), and the evaluatioof the analysis.

64.0340

Waste treatment digest. Water and WasteTreatment, 9(12):608-610, Mar.-Apr. 1964.

Five papers on waste treatment are reviewed:(1) In a study of the settling properties ofhumus in settling tanks, was found thatthe degree of purification in the.filter hasa major effect on the settling: the averageconcentration of suspended matter dischargedincreases linearly with decreasing rpecificsurface of the filter. (2) In aninvestigation of the treatment of gas-liquor,it was shown that the biological treatment ofconventional gas-liquor can be carried outto a high degree of efficiency at loadings-f the ordcn of 60 lb PV per 1,000 cu ft perday are possible. (3) An investigation is

75

Agricultural Wastes

.reported on the amount of additionalpercolating filter capacity required whenspent liquors from carbonizing plants aredischarged to sewers; assuming an effluentROD of 8 ppm, the additional filtercapacity required when continuous verticalretort liquor was added to Knostrop sewagewas from n.65 to 1.14 cu yd. (4) The newsewage works at Dunstable which features 14acres of oxidation. ,ons and serves 36,000persons has a dry weather flow of 2.2million gal per day, of which 300,00:. galare trade waste. Because of the low dilution,the effluent standard is 15 ppm BOD and15 ppm suspended solids. (5) In a program offield testing for flotation thickening ofwaste activated sludges, the Kolime-SandersonCorporation found that flotation aids suchas polyelectrolytes were necessary in orderto provide loadin7s of 3 lb per sq ft per hrwith a 4 to 6 percent solid sludge.

64.0341

Winton, J. The detergent revolution.Chemical Week, 94(22):111-126, May 30, 1964.

`Hard' detergents are only partly destroyedin sewage treatm.nt plants and eventuallyfoam up in surface and tap water. Foamreduces sewage plart efficiency andnecessitates costly chemical or mechanicalcontrol means. Only. 40 to 60 percent ofalkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) which results isdegraded under secondary sewage planttreatment. The maximum permissible level ofABS in drinking water is 0.5 ppm. Variationsin operating conditions of secondary sewageplants can reduce the 95 to 98 percentbiodegradability theOretically attainablewith linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS)%. Themost popular test for bibdegradability isdosing river water with surfactant and theprocess of aerobic biodegradation is followedanalytically until the residual surfactantconcentration levels off. Most industrycenters on two tests: activated sludgerevealing variations in surfactant molecularstructure, and fill and draw. Demand forheavy-duty, high-foaming solid formulationshas reached its peak. Normal paraffins arebeing used as starting materials for linearalkylate and secondary alcohols. Alcoholswill enter detergent markets mainly asethoyether sulfate anionics and ether alcoholnonionics. LAS does not degrade significantlyunder aerobic conditions at temperaturesbetween 10 and 35 C. Clay minerals do notappreciably absorb ABS from waste water.ABS is adsorbed under conditions of saturatedflow through soils. Coliform bacterial

76

BEST CO's' MAKABLE

populations were discovered in householddisposal and in downstream well systemsresulting from switching from detergent tosoap.

64-0342

Wuhrmann, K. An investigation on thesignificance of plant size for refuse disposalby incineration or composting in rural areas.In International Research Group on RefuseDisposal (IRGRD). Information Bulletin No. 20.Washington, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, May 1964. p.41-51.

In refuse disposal plants, plant size is animportant fact in specific operating costs.This is because only low value products aretreated. The smaller the community, thehigher per capita construction costs are.In rural areas, complete disposal facilitiesare not needed because some dumping can bedone. With a greater density of populationor higher per capita yield, the characteristicswill change so that appropriate treatmentcosts must be added to the smaller haulingcosts.

64-0343

The year in Manchester. Public Cleansing,54(2):735, Feb. 1964.

Some notable items of the annual report ofthe Cleansing Department of Manchester,England, are: percentages of solid wastesdisposed of at different sites; the effectsof the paper bag system; the effects ofreorganization which has increased personnelprodUctivity 50 to 80 percent; the fosteringof morale by bonus payments; and a discussionof the problem of illegal dumping.

AGRICULTURAL WASTES

64-0344

Adams, J. L. Hydraulic manure systems. InProceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry Industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.p.149 -159

Since fresh hen manure consists chiefly ofbacteria, it should be theoretically possibleto provide an-environment-which would allow

BEST COPY AVNLABil

these microorganisms to convert the organicsolids of the manure to ,-ases, which couldthen be removed by fored ventilation.Unfortunately, effiient reduction of thesolids by bacteria without odor requires:aerobic bacteria; temperatures above 50 F;sunlight and/or aeration; and extreme dilution.Fresh hen manure is about 80 percent water.The addition of water while pumping greatlyfacilitates the flow of the material, and theequipment and power needed to move largequantities of liquid is very small incomparison with that needed to move semi-solidmanure. Agitation is necessary eitherimmediately before or during pumping tomove the sludge. The difficulties encounteredin handling manure hydraulically are reported.Disagreeable odors are encountered particularlyin situations where ventilation is poor. Aoutboard motor was modified to provide thenecessary agitation. Special equipment maybe needed where gravity-spreading is notpossible Advanteges of the hydraulic systemscurrently in use a're: flexibility of timeof cleaning; ease of handling; the fact thatthe gases released may be less objectionablethan high concentrations of ammoniaeharacteritie of decomposing poultrymanure; the control of flies; lessexpensive equipment required; and the factthat temperatures in houses over large liquidfilled pits are more constant. The space inpits required to provide storage for manureat 80 percent moisture was calculated to he1.45 cu ft for 90 lb of manure. A pit isdiagrammed and the features of its designdiscussed.

644)345.

Aust, A. Social, legal and economiconsiderations of animal production in

ebanization. In Proceedings; Second NationalSym,osium on Poultry Industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.University of Nebraska. p.225-240

The growth of urbanization and the.socialdevelopments whic101ave been affected by itare discussed. Those social developmentsthat restrict the location of new industrialanimal processing plants and impede theoperation of exist:in= plants are: the growthof large concentrations of people in closeproximity; the technological advances achievedin the last 25 years: and the growingaffluence, education, and culturalsophistication of our society. People arebecoming more crilrical of obnoxious industrialpractices, and are more insistent that

-----corrective-measur=es-be-taken. The-leg-al

0341-0346

developments which have been accentuated byurbanization are discussed. These legaldevelopments are a direct result of the socialdevelopments and may he categorized into: (1)

planning controls; (2) public health controls;(3) public safety.codes; and (4) aestheticcontrols. Planning control'; include zoning

and land use control and such techniques asthe Master Plan and the Capital ImprovementsProgram are used. The public health controlsinclude waste and sewerage disposal, and airpollution control. Public safety controlsinclude building codes, fire prevention codes,and safety or accident prevention codes.Aesthetics of urban life is documented by aSupreme Court decision. The three courses ofaction open to the poultry processingindustrialist are: the laissez-faireapproach; the self-sufficient or self-containedapproach; and the cooperative or good citizenapproach. The cooperative good citizenapproach in conjunction with the local cityplanning department is suggested.

611-0346

Barnebey, O. L. Odors and their control. InProceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry Industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.p.57-65.

Five problems relating to odors and airpollution are: (1) general housekeeping;(2) the feather problem, which would notexist if there was prompt removal of thefeathers; (3) odorous and dryer gasesproduced by cooking feathers which can beremoved or diminished by piping into scrubbingtowers; (4) feather meal dust from grindingand drying which can similarly be removedthrough ducts to scrubbing towers; and (5)'holding ponds' for organic waste which are

open-topped anaerobic reactors with no meansof destroyifig the gases produced and henceare to be condemned. A collecting duct systemoperating under suction will bring all thegases: to a central location for deodorizingtreatment. The gases are first cooled andtreated by washing with water sprays, wetplates, etc. After a thorough scrubbing withwater the gases should be contacted with'knockout plates' or their equivalent to

provide surface for removing the entrainedwater. The addition of an alkali to removehydrogen sulfide along with other organiccompounds may be desirable together withfurther purification by passing the gasthrough activated earbon. The activatedcarbon will absorb odors and other organiccompounds-to a-high_percentage by7weight of_

77

Agricultural Wastes

BEST cort AVAIIIIBLE

carbon but will eventually become saturatedand require distilling by steam to removethe gases. The equipment needed is described.

64.0347

Bell, D., J. Mamer, R. Peters, and 0. D.Forker. Urbatization's impact onCalifornia's poultry industry. PacificPoultryman, 68(2):12-14, 62, 65, Feb. 1964.

The shifts in California's egg industry,aspects of zoning as they affec' poultrymen,the fly problems and factors affectingrelocation of poultry farms as a result ofurbanization were discussed at the WesternPoultry Congress in San Jose, California,November 1963. Thepoultry population inCalifornia is estimated at 32 million layersin 1964. About 25 counties in Californiahave been or are in the process of establishingexclusive agricultural zones. The fly problemis a ver;, extensive one throughout Californiaand is growler in'size and intensity. Presentstudies being made in aerobic composting,suggest this method could he an answer to theproblem of manure..and other organic wastes.It is suggested that the poultry industrydevelop a program to bring about systematicstorage, collection and management of allwastes capable of producing domestic flies.

64-0348

Black, R. J. Public Health aspects of poultrywaste management. Presented at the NationalSyMposium on Poultry Industry Waste Management,Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963. University ofNebraska. 3 p.

In the poultry industry, optimum utilizationand redution of both liquid and solid wastesareessential for economic production in smallas Wt":17 _es large operations. Wastes whichcannot be utilized must be disposed of in asuitable manner. Practic:-s-are changing sorapdily in the poultry industry that there isinsufficient technical information availableto deal effectively with many of the problems.Some poultrymen have already constructedfacilities for the lagooning of poultry manureeven though the basic research work necessaryto establish design parameters and to determinethe limitations of this. method is stillunderway. Another problem that has concernedthe poultry industry and public health workersis salmonellosis. Since offal generally issold as raw material for rendering orprocessing into animal and poultry feed, caremust be taken to handle these by-products to

78

prevent their innoculation after heattreatment. If not, new birds are sooninfected by the feed. Poultry solid wasteproblems have been largely ignored. This isserious on light of the fact that, today,individual poultry ranches commonly haveflocks of 40,000 to 50,000 birds, andcontinued urbanization has-steadily. gobbledup nearby undeveloped property.

64.0349

Black, R. J. Sanitary landfilling of poultrywastes. Presented at the National Sym "esiumon Poultry Industry Waste Management,Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963. University ofNebraska. 5 p.

There are two types of sanitary landfilloperations of interest to the poultry industryin disposing of poultry wastes, which includemanure, feathers, litter, carcasses, and offal.They are the public sanitary landfills thatare operated for the disposal of refuse andother solid wastes, and the sanitary landfillsthat are operated for only the disposal ofpoultry wastes. Costs of operation, typesof wastes accepted, methods of financing,and user charges vary widely. so that localconditions and hauling distances must beinvestigated to determine the feasibility ofutilizing sanitary landfill facilities for thedisposal of poultry wastes. When poultrywastes are disposed of by themselves, trenchingis the method of choice, because poultrywastes ordinarily can be expected to have ahigh water content during at least part ofthe year. If the poultry wastes are soliquid that the earth cover sinks, the onlyrecourse is to use a 2 to 3 in. layer ofstraw of other dry waste material for coverto prevent fly oviposition. While theaYe,age poultryman may not have suitable landof equipment to operate a sanitary landfillfor his own use, it may be feasible forseveral poultrymen to jointly finance suchoperations. Two phaseS of fly control workthat are important in the operation of sanitarylandfills are preventing further ovipositionand preventing fly emergence. Further

oviposition can he prevented by covering allexposed wastes. Field tests have shown thatunder usual conditions, a 6-in, layer ofcompacted cover prevent-,l fly emergence.(Separore Paper)

64.0350

Bloodyood. D. C. Waste dispose' concepts.In Proceedinyr; Sec.nd National Symposium on

Poultry Industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.p.11-22

The decomposition proc'iF and the mechanismsof manure disposal are discussed. Septictanks have been used for controlleddecomposition for many years. More recently,the solids in sewage and industrial wasteshave been removed in settling tanks and thentransferred to heated digestion tanks wheredecomposition takes place. The seeminglyomnipresent organistiF, that,carry on thedecomposition require hydrogen, carbon,oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, and smallamounts of other elements. These anaerobicorganisms require oxygen derived fromcompounds in which oxygen is part of themolecule. The solids from sewage and garbageare readily decomposed by anaerobes. Theapplicationsof the anarobla process in alagoon is considered for poultry waste.Laying hens produce 142 lb per yr of manurewith a moisture content of 75 percent. Ahouse with 12,000 hens will contribute solidsequivalent to the suspended sewage from acity with a population of 6,000. The factorsimportant in anaerobic digestion are: pit,

alkalinity, volatile acids, nitrogen, loadingrate, and temperature. Most lagoons digestingsewage sludge operate in the alkaline range,the system being dependent upon nitrogen.The first step in the decomposiVon of organicmatter to carbon dioxide and methane is theconversion of the organic solids into volatileorganic acinI5,. The maximum loadin^ rate hasnot been determined for anaerobic systems.Anaerobic decompositicva in a temperaturerange of 90 to 100 F seems to he optimum.Lagoon construction and operalio: arediscussed. To prevent the possibility thatthe high nitrogen content might resulttoohigh-a concentration of ammoniumbicarbonate. a small flow throw t'-, lagoonis suggested. Sludge must be removed fromthe lagoons periot.ical:

64.0351

Breakthrough in poultry manure. CompostScience, 5(2):30, Sumer 1964.

A British firm, Hydraulics DeveltTments, Ltd.,had developed P process of drying poultrymanure droppings and producing a dry sterilepowder for use as a natural organic fertilizer.Analyses of 10 samples have an averagereading of 5.3 percent phosphatc and 2.1

-percent potash. The company installed aplant on 20,000-biri! battery unit inBerkshire, and the product is sold to

. horticulturists. The plant handles from 1 to

BEST con itVAILABIL 0347-0353

2 tons of dropplers in 1 to 2 hr. Droppings,

which go into a brick-lined pit outside thebattery houses, are transpor by a coveredauger into the gas-fired plant.

64.0352

Brender, M. Lagoons--sink or swim. In

Proceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry industry Waste Managem:mt, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964., University of Nebraska.p.183-192.

The collection and disposal of poultry fecesare discussed from an historical point ofview. New innovations in the egg plant aredescribed. The layers are Housed four to acage in a 'stair-step' arrangement overmanure and water storage tanks, also called'indoor. lagoons' . In the multiple deck

system either hand or power scraping isrequired to drop the manure into the tankor indirectly into a truck. In an 'indoorlagoon' poultry manure goes into a suspensionduring the first and second week, but withthe continuous addition of manure, sludgebuilds up on the bottom of the tank. Theconstruction of an outdoor lagoon is described.Odor is the major problem encountered withlagooning, although the author's outdoorlagoon was odorless, suggesting that the gaseswere being carried aloft. Variations oflagoons and hydraulic engineering for disposalof poultry manure are: catch manure inwaterproof tanks; keep it covered with waterat all times; move it out before it settlesdown; haul it and spread it on fields, orstabilize it on 'outdoor lagoons' ; and

operate by gravity. Future waste disposalresearch is discussed.

64-0353

Bristow, A. K. From farm wastes to fertility.Compost Journal, 22(6):13, Dec. 1963-Jan.1964.

Organic irrigation is commented on as apossible means of using farmyard muck.Because chemical fertilizers are thought tobe easier to use, farmers generally let thismuck drain off their land. In England andNew Zealand, milking sheds and pig pens areoften-located near streams causing grosswater pollution. If sludge were stored ina large tank and pumped to fields, it couldhe profitably used as an organic fertilizer.On farms that are already equipped withorganic irrigation systems the farmers have .

all been pleased with the results.

79

BEST Val AVIMIABLE

Agricultural Wastes

64.0354

Broiler house litter for finishing steers.Pacific Poultryman, 70(11):54, Nov. 1964.

Broiler house litter with a right hull basecan be used as satisfactorily as roughagefor finishing yearling steers, providing asmaller quantity of long hay is fed to preventbloat. This observation was made at theArkansas Agricultural Experiment Stationwhere comparisons were made on the feedingof rice hulls without fat, chicken litterwith fat added, and chicken litter withoutfat. The addition of fat to the litterration seemed to depress feed intake andgains for the first month. Afterward,however, intake and gains were good.

64-0355

Chambers, C. W., and N. A. Clarke. Healthaspects of poultry waste disposal. In

Proceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry Industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.

p.193-212.

The diseases that are a potential threat toman by direct or indirect exposure to poultrywastes are disucssed. These diseases arecaused by microflora. The three categoriesof disease-producing agents discussed arebacteria, fungi, and viruses. Withoutmicroflora to decompose plant and animalwastes these materials would accumulate andwould not be returned to the soil and waterfor reuse. In most instances transmissionof the disease to man is by: direct contactwith waste; ingestion of waste via contaminatedfood or drink; inhalation or contact withcontaminated dust, or spray; and contactwith vectors such as flies or other insects.Salmonellosis, an illness caused by bacteria,is the most common disease transmitted fromfowl to man. Eggs are a frequent source ofinfection. Other bacterial diseases thataffect fowl and are transmissible to manare undulant fever, tuberculosis, andtularemia. Two virus diseases that arecarried by poultry and are transmissible toman are psittacosis and Newcastle disease.A fungus disease associated with poultrywastes is histoplasmosis, which cannot betransmitted directly from fowl to man.Cryptococcosis is another fungus disease.Infected or carrier fowl and health hazardsin poultry wastes are inspearable. A wayto terminate the transmission is by continuingand intensifying the pullorum (Salmonellapullorum) test program. Testing to eliminatepsittacosis from breeding flocks is beneficial.

80

Poultry processing affects the health ofboth the employee and the consumer, andsanitary measures are discussed. Improvedprocessing techniques should be developed,Problems encountered from the disposal andthe spreading of manure are mentioned. Allconditions that can result in multiplicationof disease-producing organisms should becontrolled. Efforts should be made to blockdisease-producing potential at the source.

64.0356

Culpin, C. Equipment for disposal ofagricultural effluents. Chemistry andIndustry, 2(9):350-353, Feb. 19, 1964.

Only recently have farmers in Britain begunto handle manure as slurry. The averagedaily amount of undiluted slurry to hedisposed of is about 5.1 gal per dairy cow,1,6 gal per fattening pig, and 6.2 gal per100 head of poultry; Other.agricultrualeffluents include tbose from'silage making.Transferring manure to storage tanks can hehandled by mechanical scrapers, slatted.dunging passages, and tractor-mounted yardscrapers. Hosing slurry into drainagechannels can be effective under properconditions, Collectiol rainfall in themanure storage tank should be avoided. Typeof manure utilization and frequency and methodof distribution govern tank size. A largelagoon emptied by a piped distribution systemis sometimes practical. With a cylindricaltank design, a mobile stirrer and submergedshaft-driven pump are effective in mixing.Distribution equipment may involve a fixedpump with buried main and rainers, a largetanker with pipe line, or a medium or smalltank distributor. Detailed descriptions aregiven of each of these four methods. Laborrequirement for distributing 1,000 gal byspreader tank is 135 man-minutes, and bypipeline distribution, 30 man-minutes. Someof the unnecessary mechanical handlingproblems associated with the disposal ofslurries are being solved, though problems ofuniform application and of odor still exist.

64.0357

Eby, H. J. Anaerobic lagoons--theory andpractice. In Proceedings; Second NationalSymposium on Poultry Industry Waste Management,Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964. University ofNebraska. p.77-91.

Despite the lack of objections to aerobicfarm waste disposal lagoons by state public

BEST COPY AMAMI

health officials, the aerobic lagoon has thefollowing drawbacks: relatively large landareas required; relatively large quantitiesof water required; and enroachment.ofurbanization. While the original BOD ofmaterial entering an aerobic lagoon can bereduced by up to 100 percent, algaeleaving the lagoon in the effluent, if notsupplied with nutrients, will die andcontribute to stream pollution. Whereinfluent continues to he added, eventuallythere will be a build-up of organic andmineral matter to the point where green algaecan no longer live and produce and the lagoonthen becomes anaerobic. Anaerobic bacteriadevelop which produce most disagreeable odors.In the anaerobic phases of decOmpositionorganic waste is not broken down as well,thus causing a build-up of sludge directlyproportional to the loading rate. Theestablishment of standards for sewagetreatment is complicated by the erratic andfluctuating set of values found with thelivestock enterprise. Enough waterflow per animal unit must go through thelagoon to carry off the digested material sothat dissolved solids do not build up to thesaturation point. Design recommendations arediscussed for anaerobic lagoons. Becausethe anaerobic lagoon does not depend uponthe growth of algae, sunlight is notimportant and the lagoon need not be limitedin depth. Depths of at least 5 to 10 ft arerecommended. The allowable loading rate for!luman and animal wastes to assure stabilization,is presented in tabular Form. The detentiontime is discussed. The operation of the laglagoon constructed at the Swine Research Farmof the University of Maryland is described.

64-0358

Eby, H. J. Disposal of poultry manure andother waste. U.S. Department or' Agriculture,Agricultural. Research Service, 1964. 10 p.

Spreading on fields (dry or wet), ground orpelleted home garden fertilizers, lagooning,laboratory work (HOD), composting, and disposalthrough municipal sewage plants are discussed.Also, several methods for disposal of deadbirds are given. Advantages and disadvantagesof each method of disposal are listed, sothat the reader may choose which would bebest for his particular needs.

64.0359

Englebrecht, R. S., B. B. Ewing, and R. L.Hoover. Soybean and mixed-feed plant

0354-0360

processing wastes. Journal of the WaterPollution Control Federation, 36(4):434-442,Apr. 1964.

Soybeans have become an important crop forAmerican agriculture and are used for manypurposes besides animal consumption. Wastes

from normal operation in the processing ofsoybeans can be adequately controlled in theplant so that the streams carry only anominal organic load. Studies were conductedon a processing plant in Illinois and severalfacts were-established. Accidental ,spillsof molasses, condensed fish solublesstabilized fats, and soybean oil introduceserious shock loads to receiving streams.This could be prevented by removing thestrted-s4udge, fly ash, and soot. Ahdolding tank prevents accidental discharge.Routing of wastewater through detention pondscan prevent overloading the stream. A pondwas constructed which consisted of settlingbasins, a holding pond and an aeration spraysystem. A continuous monitoring program ofthe combined waste flow, treatment pond, andreceiving stream has been carried out bysampling twice a week. Combined settling ofthe inorganic sludges provided satisfactorydisposal and also made possible reuse of theclarified water. Data and charts supplementmaterial and facts in this paper.

64.0360

Faith, W. L. Odor control in cattle feedyards. Journal of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, 14(11):459-460, Nov. 1964.

With the population explosion into thesuburbs, cattle feed yards which wereformerly miles from residential areas arenow neighbors to housing developments. Theodor from improperly operated yards hasresulted in complaint and indignation by thenew neighbors. The fattening of cattle isbig business and still growing with 9million cattle, each of which produce 26 lbof excreta, including 15 lb of urine per day.In California there are 500 feedlots with3,500 to 32,000 head in the peak season.There are two types of odor: the odor fromfresh manure is dissipated rapidly as theexcreta cools and. is not offensive. However,if the material does not dry out, highlyodorous products are produced by putrefaction.The program at a 10,000 to 12,000 head feedyard with 70 acres of usable corral was builton good housekeeping. All piles of manurewere removed; the corrals were scraped clown

to bare earth. The accumulations ofhard packed anaerobic manure were removed

81

Agricultural Wastes

BESTfrom around mangers and water troughs. Poolsof water or wet areas were avoided in thecorrals. The manure was removed from theyards three times a year and the ground wasscarified to promote aerobic conditionsfollowed by spraying with 1 percent (200lb per acre) of potassium permanganatesolution. Odors which developed in dumps orditches were controlled by the use ofpermanganate, either solid or in solution.The housing boom which brought residentialareas into close proximity to feed lots hasresulted in complaints of the odor, which isbeing minimized by controls.

64.0361

Feeding potential of reclaimed fecal residue.Compost Science, 4(4):32, Winter 1964.

Formerly, swine were used to salvage grainvoided in cattle feces. Since grains arenow ground for feeding, there is a declinein interest in this procedure. Nevertheless,feces from fullfed cattle contain appreciableamounts of undigested feed residue. Odorsand flies are caused. Research is conductedto recover some of the fecal feed and toeffectively dispose of orgaiir residuesvoided by confined ,cattle.

64-0362

Fruit processing industry. Public HealthService Publication No. 95'. Washington,U.S. Department of Health, Education, andWelfare, 1964. 15 p.

The -lature and source of the liquid wastesare discussed and the inplant practices whichare known to improve waste disposal situationsare described. Practical procedures arediscussed which may reduce the volume andthe strength of the waste load and, thus,reduce total waste treatment costs. Waterconservation in canning is discussed brieflyin connection with its effect on wasteproblems. The principle methods of treatmentgenerally recognized to he of value areoutlined. A flow chart of fruit processingshowing water use and sources of waste isgiven. The sources and estimated averagevolumes of waste waters from the processingsteps In the canning of fruits are presented.Generally, it can be assumed that fruitcanning produces a liquid waste approximately10 times the strength of domestic sewage whenexpressed in terms of BOD. Each canningwaste-treatment problem needs special study.Significant reductions can be made in

82

RV ARABLE

the strength of fruit canning wastes byinstitution of waste-saving andwaste-prevention practices. Fruit acidsand sugars in the waste stimulate rapid andabundant microbial growth in the stream. Themost common and expected pollution effect isdepletion of the 'oxygen demand supply in thestream to a level at which fish life is killed.If utilization of oxygen is continued withoutreplenishment, anaerobic decomposition ofthe waste begins with production of odors,discoloration of the stream, and othernuisance conditions. Treatment and disposal.methods are discussed.

64.0363

Hart, S. A., and W. C. Fairbank. Disposal ofperished poultry. In Proceedings; SecondNational Symposium on Poultry industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.University of Nebraska. p.213.

Despite the best operation and management ofegg farms the mortality rate is 1 to

percent per month, a loss of 1 chicken perday for each 2,000 to 3,000 birds housed.These chickens may die from disease,cannibalism, heat, and other causes.Poultrymen get rid of dead birds in variousways, some of which create health hazards- -for example, throwing the carcasses tovultures and skunks, or improper burial thatpollutes underground water. Disposal of birdsmust be prompt, sanitary, efficient, andeconomical. The volume-weight relationshipof dead chickens was. determined. Disposal.techniques may have to consider stabilizingthe degradable meaty portion, with handlingand long-term storage for the more inert bonesand feathers. Rendering probably is thepreferred.method. Poultry pose both physicaland economic burdens on rendering operations.Disposing of dead matter involves storageand processing. Burial, the oldest methodfor disposing of flesh, is truly storage,coupled with biodegradation. Burial pitsor dry cesspools usually consist of a boredand covered dry well with a lidded top through

which the, dead bird is dropped.. A secondburial scheme is the heated septic tank,which is storage combined with acceleratedbiodegradation. Freezing dead birds stopsputrefaction and is prompt, sanitary, andefficient. Chemical storage, for example,pickling in 2 or 3 percent formaldehydesolution, is cheaper than freezing. Mostmunicipal. dumps will accept dead.birds for afee. Bird maceration is not presentlyfeasible. Proper incineration is a mostsatisfactory disposal. technique, although

BEST COPY AMIABLE

more expensive and less sanitary. Enzymesto aid biodegradation are still ofquestionable value. Presently it costsbetween 0.6 to 5 cents each to dispose ofdead chickens.

64-0364

Hart, S. A. Manure management in poultrywaste disposal. Agricultural Engineering,45(8):430, Aug. 1964.

Manure management was the principle subjectat the Second National Symposium on PoultryIndustry Waste Management held in May at theUniversity of Nebraska. At the meeting a yearago, the emphasis was on outlining theoverall problem of poultry waste, butthis year the attention was confined toa consideration of the possible solutions.The aerobic and anaerobic degradation oforganic wastes including manures wassdiscussed and related to the problem ofstabilizing chicken manure. The discussionat the previous meeting had emphasized thedesirability of manure lagoons. Furtherresearch indicated that only anaerobic lagoonshold much to offer as a method ofhandling the large volumes of organic wastefrom large-scale poultry farms. Even whereland area is not limited, the availabilityof water could restrict the use of theaerobic lagoon. The methods of movingpoultry manure from where it is defecated tothe lagoon or other treatment facility wasdiscussed by the group. The legal facetsand the actual practice of dead bird disposalwere discussed. The need for adequateenvironmental control by all segments ofsociety, including agriculture, to protectour heritage of a bountiful and enjoyableplace to live was stressed. The interest inthe subject is evidenced by the attendance of90 representatives of universities, governmentagencies, industry, and commercial agriculture.

64-0365

Hart, S. A. Processing agricultural wastes.In Proceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.168-174.

The manure wastes from cattle feedlots posea problem typical of nearly all of agriculture'sdiscard dilemma. Often this madure is spreadon fallow land. This only transfers theproblem from feedlot to field; it solvesnothing. If the haul is distant, it may

0361-0366

involve processing. Processing is thesecond of three steps in the management ofagricultural wastes. Processing is precededby collection, and is followed by utilizationor disposal. The methods of manure processingas used today, and those which may offer somehopes for the future are reviewed. Storage,drying, composting, digestion, and lagoons inaddition to other methods are discussed. Theactivated sludge process is aerobic degradationand stabilization in a water medium.Laboratory studies on the potential of thisfor highly diluted hog manure indicate thatBOD reductions of 70 to 80 percent arereadily obtainable. It is uneconomic toexpect endogenous and complete stabilization,but activated sludge degradation of manuremay have some potential. Cull and overripefruits and vegetables left in the field, andall tree prunings, stubble, and unharvestableplant parts pose a difficult and expensivewaste management problem. These wastes aregenerally disposed of in three ways: plowinginto the soil; burning; and surface spreading.Agricultural wastes--both manures and fieldtrash--are not wastes separate from the restof the society's discards. Research isneeded in the area of more complete utilizationof organic matter through new processes andtechniques.

64.0366

Hart, S. A. Sanitary engineering in

agriculture. Compost Science, 4(4):11-15,Winter 1964.

There are four kinds of agricultural wastes:livestock manure, crop residues, dead animals,and chemical residues. Twenty-five percentof lifetime excretion of beef cattle isin the corral. Manure from birds is dischargedin a concentrated area at a rapid rate. At

a cost of 0.9 cent per lb for collection, afarmer would have to pay $200 per cow per year.The four steps in management of manure are:collection, processing, storing, andutilization or disposal. The farmer maywash out the barn or treat it like a solid.Manure must be either stored in fly-tightcontainers or dried. Using fuel heat isexpensive. California uses sun drying.Manure is too wet to he composted unlessmixed with carbonaceous material. Digestionis too expensive. The anaerobic manurelagoon seems to be the best method oftreatment since it needs minimal sludgeremoval. The major disposal of manure isreturning it to the soil. Drying' reducesweight and volume and concentrates fertilizernutrients. But manure is not as good as

83

Agricultural Wastes

chemical fertilizer. Manure can he used forvitamins, hormones, and drugs. It is usedfor fuel in India. Perishable fruits andvegetables, which are harvested in severalpickings, rot and breed the fruit fly(Drosophila) which causes disease. Whencereal stubble is incorporated into the soil,it ties up nutrients for the next year'scrops; burning it causes air pollution. Thefuture for dead animals is dim becausesynthetic detergents have reduced the marketfor fats.

64.0367

Hart, S. A. Thin spreading of slurried manures.Transactions of the American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, 7(1):22-25, 28, 1964.

Manure disposal is a vexing problem ofconcentrated livestock farming', largelybecause manure is a prime breeding mediumfor flies and poses serious odor andsanitation problems. Manure is valuable asa soil additive or fertilizer, but it isdifficult to stabilize. A spreading anddrying scheme-has proved a successful solution,possessing the pditential for processing andincreasing the utilization of manure. Manurefrom modern dair.y, beef, and swine feedlotscontains no bedding or litter. It averages25 to 40 percent,; solids on a wet-weight basis.It is desirable to have manure as dry aspossible to prevent fly breeding. The studydetermined that thin spreading, layer uponlayer, day after day, could accomplisheffective dyring. Spreading must be reducedin thickness as summer wanes, due to shorterdaylenght, and generally lower temperatures.Odor were not an overwhelming obstacle in thestudy. Nitrogen loss did occur, but this isa reasonable sacrifice for the sanitarystabilization achieved. In the study.itself,six 12 by 22 ft chicken manure plots and sixidentical dairy manure plots were each dosedwith 47 cumulative layers of theappropriate manure slurry on a five-timeper week schedule. Different thicknesseswere tested. Chicken manure slurries averaged 19.percent total solids, and dairy averaged 13.7percent. The land area required for cumulativelayering was found to be large--less than 200sq ft per cow and 1 sq ft per chicken. Afuture possibility lies in injecting manureslurries. Data discusses complete studyresults.

64-0368

Hart, S. A.,. and P. H. McGauhey. Wastesmanagement in the food producing and processing

84

olo

industries. In Proceedings; Eleventh PacificNorthwest Industrial Waste Conference,Corvallis, Oreg. Sept. 1963. p.92-100.

The magnitude and nature of the waste disposalproblem from the viewpoint of the food industryis discussed. Agriculture is the biggestproducer of waste with 25 cu yd of manure and8 tons of cull fruit and field trash producedper American family annually in the UnitedStates. Manure treatment is the mostpressing problem. Presently most manure isplaced on fields but its collection andspreading makes it more expensive thancommerical fertilizers. Stalks, stems andleaves are generally plowed under. Tomatoskins and seeds can serve as animal feeds, andfruit pits may be made into charcoal. Themanagement of wastes is essential, and toignore or make only half-efforts at effectivedisposal is to endanger our environment.'Passing of the wastebasket from producer toconsumer, or from farmer to processor is notsuitable. The solution will come througheducation of the citizens, farmers, andproducers to realize that coordination ofwaste disposal will yield a more satisfactorysolution, that disposal must be financed, andresearch must he instituted into economicaland feasible methods of community wastedisposal.

64-0369

Howes, D. E. Programs and legislation fordead bird disposal. In Proceedings; SecondNational Symposium on Poultry Industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.University of Nebraska. p.215-224.

The need for a complete security managementprogram for the poultry industry based upondisease prevention is noted. The poultryindustry has become increasingly dependentupon drugs and vaccines, resulting in poormanagement practices. Drugs are inadequateas the sole means of defense and should beused only for the treatment of specific

8 diseases. Live virus vaccines have stimulatedother diseases. The most important problemremaining is to prevent mechanical spread ofdiseases such as fowl typhoid, fowl cholera,

infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease,CRD; and fowl pox. Of primary importance isthe fact that dead carcasses may containdisease agents for long periods. Thus,adequate and prompt destruction of carcassesmust take place.on the ground where deathoccurs. Legislation.has been initiated inmany states to assure proper disposal.Because every farm is endangered through

BEST COPY MIAOW.

disease-carrying vectors from diseasedcarcasses on a neighbor's farm, fullparticipation is necessary if a plan ofoperation is to be effective. The educationof producers to the total security management.program is the function of the State ExtensionService. Leadership by a strong industrialorganization or federation of poultryorganizations is needed. A suitable lawproviding for adequate disposal of dead birdson the premises, through use of disposalpits or incineration is suggested. Adequatetime for an educational program to be carriedout before the laW is strictly enforced isnecessary. The experience of Virginia indrafting a suitable law is drawn upon. Aseries of general meetings were held byExtension Poultry Specialists and Departmentof Agriculture personnel to explain the lawand to discuss and evaluate disposal methods.

64.0370

Jeffrey, E. A., R. Ricketts, and W. C.Blackman. Aerobic and anaerobic digestion--characteristics of livestock wastes.University of Missouri Bulletin,Engineering Experimental Station,Engineering Series Bulleint No. 57,65(2):1-105, Jan. 16, 1964.

This laboratory study was initiated with thepurpose of determining the aerobic andanaerobic digestion characteristics oflivestock wastes. .Hog, cow, and sheep manurewere digested anaerobically in bench-scaledigesters. First stage BOO and oxidationrate const.ants were measured for these samewastes. A BOD and COD correlation wasdetermined for each waste and the rate anddegree of biodegradation of hog wastes in/aeration tanks was' investigated. The /

conclusions drawn in each phase of this studyare correlated in the final chapter, andexample calculations are presented for hogwastes. The-quantity of waste required totreat the wastes, either aerobically oranaerobically, is considered in the finalchapter, and it is shown to be a practicalproblem from the standpoint of the adequacyof many farm water supplies.

64-0371

Johnson, C. Liquid handling processes fprpoultry manure utilization. In Proceedings;Second National Symposium on Poultry IndustryWaste Management, Lincoln, May 19-20,1964. University of Nebraska. p.161-181.

0367-0372

An integrated system concept for liquid. manurehandling that has been operating for a yearand five months with considerable success isdescribed. The labor-reduction characteristics,sanitation control, and water recirculationaspects differentiate this poultry wastesystem from others to date. The RollandCongdom farm in East Longmeadow, Massachusetts,is the site.- The installation consists ofconventional commercial cage units, arrangeddouble-deck, upper tier back to back, and

lower tier spaced about 8 in. apart.Droppings from the upper cage fall upon a1/8 in. sheet of cement asbestos board, slopedtoward the center. Droppings are scrapedtwice weekly from this board, from which theyfall into the liquid trough below. Thedesign of the concrete septic tank is described.The steps taken at the time of removal of 8days accumulation of droppings under eachline of cages are enumerated. Thisaccumulation normally can be removed in 18minutes. The estimated contracted cost forthe installation would he about $1.00 perbird, which would be $0.247 per bird withover 7,000 birds, over a 10 year period,including a 3-time per year removal of thesludge from the tank. The 7,000 bird flockwould yield 487 tons of fertilizer per year.Liquid manure retains more of the nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium. The five E's ofmanure disposal. systems are: Economics,Esthetics, Effectiveness, Efficiency, andEase. A scale for qualitative evaluation ofthe latter is presented. The use of lagoonsin areas where land values are high make it aprohibitive investment. The advantages ofthe liquid manure system described arepointed out,

64.0372

Ludington, D., and A. T. Sobel. Hydrauliccollection of poultry wastes. In Proceedings;Second National Symposium on Poultry industryWaste Management, Lincoln, May 19-20,1964. University of Nebraska. p.115-135.

`Hydraulic collection of poultry manure' inthe United States implies a pit of varyingdepth and width, with or without water addedinitially. The possibility of manure disposalin these pits altered their name to `indoorlagoons.' The hdvantages of hydrauliccollection are reduction in odors, thepo,:sibitity of scheduled cleaning, moreuniform yearly indoor temperatures, lesslabor requirements, and lower fly production.Some type of mechanical device for cleaningthe hydraulic pits is a necessity, and thisoperation is described. For poultry manure

85

Agricultural Wastes

to he moved mechanically, it must have amoisture content approaching 85 percent. Thisincrease in liquid content is accomplishedby the bacterial activity which destroys someof the solid matter, although this is notsufficient and supplemental water must beadded either at the beginning of loading,during loading, or just before cleaning.The results of laboratory tests to determinethe extent of bacterial activity in poultrymanure are presented in graphs. Althoughabout half of the solid matter is consumed,the total mass remaining in a pit which mustbe removed and disposed of is almost unchanged.Pit accumulation and design can he estimatedby taking batch process data, which wasprojected to continuous feed process data,and .relating it to an actual pit. Factors tohe considered in estimating the time requiredfor handling and spreading are: size andnumber of tanks for hauling, rapidity ofloading, distance of hauls, mechanicalreliability of equipment, availability ofland, and number of birds. The biggestadvantage of the hydraulic system is itsflexibility in cleaning. Because of safetyand the difficulty in cleaning, pits shouldhe confined by walls and limited to 3 ft indepth. Because of the dilution required,more material must he handled when using ahydraulic system.

64-0373

Manure as fuel. Pacific Poultryman,7000:46, Nov. 1964.

A patent on a process for compressing broilerand laying house deep litter into briquettesto he used as fuel for heating broiler housesand greenhouses has been issued in England.Tests have shown that the heating value ofthese briquettes is 8,000 Btu per lb,'according to Poultry Farmer and Packer. For

wood, the Btu rating is 9,000; coal, 13,000;coke, 13,300; and oil, 19,000.

64.0374

Moisture level favoring little house flies.Pacific Poultryman, 70(11):32, Nov. 1964.

Studies conducted in California indicate thatthe little house fly (Fannia canlcularis) ismost likely to deposit its eggs in poultrymanure that has about equal parts of waterand dry manure. Droppings that are.very,wet

or very dry'have little attraction to thefly. When cracks developed in thik mixtureof 42.8 percent and 60 percent moisture, eggswere deposited in them.

86

BEV 41.1f"' WilIMABLIE

64.0375

Morris, O. L. Extended aeration wastetreatment plants. in Proceedings; SecondNational Symposium on Poultry Industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.University of Nebraska. p.45-56.

The extended-aeration waste treatment processis a modification of the activated-sludgeprocess, the principal differences being inthe unit capacities, the load applied, andthe aeration contact time. There is anabsence of primary settling of waste in theextended-aeration process and the return ofall settleable solids from the final settlingtank to the aeration tank. Accumulation ofsolids within the system is an inherentcharacteristic of an extended-aeration plant,and the plant's efficiency is- related to theamount of solids discharged in the effluent.Although the major application of theextended-aeration process has been to sanitarywaste, the treatment of organic industrialwastes amenable to biologicaloxidation- reduction reactions is beingconsidered. The design of extended-aerationplants is discussed. The principalinformation necessary for design of a plantis: (1) the total organic load expressed interms of BOD and suspended solids; (2) thetotal waste volume to he treated with anevaluation of the minimum, maximum, andaverage flow correlated with the run-offperiod; (3) the degree of treatment necessaryto satisfy the surrounding environment interms of effluent discharge, air pollution,solids disposal, and aesthetic values.Typical design values are listed. Thesludge-holding tank reduces the volatilefraction of excess sludge to make it suitable.for sand drying beds,, lagoons, and otherdisposal methods. Ponds for the storageof plant effluent for several days will affectreasonable solids control and maintainphytoplankton at a reasonable level. The useof slow sand filters is an effectiveeffluent - polishing device. The."advantages

and disadvantages of extended-aeration plantsare discussed, as is their use for proceSsingindustrial waste.

64.0376

Nicholas,R. C., K. E. H. Motawi, and J. L.Blaisdell Cooling rates of individual fruitin air and in water. Michigan AgriculturalExperiment Station Quarterly Bulletin,47(1):51-64, Aug. 1964.

Cooling experiments included tunnel cooling,in which cold air at 31 to 32 F was the heat. transfer medium for cooling apples of

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

different sizes one at a time at differentair velocities, and water cooling, in whichapples were cooled in running water at 32 Fat different water flow rates. Theexperimental cooling curves were compared witha theoretical model of heat transfer: heatloss from a sphere initially at uniformtemperature to surroundings at constanttemperature, and with a finite surface heattransfer coefficient. The experimentalresults, particularly with air cooling,suggest that the theoretical model, togetherwith fundamental properties of the fruitand the medium such as thermal diffusivity,a thermal conductivity, and surface heat transfercoefficient, can be used to predict thecooling curve.

64-0377

No flies because birds use entire litterarea. Pacific Poultryman, 70(11):41, Nov.1964.

Flies are no problem for John L Kanst,Corcoran, California, who has a flock of5,000 layers and also runs a dairy. Hishousing is of the deep litter type on concretefloors, and he allows, about 21 per 4 sq ft offloor space per bird. The important point hemakes is that every portion of the entire floorarea is available to the birds at all times.

. There are no exposed areas of droppings, forthe manure mixes with the litter, drawingthe moisture out of the droppings and makingthem unattractive to flies.

64-0378

Ostrander, C. E. Hydraulic manure handlingin laying houses. In Proceedings; SecondNational Symposium on Poultry Industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.University of Nebraska. p.137-147.

The disposal. of poultry manure has receivedmuch attention recently due to the highdensity laying operations on individual farms.Generally, 100 layers per day will produce0.5 cu ft, 3.6 gal, or 25 to 30 lb of mature.One pound of fresh manure will he produced foreach pound of feed used. Although there is

. no one system of handling poultry manurefor all situations, the hydrhulic system(collecting poultry manure in water pits)works very satisfactorily for many operations.Advantages of handling' poultry manure inliquid form are: flexibility of cleaning,reduction of odors, reduction of labor inhandling manure, less mechanization required,

0373 -0379

control of flies, and control of temperaturein the poultry house. The hydraulic systemwith tanks 2 or more ft deep will operate 2or more years before cleaning is required,under slat floors, and 6 months understair-step cages. The tanks can be cleanedby gravity with the aid of a false end gateto encourage flowing. If the laying houseis built on flat ground, the liquid manuremust be pumped into the spreaders. Thisrequires a minimum of a 3-in. pump. Thehydraulic system reduces odors because thewater in the tanks acts as a seal, trappingmost of the gases. The pits or tanks, witha nearly flat bottom, should he 24 to 36 in.deep to allow for cleaning. Recommendationsfor adding the hydraulic system to remodeledhouses are given. The hydraulic system,although often referred to as 'insidelagoons', does not operate underphotosynthesis. There is little digestion,although some liquefaction takes place whichaids in cleaning. The main disadvantage ofthe system is that it does 'not dispose of themanure itself.

64-0379

Palmer, L. M. What's new in manure disposal.Agricultural Engineering, 45(3):134-135,Mar. 1964.

A panel discussion held at the December 1963meeting of the American Society of AgriculturalEngineers is reported. Twelve differentmethods of manure disposal which werediscussed included both the dry and wetmethods. In the dry method the manure isdried out or incinerated as soon as possibleto reduce the odor and fly problem. In thewet method, the manure is liquefied with waterfor ultimate disposal.on crop land or inlagoons and it is this method which isgetting the most attention from farmers.Poultrymen, hog producers, and dairy farmersare adapting their buildings to liquid manuresystems. Poultrymen use water-filled tanksunder their cages or slats. Completelyslotted floors are the best type for pigswith provisions made to

withthe dung in

water. The problem with lagoons 'is the sizerequired for aerobic conditions. For

northern poultry farms, an acre of lagoonwould be required for every 1,000 hogs foraerobic conditions. Doubt was expressed asto whether there was an aerobic livestocklagoon in the country, except as a researchproject. Anaerobic lagoons are feasible,but eventually the accumulated digested sludgemust be disposed of.

the

of manuremay be the answer to the poultry waste

87

Agricultural Wastes

problem. The manure has a high carbon contentand evolves a large amount of heat which canhe used to dry out manure with up to 60percent moisture.

64-0380

Perry, C. A. Identification and control ofodors from animal wastes. In Proceedings;Second National Symposium on Poultry IndustryWaste Management, Lincoln, May 19-20,1964. University of Nebraska. p.67-73.

Molds, fungi, and bacterial organisms whichare present in all organic matter areresponsible for producing odors. Decompositiontakes place in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.in contrast to anaerobic bacteria, aerobicbacteria cause rapid decomposition andproduce little odor. Anaerobic bacteria formfoul, putrid, rotten-smelling by-products,which when concentrated into an air mass thatmoves over a populated urban area, causenumerous complaints. The City of Pomonabrought a suit against two cattle feedlots,with nearly 20,000 cattle 3 to 5 miles fromthe edge of the residential area. A feedlotsanitation management program and a system tomeasure the results are outlined. in thespring of 1961 the two cattle feeders startedremoving a winter's accumulation of manurefrom the corral. Odor control chemicals wereincluded. The program called for continuousmanure removal, and reshaping the corralfloors to keep them drained and dry. Thesubjective approach of measuring andidentifying odors using the sense of smellwas-adopted. Three or four persons from eachcomplaint area were enlisted. The old,hard-packed, deep manure layers were removedfrom the feedlots and the continuous cleanoutand sanitary practices effected. Thefrequency of offensive odors coming fromlivestock operations greatly diminished. Themanagement procedures were officially adoptedas standards of operation and an ordinancegoverning cattle feedlot operations was.avoided.

64.0381

Porges, R. Aerobic stabilization ponds. InProceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.p.23-43.

Aerobic ponds operate with dissolved oxygenpresent, though oxygen must be absent in thebottom zone. The loading must be restricted

88

so that the algae can liberate sufficientoxygen to permit aerobic decomposition.Organic materials are decomposed by bacteriato produce carbon dioxide, water, inertresidues, and soluble nutrients. Thesenutrients supply the requirements forphotosynthesis by algae. Loadings of upto 100 lb of DOD per acre per day areacceptable and even higher loadings may bepossible where climatic conditions aresuitable. Temperature affects the rates ofdecomposition and algal respiration; lowtemperatures reduce both rates. Where iceforms, ponds are effectively sealed and odorsare associated with these anaerobic conditions,after the ice cover disappears. The additionof -- sodium nitrate or artificial aeration issuggested for an additional source of oxygen.Stabilization ponds should be located farfrom housing and water supplies. The shape,liquid depth, pond bottom, dikes, inlet,outlet, surface runoff, maintenance, andpond efficiencies are discussed. Data issupplied on the ponds in use for poultrywaste treatment. One acre of an aerobic pond,where ice-cover does not persist will probablyprovide adequate treatment of manure wastesfrom 3,000 chickens if sufficient water isavailable, While stabilization ponds arenot the answer in every case, they do provideanother tool to assist in control of wasteproblems.

64-0382

Porges, R. Wastes from the poultry processingindustry. Technical Report W62-3. Cincinnati,U.S. Public Health Service, 1962. 40 p.

A study of the poultry processing industrywas undertaken because of the interest shownby regulatory agencies, industry, consultingengineers, and others concerned with water,use and waste disposal. The average poultryprocessing plant is a modern, highlyautomatic establishment processing in theneighborhood of 50,000 birds per day. Thevarious operations may he grouped under thegeneral headings of receiving, killing,defeathering, evisceration and cutting, andpacking. The blood from the killing station.represents the waste of greatest pollutionalsignificance, Defeathering and eviscerating

operations account for a sizeable portion ofthe total plant waste load. The largemajority of poultry establishments haveflow-away systems consisting of flumes toreceive wastes and wash waters. Recovery ofblood, feathers, and offal for by-productsalvage or separate disposal significantly .

reduces the pollutional load. Untreated

11EST C31-q

poultry wastes have the following pollutionaleffects upon receiving streams: reduction ofavailable oxygen, deposition of solids,addition of floating matter, and increase ofcoliform color, and inorganic mineral. Intent.Poultry wastes most often are discharged tomunicipal treatment facilities. Variousmethods employed for treatment of poultryplant wastes are: primary settling, chemical.treatment, trickliag filters and the activatedsludge process, stabilization ponds, and landirrigation.

64.0383

Portable scoop-sled for manure removal.Pacific Poultryman, 68(1):50-51, Jan. 1964.

Poultry manure is removed f-om below thegroup cages on the plant of Winlock Farms,Winlock, Washington, twice a year and is usedby dairy farmers Zor their pasture and cropland. A 40-in. wide scoop-sled is used inthe 5-ft wide pit below the 3 by 5 back-to-backgroup cages to bring the droppings out of thehouse, up through a 10 in. auger and onto amanure spreader or truck for hauling. Thescoop-sled, the steel cable used to draw ithack and forth, the cable and pulley anchoringdevice at one end, and the 5 horsepowerelectric motor at the other end are movedfrom one 240-ft long pit to the next one asthe cleaning progresses. it takes about 600hr per year to clean out manure from under40,000 layers.

64.0384

Poultry manure superior fertilizer for'tomatoes. Pacific Poultryman; 70(11):72,Nov. 1964.

Thyee groups of tomato, cabbage, and eggplants were used in a test conducted atColorado State University. One group wasfertilized with a chemical solution, arotherwith fresh poultry manure, and the third withfermented poultry manure. At the end of 6weeks, the plants grown on fermented manurehad more leaves, heavier stalks, lookedhealthier, and showed better color. Tomatoeswere producing more and larger fruit. Plantsgrown on fresh manure were not an vigorous,but were better than those in the chemicalsolution group.

64.0385

Pratelli, O. Swine housing trend in Italy.Agricultural Eneneering, 45(11):616, Nov.1964.

0380-0388

Italian swine houses and a brief noteon the removal of feces are described. Waterjets flush the manure to outlets and then tolarge underground masonry tanks.

64-0386

Questions litter use as animal feed. PacificPoultryman, 70(11):50, Nov. 1964.

_ .

Bruce Poundstone, secretary of the Associationof American Feed Control Officials, says thatpoultry house litter is not a satisfactoryanimal feed. Drugs administered to chickensin feed or water pass through the gut unchangedand remain in the litter. These drugs maybe toxic to cattle and other livestock. Inaddition, poultry diseases can be carried tocattle unless the manure is sterilized.

64-0387

Reeder, N. Hog manure too valuable'to waste.Nation's Agriculture, 39(5):14-15, 'flay 1964.

Hog manure has a high value as fertilizerand is no more expensive to pump out andspread than it is to run off into a lagoon.The new hog house used with this idea hasgutters under slotted flooring and isacc. Isible from outside. The pumping systemused must he built to withstand vacuum pressure.

64-0388

Riley, C. Dewatering poultry manure.Agriculture, 71(11):527-529, Nov. 1964.

In the dewatering of poultry manure, theproblem is to convert an unpleasant,difficult-to-handle product, which cannot begiven away, inroa cake which can eventuallybe sold with the proper type of marketing.Normal industrial appliances do not dewaterpoultry manure well and the best resultswould be obtained by drying with heat. Onethousand birds in cages will produce 2 tonsof fresh manure a week at 76 percent moisture,which can be dried to 20 percent at a cost of$10 per ton for the dried material. in theoperation of the drier it would be importantto plan the system so that there is a constantinput in order to balance the heat and airflow,and to control the load in a sensible.manner.The system could he planned to empty a tieror block of cages at one time, or the driercould he operated at a fixed time fromstored droppings. The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content has a value of $8 a ton

89

Agricultural Wastes BESTcO MAILABLE

compared to the cost of $10 a ton for thepreparation of the dried material, whichseems to store well in polythene bags.Dewatering of poultry manure is a relativelyuntried process. Plants do exist which candewater poultry manure satisfactorily oncethe initial problems of handling are overcome.However, the process is not self-supportingand the question as to costs is still undecided.

64.0389

Rose, W. W., J. Chapman, and W. A. Mercer.Composting fruit waste solids. In Proceedings;Eleventh Pacific Northwest Industrial WasteConference, Corvallis,-Ore., 1963. p.32-50.

An initial study was made of the feasibilityand requisite optimum conditions forsatisfactory composting of fruit waste solidson a commercial basis. The procedure used4 ft by 4 ft by ft bins and a concretepad for mixing and turning the compost. Fiveexperiments were run. The first determinedoptimum weight rations of unpulverized peachsolids to recycle compost. Initial moistureof 60 to 65 percent was recommended. The secondshowed that by grinding the peachwaste thetime to form stable compost was cut in half.The ;:hird indicated that the initial low pHof the waste which slowed the beginning of

the compost cycle, could be raised by adding0.5 percent lime after 6 days which shortenedthe cycle by several days. The 4th showedthat the initial addition of 0.5 percentlime decreased the time lag before pH risefrom 9 to 3 days. The 5th showed the effectsof nitrogen, nitrogen plus lime, and limealone on fruit waste and sawdust. The nitrogenand lime gave the optimum results. Muchstudy on the field level is still to be done.Detailed charts, tables, and analysis of theexperiments are included. The feasibilityof composting fruit wastes was shown.

64-0390

Sacca, C. Comparative hionomics in the genusMusca. Annual Review of Entomology, 9:341-358,1964.

Various species are discussed. Sixty validspecies are distributed in the Palearctic,Ethiopian, and Oriental zoogeographic regions.Flies' reproductive habits are described.Flies are more mOtije in warmer temperatures.Heaps of refuse provide flies with food andheat due to the fermentation process.Production of new individuals is huge thereand on dung hills, due to the abundance of

90

larval food made of organic residues ofanimal and vegetable origin which have longfermented, and E.re mixed with inert materialthat helps it aeration. When temperaturesallow the winged.insects to fly, the dumpsare a source from which masses of adult fliesmove toward human dwellings. Musca may transmitdiseases through: ingestion of pathogenicagent and deposition with fecal spots;swallowing the agent and deposition by vomitdrops; or spreading through the externalsurface of the body. Flies feed on humanfeces which may contain viruses. Shigelladysenteriae has been found in the intestinaltract of flies. Epidemics of'infant summerdiarrhea are strongly affected by thepresence of a large fly population. A housefly may be a carrier of tape worms, andnematodes whose eggs may adhere tothe fly's legs. Many species of fungiand arthropods are parasites of flies.(Flies may act as true intermediate hosts.)

64-0391

Scheusener, P. E. Research needs in ruralwaste utilization. Agricultural Engineering,45(9):492-495, 499, Sept. 1964.

Research scientists should devote more effortand original thought to the problems ofrural waste disposal which range from fecesto fungicides, from products of putrefactionto pesticides and from stream sediments tosmog. The problem is not to find researchprojects in the disposal and utilization ofagricultural waste, but to comprehend thewide scope of the total problem of rural -wasteutilization. Five systems of organizationare proposed: systems for human environment;systems for animal and wildlife environment;systemn for plant environment; systems forprocessing agricultural products; and thesocial system. The proposed areas of researchinclude: sampling methods and equipment forthe air, soil, and water. environment;identification of waste material; chemical,physical, and biological properties of ruralwaste products; engineering criteria forsystems such as lagoons; irrigationoperations, aerobic, anaerobic, etc.;establishment of 'safe levels' of

wastes in the environment; and the

reaction of wastes to the air, soil,and water environment, and their ultimate fatein .those environments. Severe problems existin large housing areas where no municipalsewers exists, and possible disposal fieldsare small and the soil is impervious. Theperformance equipment for handling animalexcreta has not been determined. The long

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

term security of man on this planer dependson how well the earth can accommodate bothman and his wastes.

64.0392

Smith, S. M., and J. R. Miner. Streampollution From feedlot runoff. BulletinNo. 2-1. Topeka, Kansas State Departmentof Health, Jan. 1964. 24 p.

The principle data were collected from threedifferent streams. These are the Whitewater.River near Potwin in the Walnut River Basin;the Cottonwood River near Emporia in theNeosho 'River Basin; and Fox Creek, atributary of the Cottonwood River near StrongCity. Additional information is givenconcerning pollution below a feedlot onLevel Creek in Morris County in the headwatersof the Neosho River.. Pollution from animalfeedlots enters a stream with thesurface runoff, and therefore discharges intothe watercourse only as long as runoffoccurs from that area. If a feedlotis designed so that no water passesover the lot except that which falls on it,the runoff ceases soon after the rainfallstops. Game fish arc frequently trapped inthe polluted waters. The most severeconditions do not occur at minimum flow, butafter the stream begins to rise. The natureof the pollution in terms of several commonwater quality parameters is shown. The effectof the heavy organic pollution of thestreams is reflected in the dissolvedoxygen demand. Water quali.ty parametersare presented for all of the areas.The investigation indicateq that the runoffis characterized by a high BOD, highammonia content, and heavy bacterialpopulations. The pollution is intermittent.since it occurs during the following runoff,but it causes a severe slugging effect onthe stream:. Serious depletion of thedissolved oxygen content of the stream mayalso occur.

64-0393

Stead, P. M. Social and legal implicationsof organic waste management. In Proceedings;Second National Symposium on Poultry Tudt3tryWaste Management, Lincoln, May 19-20.,1964. Uniwrsity of Nebraska. p.93-114.

After an historical overview of thedevelopment of environmental health in theUnited States, the present practice' andproblems relating to manaring of solid waste

0389-0394

are discussed. The systems approachrecommended for complex environmental problesOur public health programs have developedprimarily along lines of containment, which.is out of step with today's environmentalproblems. Trends in public health aretoward skillful management of the environmentwith both the consent and cooperation of thepeople, shifting from protection of peopleto protection and wise management of naturalresources. Managing man's environment isactually a management of organic material,..".%the surplus of which is organic wastes. Thespecial characteristics of water and their,relation to water uses are discussed. Thevaried uses of organic waste are mentioned

.

along with their lack of management andappropriate conservation measures. The firststep to be taken is to apply the aerobicstabilization process to convert putrescihleand bulky organic wastes into a useableagricultural commodity. The transformationof present landfill operations into siteswhere all types of waste organic matter wouldhe converted to compost is envisaged. Thepossible use of algae for producing food,and other technological innovations arenoted. The environment will be increasinglyman-dominated; organic material is probablyman's greatest resource. The greatest goodfor all must he the criterion in balancingof equities between private enterprise andthe public interest. Two major developments-are: the establishment of a useable scaleof values for the public interest, and thedevelopment of public decision-makingmachinery geographically matched go the nuhlicresource problems.

64-0394

Taiganides, E. P. Agricultural solid wastes.In Proceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste'Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.39-50.

The largest sin6ie problem in confinementproduction involves manure handling anddisposal. The odor and fly nuisance ofmanure, the large quantities produced daily,the decline of manure as a competitivefertilizer, and the encroachment of urban areason production units complicate the problemof livestock and poultry waste handling,treatment, and disposal. Little basicresearch has been clone on methods of manuredisposal. Virtually no infor.lation on manuremanagement is found other than in the popularpress. Technical papers based on researchare nonexistent. Most of the feed ingredients

91

Agricultural Wastes

of animals are excreted in the fecesand urine. The amount of each feedconstituent found in manure depends on thesize and kind of animal, its condition, theenvironmental temperature, the feed conversion,and the water consumption of the animal. Onthe basis of these parameters, the quantityand composition of manure can be estimatedtheoretically. The average daily productionand composition of farm animal manures istabulated. Although manure disposal isperhaps the number one problem in livestockproduction, there are five other distinctsources of agricultural wastes whose handlingand disposal can be just as problematic.These include human wastes from the ruralpopulation, crop residues, wastes from.ruralindustries, agricultural chemical residues,and disposal of 30 million dead birds frompoultry production units. No satisfactorymethod of farm wastes disposal has yet beenadvanced.

64.0395

Taiganides, E. P. Anaerobic digestion ofpoultry manure. World's Poultry ScienceJournal, 19(4):252-261, Oct:-Dec. 1963.

Anaerobic digestion as a method of treatingfarm poultry waste is discussed. Advantagesof this method are the stabilization of themanure, removal of the 'nuisance andpollutional characteristics of manure, andthe conservation of the fertilizer value ofthe manure. The major disadvantage is thehigh initial cost, On the basis of a volatilesolids loading rate of 0.2 lb per day per cuft and a 23 day detention period, the digestera capacity required is approximately 0.37 cuft per hen. A 20,000 hen flock will requirea digester with 7,490 cu ft capacity. Theinitial total cost of such a digester willrange from $11,000 to $25,000; the income fromusing the available combustible gas producedat 5,400 cu ft per day could be $900 to$1,200 per year. Design considerations andcost figures based on manufactured sludgedigestion equipment for different sizedigesters are discussed.

64.0396

Taiganides, E. P. Disposal of animal wastes.In Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering Extension Series.No. 117. p.281-290.

The increased use of confinement productionof farm animals has created a,problem of

92

BEV oittT,°LE

waste disposal. Livestock and poultryconfinement units with 10,000 to 30,000population equivalents exist, andthe number of such units is increasing. Astudy of the properties, handling, treatment,and final disposal of these animal wastes ispresented. The physical and chemical propertiesof manures from swine, hens, turkeys, andcattle are listed in a table. Using thatdata the guide values for average dailymanure production and composition are givenin another table. The biological propertiesare described and the major fertilizingelements of the complete animal excrementper 1,000 lb of live animal weight are givenfor hens, hogs, and cattle in terms oflb per day and lb per yr. The elementsincluded are: nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium. The pounds of minor fertilizingnutrients (calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron,zinc, boron, and copper) in 1,000 gal offresh animal manure are given for hens, hogs,and cattle. The mechanical andhydraulic-handling of these wastes isdescribed. Physical treatment by storing ordrying is reviewed. Drying, either naturalor artificial, stabilizes the manure to somedegree, reduces its weight, and lessens itattractiveness to flies. Dehydration,pelleting, and bagging of chicken manure mightbe profitable at $20 per ton if a market forlarge quantities could be developed. Chemicaltreatment is summarized. Biological treatmentin lagoons is now being scientificallyinvestigated at Iowa State University. Thereis at present no entirely satisfactorymethodfor the digposal of farm wastes.

64-0397

Taiganides, E. P. Theoretical considerationsof anaerobic lagoons for poultry wastes. InProceedings; Second National Symposium onPoultry Industry Waste Management, Lincoln,May 19-20, 1964. University of Nebraska.p.251-261.

Lagoons for the treatment and disposal offarm animal wastes are not the panacea theyare reputed to be by the farm press. Theyhave not been found suitable for thetreatment of animal manures because of theirhigh land surface and water requirements.The design criteria for the reduction of thesolid matter of manure have not beenestablished. Generally, lagoons arejudged by the following criteria: stabilizationof the influent, control of odors, control offlies, and appearance. A properly functioninganaerobic lagoon should produce no vile odors.The main factors in anaerobic digestion are:

BEST COPY IMIALE

temperature, loading rate, solids concentration,detention period, volatile acid concentration,solid matter accumulation and scum formation,essential nutrients concentration, toxicsubstances, and pH. Some of the designcriteria for anaerobic lagoons discussed are:size, water depth, inlet, outlet, shape, andlocation. The most advantageous time tostart a lagoon is during the summer. Seedingprocedures are discussed. Mixing aids themanure degradation process. Flies will notbreed in an anaerobic lagoon unless a scumforms. Good bacteria husbandry dictates thecontinuous feeding of.the lagoon, exceptwhen it is frozen. The value of anaerobiclagoons will he better defined after the endof experiments now in progress.

64.0398

Taiganides, E. P., et al. Properties andpumping characteristics of hog wastes.Transactions of the American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, 7(2):123-124, 127,129, 1964.

The largest problem resulting from hogconfinement involves manure handling anddisposal. The quantity and quality of manureare affected by hog size, food intake typeand quantity, water intake quantity, and airtemperature. When temperature averaged 80 F,the daily manure quantity was 2.44 lb per 100lb of live weight. When temperature averaged64 F, 5.1 lb per 100 lb of live weight wereproduced. The smaller quantity in summer wasdue to high evaporation losses of water.Since the pH ranges from 7.5 to 8.5, it isfavorable for biological decomposition.Nitrogen was 7 percent of the total drymatter. Total solids composed 17 percent ofthe manure with volatile solids, 83 percent(dry basis), and 14 percent (wet basis). Theproduction of BOD and COD was 0.35lb per 100 lb of live weight daily, and 1.20mg per mg of volatile matter, respectively.Copper added as an antibiotic to hog feedmight be toxic to the bacterial populationin the manure. The solid content of themanure pumped varied from 13 to 16 percent;no water or bedding was added. Auger anddiaphragm tests disclosed that manure can hepumped with greater efficiency and lesspower consumption than water. The results ofthe pumping tests were presented graphically.Data on manure properties is given.

64.0399

University of Nebraska. Nebraska Center forContinuing Education. Proceedings; Second

0395-0404

National Symposium on Poultry Industry WasteManagement, Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964.262 p.

Twenty-two-papers were presented at theNational Poultry Industry Waste ManagementSymposium held at Lincoln, Nebraska May 20,1964. Topics discussed included: wastedisposal concepts, principles and practicesof aerobic treatment in waste disposal, odorsand their control, anaerobic lagoons, socialand legal implications of organic wastemanagement,:hydraulic collection of poultrywaste, health aspects of poultry wastedisposal, dead bird disposal methods--programsand legislation, social, legal, and economic

considerations of animal production inurbanization.

64-0400

Vector control. In Training courseenvironmental health survey, report_and .recommendations, Greater San Buenaventura,California. U.S. Public Health Service,Mar. 1964. p.43-46.

The potential extension in San Buenaventura,California, f suburban living and industrialorganizat' s into agricultural areasnecessit tes planning and implementation of awell conceived vector control program. Thepast 10 years have revealed a multitude ofvector-borne disease cases. Important vectorsources in the area are bodies of water,animal manures, and refuse. No plannedcomprehensive control program exists forrodent control, fly and gnat control, andmosquito control. Budgets for vector controlare nonexistent. No single agency keeps acomplete record of nuisance complaints.Recommendations by the group of healthservice officials included a comprehensivesurvey of the extent and nature of the vectorproblems; establishment of a vector controlprogram, giving responsibility for theoperation of the vector control problem tothe County Health Department, and employmentof qualified vector control specialists bythe County Health Department. Illustrationsof the vector sources are contained withinthe report.

64.0404

Walsh, J. D. A survey of fly production incattle.feedlots in the San Joaquin Valley.California Vector Views, 11(6):33-39, June1964.

93

Composting

During 1961 and 1962 an investigation wascarried out to study the production of fliesin the feed trough, feed apron, water trough,under the fence, and the corral surface ofcattle feedlots in the San Joaquin Valley.Samples, approximately one-half pint each,were taken at each of the sites in thecorral. It was decided that one to tenlarvae per sample would be considered alight infestation. The house fly, Muscadomestica, and the biting stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans, were the most prevalentand important flies found to occur. in thefeedlots. The following conditions werefound responsible for fly production: dampareas adjacent to the water troughs,individual droppings of which 64 percentwere classified as heavy, accumulations ofwet manure pushed, under feed troughs, residuesleft in the feed trough, accumulations ofmanure under corral fences, and unsanitaryhorse stable conditions. No fly productionwas found on the concrete feed apron.Suggested fly control measures include: a

10 to 20 ft *cement apron with a 1 ft slopeaway from the manger around the feed trough,the use of wire or cable instead of woodenfencing and reduction in the diameter offence posts in the corral, and frequentremoval of soiled bedding and damp manureand checking of watering troughs in horsestables.

64-0402

Wheatland, A. B., and B. J. Borne. Treatmentof farm effluents. Chemistry and Industry;2(9):357-362, Feb. 29, 1964.

The waste waters from farmyards arise chieflyfrom animals' housing, and include contaminatedsurface water from open yards and washingsfrom milking parlors.and dairies. The volumeand strength of the wastes depend largely onthe manner of housing. The volume of waterused on dairies may range up to 30 gal percow per day. All of this water does notrequire treatment as effluent. Data explainsthe volume and composition of waste watersfrom cowsheds and milking parlors. Dungcontains a smaller proportion of organicmatter readily broken clown by biochemicalaction than urine. Relatively little wateris used for washing down in piggeries, andpiggery effluents are usually smaller involume, but are much stronger than those fromcowsheds. Because of the cost and difficultyof treatment, strong liquors, and, wherepossible, washings from cowsheds and similarbuildings should preferably be irrigated onland where use can he made of the plant

94

BEST COPY. MAILABLE

nutrients they contain. Availability ofcheap chemical fertilizers gives the farmerlittle incentive to adopt this method ofdisposal. The increased use of water in theinterest of hygiene, and the trend towardfewer and bigger herds, accentuate thisproblem. Disposal to irrigation ponds,discharge to sewers, separate biological orchemical treatment, septic tanks, andproduction of silage liquor represent otherpossible methods of effluent disposal. Sewerdischarge is the least propitious of thevarious means, for resulting effluentsusually have higher permanganate valuesthan those resulting from treatment ofdomestic sewage.

COMPOSTING

64-0403

Against composting. Public Cleansing,54(4):864, Apr. 1964.

The United States, in general, is againstcomposting because of unsuccessful attemptsto clear economic hurdles. Americans considertheir refuse poor raw material for compost.

6440404

Ahrens, E. Effect of municipal composts onnumerical development of azotobacteria. InInternational Research Group on Refuse.Disposal (IRGRD) Information Bulletin No. 19.Washington, U.S. Department of HealthEducation, and Welfare, Dec. 1963. p.14-19

The effect of municipal refuse on azotobacteriawas recently studied with respect of.temperature effects, moisture content, andinhibitory materials. Temperature was foundto have an adverse effect, destroying all thebacteria within three days after the compostingprocess had begun. Therefore, the additionof these nitrogen-fixing organisms in thebeginning of the process is useless. Whenthe temperature of the piles was held constantat the maximum level for bacterial growth, itwas noted that different piles had differenteffects on growth rate. Data for this testis given in a table and it can be concludedfrom it that these bacteria cannot maintainthemselves in non-decomposed material. Asample of compost was then taken from one ofthese piles, allowed to compose for another18 weeks at 25 C and tested for effects of

REST COPY AVAILABLEmoisture on the bacteria. The organismshad a higher survival rate in the dampmaterial. Further attempts were madeto show that inhibitory agents, but the resultsgiven showed inhibitory action is not aspecific characteristic of municipal refuse.

64.0405

Black, R. J. Dutch use composting forone-third of trash. Refuse Removal Journal,7(1):20, Jan. 1964.

Thirty percent of all refuse in theNetherlands is disposed of through composting,reflecting a European trend and contrastingwith the failure of .such attempts inAmerica. The Dutch can easily sell the endproducts, agricultural compost and hot-bedmanure, at the rate of $5.00 per ton. TheCity of Arnhem uses a Rasping System, whichis highly efficient. Other cities usevarious kinds of composting systems. TheDutch government promotes composting byassisting cities in the marketing of thefinal product and by operating a fleet ofrailway cars to haul refuse.

64.0406

Black, R. J. Recent composting developmentsin the Netherlands. In American Public WorksAssociation Yearbook 1963. 'Chicago, AmericanPublic Works Association. p.199-207.

Several composting plants in the Netherlandswere visited. Arnhem's plant is one of thenewest Rasping System installations. On anannual basis, approximately 26,000 tons ofrefuse are processed to produce 19,000 to'20,000tons of compost and heating or hotbed manure.After separation, the refuse is dischargedinto the rasping machine (A Dorr-Oliver RefuseTreator), which reduces most of the refuse toparticles which pass through 22 mm holes.After setting 4 to 6 weeks on brick pavementwith built-in drains, a rubber-tired frontend loader and a mobile conveyor-type windrowturner are used to mix the refuse, to addwater, and to form the final windrows. Aftertwo months, the compost is ready for sale.Operating costs of the Arnhem Plant werereported to average $0.70 per capita servedper year. The Dutch Government assists inthe marketing c) :he compost. The Soest-Baarncomposting plant uses continuous mechanicalcomposting- with positive airation. Aftersorting, salvage, and electromagneticseparation .of ferrous metals, the refuse isloaded into a Dano Biostabilizer. The Dutch

0402-0407

approach to composting is to figure that thecost of composting must be shared equally by therefuse producing cities andthe7cOmpostusers. No difficulties have been experienced'in selling the compost at less than $5.00per ton.

64-0407

Braun, R. Biological processes duringcomposting, with special regard to hygiene.Presented at Eighth International Congressof Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria),Apr. 14-17, 1964. 7 p.

The different composting processes which arecaused by microorganisms can be divided intotwo groups, the processes which bring abouta chemical, physical and biologicaltransformation of the organic substance, andthe processes which have an influence onpathogenic micro-organisms. The factors ofspecial importance for the putrefactionprocess are: self-heating, aeration, humidity,microorganisms, and hygienization.Putrefaction is an exothermic process causedby micro-organisms. This self-heating causedby intense microbial activity has three phases:phase of rising temperature, thermophilicphase, and phase of diminishing temperature.The first phase is marked by very suddenproliferation of the mesophilic bacteria.The main stage of decomposition is completedby the cooling down phase. An aerobicputrefaction results not only in a longerand an incomplete decomposition and in theproduction of unpleasant odors, but alsogives no assurance of the hygienization ofthe material. Sixty percent has been foundto be the most fiorable amount of humidityfor the decomposition of refuse composts.Actinomyceta and fungi are the most activein the putrefaction of organic substance.The ratio between thermophilic and mesophilicbacteria rapidly increases when thetemperature in the pile rises above 45 C,and this can be used to determine whetherthe heat generated in the compost has beensufficient. Sewage sludge can be transformedinto hygienic material by treatment withtemperatures over 100 C or by combustion. Amixture of refuse and sewage sludge givena hot putrefaction treatment with temperaturesover 70 C will destroy all the pathogenicbacteria, but there is a considerable lossof valuable organic substances. Later, alower temperature was found to be lethal.A combined effect of temperature and of theinhibitors, which are secretions of theorganisms, leads to perfect disinfectionof compost.

95

Composting

64.0408

Braun, R. Effect of compost on plants andsoil. Presented at Eighth InternationalCongress of Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria),Apr. 14-17, 1964. 3 p.

Some of the recent research work of the effectof compoetOn plants, and soil is summarized.Investigationsat the Groningen Institutefor Soil Fertility concluded that with mostplants tested, the application of compostimproves growth, increases productivity, andincreases the organic content of a soil. Ifcompost increases the humus contents of soilswith less than the optimum by one unit, theaverage increase in productivity will hebetween 5 and 10 percent. It has been foundthat humus in the form of compost can correctextreme soil conditions. Forestry composts(dry leaves, bushes, peat, etc.) have a highcarbon/nitrogen ratio and putrefy veryslowly (2 to 3 years). Additions of freshrefuse which has been ground and putrefiedmay shorten the process to about 5 months.Refuse compost has been found-to be of thegreatest importance in viticulture as asubstitute for organic fertilizers. Itsupplies the soil with humus-forming substances,thus improving the physical structure, andreducing erosion. Applications of composthave increased the crops of fruit trees andhave improved the texture of heavy soils tosuch an extent that they could 'be used forhorticulture. Recultivation in mining areasis possible through the use of compost.

64.0409

Buringh, P. Some new possibilities for theuse of urban refuse compost in soil improvement.In Proceedings; Second International Congress,International Research Group on RefuseDisposal, Essen, Germany, May 22-25, 1962.p.1-12.

The possibility of adding fine grained organicmatter or urban refuse compost to certainsubsoils in order to stimulate and increaseroot development is emphasized. Urban refuse,stable manure, and other organic materialadaed to the soil is almost always given tothe top soil, the tilled layer. It doesnot, therefore, contribute to root developmentin deeper soil layers. The homogenization ofthe stratified subsoils by subsoiling, deepploughing, and oner mechanical means is agood starting point in the improvement ofsuch soils. Various investigations haveshown that this activity is usually not enough.Recent experiments in the Netherlands haveshown that a mixing of the stratified subsoils

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

can be combined with the addition of organicmaterial, for example fine grained urbanrefuse compost or fine grained, speciallytreated, old sphagnum peat. Subsoil ploughingwith a special type of plough, mixing sometop soil or some peat layers with the sandysubsoil has a similar effect. The result ofsuch measures is the distrubance of subsoilstratification, and, in addition, theinitiation of favorable conditions forbiological activity in the subsoil. Thisprocess, which is a combination of mechanicaland biological homogenization of thesubsoil, will enlarge the total volume ofsoil available for the plant root system.Experiments in young fruit plantations arepromising. In the Netherlands, poor, sandysoil is intensively mixed to a great depth(often 1.5 m) and organic material includingurban refuse is mixed to depth of approximately0.080 m.

64-0410

Cairo refuse disposal. .Surveyor andMunicipal Engineer, 123(3740):55, Feb. 8, 1964.

A brief description is given for a pendinginvestigation of Cairo's refuse disposalproblems by a British composting team. Anoverall assesFmliol: Is planned for convertingCairo's rubbish into organic fertilizer toboost Egypt's .agricultural_production and toreclaim desert wastes. A commercial scaleplant recently shipped to the area is brieflydescribed.

84-0411

Carlyle, R. E., and S. Brotonegoro. Compostingrefuse in Indonesia. Compost Science -,

5(1):22-25, Spring 1964.

A composting experiment utilizing refusefrom the. city of Bogor, Java, Indonesia, Isdescribed. Freshly collected refuse wassorted to remove debris other than plantwaste and stacked into four piles. Thedimensions of each pile were 2 by 2 bym and its weight about 1.2 tons. The pileswere turned by hand and moisture was maintainedbetween 60 to 70 percent. The course ofdecomposition was followed by weeklydeterminations of pH and carbon-nitrogenratio changes. The study also included acomparison of sheltered and non-shelteredcomposting, as well as the effect of addingnitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Tabulatedand graphically illustrated data showed that:(1) erection of bamboo and palm leaf shelters

BEST COPY AMIABLE

over the composting piles was not beneficialunder the climatic conditions of West Java:.(2) the addition of nitrogen and phosphorusin the form of commercial fertilizers did notbenefit the composting process. The rawwaste apparently contained enough of theseelements for normal decomposition; and (3)the waste can he comnostkd in a maximum of29 days, during which time the carbon-nitrogenratio was reduced to between 1:10 and 1:15.The material was reduced in bulk by more thanone-half and had a chocolate brown appearanceand a texture consistent with good compost.Smaller cities can convert organic wastesinto useful compost by using this cheap andsimple method.

64.0412

Caspari, F. Capillary drying of mixtures ofcity refuse and sewage sludge. Compost Science,5(2):21-23, Summer 1964.

A new process, capillary drying, convertscity refuse and sewage sludge simultaneouslyand rapidly into an easy-to-handle and neatproduct. No odors develop during the processand the finished product has a variety ofapplication possibilities. The process isdescribed in detail and illustrated by aflow diagram. Partly dewatered sewage sludgeand treated city refuse are mixed together,compressed by pros -e^ into briquettes up toapproximately one-third of their originalvolume, and subjected to an instantaneousfungal growth. Within a short time thebriquettes heat up to 50 to 70 C, therebydestroying the still-existing pathogenicbacteria and worm eggs, and the entiremixture is dried without creating anyappreciable odors. By this process theconcentrated and fermented substance of refuseand sludge can be stored in a very limitedspace., or can be piled up in the open for anindefinite period of time. The material canbe reactivated by the addition of water andused for aerobic humidifying in compost heaps,and as mulch for surface covering. Untreatablerejects, which amount to 10 to 12 percent byweight, are burned.

64-0413

Cheadle and Gatley to compost the Simon way.Public Cleansing, 54(3):795-798, Mar. 1964.

A paper on the methods of refuse disposalprepared for the Cheadle and Gatley UrbanDistrict Council of England, and the resultantcomposting plant to be built by the Council

0408-0416

are reported. The plant has three d4gestorsand thorough dust extraction, and allows foreasy expansion, and conversion to apulverization unit.

64-0414

Clark, J. W. Composting domestic refuse ina 'home unit' . Compost Science, 4(4):16-17,Winter 1964.

Thermophilic microorganisms oxidize andstabilize organic material in composting. Ahome composting unit was constructed from a55 gal steel oil drum equipped with a centralrotating drum and hand crank. Holes were cutfor ventilation and covered with copperscreen. Using garbage from a family of four,grass cuttings, weeds and some paper, thecomposter will produce about two cu ft ofgood humus every 45 to 60 days. The largecompartment is filled half-way with clippings.Garbage is distributed over the surface; thelid is closed and the crank rotated. Thisturning mixes the composting material withthe new garbage and aerates the mixture.When the larger compartment is full, garbageis placed in the smaller compartment. If itis rotated too much, the wet material willball up. Water is drained from the garbageand spread over the surface of the compostingmaterial. The composter will reach 145 F.

64.0415

Compost. Public Cleansing, 54(9):1174-1177,Sept. 1964.

A meeting of the Junior Members DiscussionGroup of the Institute of Public Cleansingheld in Midlothian, Scotland, is reported. Aspeech was presented on the city's compostingplant, which converts sewage sludge as wellas refuse into compost. The group alsodiscussed composting in general, touching.onits development and the pros, cons, and theguidelines that governs its use.

64-0416

Composting. Public Cleansing, 54(4):858,Apr. 1964.

A conference called by the Community Councilfor Lancashire, discusses composting. TheCouncil is attempting to encourage productionof reliable, cheap, and effective Means ofimproving the fertility of Lancashire gardensard lots. The City of Leicceter's composting

97

Composting

plant, which includes a furnace that burnsnon-compostable refuse is described.

64.0417

Composting plant for reclaiming refuse.Engineer, 217(5653):974, May 29, 1964.

The background of refuse disposal andcomposting problems in the United States,and the refuse reclamation process developedby Westinghouse and Naturizer, Inc. aredescribed. The completely enclosed plantsuse a 6 day nuisance-free method that enablesmunicipalities to dispose of trash andgarbage rapidly, efficiently, and economically.The process is made up of the functions ofreceiving, salvage, preparation, digestion,and finishing. During the preparation, apulverator moistens, and a grinder chewsthe refuse. The digester consists of sixinsulated cells. ,High sterilizingtemperatures are produced by the decompositionof aerobic, thermophilic microcrganisms.A rundown on the qualities and uses of thefinal compost is pre'sented. TheWestinghouse-Naturizer compostin plant inSan Fernando, California is described.

64.0418

Composting refuse and sewage sludge. SUrveyorand Municipal Engineer, 124(3784):33, Dec. 12,1964.

The combination of sewage sludge andtown refuse in a composting plant atLeicester is discussed as an answer tothe problem of a lack of dumping areas inproximity to towns. The quality of thefinished. compost is importax.t and therejection of cinders and glass is necessary.The water content of the comnost must bekept around 55 percent to prevent an anaerobic.nuisance or odor which requires that thesludge be partially dewatered. The Komlinecoil spring filter proved to be economicalfor dewatering the sludge. The reject rateswhich have been quoted as between 13 and15 percent are important in the economics ofcomposting. The value of the final productappears to be in doubt since the intangibleclaims as a 'soil conditioner' will haveto be judged by crop yields. In Jersey, theauthorities give away the compost. It isconcluded if the material can be disposed ofwithout producing unsightly abandoned dumps,the costs of the composting plant are

justified.

98

co?BEST I 0114..biti

64-0419

Composting treatment of town refuse andsewage sludge. Surveyor and MunicipalEngineer, 124(3786):19, Dec. 26, 1964.

The discussion is given on a paper of. L. P.Brunt who had described a method of mixingtown refuse and sewage sludge to preparea compost which provides a means ofeliminating the refuse and also be afertilizer source. Among the questions raisedwere: the problem of fine glass and metalwhich caused trouble to cattle; the use ofP. V. C. containers; and the decrease inpaper and vegetable matter in refuse. Thequestion of a market for fertilizers madefrom composts of refuse/sludge mixtures wasraised. Research Institutes commonly advisethe use of artificial fertilizers and issuewarnings about certain metals in compostsuch as zinc. Mr. Brunt replied to someof the queries as follows. Working on thebasis of free compost, a composting plant ischeaper to install and run than an incinerator.Although the character of refuse is changing,the change is not expected to be rapidenough to affect any reasonable planningperiod.

64.0420

Davies, A. C. An appraisal of composting inEngland. Compost Science, 5(2):29-30, Summer1964.

The economics of compost production arediscussed. It is pointed out that acomposting plant should not be expected tobe financially self-sufficient. Direct costcomparisons between one method and another,or even where the same technique is adopted,have proved impossible because many factorsand local Circumstances have to be taken intoaccount. The organic content of the refuse,the method of composting, the degree ofpre-separation, the final quality of thecompost and the income from sales, directlyaffect the costs involved. While theresulting end product of composting does notnecessarily have to be sold, the income fromsuch sales can be a welcome offset againstproduction expenses. A stable end productof known and suitable formula and anappropriate system of marketing are twoessentials for the successful sale of compost.

64.3421

Davies, A. C. An English analysis ofcomposting circumstances. Public Cleansing,54(4):362, Apr. 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Government endorsed composting schemes froma good cross-section of plants are recommended.Economical considerations alone should notform the basis of whether or not to employcomposting. The Fermascreen system isdiscussed.

64.0422

Davies, A. G. A further evaluation of compost.Public Cleansing, 54(3):783, Mar. 1964.

An excerpt from a speech on composting bythe Manager of Cleansing of Edinburgh, GreatBritain, at a meeting of the Institute ofPublic Cleansing is presented. The outlookOn composting is shifting from that of aprofit-producing enterprise to one of anefficient method of refuse treatment.Scientific investigation to evaluate thebenefits of municipal compost to the landis needed. As land space decreases andincineration is prohibited by air control,composting, and pulverization are the onlyalternatives.

64.0423

Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional PlanningCommission, Detroit planning group doubtspracticality of composting processes. RefuseRemoval. Journal, 7(10):25, Oct. 1964.

Two basic methods of composting, the.failureof a compost plant in Phoenix, Arizona, andthe success of composting abroad are discussed.Composting has succeeded abroad because ofthe intense agricultural need for compostthere. Composting is impractical for Detroitbecause the salvage and separation processwould be too costly to develop and the endproduct could not find a ready market.

64.0424

Disposal system makes cash from trash.Engineering News-Record, 172:32, Mar. 26, 1964.

A completely enclosed refuse disposal systemthat reclaims saleable material designed byWestinghouse Electric, is described. Someof the advantages over presently usedincinerators and sanitary, landfill operationsinclude: elimination of fill areas, odors,fires and smoke; reduction in haulagedistance because plants can be located incenter of collection areas; and reductionin costs through reclamation of marketable.material (almost 100% of all domestic refusecan he converted into saleable products).

0417-0426

The plant can receive most types'of industrial,commercial, and residential refuse, withworkmen at selection conveyors divertingsalvageable material to storage hoppersin four categories: cardboard and paper;lightweight ferrous articles, rags, glass,plastic, and rubber; heavier ferrous articles;and aluminum articles. Non-salvageablematerial is thoroughly mixed and moistenedin a rotating drum, and then flows into agrinder equipped with flails on a rotatingshaft. As the material is ground, it ispushed into a digester with six cells andsteel apron conveyors to move refuse intoand through them. Aerobic thermophilicmicroorganisms, which digest the material,give off odorless carbon dioxide and watervanor. Since their metabolic processesproduce the. high temperatures at which theythrive, no outside source of heat is required.The resulting compost, which has less than20 percent of the volume and 80 percent ofthe weight of incoming refuse, is stored inbulk or bagged for sale.

64.0425

Dried manure plants flourish. CompostScience, 5(1):31, Spring 1964.

A new manure dehydrating plant near theForth Worth Stockyards is described. Themanure is stockpiled in long rows where itis turned frequently to speed drying anddecomposition. This greatly reduces odorsand, at the same time, kills any young plantsthat may have begun to grow. The productis ground and shredded. moved through agas-heated dehydrating drum, screened,sacked, weighed, and conveyed into boxcars ortrucks. Three tons of manure produces about2 tons of dehydrated plant food. The plant,which is automated and employs 18 to 20people, can produce 100 tons a day duringrush season. One of the disadvantages ofsetting up a manure dehydrating plant isthat capital outlay is at least 5100,000before production can begin, and thatnational distribution is a necessity.

64-0426

Egyptians ponder Cairo compost plan. Refip7t.

Removal Journal, 7(4):12, Apr. 1964.

To alleviate the disposal problem for Cairo's3,500,000 population, a 5-year consultancycontract was placed with with Compost Engineers,Ltd. The aim of the study is to turn rubbishnto organic fertilizer for agriculture anddesert reclamation. A ton capacit.: test

09

Composting

rig made in Britnir-was shipped Cairo, toaid in field trails and in making an overallassessment of the city's refuse disposalproblem.

64.0427

Etherton; H. L. Oregon farmers save money bycomposting. Compost Science, 5(1):20-21,Spring 1964.

A method is described for the composting ofscreenings, a by-product of the seed cleaningmills. One such operation takes place on a1,000 acres English Rye Grass farm in Lebanon,Oregon, which also contains a warehouse andseed cleaning mill. The dry screenings aredumped into the composting area the latterpart of January. Several weeks of rainfallwill introduce enough moisture to start thecomposting cycle. About the third week ofMarch, the pile will be stirred by a speciallyconstructed stirring machine. This automaticstirring machine was constructed from oldautomobile parts and scrap materials. Themachine is powered by a 1938 Ford V-8 engineand has a hydraulic raising and loweringmechanism. The stirring will produce a heavyheat (170 F) in the pile, which will quicklykill all seed germination. The pile isstirred a second time about the middle of April,which completes the composting cycle. Thefarm composts 500 cu yd of material annually;the weight of the finished compost, which hasa dark brown color and a strong earthy odor,is 1,200 to 1,500 lb per cu yd, depending onthe moisture content. The finished compost,which is spread en the land to a depth ofabout 6 in., produces excellent crops withoutthe use of any commercial fertilizer.

64.0428

Farkasdi, G. Experiments on the effects variousadditives on windrow composting of refuse andsludge. In International Research Group onRefuse Disposal (IRORD). Information BulletinNo. 19. Washington, U.S. Department of HealthEducation, and Welfare, Dec. 1963. p.19-27.

Experiments were conducted to settle conflictingreports concerning the action of additives onwindrow composting of refuse and sludge. These

tests were to determine only whether or notthe additive accelerated the process. Specialattention was given to speed of temperaturerise and to ammonia content. The effectiveness

on fermentation cell proces was not

considered. Three additive acceleratingagents were used: (1) 'Edafil,' (2) 'Proteg

Oleo' and (3) 'Zusatze-Frankfurt.' The

100

rouo..s.

compost piles were of uniform dimensions andeach was turned after the third, sixth andninth weeks. After fourteen weeks, the pileswere dismantled. It was concluded, after alltests had been run and tabulate& that theadditives showed little if any effect.

64-0429

'Fischer, F. Eight years of composting inVienna. Compost Science, 5(2):28, Summer 1964.

The composting plant erected in Vienna in 1956has been in continuous operation and turns outvarious grades of compost according to therate of admixture of mineral nutrients. Capitaland operating costs are kept at a minimum byan inexpensive production process, and due toits excellent properties the compost meetswith a ready market. The plant is able tooperate without any outside financialassistance, since the sale of the compostcovers not only the running costs, but alsothe interest on, and repayment of, the creditraised for the equipment. Unfortunately theyearly amount of refuse handled by the plantis only 6 percent of the total refuse collected.

64.0430

Frangipane, E. Composting of solid citywaste. In Proceedings; Second InternationalCongress, International Research Group onRefuse Disposal, Essen, Germany, May 22-25,1962. p.1-18.

The technique of processing garbage intocompost is examined and the various majormethods available nt the present time areanalyzed. Composting mad: be divided into twodistinct treatment phases: mechanicaltreatment including sorting, homogenization,or crushing, and screening; and biologicaltreatment involving anaerobic or aerobicprocessor. Natural composting methodsinclude any method in which the biologicalphase develops after the arrangement of thewaste material in heaps on adequate land-prepared to this end, and the fermentationprocess is allowed to unfold naturally inthe open until the waste materialhas reached the required degree of maturation.Mechanical treatment in crushers or by meansof a rasp can follow or precede the phase ofbiological transformation. Artificial compostingsystems are subdivided into static and dynamicsystems.. Static systems provide that wellsorted, screened, crushed, and homogeniiedmaterial should be deposited in silos intowhich compressed air is injected, together withwater or some other liquid in order to wetten

BEST COPY AVINLABLE

the material if the humidity content shouldfall too low. Dynamic systems were developedto keep the material in constant movement,submitting it simultaneously to humidificationand aeration in optimum proportions for abetter and more active development of theaerobic fermentation process.

64.0431

Franz, M. Large-scale composting in theSoviet Union. Compost Science, 5(2):19-20,Summer 1964.

A review of three reports, recently translated'frIim Russian government journals, shows thevalue of composted wastes in 'building soilsand increasing crop yields. Corn, whichreceived compost application in the wintertime over snow, yielded crops equal to thoseobtained when the compost was applied in thespring. Other important facts cited are:(1) Composting on all types of soil resulted'in an increase in harvest in more than 80percent of 250 experiments carried out withwinter wheat, rye, spring wheat, corn, andpotatoes; and (2) Through composting, one tonof manure was made to do the work of three,and frequently did better. The superiorityof compost over manure was Indicated by thefollowing data: compost containing lessthan 20 percent manure actually increasedcrop yield more than manure when tested onrye and winter wheat; use of compost causedfewer weeds, and poorer soils responded betterto compost than did richer lands. Datapresented further showed that seeding compostwith benevolent fungus will offset the attacksof fusarium wilt. Compost with trichodermais also active in the suppression of rhizoconiaof the potato, fusariodal and anthracknoidwithering of flax root mold in cereals, andblack stalk in cabbage.

64.0432

Furlow, H. G., and H. A. Zollinger.Westinghouse enters composting field. CompostScience, 4(4):5-10, Winter 1964.

Open dumping and burning are unacceptablemethods of disposal. Urbanization makes landfor landfills expensive or unavailable. Therefuse reclamation process developed byNaturizer, SACS, and Westinghouse, performsthe functions of receiving, salvage,preparation, digestion, and finishing.Approximately 20 percent of incoming refusecan be removed and disposed of directly. tomarkets. The salvage section consists offour successive selection conveyors-for. paper,

0427-0434

glass, rags, plastics, and rubber; ferrousmetals; and aluminum. The remaining materialis mixed and moistened in a pulverator.Grinding is essential for fast decomposition.The digester provides a favorable environmentfor aerobic thermophilic microorganisms. Thefine material is separated from the coarse.Material not decomposed is sent to a landfill.The humus is used for soil conditioning. TheSan Fernando plant uses special flail grinders.Reclamation plants use a small amount of landand are pollution free.

64-0433

Olathe, H. Microbiological processes incomposting and their physical and chemicaleffects. In Proceedings; Second InternationalCongress, International Research Group onRefuse Disposal, Essen, Germany, May 22-25,1962. p.1-13.

The first and most important purpose ofcomposting is to make a product unexceptionablefrom the sanitary point of view. The secondpurpose is to make a product that can beconsidered as a soil improvement item: Theimportance of mesophilic microorganisms inthe creation of sanitary conditions is stressed.Whenever higher temperatures are required,self-heating must be promoted. The threestages of self-heating are: the stage ofrises in temperature, the thermophilic ordisinfecting stage, and, the cooling stage. Noclear data are available on the changes intypes of microorganisms in composting. Theimportance of vaccines recommended for compostingis as guides and activators of rotting processes.Orientation of the composting process differsvery much according to the. various procedures.In order to determine the methods and measuresmost safely leading to the aim proposed, waysand means must be available to assess.infigures the results obtained, through thesemeasures. The value to be determined is thedegree of rotting or degree of maturation.Maturation is achieved only when the materialis no longer in a position to produce heat;rotting, however, must be interrupted earlierso that the soil may receive the largestamount possible of organic substances. Thelast stage in rotting may occur in the soilitself.

64-0434

Gotaas, H. B. Compost-plant design andoperation, In Solid waste disposal andmunicipal equipment 'rental'. New York,

Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, June1963. p.30-35,

101

Composting

Many fundamental factors affect the design ofcompost processing plants using biologicalmethods. These include the proportion oforganic matter and the carbon-nitrogen ratioof the refuse, size of refuse particles,moisture content of the refuse, temperature,aeration, pH, testing and quality control,fly and odor control, and pathogenic-organismand weed-seed destruction. Transportationcosts are a major factor in determining themost satisfactory location of a plant. Economyof transportation relates not only to the rawrefuse but also to marketing the finishedproduct and salvable materials. Compostpreparation involves grinding or shredding thematerial to a size suitable for composting.If sewage sludge is to be composted withrefuse, it should he added either as a liquidor as a filter cake after the shredding of therefuse. The mixing of the sludge and refuseis by means of a rotating tube or by a rotatingauger in a stationary tube. The aerobicdecomposition and stabilization process may beeither of two general methods: windrows orbins turned every few days to maintain aerobicconditions, or mechanized horizontal or verticalSilo types of diges.ters in which the materialmoves mechanically more or less continuouslyto provide aeration

64-0435

Hilkenbaumer, F. E4eriences on the use ofcompost in fruit-culture. In Proceedings;Second International Congress, InternationalResearch Group on Refuse Disposal, Essen,Germany, May 22-25, 1962. p.1-13.

Experimental research was done on the effectsof garbage sludge compost and its possibleuse in orchards. The effect of such composton soils, on the physiological output, ongrowth, on yields and quality of the fruitwas analyzed. The possible harmful effectsof garbage sludge compost were analyzed indetail, namely, their .lower damage limit onthe various soils and for particular basesof fruit trees. The material used was thecomposted city compost of Baden-Baden from theDano process. The humus fertilizers werecompared with peat fertilizers, manure, andstraw. In the course of three years, 100 tonsper ha of garbage sludge compost inducedhigher yields of 13 to 76 kg per tree, asagainst mineral fertilizing with apples onstrong developing clone bases in clay'andsand. Peat fertilizer had a similar'effect.in spite of repeated increases in harvestsof apples and common cherries, there was alsomore growth of offshoots in most humus cases,as compared to mineral fertilizing Only. Inthe drought year 1959 in the open, and during

102

BEST AVAILABLE

a drought period in container experiments,trees showed better foliage and less earlyleaf drop when the soil was in optimumcondition of city compost and peat fertilizing.On the basis of current findings, additionsof more than 100 tons per ha of garbage sludgecompost are not required for a positive effect.

64-0436

Integrating sewage and refuse disposal atLeicester. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3782):19-21, Nov. 28, 1964.

Leicester is planning on the installation ofan integrated treatment of all of its sewageand refuse. Sludge from the sewage treatmentworks, together with the refuse will hehygienically converted into a usefulagricultural compost. The refuse is sortedto remove the larger objects which areincinerated. Waste paper, rags, non-ferrousmetal's, and glass are taken to a salvage areafor sorting and baling. A magnetic separatorremoves ferrous material. The sorted refuseand sludge filter cake are continuouslyrotated in a drum for 4 to 5 dayg duringwhich time mechanical breakdown, surfacedisturbance, and aeration are continuous,and biological oxidation of the organicmaterial takes place. The 130 F temperaturewhich is lethal to pathogenic bacteria promotesa rapid decomposition of the material. Thestabilized material is screened and some ofthe material is ground before the compostis stored for maturing. The works weredesigned to serve a community of 360,000.The estimated cost was E 3,720,000. Theprincipal trade wastes are from hosiery,footwear, light engineering, painting, textiles,chemical manufacturing, and gas plants.Composting was selected on the basis of cost.

64.0437

International Research Group on RefuseDisposal ( IRGRD). Informatiqm Bulletins Nos.19 and 20. Washington, U.S. bcpartment ofHealth, Education, and Welfare', Dec. 1963and May 1964. 67 p.

This'group of papers is a publication of theInternational Research Group on Refuse Disposal(IRGRD). It is divided into two sections. Thefirst contains six papers concerning theeffects cf the composting process on bacteria,mold fungi, and azotobacteria. Also presentedare the effects of additives on compost. Thesecond section contains articles on theanalysis of various problems of municipalrefuse removal including verterinary hygiene

REST COPY UNABLE

requirements and a description of a newmachine for grinding bulky refuse. A reporton the Eighth International Congress of PublicCleansing is also 'included. Each article hastables and graphs supporting its conclusions.

644)438

Keller, P. Analysis and evaluation of solidwaste with regard to composting. In Proceedings;Second International. Congress, InternationalResearch Group on'Refuse Disposal, Essen,Germany, May 22-25, 1962.

Garbage, sewage sludge, and industrial andtrade wastes of an organic nature are analyzedwith regard to their compostahility, that is,whether they can be disintegrated aerobicallyby microorganisms and by.a phase of highertemperature to form a product that is sanitaryand without odor that may be deposited withoutconcern. In the chemical analysis of domesticwaste, sampling is important. An actualrepresentative sample of garbage can only betaken once the waste to he composted is reducedin size. Composting trials are made either insmall heaps 1.5 m high and 3 to 4 m long, orin plastic baskets with perforated walls. If

in a composting trial, there is no rise or noadequate rise in temperature, proof is giventhat one or several factors determining themicrobial disintegration are not as theyshould be. In garbage rich in paper, theperiodical determination of cellulosecontents also represents a useful method inthe control of the rotting process. Analysisand evaluation of solid waste with regardto compost use involves evaluation of thequality of the compost, its chemical compostion,structure, and appearance. A general. chemicalanalysis and various methods for compostingtrials are described in the appendices. Thegeneral analysis supplies informationessentially on the relation between organicand inorganic substances, between total organicsubstances and organic substances that can bedisintegrated, and between the latter andessential nutrients.

64.0439

Kick, H. Experiences on the use of compost forthe rccuitivation of mining regions. In

Proceedings; Second International Congress,International Research Group on RefuseDisposal, Essen, Germany, May 22-25, 1962.p.1-12.

Results obtained from experiments show thatgarbage composts, garbage-sludge composts,and also sewage sludge composts can be

0435-0440

utilized for soil amelioration purposes,provided that the cost of transportation andthe cost for the distribution of the materialcan be kept within acceptable limits. A

thorough knowledge.of the soil properties and .

of the properties and composition of thecomposts can be assessed with a fair degree ofaccuracy and give a good basis for possibleutilization. The Rhineland coal areas may besunplied immediately with garbage compost inthe amount of 300 tons per ha. This amount ofcompost corresponds to the yearly. garbageproduced by some 1,200 to 1,500 people. Ifsewage sludge alone is used without garbage,then it will not be difficult to use theamounts produced yearly by some 2,000people. Up to the year 2,000, the areaestimated necessary for mining purposes willhe some 25,000 ha, and every year some 300ha should he returned to agricultural purposes.The compost produced by some 450,000 peoplecan he used every year on this surface. Theexperiences with garbage compost in vineyardson sloping ground have shown that such compostscan he used advantageously to protect theslopes against any erosion damage and alsoto promote reforestation.

64-0440

Knoll, K. H. The influence of variouscomposting processes on non-sporeformingpathogenic bacteria. In. International.Research Croup on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD).

. Information Bulletin No. 19. Washington, U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,Dec. 1963. p.1-7.

It has been found through many years ofexperimentation that in composting, theraw material. goes through several decompositiontemperature zones. This is true no matterwhich process is used. These heat zones areresponsible for the destruction of all foreigncompost germs and substances. In the testsdescribed, two different strains of typhoidwere placed into composting material. Oneset of tests was run with the bacteria in.sealed ampoules and in the second set, theywere innoculated directly into the compost.This was repeated for each of the fourdifferent temperature zones as given in thetables. Resistance to the heat differedaccording to the strain of bacteria used andwhether they were in ampoules or not. Theexception was zone four, where temperaturesranged from 65 C and up. Here, all. bacteria,

regardless of any factors were destroyedwithin one day. Although high temperatureswere shown to be the main destructive agent,microbial antogonisms aided the sterilizationas shown by the shorter life of the strains

103

Composting

exposed directly to the compost. Graphs andtables which give complete results areincluded.

64-0441

Krige, P. R. The utilization of municipalwastes. Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch, 1964. 71 p.

As a result of towns having difficulties withrespect to their dumping sites and concernbeing shown by the South African SoilConservation Board, an experimental compostplant was erected in Pretoria. With theguidance of the Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research (CSIR), a comprehensivestudy was made on the problem of utilizingurban wastes with particular attention givento the production of compost. This reportpresents their results. It includes theiroriginal plans, analysis of refuse to hehandled, characteristics of composting, allpertinent chemical and biological information,field tests to be conducted and costsinvolved. Also presented are various tablesand graphs as technical information.

64-0442

Krige, P. R. Salvaging procedure and marketingof salvaged items. In The utilization ofmunicipal wastes. Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, 1964. p.31-33.

The salvaging procedure and the marketing ofsalvaged items from refuse collections in thecity of Johannesburg, South Africa arediscussed. Clean corrugated draft boxes arethe only salvageable item on the refuse trucks.

They may be recovered from the tipping hoppermanually. Bottles and broken glass areextracted manually from the elevator belt atthe tipping house. The first mesh screensout the 'fines' and dust which are used forrefuse tip covering, The remaining threemeshes screen out organic matter which makedesirable soil builders. Bones are extractedmanually from the horizontal picking belt andplaced in large bins. Soiled paper is takenout at the same time and conveyed to thesorting floow. Rags are removed manually andstored. A magnetic separator extracts theferrous metals and transports them to thebaler. The remaining bulk is transported tothe disposal site. Those products which aresalvaged are sold to contractors: they makecollections regularly. A table containingthe breakdown of refuse collected over a twomonth period is included.

104

BESV WM MAW

64-0443

Krige, P. R. Engineering aspects of mechanizedcomposting with specific reference to the CSIRresearch plant. In The utilization ofmunicipal wastes. Pretoria, S. Afr., Councilfor. Scientific and Industrial Research, 1964.p.34-44.

In the CSIR research composting plant,'mechanization does not extend beyond thebiological stabilizer and the provision ofrotary screens at the inlet and outlet endsof the main unit, As drawings show, rotaryscreens filter out 'fines' at the inlet endand grade the compost at the outlet end. Fromthe screen, the refuse passes into bins andis raked into the paths of scoops. A largeconstantly rotating drum, the main unit forthe primary biological stage, receives scoopedrefuse. The drum facilitates charge aerationby 24 air inlet nozzles. After time in thedrum, the compost enters the outlet end ofthe screen. Due to experience with the plant,additional scoops and rakes were added, maingear box overheating was halted, moisture wasprevented from entering the slip ring unit, andthe jamming of the outlet door was stopped.Keeping air inlet nozzles clean, stoppingdrum 'climbing' , and protecting thestabilizer door, air nozzle cylinders, and -endplates against excessive wear represent otherimprovements made. Recommendations were madefor future designs. All bolts going throughthe drum should have the head on the drum'sinside. Drums should possess a two-speedarrangement and contain precautions againstdust formation. At least one manhole shouldbe on the maximum circumference of the drums.Steps should be taken to prevent charge slidingover the shell of the drum and fittings. Thegirth rings' width, upon which the drum rolls,should be increased and motors placed at theoutlet end of screens.

64-0444

Krige, P. R. Costs involved in the productionof compost from municipal wastes. In Theutilization of municipal wastes. Pretoria,S. Afr., Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch, 1964. p.56-58.

The probable costs of manufacturing compostare analyzed and explanations for the datagiven are included. The influences of localcircumstances and costs make impossible anygeneral conclusion regarding the economicsof composting municipal wastes. However, thelikely trend of costs indicates that suchcomposting can be economical, in comparison

erg coil MINABLE

with dumping, if the composting plant issituated near the residential area. Comparedwith the costs of the research plant inPretoria, savings can probably be made if morecomposting units are operated simultaneously.In order to arrive at comparable cost figures,all operations must be expressed in commonunits of time, distance, volume, or weight.Re-introduction of 'fines' after compostingis also economically considered.

64-0445

Leatherhead compost. Public Cleansing,54(1):650, Jan. 1964.

Compost produced from refuse in Leatherhead,England, has been marketed quite successfully.Sales have approached 3,000 tons and 6,500bags in a 12-month period. Prices varydepending upon where they are consumed and howthey are delivered. Chemical analysis ofthe compost revealed moisture, 38.30 percent;volatile matter, 23.50 precent; non-volatilematter, 38.20 percent; total nitrogen in drysolids, 0.88 percent; phosphoric acid in drysolids, 0.59 percent; potash in dry solids,0.33 percent; and calcium in dry solids, 2.86percent. The pH of the aqueous extract wasfound to be 6.90.

64-0446

Leicester, England builds compost plant.Compost Science, 5(1):14, Spring 1964.

A $10 million sewage disposal works andcomposting plant is nearing completion inLeicester, England. The plant is built forthe combined disposal and treatment of thewhole city's sewage and refuse. The layoutand equipment of the plant is described indetail. Glass, paper, rags, and metals areremoved from the household refuse in a salvagehouse before the refuse is fed to the rotatingstabilizers. The salvage house will alsocontain for Komline-Sanderson vacumm coil filterswhich will dry the sludge received from thesludge digestion plant. The resulting cakeis mixed with the household refuse for 4 daysin Dano bio-stabilizers. Fermentation isencouraged by blowing air into the mass ofrefuse. The operation takes place at thetemperature which is lethal to pathogenicbacteria and promotes the rapid decompositionof the material. After crushing and screening,

0441-0448

and a period of maturing, a compost isproduced.

64-0447

Leicester's sewage and composting plant.Public Works, 95(1):118, Jan. 1964.

An $11.2 million combination sewage andcomposting plant of Leicester, England, isdescribed. It covers an area of 93 acresand has been designed to take a dry weatherflow of 20.6 mgd from a population of 329,000,with provision for extensions to take 22.5mgd. The incoming flow will pass through

. mechanically raked screens, disintegrators,and detritors. There are four digestion tanks,each tank fitted with a scraper and fourmixing units which circulate the sludgethrough a water-heated jacket. Lagoons areprovided to give some sludge storage capacityand provide for sludge thickening. Fourvacuum coil filters dry the sludge receivedfrom the digestion plant, the resulting cakebeing mixed with the household refuse in

Dano Bio-Stabilizers for four days. Fermentationis encouraged by blowing air into the mass ofrefuse.

64-0448

Martin, P. Plant pathology problems in refusecomposting. In International Research Groupon Refuse Disposal (IRGRD). InformationBulletin No. 19. Washington, U.S. Department of.Health, Education, and Welfare, Dec. 1963.p.7-11.

The spread of disease organisms by compostingis a distinct possibility because of thelarge amounts of vegetable and garden wastesin it. Because of this, a study has beenconducted to determine the influence ofcomposting on these bacterial and nematodepathogens. Plasmodiaphora brassicae (cabbage

_hernia), which is effective only in acid soils,can he checked by the addition of compost.Also affected by compost application inHeterobera rostochiensis, although in thiscase it is supposed that the compost increasesthe host plant's physiological resistance.Other diseases such as Olpidium brassicae andRhizoctonia solani are destroyed by the hightemperatures occurring during the compostingprocess. Complete tabular results are includedin the article. (An excerpt of this appearsin Compost Science 6(3):23, Autumn-Winter1966.)

105

Composting

64.0449

National Canners Association ResearchFoundation. Composting fruit and vegetablerefuse. Part II. Investigation of compostingas a means for disposal of fruit waste solids.Washington, Aug. 1964. 51 p.

A-program was initiated to develop andevaluate methods of handling and disposingof organic refuse giving particular attentionto ware materials from canning and associatedagricultural operations. Studies coveringthe period 1961 to 1963 are described. Theresults of the investigations indicated thepotential feasibility of aerobic compostingas a means of disposal for high-moisture fruitand vegetable wastes. Particularly encouragingwas the absence of odor and fly problems.Municipal compost, rice hulls, and coffeegrounds were mixed with the fruit wastes toabsorb the moisture. Chemical additives such.as lime and urea produced a more favorableenvironment for microbial growth during thecompost process. Particular-emphasis wasgiven to the frequency with which fresh wastecould be added to the compost piles. Inthe thermophilic range, the stabilizationof fruit and vegetable wastes deceleratedwith subsequent waste additions. Futureexperiments will compare forced aeration withmechanical turning as means of maintainingconditons. required for optimum growth ofaerobic microorganisms. Since the feasibilityof windrow composting was demonstrated, themechanics of collecting, grinding, anddistributing the wastes to the win.'rews willreceive attention. An investigation concernedwith the fate of the compos. t process onpesticides will. be conducted.

64.0450

National. Canners Association ResearchFoundation. introduction. First-year programon bin-composting (1961). In Composting fruitand vegetable refuse. Part II. Investigationof composting as a means for disposal of fruitwaste solids. Washington, Aug. 1964......p;1-10.

A survey of methods of landling organic refuseIndicated that high rate aerobic compostingmight afford an acceptable method of treatmentand utilization waste solids from the processingof fruit's and vegetables. Tr was concludedthat the high carbon content of fruit andvegetable wastes, present In the form of sugarsand fruit acids, would be easily broken down

106

%STAVRILIBLE

and assimilated by suitable microorganisms.The composting experiments for 1961 were carriedout in six- open -top, redwood bins. For eachexperiment the solid fruit wastes and amoisture-absorbent material were weighedbefore mixing. On the day following theinitial filling of each bin, the compost wasmixed and aerated by turning with a shovel.The compost was then turned each day for 5days, and then on alternate days until the end ofthe cycle. Temperature measurements weremade daily and grab samples' were analyzed forcarbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,moisture, and pH value. The results of thesepreliminary investigations on waste solidsfrom the canning of apricots and cling peachesindicated that composting offered a feasibleand esthetically acceptable method of disposal.Dry materials, such as municipal compost orrice hulls can be used to absorb the moisturefrom fruit wastes. The optimum initialmoisture concentration was in the range of60 to 65 percent. The maximum weight ratioof fruit to dry material was 250 lb of peachsolids to 100 lb of municipal compost.Crinding the fruit shortened, by approximately50 percent, the time required for stabilizationof composted of ungrounded fruit. Reductionsranging up to 70 and 59 percent occurred inthe initial weight and volume of the mixtures.Offensive odors did not develop.

64.0451

National Canners Association ResearchFoundation. Second-year program onbin-composting (1962). In Composting fruitand vegetable refuse. Part IT. Investigation ofcomposting as a means for disposal of fruitwaste solids. Washington, Aug. 1964. p.11 -30.

The fruit waste used in the second-yearstudies was from either apricot or peachcanning. In the first experiment, apricotwaste was pas'ad through a Rietz Disintegrator.The ground material was layered into the binswith municipal compost serving as*the moistureabsorbent. Lime was added to the second binon the 7th day of composting at the ratio of1 lb.to 200 lb of fruit waste mixture. Becausethe bin with added lime provided a betterenvironment bacterial growth, thetemperature increased more rapidly than inthe control bin. In the second experiment,lime was added into the mixture in an effortto create more optimum conditions for microbialactivity and shorten the time required forwaste stabilization. The beneficial. effectof adding lime was demonstrated. An additional.

experiment was designed to show the effect ofadding nitrogen in the form of urea to one lot

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

of compost, urea and lime to a second, andlime only to a third. When lime or urea onlywas added, the pH rise was not as pronouncedas that which occurred when the two chemicalswere combined. Because urea supplied areadily available form of nitrogen, bacterialgrowth was stimulated, thereby stabilizingthe waste at a faster rate than in the compostwithout urea. In the final experiment, ricehulls were used as the moisture-absorbentmaterial, ground peaches as the waste source,and the bins were utilized in a manner tothat of the previous experiment. Chemicalanalyses are given.

64.0452

National Canners Association ResearchFoundation. Windrow composting of fruitwaste solids (1963). In Composting fruit andvegetable refuse. Part TI. Investigation ofcomposting as a means for disposal of fruitwaste solids. Washington, Aug. 1964. p.31-40.

Field-scale experiments were conducted toevaluate windrowing as a composting method.Equipment was modified for the purpose ofmixing, aerating, and turning the compostwindrow. Windrows were turned each day,and samples were taken for routine pH andmoisture determinations. To study the effectof periodic additions of fruit waste, fourwindrows were built using rice hulls as themoisture-absorbent material. The advantagesof continually adding waste to the activecompost mass were: that biological decompositionproceeded most rapidly at thermophilictemperatures, and that the removal of moisture byevaporation was maintained at its highestrate. Results showed an increase in ash,phosphorus, and potassium as waste was addedto the windrows. In the final experiment,coffee grounds were used as themoisture-absorbent material. Approximately5,000 lb of waste was added to 15 cu yd ofgrounds, then mixed and turned each day.Only one addition of waste was added to thewindrow. The buffering capacity of the coffeegrounds prevented a pronounced increase in phi.

. The coffee grounds apparently containedsufficient organic material to prolongmicrobial growth after the waste had beenutilized. it was surmised that coffee grounds,after undergoing. the initial process, wouldbehave as did recycled sawdust in previousexperiments.

64-0453

National Canners Association ResearchFoundation. Forced aeration compost study.

0449-0455

Tn Composting fruit and vegetable refuse.Part II. investigation of composting as a meansfor disposal of fruit waste solids.Washington,'Aug. 1964. p.41-48.

Between canning seasons, small-scale experimentswere conducted on forced aeration composting.An air duct was installed under the bottomfloor of a specially constructed bin. Thefloor was drilled with holes to permit theair to penetrate through the compost mass.Rice hulls were used as the moisture-absorbentmaterial. The waste was obtained from grocerystores and consisted largely of leafy vegetablewastes. During the experiment a total of3,630 lb was added in 36 additions. Theexperiment was terminated after 71 daysbecause the waste did not appear to be compostingin a satisfactory manner. Temperatureelevation did not follow additions of freshwaste. As the experiment progressed, themaximum temperature became lower and severalattempts were made to revitalize thecomposting process. Waste additions werediscontinued for several days in an effort tobring down the moisture content. Because ofa heavy ammonia smell, the composting masswas aerated for long periods of time. Thisfailed to cause any significant changes.Nutrients in the form of diamonium phosphateand dried yeast likewise failed to reactivatethe process.

64.0454

New sewage works commissioned at Leicester.Surveyor and Municipal. Engineer, 124(3773):25-27,Sept, 26, 1964.

The new 20 million gal daily sewage works inLeicester opened on Sept. 23, 1964, is describedwith special mention of the eventual use ofthe sludge from this plant being mixed withthe city refuse to produce an agriculturalcompost. While the compost plant is expectedto produce a marketable product, the mainconsideration in building the $1 millioncompost plant was the shortage of dumpingsites in the area. The sorted refuse andwaste and the sludge filter cake will befermented at 130 F for 4 days with aeration.

64.0455

Wiese, (I. Tests for determining the rottingdegree of waste compost using a self-generatedheating capacity. Information sheet 17.Zurich. Switz., international Work Organizationfor Refuse Research, May 1963. 25 p.

The influence of progressive rotting on theself-generated heating capacity of waste

107

Composting

composts was studied in the laboratory of theIns,Litute for Agricultural Microbiology ofth.. Justus-Liebig University in Geissen. Thete.!..ts were carried out in Dewar containers,wKch were put in an incubator. The countingof germs was carried out according to theKoch method of pouring slabs at breedingtemperatures of 25 C and 35 C. With increasingtimes of rotting, the maximum temperatures inthe test decrease. This is true for testmaterial obtained from stack compost, as wellas for a mixture of waste and decayed sludgewhich had been stored for 4 weeks at differenttemperatures. It was also shown that thereis a relationship between the maximumtemperature rise during the test and the feedmaterials, which are used for the microorganisms.Estimates of the degree of rotting can beproposed from an examination of maximumtemperatures reached.

64-0456

Nowak, W., A. Netzsch-Lehner, and L. Seibold.Effects of a waste-sludge compost onmicroorganisms. Staedtehygiene, 15(10):224-228,Oct. 1964.

Bacteriological investigations of the soilfertilized with a combination waste/sludgecompost were made and compared with manuredsoil. To take account of the seasonalinfluences, four series of tests were conducted(in fall, late fall, spring, and in summer).The samples taken from the late fall testseries showed primarily the existence of bothrod-shaped bacteria and cocci. Fungi andvarious algae were also present. Bacteria andcocci were also found in the spring andsummer test series. The summer test seriesshowed the most intensive growth ofmicroorganisms. The detailed results ofthese tests are compiled in five tables.A long-lasting improvement in the fertilityof the soil treated with sludge/waste compostcould be observed in some samples. Thispermits the conclusion that a certainfertility-promoting property can be ascribedin some instances to the sludge/waste compost.But no general conclusions can be drawn. Theapplicability of this kind of fertilizer mustbe decided in each individual case (Text-German)

64.0457

Ohrist, W. Experiments on the effect onwindrow composting of ground household refuse.In International Research Group on RefuseDisposal (IRGRD). Information Bulletin No. 19.Washington, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, Dec. 1963. p.27-36.

108

The mixing in of 'various additives ofbacterial, enzymatic, or chemical nature inrefuse composting is tested to determine theirvalue. The experiments were carried out inplastic bags of 30 kg capacity. Threedifferent series were run, each consisting ofa different refuse composition. Each seriesconsisted of a control and five bags with thavarious additives. The following items weretabulated and presented: temperature,moisture content, and pH value, in all theseries; germ count and cellulose activity inindividual series. Each different additivehad a slightly different effect. Themicroorganism additives showed a minorinfluence on temperature and germ counts.Organic nutrients, sugar, cellulose, and sludge,caused slightly stimulated decomposition.Inorganic nutrients caused a positive influenceon decay characteristics and an increase ingerm count and cellulose activity. Inconclusion it was stated that microorganismswere practically useless, and organic andinorganic nutrients were only useful in refuseof one-sided composition.

64-0458

Process unit was marketable goods fromgarbage. Chemical Engineeting, 71(8):90-92,Apr. 13, 1964.

A new refuse handling process is described,It can be operated in the heart of a cityand minimizes disposal problems. The nuisance7free reclamation plan which has a capacityof 150 ton per day of refuse salvages valuablescrap, and turns the rest of the refuse intoa compost which has value as a soil conditioner.The incoming refuse is sorted to remove largesalvage items such as bed springs. About 20percent of the incoming refuse is sorted forrags, paper, metals, rubber, plastics, andglass. The selection conveyors are elevatedto allow the manual pickers to drop thesorted material to shredders, bailers, andcontainers below. The residue from thesalvage operation is mixed and moistened ina rotating drum before being finely ground inan impact mill having flails fastened to arotating shaft by chains. The digesterconsists of enclosed steel apron conveyorsthat travel 8 hr and are stationary for 16 hr.The decomposing material spends 6 days in theunit with a transfer from one conveyor toanother every day and an additional grindingafter the third day. The operating temperatureis maintained under 160 F during the aerobicfermentation by ventilation. The finalcompost has less than 20 percent of the volumeand 80 percent of the weight of the incoming

REST COPY AVAILABLE

refuse and can be used as a soil conditionerto complement chemical fertilizers. Chemicaltechnology has contributed to the success ofthis refuse handling plant which has been inuse for 9 months at San Fernando, California.

64.0459

Pulverising--a step towards compost. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 124(3776):33B, Oct. 17,1964.

In the 'Fermascreen' composting plant,Compost Engineers, Ltd. claim that with theSeer&am CE30' there is a 2 hr conversionprocess with automatic salvage and rejectionseparation. In a new unit under development,the crude refuse is pulverized in the refusecollection vehicle which reduces the volumeto produce what the manufacturer describes asan attractive end product suited tonuisance-free landfill operations. Thepulverizer should be of interest to authoritiein need of laea for controlled dumping.

64.0460

Removing glass fragments from compost.Compost Science, 5(1):21, Spring 1964.

The development of a new method for theremoval of glass fragments from compostprocessed from garbage has been reported byLeon Zeldis of Tel Aviv, Israel. The methodhas been patented by the Israel MiningIndustries laboratories in Haifa, andexploitation rights have been granted to theIndustries Development Corporation.

64-0461

Research reports on composting. APWA(American Public Works Association]Reporter, 31(1):16, Jan. 1964.

The main objectives of the National Institutefor Water Research Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, South Africa, were toreduce waste; pollution and to convertmunicipal waste into humus, economically. Apilot composting plant was established andthe following conclusions were reached: (1)

Refuse composition was not a critical factor;(2) Optimum moisture content improved thedecomposition and the quality of the endproduct by increasing the nitrogen andphosphorus contents; (3) Artificial aerationmust he adequate during stabilization; (4)The drum promoted rapid decomposition and

0456-0463

produced a stabilized matter with no offensiveodor; (5) Compost produced under controlledconditions would be safe to public health; Themechanized installation of CSIR ::,roduced acompost free of ascaris ova; and (6) Distanceof haul and the number of units are thedeciding factors regarding economics. It wasrecommended that further field tests assessthe value of compost.

64-0462

Rodale, J. I. Can we clean the atmosphere. InOur poisoned earth and sky. Chap. 29. Emmaus,Pa., Rodale Books, Inc., 1964.

Air pollution and means of combating it arediscussed. Six advantages of composting overincineration are listed: (1) It producesvirtually no air pollution; (2) The organicmaterials are converted to a valuable endproduct; (3) Other useful materials, such asrags and metals, can he salvaged easily becauseof a composting plant's method operation;(4). Compost plants can be centrally located,reducing the hauling costs that are so oftena drawback of the landfill method; (5)Dewatering sewage solids can be easily handledin a properly designed compost plant at abouthalf the cost of conventional disposal methodsin a modern sewage plant; (6) This method ofsewage disposal also control to a largeextent, one of the worst sources of waterpollution.

64-0463

Sanford, C. F. Why Elmira, New York chosecomposting. Compost Science, 5(2):5-7,Summer 1964.

After reviewing the possibilities open to theCity of Elmira for refuse disposal, the CityManager recommended composting as the methodbest suited to the needs of the community.Savings of as much as $30,000 per year areconsidered a possibility, and the objectionablepollution caused by burning of refuse would beeliminated. On the basis of the recommendation,the City Council authorized a contract onJuly 24, 1964, with National Organic Corporationof Atlanta, Georgia, for handling the City'sgarbage and rubbish waste through compost fora period of 20 years beginning November, 1965.Under the agreement, Elmira will furnish aminimum by 20,000 tons of refuse a year whichwill be processed by National Organic at a costof $4.35 per ton. Estimated cost for the plantis $500,000.

109

130 too PimaComposting

64.0464

Shatzel, L. R. Composting methods at Kingston,Jamaica. Compost Science, 4(4):22-23, Winter1964.

Kingston, Jamaica (population 420,000) has acomposting installation owned by NationalOrganic Corporation (NORCO). Refuse is dumpedinto a concrete pit. An agitated belt carriesthe refuse to the.grinders. Liquids aredrained off through holes in the belt into asump pit. Glass, ceramic, and stone arefreely ground. Metal items are reduced toapproximately half-inch size. Material isdischarged into a dump truck which transportsthe material to an adjacent field where itreceives a bacterial inoculation. The matteriS deposited in windrows for bacterial

`seeding' . Rate of flow is approximately30 tons per hr. A temperature of 140 F isreached in 36 hr. An agitated screen sifts outthe end product. Close to the sifting screenis an automatic bagging machine which packagesthe completed organic compost for sale asfertilizer and soil conditioner.

64.0465

Shuval, U. T. Composting costs in Israel.In Solid waste disposal and municipal equipment'rental' . New York, Ruttenheim Publishing

Corporation, June 1963. p.57-63.

The cost of handling raw refuse in Israel'scomposting plants totals $4.50 per ton in TelAviv and $5.75 in flifa. These are equal toor only slightly higher than some incinerationcosts, Some communities in the United Statesand other countries may find compostingfavorable economically if a minimal market forcompost develops. An economic analysis of twoIsraeli composting plants is given. A goodmarket for composted municipal refuse of highquality exists in Israel, and is predicted tocontinue in the future. In both plants,revenue from the sale of compost alone does notcover all production costs. If the incomefrom salvage falls considerably, as it may doat times, the revenue from the municipalsubsidy may he the deciding factor in whetherthe plants operate profitably or not. If afavorable market can be developed for the saleof compost, even at a nominal. price, compostingof municipal refuse may well become aneconomical solution for many American citiesas it has already shown itself to he inIsrael and other parts of the world.

64.0466

Sign agreement for plant construction.Refuge Removal Journal, 7(2):35, Feb. 1964.

110

National. Organic Corporation (NORCO), Atlanta,Georgia, has entered into an agreement withthe M. W. Kellogg Company, a suhsidiary'ofPullman Inc., naming the firm exclusiveengineers and contractors for construction ofNational disposal plants throughout the world.NORCO has specialized in the development ofcomposting as a means of waste disposal,using a mechanical and biochemical processfor converting city garbage and refuse into auseful organic fertilizer.

64.0467

Spitzer, E. F. Composting--its role inEuropean disposal--Part I. American City,79(1):102, Oct. 1964.

The status of composting in Europe withemphasis on Rome, Vienna, and the Netherlands,Particularly the Arnheia plant in the lattercountry is presented. Despite a.ready marketfor compost, there is a trend towardincineration, which prevents composting plantsfrom overproducing. Open dumps are also stillwidely used.

64.0468

Spohn, E. Waste elimination by composting.Staedtchygiene, 15(4):80-84, Apr. 1964.

Most compost made from domestic trash is nottrue compost but a mulch which is full capableof undergoing further aerobic decomposition.ignorance of this fact has caused some damagein agriculture, and, consequently, some criticalmarket situations for this mulch. On the otherhand, compost from trash can replenish thebadly needed humus of soils. Tn fact, trashand sewage are not wastes, but raw materialsto be protected from destruction. The compostplant in Illaubeuren produces ripe compostfrom trash and sludge which is safe forsowing and planting. The worst kind of mulchcomes from the Dano process. It must rest forseveral. months before it can be used. A newprocess is utilized in Schweinfurt wheretrash and sludge are pressed into bricks.They heat up until the ripening process stopsbecause of lack of humidity. Then the brickscan be safely piled and stored. They can heused as mulch or, after a further restingperiod with increased humidity when theycompletely decompose, can be used as compost.Rules a community should observe whencontemplating acquiring a composting plantare: not waiting until all landfills areused up; advertising the compost well inadvance to ensure a good market; obtaining help

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

from the specialists; and keeping some dumpingsites in reserve in case of emergency.(Text-German)

64.0469

Stickeiherger, D. How the Caspari compostsystem works. Compost Science, 5(1):15-17,Spring 1964.

After a review of the various unsatisfactorymethods employed for disposal of refuse andsludge, the Caspari compost system is described.The garbage is passed through a rasping machineand blended with fresh or processed dewateredsludge in the naturally obtained proportions.The blended mixture is briquetted under apressure of 400 psi. The mass is reduced toone-third of the original volume, although noliquid leaks out during the process. Thewhole process is completed in 10 to 20 minutes,including the baling and storing by fork lifttrucks in the curing room. Spontaneousfungus growth initiates a biological reactionwhich is not yet fully understood. Temperaturerises rapidly up to 160 F inside the briquettes,thereby killing pathogenic germs and eggs ofascarides. The briquettes..can_hestored inthe free airun:tgthey are needed for avariety of agricurtrual uses. Advantages ofthis method are: no bad. odors develop; manuallabor is eliminated, since the whole processcan he mechanized and automatically controlled;process time is cut from months to 20 minutes;handling and storage are simplified; andvolume is reduced to one-third. A pilot plantprocess based on this method, the Brikoliareprocess, has been developed at Schweinfurt,where the first full scale plant for 80,000inhabitants will go into production this fall.

640470

Strauch, D. Garbage disposal from theveterinary health viewpoint. In Proceedings;Second International Congress, internationalResearch Croup of Refuse Disposal, Essen,Germany, May 22-25, 1962. p.17.

Compost, especially that made from combinedsludge and garbage, May contain the pathogenicagents of epizootics. In Germany, whenever anepizootic occurs, the official veterinarianinvestigates the causes of the outbreak. If

the outbreak is believed clue to the use of acompost that is not free of pathogenic agents,the compost producer must prove that his methodis safe. Besides pathogenic agents of zoonoses,there are also many specific agents pathogenicto animals in sewage and sludge. Reliable data

Q464-0471

are available on the fact that the gencrallypractices mesophilic rotting of sludge dqnsnot kill all pathogenic agents. Experimentscarried out in the Baden-Baden composting ',1antshowed that the agents of psittacosis,paratyphoid fever, and swine erysipela areinactivated at the time of the first turningover of the compost heaps and can no longerbe found alive in the garbage samples. Thisis also true for the bacillus of anthrax, butsafe destruction of the anthrax bacillus callsfor a degree of constant humidity of at least55 percent in the original material. Theaddition of 'vaccines' did not seem toinfluence in any way the pathogenic agentscontained in the compost. Examination of theconditions required for 'cold composting'showed that anthrax bacilie survived up to251 days. The procedure, therefore, cannotdisinfect a compost.

64.0471

Surber, E. Experiences on the use of compostin forestry. In Proceedings; SecondInternational Congress, International. ResearchGroup on Refuse Disposal, Essen, Germany,May 22-25, 1962. p.1-8.

Various types of composts have been used inthe last decades for soil amelioration inreforestation. In order to maintain at ahigh level. the productivity of tree nurseries,the soil should be given a good structure thatmust be preserved over long years. The bestresults are obtained with well prepared andwell putrified compost made essentially withorganic material. In forestry, systematiccomposting will, of course, first of all usematerial from the forest itself. The materialessentially used is leaves, twigs, peat greenmanuring, and straw. Such material with awide C/N ratio (50:1) rots very slowly withoutadequate preparation. Trials have shown thatsuch composting could be promoted andconsiderably shortened by mechanical fiberreduction on the original material, a reductionin the C/N ratio, and control and orientation oftemperature and aeration. Adequate preparationand supervision can bring the rotting processdown to 4 months. A variety of hammer millscan be used for mechanical. fiber reduction.The reduction of the C/N ratio is obtained byadding nitrogen containing substances such asurine and ammonium sulphate. Increasedaeration and temperature control 'is securedby repeated turning of the heaps. An additionof fresh garbage compost strongly promotesthe rotting process. Mixed composts, withequal. parts of leaves, twigs and fresh garbagecompost give the best growth results. Mature

111

CompostingBEST

MIMIABLE

garbage compost is essentially used for theplanting of forest trees, as it is even betterthen mixed compost. Some data on salepossibilities in forestry in Switzerland aregiven.

644472

Thackrey, T. O. The coming struggle tobreathe. Saturday Review, 47(41):23-25, 114,Oct. 10, 1964.

Pollution in the United States is examined.The biological waste reduction plan of Phoenix,Arizona, is studied. Examples of differenttypes of pollution are cited and the solutionsnow in effect are given. The city of Phoenix,Arizona, was involved in one of the most promising

waste disposal projects, involving a 20 yearcontract with a private firm for the operationof three biological waste reduction plants.The city paid the company a disposal rate of$1.25 per ton. Refuse was collected by dumptrucks, dumped into a pit, and conveyed to asorting house to get rid of non-compostablematerial. It was shredded, and finally fed intoa large digesting drum where conditions formaximum bacterial action were controlled. Timeof conversion was 24 to 30 hr. The compostwas then sacked and sold. However, becauseof various difficulties, plant operation wasdiscontinued.

64-0473

Tietjen, C. Conservation and field testingof compost. In Proceedings; National Conferenceon Solid Waste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4,1963. American Public Works Association, 1964.p.175-186.

While at present 'composting' ranks withincineration and sanitary landfilling as amethod of refuse disposal in many countries,it must be realized that three groups ofpersons ordinarily participate in the compostingof refuse: the producers of solid waste andthe officials and boards responsible forproviding sanitary collection and disposalfacilities; the inventors and builders ofcompost processing equipment, and the compostproducers; and the farmers and gardeners whoare the expected buyers of compost products.The three most important requirements concerningcompost quality are: an absence of substancesthat are injurious to man, crops, and soil; ahigh content of organic matter and plantnutrients; and a low content of uselesssubstances like stones, slaps, fragments, andplastics. The importance of the composition

112

of refuse, moisture content, aeration, heating,and processing time have been demonstrated innumerous investigations. Some of the compostingmethods are illustrated and described withsupporting data. The effects of crop yieldare summarized in graphs. It is suggestedthat composting time in windrows or pilesshould be shortened as much as possible, bytransferring organic decomposition process toplowed land by utilizing a method of sheetcomposting. The energy-releasing process forsolid conservation must be utilized and cropproduction under a variety of ecologicalconditions must be learned.

644474

Toth, S. J. Agriculture uses for hardboardplugs. Compost Science, 5(2):24-28, Summer1964

The study was initiated to determine if itwould he possible to prepare a satisfactorycompost from hardboard plugs without shredding,and to determine if the product could be usedas a mulching material. Three large batchcomposting studies and a laboratory compostingstudy were conducted during the course of theinvestigation. In batch No. 1, fertilizer5-10-10 was used as the nitrogen source,while in batch No. 2 a mixture of organic andinorganic nitrogen-containing material wasused. Batch No. 3 utilized dried poultrymanure in conjunction with the hardboard plugs.In the laboratory study, batch No. 2 compostwas used. Their resulting composts wereanalyzed for nitrogen, potassium, andphosphorous. Nitrogen availability studieswere also conducted. The results indicatedthat it was not possible to prepare asatisfactory compost from hardboard plugs dueto the physical nature of the material, andthat the nitrogen present in the various compostsprepared was relatively unavailable for plantuse. Comparisons were made between hardboardplugs, wheat straw, peat moss, and compostedhardboard plugs to determine the value of theplugs as a mulch. Findings indicated thathardboard plugs and composted hardboard plugswere effective mulches for controlling weedsand for conserving soil moisture. They weremore effective than peat or wheat straw whenapplied at a mulching depth of between 2 and4 in. Hardboard plugs are not toxic to theplants and can be reused for mulching.

64-0475

Turner, W. A., and A. Sowerhy. To compostor to burn. Public Cleansing, 54(5):909,May 1964.

BES1 COri

A paper entitled 'Refuse disposal with specialreference to composting and incineration' ,

presented at a British Public CleansingInstitute held in Middlesbrough, England isdiscussed. Controlled tipping was treated asbecoming a system of the past. Determiningand comparing efficiencies and expenses ofincineration and composting is not feasible,

. because of variation in materials, locationof plants, variety of methods, screening,transportation, and ultimate deposition of theend products. A description of the 13ton per day pilot plant composting operationat Middlesbrough, and an analysis of thecompost are included. Demand for the compostin agriculture was questioned. Refuse disposaltechniques may be established on the merits ofthe system for efficiently and sanitarilydisposing of wastes, and not on the demandand value of end products on salvageablematerials. Incineration using stainless-steelcones is presently being investigated inCermany.

64.0476

Turn-key composting plants. Public Works,95(6):86, May 1964.

Westinghouse plans to build reclamation plantsusing a composting process that allows forrapid, efficient and economical disposal oftrash. One plant has already been built inSan Fernando, California, which has beensuccessful. The compost product has been usedas a soil conditioner.

64-0477

Von Klopotek, A. Mold fungi and refuse. InInternational Research Group on RefuseDisposal (IRGRD). information Bulletin No. 19.Washington, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, Dec. 1963. p.11-14.

The action and appearance of mold fungi duringvarious composting processes was examined.The experimental results are included in twoaccompanying tables. Promoting agents weretried on compost during several trials, buttheir effects proved to be negligible becausevariation in composition, moisture content,and heat from pile to pile had a greaterbiological influence. Piles from Baden-Badenwere compared with those from Bad Kreuznachand Heidelburg in the main body of the' tests.It was found that increasing temperaturescaused greater fungi growth. Also noted wasa corresponding change in the compositionof the flora. Up to 45 C Geotrichum increased

0472-0480

by at 55 C the flora was solely Cladosporium.Between the 45 to 55 C increase the fungicount decreased because the organisms whichaccount for the most growth, namely Geotricumand Mucorineen, could not survive the heat.After the pile was fully composted and temperurebegan dropping, fungi started to reappear,growing from the outside toward the middle.These late appearing fungi are mainlythermophilic. Final 'samples taken from thepiles showed that the appearance of fungi washighly dependent on the material, moisturecontent, and temperature of the pile.

64.0478

Waste disposal in Israel. Wasser andAbwasser, 105(20):555, May 15, 1964.

According to a report by L. Watson, Haifa,Israel composts 60 to 70 percent of itsentire city waste. The ministry of healthpermits only two methods of waste disposal:orderly dumping and composting. The compostingplants are in private hands but receivesubsidies from the municipalities. Theamount of the subsidies is coupled with thecost of living. For every cu m of compostsold a small charge is collected from thecompost producer which goes into a fund forfinancing research in the field of wastedisposal. (Text-German)

6441479

West Indies compost operation supplies islandplantations. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(3):20,Mar. 1964.

The end material of a composting plant inKingston on the island of Jamaica is valuableas a natural fertilizer and soil rebuilder.The refuse is ground, treated with bacteriato accelerate deterioration, and then theproduct is composted. The compost pile developsan interior temperature up to 160 degrees, whichin effect, pasteurizes the rubbish, in additionto hastening decomposition. The plant and thecomposting operation are described in detail.

64-0480

Westinghouse offers to build plants to solverefuse disposal problem.. Western CityMagazine, 40(3):46, Mar. 1964.

The new Westinghouse Electric Corporation'srefuse reclamation plant is completelyenclosed. There are no odors, fires, rodents

113

Composting

BEST COP1 111A8LEor smoke, and it prevents air and water pollution. 64.CM83

The pulverator reduces the size of the materialand mixes it with water to quicken bacterialaction. After grindings, it is sent to thefirst of six digester cells for decomposition.These six cells, arranged in two tiers ofthree cells each, brings about decompositionin days instead of weeks.

64.0481

Weststrate, W. A. C. Composting of cityrefuse. Tn Proceedings; National. Conferenceon Solid Waste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4,1963. American Public Works Association,1964, p.136-147,

A brief description of each of the four systemsof composting is given: (1) the Van Maanensystem; (2) the Rasping system; (3) the Danosystem; and (4) the llammermill system. Thefermentation processes and the uses ofcompost are discussed. The main problem ishow municipal refuse can be processed toreduce the amount of unworkable residue,without detracting fron the quality of thecompost. The field of fermentation has beenwidely researched. Investigators have proventhat disease germs cannot survive the longperiod during which a temperature of 50 to80 C is maintained. Compost is consideredharmless from the hygienic point of view,provided it has been subjected to fermentationat elevated temperatures. This is particularlysignificant in the case of bacteria presentin sewage sludge when it is mixed with refuse.Therefore, sewage sludge should always be addedto the refuse before the fermentation processtakes place. To be sure that pathogens aredestroyed, the temperatures during fermentationshould be raised. In the case of aerobicfermentation, there is always a rise-intemperature; in the case of anaerobicfermentation the temperature rises, but verylittle. It is important to study the use ofcompost as manure and as a means of improvingthe soil. if the compost is not put to use,all efforts to produce it are of no avail. Theonly remaining possibility is to use thecompost as cover material on a sanitary landfill.

64.0482

Wicker, W. J. A new look at refuse composting.Public Works, 95(10):131, Oct. 1964.

The operation of the composting plant inKingston, Jamaica is described. The plant is.successful in Jamaica and would he successfulIn the United States.

114

Wiley, J. S. A report on three manure compostingplants. Compost Science, 5(1):15-16, Summer 1964.

Three manure composting plants are described.A windrow competing plant treats a mixtureof feedlot manure from 5,500 steers, and meatpacking wastes, including blood. The windrowsare about 5 ft high and contain approximately1 ton of wastes per 1)-; ft of length. Windrowsare turned six times during the 6 week compostingperiod. The resulting compost is processedthrough a 3, in. vibrating screen, a 3/16 in.rotary drum screen, a millet-type impactmill, and a concurrent, single-pass, rotarydrum drier. Only minor fly problems wereencountered by the use of this method.Composting of chicken manure by rotary drumand windrow composting is the method of thesecond plant. During experimental runs it waslearned that the moisture content of chickenmanure must be lower; in the range of 35 to 40percent, than for composting other wastes.Addition of carbonaceous wastes at a 1:1 ratioimproved the structure of the chicken manurefor aerobic composting and minimized the lossof moisture and ammonia. A Eweson Rotary DrumComposter was under test for compostingstraight chicken manure. Each drum holdsabout 150 tons, is divided into threecompartments, and has a retention time of 6days. Air is blown into the discharge endof the drum. Mud-ball formation was encounteredat a moisture content of 38 to 42 percent.As of February 1964, no satisfactory runshad been made in the rotary drum unit. Theneed for addition of dry, low-nitrogen wastesis evident.

64-0484

World's largest composting plant for SantoDomingo. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,123(3752):58, May 2, 1964.

The world's largest composting plant with acapacity of 8(1(1 tons a day is planned forthe City of Santo Domingo in the DominicanRepublic. The capacity figures are indicated.The plant will handle 80 tons of unsegregatedrefuse an hour for 10 hr per day. The plantoperator, National Organic Corn. of Atlanta,Georgia, operates a plant in Kingston,Jamaica, and sells the end-product as an organicfertilizer. The City of Santo Domingo hascontracted to provide a minimum of 100,000tons of refuse a year over a 20-year period,and to pay a dumping charge to cover theoperating costs. The plant will cost $1,300,000and will be built on a 20 acre site providedby the city.

BEST COPY MIRILABLE

REDUCTION

64.0485

Br.>.tzke, D. J. You must have a garbage-disposalunit. American City, 79(6):177, June 1964.

Thornton, Colorado, has passed ordinancesrequiring garbage disposal units in allhomes, and 99 percent of the city's 3,000'homes now have them. The ordinances andtheir effect on the community are reviewed.

64-0486

Crushing refuse with the Gorator.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):404-405, Aug.1964.

The inclined disk machine or Gorator consistsof a cylinder in which a disk rotating athigh speerland inclined towards the shaftcrushes, mixes, and kneads the supplied refuse.Besides solid material like wood, small metalparts, and bottles, it also accepts fibrous,pasty, and viscous material. Goratorswith 2.5 m diameter and 3,000 hp arebeing developed. Gorators are used to.homogenize raw material in the chemicaland ,paper industry and to treat refuse inwaste burning facilities. (Text-German)

64.0487

Crusher saves space. Factory, 122(4):169,Apr. 1964.

Crushing rejected tin cans is recommendedto save space and manpower. A high speedcan filling line kicks out punctured,dented cans and their contents flow into anadjacent 55 gal drum. An operator then throwsthe empty can into a combination can andbottle crusher. Crushed cans require lessspace to store, and only one trip to thedump is necessary per week.

64.0488

Kummer, F. A new machine for grinding bulkyrefuse. In International Research Groups onRefuse Disposal (IRGRD). Information BulletinNo. 20. Washington, U.S. Department of Health.Education, and Welfare, May 1964. p.56-59.

The Firma von Roll AC, Zurich, decidedseveral. years ago to build a new machine.They needed a machine made principally for

0481-0489

shredding bulk refuse and which met rigidrequirements. The requirement of ease ofcharging was solved by a large horizontalopening which requires no special fendingarrangement. The cutting process was doneby durable and exchangeable knives each ofwhich has four cutting edges. These shredall bulky material. The third requirementof minimum power was tr.ken care of byspecial construction .Details. A verypractical hydraulic drive and a power intakeof 37 kw were two of these details. The

machine was equipped with automatic controlswhich permit the elimination of laborexcept for the crane operator for chargingthe machine. The machite was installedon a building-block foundation in orderto lower costs and to satisfy the widestrange of customers. This machine forshredding is very suitable for communities

which still dump their refuse. Illustrationsof the apparatus are contained in thearticle.

64-0489Neidl, C. Newer methods for refuse treatment.Wasser, Luft and Betrieb, 8(12):734-738,Dec. 1964.

A new method of homogenizing all kinds ofrefuse, such as litter, carcasses,digested sludge, fuller's earth from oilrefineries, waste from large chemicalplants, articles of clothing, dishes,leather goods, etc. by means of a goratoris described. Gorators have enormously highshearing speeds (30 to 40 m per sec and more)and homogenize the refuse into a stablebut pliable consistency. Several goratorsare described and illustrated. They canoperate at temperatures as high as 400 to600 C, and can be used as mixers,homogenizers, and pumps. Gorators on themarket at the present time range in sizefrom 30 mm diameter to 1.5 m diameterwith a motor strength of 320 p.s. Largermachines of 2.5 m diameter are expected inproduction during 1965 to 1967. Thesemachines will he able to crush and homogenizesofas, automobiles, etc. it is possible toinstall a gorator in the cellar of a largebuilding under the refuse chute. Theresulting homogenized refuse then goes intothe town sewage system. The durability ofthe gorators has been very good; constantoperation of 3,100 to 5,000 hr is noexception. A cemplete refuse-treating plantutilizing a gorator is described and illustrated.The treated refuse can be used as fuel orcompost. Experiments are in progress on

115

Incineration

BEST CIO MAKABLE

combining treated refuse with cement, water,and plastic to produce building stones. Thecost of the plant and the personnelnecessary to operate it are discussed.(Text-German)

64-0490

Oates, E. T. Refuse disposal--whypulverization? Public Cleansing,54(10):1201, Oct. 1964.

The Chief Public Health Inspector andPublic Cleansing Office of Worthing,England, outline the reasons why refuseshould be pulverized before tipped.Pulverized refuse is odor-free, moreaesthetic, more sanitary, denser (therebyprolonging the life of the tip), economical,and unnecessary to cover. The author,whose city tips pulverized refuse, alsoanswers often asked questions onpulverization and lists firms thatmanufacture pulverizing units.

64-0491

Pulverization. Public Cleansing,54(7) :1006, July 1964.

The meeting of the Midland Center of theInstitute of Public Health, at which R. H.Smedley of Stafford, England, presented apaper entitled 'Pulverization' , is reported.Incineration and controlled tipping areobsolete. Reasons why Stafford chosepulverization are given. The unitconsists of rotary drum screen with oppositerotation knives. Comnostiog is the honeof refuse disposal. In the discussionafterwards it was agreed that modernincineration and controlled tipping couldbe operated efficiently and sanitarily.

64-0492

Watson, K. S. Solving communit7 garbageproblems by the use of disposers. WesternCity, 40(4):36-39, Apr. 1964.

Some 64 cities have ordinances requiringthe use of disposers. In Los Angeles, dueto the use of disposers and frozen andpreparAnged foods, the average of garbagecollected totalled a decrease of 0.25 lbbetween the years 1951 to 1960. Aurorawas chosen as a test city for the use ofdisposers for a 5-year period ending 1962.

116

The use of disposers created no seriousproblems in the sewage system. BOD andsuspended solids were increased by 20 percentand 25 percent respectively by persons using.disposers over those who did not use them.Since there was soap question about the exactload contributed by disposers, the GeneralElectric Company agreed to fabricate enoughprototypes to make another analysis.Therefore Hoffman Heights was consigned338 portable disposers. This analysisshowed the contribution per individual per day tobe 0.052 lb/BOD and 0.064 lb ofsuspended solids. These figures will helpin the design of new sewer systems andtreatment plants. The tables included inthis article concerned the following:(1) Los Angeles area communities withdisposer ordinances; (2) average wastewatercharacteristics and treatment costs; (3)Denver area communities with disposerordinances; (4) average wastewatercharacteristien and treatment costs atAurora; and (5) average load contributed bydisposers in Aurora.

INCINERATION

64-0493

Air pollution. In Environmental healthsurvey, Wayne Township, New Jersey:Cincinnati, U.S. Public Health Service, July1964. p.35-40.

The Wayne Township zoning ordinancespecifically prohibits industry commonlyassociated with air pollution. Disposalof garbage by incineration is alsoprohibited by an ordinance. The AgriculturalExtension Service reports that air pollutionattributable to automobile exhaust hasaffected vegetable and flower farms.Existing ordinances will not protect Waynefrom sources outside the community. It isrecommended that existing statutes andordinances to control air pollution inWayne be more strictly enforced. Wayneshould prohibit all open burning andinstitute an active program for the controlof noxious weeds.

64.0494

Benline, A. J. Air pollution from themunicipality and the home and its control.In Proceedings; National Air Pollution

BEST COPY AilillOBLE.

Conference, Washington, Dec. 10-12, 1962.Public Health Service Publication No. 1022.1963. p. 103-105.

Air pollution attributable to homes originateswith two basic operations. These are theoperation of heating plants and of refusedisposal or incineration equipment. Minorair pollution problems result from poorplacement of ventilators in buildings withbasement garages and from the discharge oflint, odors, and steam from such domesticdevices as domestic clothes dryers or airconditioners. There is also the problemof dust emissions encountered during theconstruction or demolition of residentialand other properties. Many municipalitiesare operating residential housing propertieswhich create pollution problems. Even morefrequently, municipalities contribute totheir own air pollution from the operationof sewage treatment plants, asphalt plants,incinerators, powerplants, vehicles usedin public transportation, and similarinstallations. The city without aneffective public refuse collection anddisposal system leaves homeowners withlittle alternative but to employ backyardincineration as a means of disposal.Where the city provides municipal refuseincineration, air pollution frequently iscreated from the operation of largeincinerators. Methods for the correctionof air pollution from boilers are wellknown. Correction of air pollutionproblems can be handled through educationof the public and effective enforcementtechniques.

60495Blowers accelerate incineration.Engineering News-Record, 173(1):102,July 2, 1964.

A fully enclosed, automatically controlledrefuse disposal system that uses forced airto accelerate burning of waste material isdescribed. No fuel is used once the refuseis ignited. Two 9,500 cfm blowers feed airto the incinerator with air velocitygradually and automatically increased toforce lighter material into suspension untilit is completely burned. The system includesa building for unloading refuse; commercial,industrial, and residential refuse isdumped at the sorting platform, where menremove salvageable material. Apneumatic-tired pusher is used topush non-salvageable material onto a

0490-0497

pair of hinged-steel belt conveyors whichfeed towards the center of the building.Here the refuse is discharged into a4-ft-wide, 100-ft-long inclined conveyor,which carries it to the burner 40 ft aboveground. Refuse is discharged into theburner in a continuous controlled flowand 90 percent is completely burned. Theremainder, a combination of ash andnon-burnable waste, can be removed by aconveyor located in the base of the burner.Fly ash is trapped by screens located atthe top of the burner. An accessorysystem is available to eliminate smoke.

54.0495

Boston seeks federal aid to construct twoincinerators. Refuse Removal Journal,7(8):22, Aug. 1964.

Boston, Massachusetts, is planning toconstruct additional incinerators toreduce the burden of its over-taxeddisposal facilities. Financing of theproject will be by a community facilitiesloan from the federal government. Theinitial loan will he for $75,000 or onepercent of the total cost ($7.5 million)for initial planning. A consulting firmis to be hired upon approval of the loanto determine if incinerators are thesolution to the problem. Construction ofadditional incinerators will permit thediscontinuance of the city's open dump.The existing single incineratorproduces about 1,000 ton per week of residueand creates the problem of locating properlandfill sites. The additional incineratorswould solve many of the problems involved inrefuse disposal at present. Anothersolution which was considered was the useof sea-going incinerator ships.

60497Boston turning to marine incinerators.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(7):4, July1964.

The Metropolitan District Commission ofGreater Boston, Massachusetts, expects toreceive authority for operating a fleet ofseagoing incinerators as a means of solvingthe area's acute refuse disposal problemand at the same time reduce air pollution.The plan calls for the conversion of several

117

Incineration

World War II Liberty Ships to ocean-goingincinerators at an estimated cost of $1.5million per vessel. Preliminary studies indicatethe ships could handle up to 1,200 tons ofrubbish daily, compared to 600 tons handledby most well - designed land incinerators,which normally cost about $4,000 per ton ofcapacity. Therefore, a land incineratorwith capacity equivalent of one ship wouldcost over $4 million.

64.0498

Bremser, L. W. Incineration. InProceedings; National Conference onSolid Waste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4,1963. American Public Works Association,1964. p.108-119.

A brief historical review on the developmentof the incinerator used for refuse isgiven. Very little is known about thematerial to be burned. Some research hasbeen done on the composition of refuseproduced in a few midwestern cities butmore of such research is needed in otherareas of the country. Development of methodsof automatic charging will be made moredifficult by the physical qualities ofrefuse Refuse may mat and tangle and itscomponents may be of all sizes and shapes,making it very difficult to handlemechanically. Perhaps pre-processing toachieve a physically more uniform materialwould be in order. Modern incineratordesigns require that the refuse be movedvertically a long distance in order to havegravity flow through the plant. This iscostly when the tons involved are considered.It might be possible to reduce thisdistance by improved furnace arrangement.If this difference in elevation isnecessary, it would seem more practical toelevate the residue which is a relativelysmall portion of the original weight ofrefuse. In the furnace itself, maintenanceis a major problem. Even in the mostefficiently operated plants, the maximumload factor obtainable is less than 90percent because of routine maintenanceoutages. Perhaps study would revealother methods of utilizing the availableheat besides steam generation. Onepossibility might be the use of the wasteheat in the conversion of saline waterto potable water. In summary, research isneeded in all phases of incineration.

118

MAILABLE

64-0499

Central incineration. In 1964 SanitationIndustry Yearbook. New York, RRJPublishing Corp., 1964. p.18.

Central incineration, including itsadvantages and disadvantages, costs, siteselection, truck scales, methods ofcharging refuse into incinerators,effective combustion temperatures,combustion chamber, and fly ash, isdiscussed. Screens, air requirements,refractories, stacks, residue handling,transportation of residue, design andconstruction operation, maintenance, airpollution control, and fly ash emissions arealso discussed. Incinerator, furnace,combustion chamber, and subsidence chamberare defined.

64-0500

Cerniglia, V. J., and H. J. Campbell. Weborrowed from the steel industry. AmericanCity, 79(5):89, May 1964.

Incinerator design borrowed from thesteel industry, to reduce incineratormaintenance problems is discussed. InOyster Bay, New York, the 500 ton per dayincinerator became overloaded, maintenanceand cleaning time were high, and efficiencywas down. The modifications made, includingthinner, sectionally-supported, air-cooledincinerator walls, the use of slag-resistantsuper-duty fire brick, and use ofstronger-bonding, tongue-and-groove-brickare discussed. Results include 20 percentincreased capacity, lower burningtemperature, one-fourth the cleaningtime, and lower maintenance time.

64.0501

Chesarek, R. F. How to select anincinerator bucket. American City,79(8):80-82, Aug. 1964.

The incinerator bucket or grapple servesas the key link between the incomingmaterial and the furnaces. The three-linecable plan, using one cable for closing thebucket and two cables for holding the bucket,works best. The head of the bucket consistsof the head block, head sheaves, guideroller-3, related pins, and attached members

BEST COPY AVRILABLE

or the hold lines. If the bucket remainsvertical at all times, little bending ofthe cable over the rollers occurs. Thecorner bars attach the bucket head to thescoops. The simplest arrangement consistsof a single pin connecting all fourcorner bars and also serving as the headsheave pin. The scoops used in incineratorservice are the closed-scoop, or bucket,and the tine, or grapple. Scoops have limitedpick-up ability, but serve as a goodclean-up tool. The grapple yields anaverage of 40 percent more pick-upcapacity, but has higher cost, greaterweight, and is a poor clean-up tool. Fornew installations, bucket size must berelated to crane selection. Incineratorbuckets are lightweight, although extremelylightweight ones will not take the abuse.Most incinerator buckets are constructedof mild carbon steel, although somecritical items of tine-type grapples shouldbe made of more adequate material. Ondoubtful items, manufacturers' standardsshould he accepted.

64.0502

Chicago incinerator turns rubbish intosaleable p:.)ducts, Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(2):18, Feb. 1964.

The residue of a rotary type kiln plantowned by Incinerator, Inc. in Stickney,Illinois, 7 miles southwest of Chicago,can find ready cash markets. The saleablecomponents are reclaimable metal, cinder,and steam.

64.0503

Cohan, L. J., and R. C. Sherril Aninvestigation of combustion air for refuseburning. Presented at National. IncineratorConference, American Society of MechanicalEngineers, New York, May 18-20, 1964.

A test program was set up, using theincinerator of a major municipality, withthe following objectives: to determinethe location and effectiveness of overfireair; to determine the location andeffectiveness of overfire air inconjunction with its ratio to undergrateair in order to determine burning rates,

fly-ash carryover, furnace temperatures,

0498-0505

secondary combustion. Each comparativetest was conducted on the same day as itsbase test which reflected normal plantoperating conditions. Thermocouple lanceswere used to obtain gas temperatures. A375 lb per cu yd density for wet refuse wasachieved by spraying the refuse in the pitfor 24 hr prior to testing. An analysisof the test results shows that thecombination of high:- and low-pressureoverfire air has a direct bearing onincreased capacity. Arithmeticalaverages of furnace outlet temperatureindicate more efficient burning ofaverage refuse with proper proportionsof underfire and overfire air. Fly-ashcarryover should be an area for separatestudies. Secondary combustion wasminimized or eliminated with properproportions of high- or low-pressure air.

64-0504

Dry dust collectors. Factory, 122(4):88-89,Apr. 1964.

Seventeen dust collecting and filter'.n:.units are given individual five linesummaries including a picture. Severaldevelopments mentioned are reverse airjet flushing, aluminum grate with built-insuction, electrostatic particle removal,fan suction, and glass fiber lint filters.The 17 units discussed appear in theequipment catalog section of the publication.

64.0505

Dust removal in refuse incinerator plants.Wasser, Luft and Betrieb, 8(7):426-428,July 1964.

A short review of the different incinerationsystems is presented. In refuse incineratorswhich use the heat utilization principle,dust removal is not a problem. Howeverin smaller plants, a dust removal apparatusis necessary. Experiments with Americanair filters have shown that the wet dustremover 'ROTO CLONE' and the fly dustremover 'AMER-clone' as well as the`Dustbox' and the `AMER - therm' dustremovers can be installed. An incineratorused for the incineration of paper wasfitted with an AMER-clone filter.Measurements showed that the dust concentrationin the crude gas was 210 mg per cu Nm,

119

Incineration

while after filtration it was only 36.9mg per cu Nm. It was concluded that crudegas with dust concentrations of not more than1,000 mg per cu Nm can be controlled bythis method. To control larger dustconcentrations, experiments were conductedwith a silicon glass fiber hose filteringapparatus, which is illustrated. Measurementsshowed that the dust concentration in the crudegas was 30.8 g per cu m, while only 0.071g per cu m was found in the filtered gas.

64.0506

East Ohio Gas Company. Residentialincineration and its benefit to yourcommunity. Jan. 1964. 23 p.

A study was made to determine whetheror not communities have benefitted by theenactment of ordinances requiringinstallation of incinerators or sinkgrinders. A representative sample ofcommunities was selected, and personalinterviews were conducted with ServiceDirectors or other persons responsible forgarbage and rubbish collection and disposal.Over half of the communities in the Clevelandarea having ordinances were contacted.Communities not having ordinances were alsocontacted to determine whether or not theircollection and disposal problems were moreacute than those communities with ordinances.

64.0507

Fishermen fight Boston plan to incineraterefuse on ships at sea. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(11):16, Nov. 1964.

Boston, which has no adequate means ofrefuse disposal, will try to pass a billthrough its legislature to authorize burningof refuse aboard incineration ships anddumping the residue 20 to 25 miles out atsea. Commercial and industrial fishermenclaim that this proposal would be a gravedanger to local and world fishing.

64-0508

Garbage to gallons with new plant. WaterWorks and Waste Engineering, 1(2):53,Feb. 1964.

The first plant using heat from a refusedisposal plant to convert sea water to fresh

120

BM 101.N3LE

water, will be built by the Hempstead,New York, Department of Sanitation. The $6million plant will include four AMF MaximAqua-fresh heat recovery evaporators. Eachof the units could provide up to 112,000gal of fresh water a day, if operated atfull capacity. Present plans call for theoperation of only three of the units atone time, with the fourth held on stand-hy.

64.0509

Gorman, B. Noteworthy features. AmericanCity, 79(7):94, July 1964.

The new incinerator of Garden City,New York, features a naturally lightedfiring floor, twin receiving bins and aninline layout that reduces the crane span isdiscussed.

64-0510

Hangehrauck, R. P., D. J. von Lehmden, andJ. E. Meeker. Emissions of polynuelearhydrocarbons and other pollutants fromheat-generation and incineration processes.Journal of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, 14(7):267-278, July 1964.

A source sampling program on the measurementof pollutant emission levels from avariety of sources includes a section onthe incineration and the open-burning ofcommercial and municipal solid wastes. Inaddition to the over-all emission data, aprimary objective was to establish therelative importance of various combustionprocesses as contributors of benzo(a)pyreneand other polynuclear hydrocarbons withdemonstrated or potential carcinogenicproperties. Charts show the design andoperational summary of incineration sources.

64-0511

Haden J. L. Incinerati: model convincespublic. Public Works, 9S(7):94, July 1964..

A pit-and-crane incinerator with anultra-modern design is being built atLowell, Massachusetts. A unique feature isthe discharge of residue into containers,which will then be lifted onto specificallyfitted trucks, rather than direct dumpingfrom the discharge hopper into receivingvehicles.' A display scale model version of

the polynuclear hydrocarbon content ofparticulate matter emitted from incinerationand open-burning sources.

BEST COVV AVAILABLE

the incinerator helped "sell" it to thepublic.

64-0512

Herring, F. W. Effects of air pollutionon urban planning and development. InProceedings; National Air PollutionConference, Washington, Dec. 10-12, 1962.Public Health Service Publication No. 1022.1963. p.190-199.

Questions are.likely to arise, not so muchon the basis of need for air resourcemanagement, as on the ability to predict andcontrol air quality, on the type of agencybest fitted to do the job, and on theadministrative tools available or inventable.The chief sources of air pollution areindustries, home heating and backyardburning, and burning dumps. Agriculturalpractices like smudge burning and airplanespraying of insecticide may also be sourcesof pollution. Vehicles of transportationare the chief mobile source. Open burningof the accumulated waste and refuse of thecities is usually the first to be prohibitedin any air pollution control program Plannersmay make burial of comminuted material withalternate compressed layers of earth theoccasion for planning new sites forrecreation or light building. Also to beencouraged is joint financing amongcommunities of a plant to convert organicmaterials from waste into usable forms, orjoint financing of an efficient incineratorfor combustibles. In Los Angeles County in1959, it was found that residential land usescontributed less than one percent of thetotal contaminant emissions after prohibitionof backyard burning. The planner's problemin air pollution control is one of locatingresidences, industries, and agriculture,parks, recreation areas, and freeways so asto minimize conflicts of interest while

permitting normal area growth. Regionalplanning and some limited type ofmetropolitan government is necessary.

64.0513

Hiller. H., and L. Mackowski. A methodof determining the heating value ofheterogeneous waste. Gas, Wasser, Waerme,18(2):26-29, 1964.

For determining the heating value ofheterogeneous waste a test incinerator wasconstructed, equipped with an adjustablegas burner whose heat development could he

0506-0515

measured. Thermometers and a meter tomeasure the amount of flue gas wereinstalled. The combustion chamber wasdesigned to hold about 20 kg of waste. Anillustration and detailed description ofthe test setup are given. The apparatus wascalibrated with fuels of known heating value.The well-mixed and crushed waste wasweighed, filled loosely in the combustionchamber, and ignited. When the flue gastemperature and the carbon dioxide contentsin the flue gas sank, the incinerationprocess was considered completed. Theremaining ash was weighed. For thetheoretical evaluation of the experimentthe following data were obtained: amountof heating gas and flue gas, carbon dioxidecontent of the flue gas, amount of coolingwater and condensation water, temperatureof flue gas before and after cooling, andwater temperature before and after entranceinto the refrigerator. The surplus heatcalculated from these data and referred tothe unit of weight, yields the incinerationheat (upper heating value) of the waste.A numerical example is given.(Text-German)

64.0514

Honeycomb armour protects tipping floors.American City, 79(6):26, June 1964.

A veneer honeycomb of steel mesh andconcrete filler protects the Merrick, LongIsland, New York 40 by 70 ft incineratortipping floor. This saves the under floorfrom the abrasion of track-type vehicles.

64.0515

Incineration of household refuse. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 123(3755):51-52,May 23, 1964.

The incineration characteristics ofhousehold refuse are reported as theresult of tests performed to determine theeffect of high ash and pulverizing. Thenormal operation of the incineratorsinvolved includes facilities for removingcans, pre-picking, and pulverizing. Thesamples included: (1) pulverized refusewith cans removed; (2) ash removed aswell as tins, but not pulverized; and (3)a sample representing British summer refuse,but with more glass than normal andpulverized. Sample 1 was typical of thehigh ash British winter refuse and sample2 was typical of the U.S. refuse. It

121

Incineration

was found that the high ash content andpulverization speeded the combustion.Samples 1 and 2 burned uniformly and asmall water-spray cleaned the flue gases.With sample 2, the mass had to be poked andthe burner had to be switched on to completecombustion. The smoke emission was denseat times and the after-burners had to beignited for short periods. No trace ofglass could be found in the pulverizedsample ash. The ash in sample 1 mixes withthe vegetable matter and absorbs themoisture which increases the burning rate.The glass in sample 3 does not absorb themoisture and thus the burning rate is slowerthan in sample 1.

64-0516

Incinerator. Engineering, 197(5105):284,Feb. 21, 1964.

The Advel Venturi incinerator for disposalof general refuse, confidential documentsand garden rubbish are described. The shellis mild steel sheet; grate and secondaryair feed are cast iron. With theexception of the grate components, allparts are hot dip galvanized. Thesecondary air flow unit is explained as ahollow, conical part in the center of thegrate to increase air flow and providebalanced combustion at the center of theincinerator. Models available have 3.4 and5 cu ft capacities.

64-0517

Incinerator. Engineering, 198(5149):823,Dec. 25, 1964.

The Sealed Flame disposal unit made byUniversal Machinery and Services Limitedis described. Reported to he entirelysmokeless with every type of refuse(wet or dry), four models with capacitiesranging from 26 cu ft to 170 cu ft arediscussed. Approximate burning rates aregiven for each. The arrangement of the airtubes make it impossible for the materialbeing burned to lie flat with the resultthat everything is surrounded by air andburnt right through.

64-0516

Incinerator develops power and producesown fresh water. Public Works, 95(5):152,May 1964.

122

5,5 WV WOKE

The new 750 ton per day refuse disposal plantbeing built for the Town of Oceanside,Long Island, New York, has a waste heatrecovery complex providing both powergeneration and salt water conversion. Theplant design and equipment is described.With the large quantity of steamavailable, it was determined to beeconomically feasible to use desaltingunits in place of the condensers that wouldotherwise have been used in the steamcycle. The exhaust steam from the variousturbines and the excess steam is usedin inexpensive single-stage, single-effect,submerged-tube evaporators to produceabout 115,000 gal of fresh water per day forin-plant uses. The total constructioncost of this unique plant will be about$6,000,000.

64-0519

Incinerator for harbor debris and demolitionmaterials. Public Works, 95(9):140,Sept. 1964.

A special incinerator was developed tofacilitate the incineration of large woodpiles, timber beams, floating debris, anddemolition products found in harbor areassuch as New York. Without further processing,materials ranging from a few inches to30 ft in length can be destroyed by thisincinerator, which incorporates a new methodof charging and a stoker system compatiblewith the type of material to be destroyed.A traveling crane with specially designedgrappling hooks, similar to cranes used inlogging operations, handles the largepieces. The charging gates are to beinstalled adjacent to each other, so thatwhen operated together they will providea 30 by 8 ft opening for charging. Thepneumatically or electrically operated gates,in tandem, can be controlled by the craneoperator. The incinerator will useinclined alternate moving stoker bars,which will provide for initial dryingand ignition at the point of entry, and willgradually move the debris forward to thehigh temperature end of the incinerator forcomplete destruction.

64-0520

Incinerator for unsorted waste. FoodProcessing, 25(12):100, Dec. 1964.

The new KVS incinerator, which handlesunsorted, wet and dry refuse, and whichmeets all local air pollution ordinances

BEST COPT MINABLE

is described. The heart of the system is aperforated, stainless steel rotating conewhich continuously tumbles waste materialduring combustion. Small-sized ash andnon-combustibles fall through theperforations onto a grate.

64-0521

Incinerator saves 25 percent in disposalexpense. Modern Hospital, 102(5):138-140,May 1964.

By installing its own gas-fired incinerator,the 300-bed Grandview Hospital of Dayton,Ohio, has eliminated flies, odors, unsightlyaccumulation of waste, and the noise oftrash collection operations. The risingcost of the previously employed collectionservice was another disadvantGge of theolder system. The new incinerator, whichhad a daily capacity of 950 lb, will keeppace with the hospital's growth and withthe increased use of disposable and packagedsupplies. The automatically timedincinerator can handle both plastic and rubberitems, plus organic wastes from surgery. It

is attended by two part-time employees.Cost of the incinerator itself is $9,800.

644)522

Incinerator uses cone-shaped grate.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(11):30,Nov 1964.

A radically new incinerator for municipal,commercial, industrial, and institutionaluse disposes of waste materials withcomplete burning of all objectionableodors, total fly ash removal and minimumash residue. A chief feature of theincinerator is a cone-shaped steel gratewhich continuously tumbles the refuse.This tumbling action helps to break therefuse into smaller pieces, providingmaximum surface air exposure.

64.0523

Incinerators in Northeastern Illinois.Public Works, 95(10):174, Oct. 1964.

There are ten incinerators in use innortheastern Illinois with a total ratedcapacity of 4,762 ton per 24 hr, and an`effective capacity' of 5,354,000 cuyd per year based on 250 full working days peryear and 4.5 cu yd of refuse per ton. These

0516-0525

data are based on the 1960 Eastern IllinoisMetropolitan Area survey of the areaby the North-Planning Commission.

64-0524

Jacke, W. Costs and economy of wasteincinerator plants. Staedtehygiene,15(7):166-167, July 1964.

The costs of a waste incineration plantare mainly determined by the size of thewaste storage bunker, by the flue gas filtersnecessary to comply with the air pollutionregulations, and by the means required tocool down the flue gases to 300 C, theoperating temperature of the electro filter.Carefully conducted cost investigationsshowed that a waste incinerator, operatedin connection with a low-pressure steamgenerator, is most economical. Total costsin'this case run at about $4.50 per ton ofwaste. Part of the costs can be recoveredby selling the steam, ash, and scrap metal.If there is no possibility of using thebeat, the flue gases must be cooled downby either adding cold air or by injectingwater. The first method can be discardedbecause of high costs due to the increaseof volume of the flue gas. With thesecond method the total cost per ton of wasterun at $5.50 because of the water costsinvolved. A less expensive third methodhas been developed. The flue gas is cooledby generating low pressure (14 atm.) steamwhich is subsequently condensed in anair-cooled condenser and the water is usedagain. The investments are about the sameas for the water injection method; thetotal costs per ton of waste, however, aremuch lower. (Text-German)

644)525

Long Island incinerator to convert saltwater. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(3):12,16, 25, Mar. 1964.

An ultra-modern, 700-ton capacity incineratorbeing built at Hempstead, located on theSouth Shore of Long Island, New York, willalso contain a unique saline conversion unitcapable of changing over 300,000 gal ofsalt water to fresh water daily, Theincinerator will utilize waste heat from itsown furnaces as the fuel source. The waterwill generate electric power for the plantthrough a steam turbine. The plant willneed 288,000 gal of water every 24 hr. Theconversion unit is being installed because

123

Incineration

no fresh water is readily available andsalt water would cause marine growth in thepipes. This conversion eliminates thenormal requirements of a deep water welland an extensive steam condenser complex,and it prevents huge reserves of water frombeing drawn from the Township's alreadyovertaxed underground resources.

64-0526

Meissner, H. C. Air pollution fromincinerators. Civil Engineering,34(9):40, Sept. 1964.

Design and operation of the furnace as thekeys to the control of air pollution fromincineration are examined. The control ofcombustion air is vital to the performanceof an incinerator.

64.0527

Meissner, H. C., and H. C. Johnson.Discussions of 'The problems of applyingincinerator criteria.' Journal of the AirPollution Control Association, 14(9):366-377,Sept. 1964.

The contentions that flexible criteria aremore desirable than rigid criteria forincinerators, that rigid criteria holdback design improvements, and thatefficiency of operation and constructioncosts should be considered in ratingincinerators, are attacked as invalid. Theincinerator criteria are compared to thebuilding codes and specifications whichdefine what is acceptable so that thedesigner will know in advance what toexpect and how to plan. With flexiblecriteria, the examiner's personal opinionmay decide approval or disapproval.Provision is made in both the New YorkCity Criteria, and in the Los AngelesCriteria for experimental or temporarypermits with the final approval given whenthe incinerators are found to operatesatisfactorily. The rating of incineratordesign on the basis of efficiency ofoperation and construction costs is totallyunacceptable to a control agency, sincethis would favor a poor design. The testsdescribed in the original paper on threeincinerator designs were of such shortduration and under such unfavorableoperating conditions that the resultswould be considered unsatisfactory for allthree designs. Test result's will not berepresentative of actual emissions unlessthe materials burned represent the usual

124

1351 at 4MM

type of refuse to be burned and the incineratorsare operated in the manner expectedof the majority of the operators.

64-0528

Moore, H. C. Express concern for airpollution at incinerator conference. Heating,Piping and Air Conditioning, 36(8):102-103,Aug. 1964.

Papers presented at the First NationalConference on Incineration held in NewYork, May 18-20, 1964, are summarized.Technical sessions, devoted to differentphases of the incinerator process as wellas to the material and equipment involved,covered general design, refractories,furnace design, materials handling, heattransfer and recovery, air pollutioncontrol, incinerator plant operation,instrumentation and controls, and apartmentbuilding incinerators. Highlights ofthe thirty-two papers presented. include:(1) the responsibility of a consultingengineer in laying out a plant to meet allcurrent requirements of design andperformance; (2) a review of variouscontrol methods for air pollution; (3) theremoval of fly ash by electrostaticprecipitation; (4) the effect of furnacedesign and operation on air pollution;(5) health aspects of air pollution fromincinerators; (6) the development ofcontinuously fed furnaces with boilerlocation on top; and (7) operating problemsin a large plant.

64-0529

New York incinerator burns one milliondollars a day. Refuse Removal Journal,7(5):30, May 1964.

An incinerator of the New York FederalReserve Bank burns old and frayed silvercertificates. The New York bank is one oftwelve banks throughout the country thatdestroys millions of dollars daily. FederalReserve notes are separated from the silvercertificates and are shipped to the Treasuryin Washington for destruction. Destructionof the silver certificates is alsodiscussed.

64-0530

Nine towns ask for refuse area plan. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(6):26, June 1964.

BEST COPY AVAIUtti

Nine towns in Northern Westchester County,New York, have petitioned the Board ofSupervisors to set up a refuse districtthat would build and operate a multimilliondollar incinerator at Croton Point Parkon the Hudson River, adjacent to the HarmonYards of dn.._ New York Central Railroad. Thetowns claimed that urbanization had eliminatedsuitable incinerator sites in the nine-townarea. The board ordered a study of costsof the proposed district and incinerator,which the nine towns would share on acooperative basis.

64-0531

Officials complain pressurized cansendanger employes. Refuse Removal Journal,7(3):27, Mar. 1964.

Department of Sanitation heads in somecommunities are urging residents to storepressurized cans in separate receptacles,where collection crews can hold them asidefor disposal in landfill operations, sincethese cans explode when they hit the flamesin incinerators, thereby injuringincinerator stokers.

64-0532

Omaha plans paunch manure incinerator.Engineering News-Record, 173(20):59-62,Nov. 12, 1964.

Paunch manure, the undigested materialconsisting principally of straw, hay, orcorn, and gastric juices, found in slaughteredbeef cattle, poses a difficult disposalproblem in Omaha. An entirely new methodof disposal developed by city engineersand due for initiation in November 1966,is described. The paunch manure will betransported through city sewers to atreatment plant where it will be separated,dewatered, and burned. Since the packingplants where the manure originates are onhigh ground, the hydraulic gradient issteep enough to keep it from settling andlodging. A series of separation tanksallows the paunch manure to settlewhile channelling off the effluent fortreatment in the existing sewage plant. Tosolve a tough dewatering problem, a brewingindustry press was found to work. Materialfed in at the top is compressed by a wedgingaction as the rotation of two opposedperforated disks carries it downward.Moisture escapes through the perforationsand goes to the regular treatment plant,

0526-0535

while the dewatered material goes by beltconveyor to a surge pile en route to theincinerator, a rotary kiln much like thoseused in the manufacture of cement. Theinstallation is expected to cost $1.9 million,with maintenance and operation cost expectedto be $147,900 annually.

64-0533

A ram-fed incinerator. American City,79(12):69, Dec. 1964.

Three of the distinctive features of thenew, attractive incinerator in Clearwater,Florida, are a ram feeder that places therefuse in the furnace; a quench tank anddrag conveyor which produce a .moled,dust-free incinerator residue; and the useof the effluent from the adjacentsewage-treatment plant as the process waterfor the entire operation, and the returnof all waste water to the sewage-treatmentplant for reprocessing before its dischargeinto the bay.

64-0534

Rasch, R. Furnaces for waste incineration.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):376-382,Aug. 1964.

The various kinds of furnaces suitable forwaste incineration are surveyed. Thedesigns are classified according to theircapacity, kind of grating, furnace material,and utilization of the combustion heathDust removal from the flue gas and thetreatment of the slags (sintering, granulation)are also discussed. It is pointed outthat, in order to ensure the most economicaloperation of a waste incinerator plant, itis necessary to carry out extensive preliminarystudies to estimate the amount of wasteexpected, the costs of waste collection,and transportation of the ashes. Revenuesfrom the sale of heat, electricity, andprocessed slags should not be overestimated.(Text - German)

64-0535

A regional approach to refuse disposal.American City, 79(6):94, June 1964.

New Haven, Connecticut, and two neighboringtowns plan to build an incinerator toreplace open dumps. The 750 ton per dayplant, and financing and billing programs aredescribed.

125

Incineration

64.0636

Rihm, A.Air pollution control in New York State.Civil Engineering, 34(2):56, Feb. 1.964.

The Air Pollution Control Board set upin 1957 in New York State is described.Built on an effective legal foundation,the Board has grown in influence andeffectiveness. The personnel, and servicessuch as air monitoring, are explaincl.The Board also initiates control ruleswhich help abolish problems from rubbishburning, automobile exhaust, and inefficientincineration.

64-0537

Riley gas or oil fired incinerator.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3764):44, July 25, 1964.

The Riley 'Caserator' , a commerciallyavailable highly rated incineratordeveloped for the destruction of hospitaland similar waste, is described, and themanufacturer's claims are listed. Thedevic may he operated with gas or oil asauxiliary fuel to insure complete combustionof malodorous combustible gases. Aninstallation in a 400 patient and staffgeneral hospital consumes 580 lb of waste perhr with a as consumption of 1,500 cu ft or7.5 therms. General refuse, kitchen, andpathological waste, as well as dressingsand material from the operating theatre, areincluded in the charge. There is no smokeemission and the residue of bottles and cansis completely sterile. The equipment occupiesa ground area of 20 by 30 ft. The equipmentis made In 10 sizes to burn from 300 to6000 lb per 8 hr day. The equipment can handlewaste products from factories which normallycause disposal problems. The basis of theoperation is the injection of secondary airafter the products of combustion has passedfrom the initial combustion chamber. Thispermits the destruction of all smokepwoducing elements.

64.0538

Rogus, C. A. Incinerator deRign. Part I.in Solid waste disposal and municipalequipment 'rental' . New York, ButtenheimPublishing Corporation, June 1963. p.13-18.

Disposal of refuse by incineration isinherently prompt, thorough, and complete.The capability of incinerators to disposeof all but the bulkiest solid wastes is

126

8E5 COM MAILABLE

matched only by the sanitary-fill method.The major disadvantages of incinerationare: higher initial costs of construction,generally higher costs of operation andmaintenance, and the need for secondarydisposal of the residue. The design shouldrelate over-all incinerator capacity to theamortized life of the plant and the estimatedquantities and types of refuse anticipatedwithin this life. The design also mustrelate the fact that incinerators operatebest at 80 to 85 pewcent of rated capacity.Incinerator furnaces may he circular, square,or rectangular chambers equipped with eitherstationary or moving grates of the rocker,reciprocating, or traveling types. Theprincipal components of a typicalincinerator consist of: receiving andstorage facilities, refuse-handlingfacilities, furnaces, residue-removal system,fly-ash removal system, and exhaust gassystem. Extensive field tests indicate thatfor practically all operating conditionsand types of mixed refuse, the use of 50percent underfire air and 50 percentoverfire air provides the maximum burningrate consistent with a good residue and theminimum emission of particulate matter.

64-0539

Rogus, C. A. Incinerator design. Part II.In Solid waste disposal and municipalequipment 'rental' New York, ButtenheimPublishing Corporation, June 1963. p.19 -24.

The basic elements that affect initial costsof incinerators are: type of foundationsrequired; degree of refinements requiredlocally against dust, odor, and stackemission; interior clearances for headroom,maneuvering, and operating space; capacity ofstorage pits; enclosure or non-enclosure oftipping floor area; and enclosure ornon-enclosure of furnace and operating.areas. The best performance requiresskilled operation and supervision based onmeaningful operating data gathered with theaid of proper instrumentation. The three,major variables controlling efficiency ofburning are refuse, air, and water,, The skillused in their proportioning and points ofapplication should be guided by pertinentdata obtained froh, instrumentation. To date,too few instruments are installed, and evenfewer are used and kept in operable condition.Information that should be obtained on acontirming basis includes: quantities ofrefuse charged and residue taken out;stoker speeds and cumulative footagetraveled; and amounts and locations ofunder-fire and over-fire air. Maintenance

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

should be of both the preventive and routinetype. The cost of proper maintenance mayhe expected to run between 5 and 10 percentof the total cost of operation.

64-0540

Rogus, C. A. Municipal incineration of refuse:foreword and introduction. Journal of theSanitary Engineering Division, AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, 90(SA 3):13-26,June 1964.

Dumping refuse is unsanitary and hazardousto health. Reduction disposal practiceshave decreased with the development ofsynthetic detergents and fertilizers andwith the high costs of odor-reductionequipment. Piggeries necessitate separate,costly collection. Grinding of garbage isquite sanitary, but can be costlierthan incineration. Domestic incineratorsare beneficial in reducing the municipality'sload, but may be unsafe. Operating elements,requirements, and costs of both compostingand sanitary landfill are included. Majorcomponents and functions of municipalincinerators include tipping floors,storage pit, furnaces and residue system,combustion and substance chambers, andchimneys. Incineration is prompt, thorough,and complete. Its major disadvantages arehigher costs, need for skilled operators,and the need for secondary disposal ofresidue. Incinerator operation in theUnited States began in the late 1800's. In1929 three 500-ton incinerators wereopened in New York City, triggering similarprogress across the continent. Untilabout 1930, operation costs were reducedthrough salvaging marketable products, butthese salvagables were replaced by plasticsand synthetics. In determining a plant'sdesign capacity, consideration must begiven to the plant's objective, itsamortized life, type of refuse processedand variations in refuse output, number ofplants, operating shifts, and plantoperating factor. Incineration costs areenumerated, and tables are included. Researchneeds are discussed, including auxiliaryheating, stack emissions, and othernuisance and abatement measures. Alternatemethods of disposal, such as dumping onland, dumping into lakes and oceans,grinding, domestic incineration, etc.,are discussed.

64-0541

Sager, J. C. Minneapolis-Saint Paulsanitary district incinerates scum. Water

0536-0543

and Sewage Works, 111(9):393-396, Sept.1964.

Various methods of scum collection anddisposal used at the Minneapolis-SairtPaul Sewage Treatment Plant since 1938 andfound to be relatively unsatisfactory aredescribed. Inquiries into incineratorsand Bump pumps starting in 1957 led to thedevelopment of a scum incineration systemwhich is described through several stagesof modification. Diagrams and photographsof the final system are included. Theprocess of scum collection consists of handskimming with special rakes in scumtroughs. Successive equipment in theprocess includes a disintegrator, 3-in.Bump pump., decanted liquid receiver,feeder tank, and 2-in Bump pump. Theincinerator has no moving feeding equipmentor grates, and has primary and secondarycombustion chambers. The draft is controlledby an automatic motorized guillotine damperin the breeching. The 4 oil burnersare automatically controlled, and burnNo. 2 oil with an indicating pyrometerfor each and a cut-off at 1,600 F. Duringthe first three months of 1964, 630.5 tonof decanted scum were incinerated usingan average of 5.8 gal of No. 2 oil per ton ofscum.

64.0542

Sea-going trash burners. EngineeringNews-Record, 172(7):51, Feb. 13, 1964.

A $2 million scheme to con,,.,rt oldWorld War II Liberty ships into floatingrefuse incinerators for the Bostonmetropolitan area is reported. Truckswould load the incinerator ships, whichwould sail 20 miles out to sea, fire uptheir incinerators, and dump the ashesat sea.

64-0543

Shequine, E. R. Steam generation fromincineration. Public Works, 95(8):92,Aug. 1964.

The potentials for energy recovery fromrefuse incineration are examined.Different types of steam-generatingboilers are discussed. The plant atHempstead, New York, is a relativelygood model of an incinerator fullyutilizing waste heat.

127

Incineration

64-0544

Skitt, J. The furnace. In Disposal works:plant and maintenance. London, Temple PressBooks Ltd., 1964. p.37-58.

The historical development of the furnacefor refuse incineration is reviewed.Probably the mo -t important development wasthat of forced draught, in which air wasforced through from the underside of thegrate, obviating the need for high chimneystacks and slowing the rate of the gases,movement through the flues for more efficientcombustion. The incineration unit todayis built of steel casings with divisionplates built up to the grate level. At

grate level, which is a suitable height forstoking and clinkering, the only separationof cells is the division casting. Thefirebars are located on the front deadplatoand rest on the back casting. The roof ofthe furnace is in the form of a firebrickarch. At one end of the continuous grate isthe combustion chamber into which theintermingling gases pass. Modifications ofthe modern incinerator are discussed. Thefurnace, by securing complPte combustion,renders refuse innocuous. To achievecomnletc combustion there musl be an adequatequantity of air supplied to the furnace, thetemperature of the furnace must becorrect and the intermingling of gases mustbe sufficient. The efficient cleaning offlue gases is accomplished through anapparatus referred to as the WaterTrough. Electrostatic precipitation is themost efficient, yet the most expensive methodfor flue dust extraction. Dust passing'through an air gap between negative andpositive electrodes becomes ionized andmoves toward the positive electrode.Incinerators which use different principlesof operation are the revolving grate typeand the stepped grate type. The operationof the Morse Boulger incinerator, which iscurrently in use in the United States, isdiscussed.

64-0545

Skitt, J. Trade refuse incinerat9rs. In

Disposal works: plant and maintenance.London, Temple Press Books Ltd., 1964.p.60-61.

Trade refuse incinerators are used for thebulky refuse which cannot be handled by theseparation plant. This refuse consists offurniture, carcasses, offal, and bulky traderefuse which were previously burned inthe combustion chamber. Trade refuseincinerators usually consist of one cell

128

only, although more than one may be requiredif general incineration is not practiced.The location is of particular importancebecause of the need for the directdischarge of waste materials into thefurnace without handling. An existingchimney stack should be used. High-pressureair is used when burning 'difficult'material. An independent unit warrantsserious consideration in large plants andcan provide heat for the hot-water andheating system. The design of the furnaceis similar to that used for domestic refusealthough certain design problems must betaken into account. In order to allow thefeeding of bulky material with as littlebreaking up as possible, it is necessaryto have a large opening. Although feedingfrom the top is itself most desirable itis likely to weaken the main arch and thiscan be resolved by arranging the storageplatform so that charging can be madethrough an aperture in the top of one ofthe side walls of the furnace. The grate

- must be of very substantial constructionand the possibility of dispensing with thegrate and having the firebed on the firebrickfloor with primary air at, or very near tothe ground level should be considered.Because considerably higher temperaturescan be expected than in a house-refuseincinerator, maintenance tends to increase.Considerable heat and adequate combustionspace must be provided, or the provisionof an 'after burner' may be necessary.

64-0546

Small plant sludge incinerator. EngineeringNews-Record, 172(20):50, May 14, 1964.

A small sludge incinerator, called thecyclo-sludge destructor, was designedfor economical operation in a small plant.It can follow-up any type of dewateringapparatus, such as a centrifuge, a vacuumfilter, or a screen. Operating costs ofthis automatic incinerator depend on theextent of combustibility and the moisturecontent of the sludge. After dewateredsludge is delivered to the incinerator'shopper, a screw conveyor pushes it intothe system where it is finelt, divided,mixed with air, and blown into thecombustion tube. A rim:, burner raisesthe temperature in the tube to about 1,800F, which ignites the air-sludge mixtureimmediately. Combustion of the mixtureitself helps maintain the necessary burningtemperature, and the burners automaticallyswitch to a low fire after combustion iswell established. Gases are scrubbed and

'

cooled in a water spray before dispersl1.In to

the atmosphere. It is claimed thatcombustion is sufficiently complete thatthe discharged gases contain no smoke, odoror other pollutants. The burners canoperate on natural gas, methane, butane,or No. 2 fuel oil. The cost, includinginstallation, is about $15,000.

64-0547

Stenburg, R. L. Modern incineration ofcommunity wastes. Civil Engineering,34(9):40-41, Sept. 1964.

The increasing use of incineration forthe disposal of solid wastes in bothmunicipal and smaller units is discussedalong with the problems that havedeveloped in some cases. The expendituresin some cases may be in the millions.Communities such as Winchester, Kentucky,population 10,000, has a 100 ton per dayincinerator. Excessive discharges of smokeand fly ash force the abandonment of manyincinerators not designed for optimumcombustion. The backyard incinerator witha single-chamber design has been banned inLos Angeles. Municipal incinerators havebeen taken out of service in Los Angelesbecause they could not comply with theair-pollution control ordinances. Althoughexcessive emissions from incinerator stacksoften reflect inadequacies in designof gas combustion equipment and gasconveying flues, poor operating proceduresand improper firing practices are oftenresponsible for excessive emissions.Continuous charging into multiple chamberunits has improved combustion. Waterspray scrubbers which have been effectiveon smaller units are now being triedexperimentally on municipal units. Gooddesign and good operating procedures arenecessary for incinerator operation.

64-0548

Stenburg, R. L. Modern methods ofincineration. Air Engineering, 6(3):20-21,34, Mar. 1964.

Improvements in incinerator designs andoperating practices are requisite formore effective air pollution control. Theprincipal difficulties in burning solidwaste materials are nonuniformity offuels and engineering, ignorance of certainbasic combustion concepts in incineratordesign, and firing practices. Single

0544-0550

chamber units, for example, are stillemployed without sufficient arrangem,mt topromote good mixing between volatilized gasesand oxygen. This hampers the escape ofunburned compounds to the atmosphere.Similarly, complete combustion requiresminimum temperatures ranging from 1200to 1600 F; many plants never exceed 1000 F,again leading to pollution. Turbulencerequirements also are too often overlooked,especially in the lower micron ranges. Waterspray scrubbers can reduce particulateemissions below 0.85 lb per 1000 lb flue gas bydiminishing the amount of underfire airflow; however, they also are not employedon a wide-scale basis. As included figuresshow, work must be done in incineratordesign and operation to bring about neededimprovements. Elimination of cold furnaceburning, single chamber units, cyclic typeburning, and natural draft systems areadvocated strongly. A means of dealingwith excessively wet refuse, achievingbetter levels of combustion, building unitsoperable by untrained personnel, andestablishing continuous feed systems mustbe discovered and implemen -od.

64-0549

Stephenson, J. W. Get the best incineratorfor your engimeering dollar. In AmericanPublic' Works Association Yearbook. Chicago,American Public Works Association, 1964.p.198-203.

The need for good qualified engineers todesign refuse -incinerators is stressed.There should be constant consultationbetween engineer and manufacturer duringthe design period. The engineer must beable to determine the type of equipmentsuch as the stoker, based on his knowledgeand experience. It is important not to cutcorners on design and construction ofincinerators. The contractor's rer,consibilityand the municipality's responsibility areexplained. Due to air pollution controlrequirements, the cost per ton daily has increasedfrom $3,000 several years ago to $4,000to $6,000 today.

64-0550

Stephenson, J. W. Planning for incineration.Civil Engineering, 34(9):38-39, Sept 196h.

The need for control by state healthauthorities (similar to that exercisedover water and sewage treatment plants)over municipal incinerators and other

129

Incineration

refuse disposal facilities is discussed.Minimum design criteria should beestablished as well as minimum standardsof operation. If possible everyengineering contract for the design andsupervision of the construction of anincinerator should include provisionsfor the designing engineer to superviseplant operations for 6 months to a year.A performance-type specification may bedesirable in the facilities for fly-ashremoval. While plans and specificationsmust be complete, leaving as little aspossible to the discretion of thecontractor, he should not be relieved ofthe responsibility of furnishing materials,workmanship, and equipment in accordancewith specifications. No engineer shouldattempt to include major equipment in hisdesign without the advice of themanufacturer on its application. The finaldecisions and the responsibility for thedesign of an incinerator must be with theengineer.

64-0551

Three-stage incinerator. Food Processing,25(8):126, Aug. 1964.

The Model FG4-4 gas-fired incineratorinstalled at Borden's Farm Products inNewark, New Jersey, has three burning chambersthrough which refuse passes. It saves$2,000 per year in labor handling costs, andmeets Newark's air pollution requirements.

64-0552

Undercover agent. Public Cleaning,54(12):1360, Dec. 1964.

The totally sealed flame on-site unitproduced by Universal. Machine and ServicesLimited of Great Britain is designed togive completely smokeless and odorlessdisposal of any type of combustible materialwith simple loading and operation.

64.0.553

U.S. Public Health Service. Division ofAir Pollution- Proceedings; National. AirPollution Conference, Washington, Dec.10-12, 1962. Public Health ServicePublication No. 1022, 1963. 436 p.

The conference was called to proved a forumin which the many segments of societyinvolved with, and affected by. air

130

BEST COPY MIIIIIJIBLE

pollution could present their ideas andrecommendations for more effective controlof a growing environmental problem. Theviews of public administrators, scientists,physicians, engineers, industrialists,urban planners, and many others are presented.The sessions and panel discussions covered:statesmanship in air pollution control; airPollutants from the automobile, truck, andthe bus; air pollution from industrialplants, powerplants, and the municipality;health considerations; agricultural,natural resource, and economic considerations;applying measuring and monitoring knowledgeto air pollution control; applying controlequipment and meteorological controlknowledge; applying legislative andregulatory knowledge; and applying publicinformation and sociological knowledge toproblems of air pollution. Appendicesinclude listings of the staffs of committeesrelated to the conference; statements by theNational. Association of Manufacturers, andthe Public Health Service; listings ofexhibits and film programs; and an indexof participants.

64-0554

Velzy, C. R., and C. 0. Velzy. Uniqueincinerator develops power and providessalt water conversion. Public Works,.95(4):90, Apr. 1964.

The new incinerator at Hempstead, New York,which consumes 750 tons per day, providesspecial features for burning bulkyrubbish, converts salt water to freshwater, and fully utilizes waste heat.

64-0555

The Victor 2, gas-fired incinerator.Smokeless Air, 34(129):256, Spring 1964.

The Victo,- 21 to 2 cu ft incinerator,which will effectively destroy large loadsof placenta, hospital dressings, ward waste,etc., is described. It is listed by theGas Council as a recommended appliancecomplying with the Clean Air Act. Tooperate the incinerator, a foot pedal isdepressed which opens the leading door tomake the waste material, a dial is set totho reanired burning period, and theincinerator then operates automatical'ywith a cutoff when the burning period hasbeen completed. Two safeguards forreloadir.g during burning are described.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE

64-0556

Voelker. E. M. The problems of applyingincinerator criteria. Journal of theAir Pollution Control Association,14(9):363-365, Sept. 1964.

The many different standards and criteriaadopted by. commeMty, county. and StateAir Pollution Control Authorities, whichappear in some cases to be ba-4rd onindividual whims and not on a consensusof experienced designers, have confusedthe designers of incinerators. The needfor test procedures and incinerator criteriaacceptable to all Air Pollution ControlAuthorities is of vital importance to theincinerator industry. Incinerator criteriaare in two categories: the rigid criteriain the form of charts and diagras coveringonly Tyne 1 and 2 Wastes; and the flexiblecriteria covering all types of wastes bysetting minima and maxima governiiv theincinerator design. In the East, there arerigid criteria, based on.the assumptionthat combustion chamber, while in the FarWest there are criteria based on theassumption that multiple chambers arerequired for complete combustion. InAllegheny County, Pennsylvania the productsof combustion exceed 5 ft per second, while inColumbus, Ohio, there must be an areawhere the combustion products exceeds 55ft per second. There are schematic drawin7Tof five incinerators, each with a ratedcapacity of 1000 lb per hr of Type 1 Waste.One manufacturer has incineratorsconstructed for test purposes which conformto the throe leading codes, the New YorkCity, the Los Angeles, and the IncineratorInstitute of America. The latter codeincinerator was 20 percent more efficientthan the Los Angeles, and 100 percent moreefficient than the New York codeincinerator. The variety of code criteriaemphasizes the need for a universal cod.-to end the confusion.

64.0557

Walker, A. B. Electrostatic precipitators.American City. 79(9):148, 150. 152, Sept. 1964.

Tests on electrostatic precipitatorsindicate that they can practically eliminatethe noxious fly ash from large incineratorstacks. With the possible exception of bagfilters, not yet used for this purpose ona commercial scale, electrostaticprecipitators appear to be the only practici.1type of collector able to operate at requiredhigh recovery levels. Application of

0551-0560

IL trinl-typ:-, precipitators appearsmost logical for larger incinerators whereoperating conditions are relatively stable.They are not now recommended forapplication to small flue-fed or fixed-grateincinerators, such as those used inapartment houses or commercial buildings.But they are practical right now formunicipal and industrial plants for50 ton per day capacity and up. Theseconclusions and many others are presented,on the basis of tests conducted at theEast 73rd Street incinerator of New YorkCity's Department of Sanitation.

64.0558

Waste elimination. Plastics World,22(12):52, Dec. 1964.

Installation of a gas-fired incineratorat Willson Products Division plant inReading, Pennsylvania, eliminated a 100-mileweekly refuse trip and freed a man for otherplant maintenance duties. Most of thecompany's production waste is in the formof plastics cuttings with felt, paper, wood,and rags making up the balance. When thecounty imposA dumping restrictions, thefirm decided to install an incinerator.Drums are brought to the incinerator areafrom throughout the plant; they are fedto the unit one at a time. By 3:00 pm,the daily accumulation of trash iscompletely burned. The resulting ashes,plus non-combustible waste, amount to onlya partial load for a private cartage truckwhich stops twice a week at the plant.Despite the fact that plastics and feltare difficult to incinerate, combustionwithin the incinerator is complete.Subjected to three stages of combustion,the approximate weekly load of 100 drumsof trash is reduced to less than two drums.

64 -0559

Wegman, L. S. Planning for incineration.Civil Engineering, 34(9):35, Sept. 1964.

Requirements that should be considered inplanning an incinerator are discussed. Theseinclude: capacity, location, topography,the prevention of air and water pollution,subsoil exploration, residue disposal,the storage bin size, costs, and thechanging habits oT.people.

64-0560

Weisburd, M. 1. Air pollution control. fieldoperations manual; a guide for inspection

131

IncinerationEurope

and enforcement. Washington, U.S. PublicHealth Service, 1962. 285 p.

Much of the information included here isbased on the 14 year experience accrued bythe Los Angeles County Air Pollution ControlDistrict, and was originally used to preparea training manual for the field personnelof the Los Angeles District. In implementinga practical field control operations program,the considerations that must be taken intoaccount are: the air pollution saturationpotential of the air Lpace, the pollutionzone, and the pollution potentials. Theorganization of the Air Pollution ControlAgency, its field operations, and the role ofthe air pollution inspector are described indetail. The laws of air pollution controlare reviewed as well as the promulgationof control and detection are illustrated.Tracking sources of public nuisances suchas odors, stains and deposits, and metho(s ofhandling citizen complaints are considered.Sample forms used by the Los Angeles Agencyare included where pertinent. A detailedsubject index completes the manual.

64-0561

Wrecking firm plans new disposal plant.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(3):23, Mar. 1964.

Ashland Reduction Co., a subsidiary ofNational Wrecking Co., has asked the zoningboard to grant a sptl,tial use permit forthe construction of a $2.5 million debrisincinerator near the Union Stock yards inChicago. The proposed incinerator isdesigned to burn about 12,000 tons of debrisa day. Privately owned public incineratorswere legalized recently by the city councilto permit wrecking companies to burn debrisfrom razed buildings, since suburban dumpsrefuse to accept city debris. The threecity incinerators are designed for burningrefuse, and are not open to wreckingcompanies.

INCINERATIONEurope

BESI COPY AVAILABLE

64-0562

Andritzky, M. Extension of the wasteincinerator power plant in Munich.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):403, Aug. 1964.

An extension of the waste incinerator plantin Munich, West Germany, is planned. Theboiler will produce 365 tons of steam per hr

132

at 540 C. Twenty percent of the steam isproduced from waste (40 ton per hr), the restfrom coal. The generators have a capacityof 110 NW. Part of the energy will be usedto supply heat to a nearby housing development.A diagram of the steam generator is shown.(Text-German)

64-0563

Ball, A. Refuse incineration: a modernapproach to an old problem. Public Cleansing,54(6):963, June 1964.

The incinerating process developed by CJB'sAssociates at Esslingen, Germany is described.The process is the latest in incineratordesign. A grab lifts the refuse from a largecapacity, totally enclosed receiving hopper,and feeds it into the furnace. Odors aredestroyed by the furnace temperatures. Theadvanced design of the furnace, which allowsfor efficient turnover of refuse, keeps thegrate small and eliminates after-burning. Thegrab feed is preferred over a conveyor beltbecause it gives the operator greater control.The incinerator can be operated by only threemen.

64-0564

Barrel-grate incinerator rounds out thirdtest year. Power, 108(5):74, May 1964.

The Flingern Plant of the municipal generatingstation in Dusseldorf, Germany, has completed3 successful years of burning garbage on abarrel-grate test incinerator. Laws adoptedbetween 1957 and 1959 aimed at controllingwaste disposal prompted the test installationwhen engineers were asked to experiment withgarbage burning for generation of steam andelectricity. On a 4-day week schedule, thetest unit has been successful in bothgeneration of power and maintaining airpollution within limits. A diagram andphotographs of the test unit are included.

64-0565

Berne, Switzerland, makes thermal power fromwaste. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(4):14,Apr. 1964.

In Berne, Switzerland, a municipal incineratorheats a complex of hospital buildings, suppliesall the necessary steam used by a largecommercial canner of food items, and generateselectricity for industrial, commercial, and

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

in-plant use. The problems which broughtabout this incinerator are also discussed.

64-0566

Ceud Mille Failte- at Gowan. Public Cleansing,54(6):955, June 1964.

The replenished Cowan Refuse Disposal Plantin Glasgow, Scotland, which burns 600 to 800tons of refuse daily is described. The newspecialized equipment added to the plantincludes dust extractors, heat exchangers, anda separate trade waste furnace for bulkyitems. The plant, which utilizes waste heatfor electricity, is designed to preventemission of any grit or fume nuisance. Also,the new General Workshop for vehicle maintenanceat Polmadie is described.

64.0567

A city fights for its waste.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):40 , Aug. 1964.

The city of Frankfurt a.M., West Germany, suedan owner of 26 small apartments who installeda small incinerator in order to use onlythree instead of ten trash cans. Theincinerator was licensed by the state authorities.The court sided with the city on the groundsthat many small incinerators add to airpollution and that they might economicallyhurt waste incinerators operated by the city.The defendant appealed. (Text-German)

64-0568

Construction of a waste incinerator plant inthe power station Muenster in Stuttgart.Wasser and Ahwasser, 105(42):1182-1183, Oct.16, 1964.

In Stuttgart, West Germany, 330,000 cu m ofhousehold waste, 80,000 cu m of industrialwaste, 24,000 cu m of street rubbish, and 6,000cu m of bulky waste accumulate annually whichmake together about 440,000 cu m of wastewith a weight of about 200,000 tons. Themajor part of the household waste will in thefuture be burned in the power station Muenster.The incineration will reduce the waste to onethird of its weight. The iron parts will beseparated from the slag by magnets, compactedinto packages and sold. Part of the slag willbe used as raw material in the constructionindustry. Two furnaces are presently beingbuilt, a third one is planned for laterconstruction. Part of the heat will be used

0561-0570

for generating electricity and part of it willgo to a remote heating station. The wastewill be driven to the plant by trucks andrailways, tipped into a waste storage room witha capacity of 4,000 cu m and brought fromthere to an intermediate storage room andto the furnaces by two cranes. Electrofilterswill clean the waste gases from dust. Thewaste gases will leave through a 180-m-highchimney. The costs of the incinerator plantare 45 million DM. (Text-German)

64.0569

Continuous loading smokeless incinerator.Smokeless Air, 34(130):341, Summer 1964.

Bering Engineering Ltd. of Camberley hasannounced further improvements in theirKleenaire Smokeless Incinerators. The twolarger models with capacities of 9.9 cu ftand 6.4 cu ft have been redesigned toincorporate an extra large loading door toallow them to be refilled when the incineratoris lighted without the emission of smoke orflames. An ash door is fitted to facilitateemptying. The new Mark III range has threemain advantages over previous models: (1)

The volume of rubbish that can be incinerateddaily has been considerably increased withcontinuous loading; (2) The ease of fillingthe incinerator makes it suitable for usewhere women may be required to operate it;and (3) It is feasible to place it under coverfitting a suitable flue to the outlet.

64.0570

Diamant, R. M. Modern methods of refusedisposal on the continent. Heating andVentilating Engineer, 38(449):329-330, 334,Dec. 1964.

The Volund system, a continuous system ofrefuse incineration consisting of swinginggratebars, is described. From a grate, usedfor drying and ignition, the refuse passesinto a slightly inclined rotating drum, linedwith refractories. All combustible matter isburned due to the continuous rotation and thesupply of combustion air, with the slack whichemerges from the drum falling into a wetextractor. The Lyons Plant, which consists offour Volund furnaces, each with a capacity of 10tons per hr, is described. It operatescompletely automatically with a grab collectingthe refuse and feeding it into the furnace.Heat is reclaimed from the incinerator, usinga boiler, and the steam produced is given offto the municipal power station nearby. The

133

IncinerationEurope

flue gases are cleaned mechanically bymulticyclone extractors and two furnaces areeach connected to a chimney which is 230 fthigh with an upper diameter of 12 ft. TheFrankfurt system, where a special thermalpower station has recently been constructed,is-also described. It is designed to handle1,000 to 1,100 tons of refuse in 24 hr,although its current operating load is 600tons in 24 hr. Various methods of refusedisposal are mentioned.

BEST

IMI ABLE

64.0571

Dijkshoorn, R. The refuse-incineration plantin Rotterdam. Presented at Eighth InternationalCongress of Public Cleansing, Vienna (Austria),Apr. 14-17, 1964. 12 p.

The development of refuse incineration plantsin the Netherlands is reviewed. Theconstruction of a refuse incineration plantmust take into account shifts in population.There has been an increase in the calorificvalue of refuse and a levelling off ofseasonal variations. The refuse incinerationinstallation in Rotterdam is discussed, andthe determining factors for its generalconception, the architectural lay-out,technical equipment, and the utilization ofthe heat produced are all described. Therefuse incineration installation of the cityof Rotterdam which had been in existence since1912 did not meet modern demands and the steadydispersion of dust was a constant nuisance. Itwas decided again to erect only one centralinstallation. A total of 5,500 ton per week ofmaterial is to he incinerated. One-half ofthe installation is to be inactive during thesummer. Two-thirds of the refuse is to becollected by barges and one-third by cars. Aninstallation has been chosen which will allowsthe maximum utilization of the heat producedduring the combustion process. The heat willgenerate electric current for the publicsupply network. Plants for district-heatingwere abandoned due to irregular topography.The construction of the boiler is speciallyadapted to the incineration of refuse. Atthe upper part of the fire grate there isa large combustion chamber with two uptakes,where the flue gases are cooled by exposedtubes in the wall. Boiler specifications areprovided. Four electrostatic filters are tobe used for the best possible eliminationof the flue ashes from the flue gas. A126 hr per week operation is required to meetthe increased amount of refuse and risingcalorific value.

134

64-0572

Electricity from rubbish,Elektrizitaetswirtschaft, 63(11):380-381,May 1964.

Fifty years-ago at the meeting of theAssociation for Power Plants. in Kiel, WestGermany, the main speaker, Tillmetz, pointedout that waste incineration is also theconcern of power plants. He said that in theyear 1914, England, the mother country of wasteincineration, had 200 plants in 160 cities.The surplus heat of 65 plants was convertedinto electricity. The first incinerator planton the Continent was erected in Hamburg in1892 and from then on waste incinerator plantsincreased in number and improved considerably.Tillmetz demanded that incinerator plants belocated in the center of a city to savetransport costs. The amounts delivered tothe plants should agree with the dailycapacity of the furnace to avoid expensivestorage. Waste must remain invisible on itsway from the household to the furnace. Theloading of the furnaces is best donemechanically. As far as the economy isconcerned, Tillmetz claimed that 1 kg ofsteam can he generated from 1 kg of waste, ifthe furnace is mainly fired by coal andonly small amounts of waste are Added. Ifsteam is delivered to a power plant requiring6 kg of steam per kWh, at best 167 kWh canbe gained from 1 ton of waste. This outputis considerably lower when only waste isburned in the furnace. Thus it was realized50 years ago that waste incineration does notbring any great profits. (Text-German)

64.0573

The Essen- Karnap waste incinerator plant.

Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(2):76, Feb. 1964.

By August 1964 the world's largest wasteincinerator will go into operation at theKarnap power station of theRheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk AGin Essen. Two thousand one hundred and sixtytons of refuse will be burned daily.(Text-German)

64.0574

European practice in refuse burning. CivilEngineering, 34(9):40, Sept. 1964.

European incinerator firing methods, according.to their present design concepts are summarized.The design of completely water-cooledfurnaces with full heat utilization and widegrates is characterized.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

64-0575

Fischer, F. Possibilities of utilization ofenergy and residue from incineration. InProceedings; Second International Congress,International Research Group on RefuseDisposal Essen, Germany, May 22-25, 1962.p.1-22.

A number of possibilities are available touse the energy produced in garbage incineration,but the most important from the economicviewpoint seems to be its use for heatingpurposes. Consumers must he found and theyshould he in a position to buy heat producedall the year round. Power production fromthe heat obtained in garbage incineration ispossible but calls for further investment inequipment, unless The steam can he directedto existing power stations. The scoriaeobtained as residual material in garbageincineration can be used after adequateprocessing in road and lane building and alsoin building stone manufacture. TheRiepel-Scherer-Riedel garbage melting processmakes it possible to produce a phosphatefertilizer from the scoriae. Garbageincineration is not only a means of disposingof the large amounts of garbage available,but also an economic process due to advancedtechnology. Efforts must be made in view ofdeveloping further possibilities of use andprogress, with the assistance of science andtechnique.

64.0576

Fischer, F. The refuse incineration plant inVienna. Presented at Eighth InternationalCongress of Public Cleansing, Vienna(Austria), Apr. 14-17, 1964. 22 p.

The historical development of arefuse-incineration plant in Vienna is tracedfrom its conception in 1927 to the erectionof the city's first composting plant in 1956.The first-grade compost produced meets witha ready market and as a result the compostingplant operates without any outside financialassistance. However, it has failed to copewith the refuse disposal problem. In consideringincineration, many tests had to be performedto determine the calorific value of therefuse. The most suitable site for thedestructor had to be determined. The Cityof Vienna decided to erect several low capacityplants distributed throughout the town todecrease traffic problems. Sixty percentof Vienna's refuse was at one time burned,but the volume increased to such an extentthat the incineration plant was able tohandle only half of it. The refuse collectorsempty their contents unsorted into the bunker

0571-0578

and a grab crane lifts the refuse and dropsit into the storage hoppers where it then fallson to the drying grate where it is dried andignited by radiant heat. The firstrefuse-incineration plant built in Vienna onthe Von Roll system has proved its worth. Theperformance of the plant with its steam-generatingcapacity of 1.6 surpasses all expectations.The uninterrupted operation of the plantthroughout the night and during weekendsensures a high utilization rate, and the useof the heat finances operating costs andcontributes to the capital outlay. A secondincineration plant is being planned and muchof the experience gained from the first willbe utilized. The heat produced during thesummer will be utilized to a much greaterextent for the generation of electricity.

64-0577

Fords use J. Thompson incinerator. Surveyorand Municipal Engineer, 123(3739):39, Feb. 1,1964,

The incinerator installed by Ford at Dagenhamin Britain which can handle up to 40 tons ofrefuse per 8 hr day of cellulose, packingmaterial, ferrous scrap, and other floorsweepings is described. Sorting facilitiesare provided along the length of the firstelevating conveyor to the primary receptionhopper. A magnetic separator removes all ofthe ferrous scrap. Paper and cardboard removedin sorting is baled. The grates in theincinerator are arranged so that the incomingrefuse is swept by hot gases from the burningout grate to lower the moisture content ofaccrued refuse before it comes to the burningout grate. Adequate quantities of secondaryair are provided. Compliance with the CleanAir Act is ensured by scrubbers and at notime will the density exceed Ringleman No. 2on the Ringleman Scale. It is anticipatedthat there will be no grit emission.

64-0578

Frank, B. Experiences with the incinerationof industrial wastes at BASF.Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 36(11):1098-1103, Nov. 1964.

The incinerator plant of the BadischeAnilin- & Soda-Fabrik AC, Ludwigshafen,has been in operation since October 1960 andhas thus far burned 120,000 tons of chemicalwaste in 24,000 operating hours, i.e. itburned 5 ton per hr producing 30,000 ton ofslag and ash. After 20,000 operating hrthe tubes coming in contact with the flames

135

IncinerationEurope

showed signs of corrosion. For theirprotection smooth self-cleaning shields willnow be installed. Apart from this restorationalwork which is presently performed, anexpansion of the incinerator plant has becomenecessary. Since the composition of the wastechanged and now comprises almost 50 percentof semifinished plastics vs. 15 to 18 percentin 1960, BASF decided to build two newincinerators, each consisting of a rotarydrum, an afterburning chamber (both lined withhighly heat resistant corrundum), a waste heatboiler and a joint stack gas duct. The newplant will have a capacity of 50 ton ofwaste per day at a heating value of 5,000 to10,000 kcal per kg. The temperature in thecombustion chamber is raised to 200 C by theinjection of steam. Pulverized, granulated,and viscous wastes are pumped into theincinerator. The bulky waste reaches theincinerator on a conveyor belt. The stackgas is cooled down to 350 C in the wasteheat boiler. The heat is used for producingsteam. The stack gas leaves through a steelduct which is 120 m high. Costs for the twoincinerators with a combined capacity of 50 tonper day will amount 5 million DM. Allincinerator facilities combined representan investment of 20 million DM with about1 million DM annual operating costs.(Text-German)

64.0679

Frank, B. Industrial waste disposal throughincineration. Dechema Monographien,52(895=911):241-258, 1964.

Industrial waste differs greatly in itscomposition from household waste. The gaseous,liquid, pasty, and solid industrial wastesdemand special types of incinerators. In somecases, certain production residues such assulphite solution and chips of wood can beincinerated together with conventional fuelssuch as coal, etc. The incineration of wasteaims at a considerable reduction of the volume,at freeing the waste from organic matter,and at converting it into a slag containingonly inorganic constituents. Organic substancesin aqueous solution, and waste gases ofwidely varying composition, call for additionaltechnical development of the incineratingequipment. The object and purpose of wasteincineration should be to produce only residueswhich can be deposited without contaminationof the groundwater. In the present state oftechnical development the flue gases can bekept free of dust and soot; a certain amountof sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride must,however, be accepted. The Badische Anilin& Soda Fabrik AG erected an incinerator in

136

8ES1 COPY AVAILABLE

1960 which is suited for the effectiveincineration of the multitude of differentindustrial wastes accumulating at thischemical plant. The incinerator correspondsin its construction to a large extent todomestic waste incinerators; however, theinterior of the furnace has been coated witha different material to withstand the higherheating value of industrial wastes. A detaileddescription of the experiences with thenew incinerator is given as well as severalillustrations of the major component parts.(Text-German)

64-0580

Fulham's new refuse destructor on site of twoprevious plants. Surveyor and MunicipalEngineer, 123(3737):24-25, Jan. 18, 1964.

The scheme used in the reconstruction of theFulham mechanical handling plant is presented.The plant now provides for satisfactorytreatment of refuse under good working conditionsby separation, salvage, and incineration.Main concerns in its renovation included theremoval and disposal of saleable materials,glass, and 'fines' and the extraction andconsolidation of dust. A diagrammatic layoutof the plant, and a list of engineers andcontractors involved in the reconstructionare given.

64-0581

Gerhardt, R., and H. Ermer. Planning andconstruction of the incinerator plant inNeustadt Holstein, Germany. Staedtehygiene,15(1):5-13, Jan. 1964.

The city of Neustadt, Germany, has a populationof 15,000. In 1962 th city was confrontedwith the problem of disposal of the increasedamounts of waste. The available sites wereall filled to capacity. A composting ofwaste was not feasible because the city hasno use for compost as fertilizer. Thedecision was made to build an incineratorplant with a capacity of 30 ton per day.The trucks bringing the waste will be emptiedinto a storage chamber which is kept underreduced pressure. A crane will bring thewaste to the loading funnel of the incineratorand via a hydraulically operated loadingdevice, the waste will reach the grate ofthe furnace. An oil burner will aid theincineration blown under the grate. The fluegases will leave the combustion chamber witha temnerature of 900 or 1,100 C, depending onthe heating value of the waste. In a heatexchanger the temperature of the flue gases

BEST COPY AVAILABLEwill be reduced to 350 C, with a filtersubsequently cleaning the flue gases whichescape in the air through a double-walledchimney. The total investment costs for theplant are estimated to amount to about 1million DM. The operating costs will be24.60 DM per ton of waste. The majorconstituent parts of the'plant are describedin detail. (Text-German)

64-0582

Haller, R. The clarification and incinerationplant in Ebingen, West Germany. Wasser undAbwasser, 105(38):1049-1050, Sept. 18, 1964.

In Ebingen, West Germany, a clarificationplant was built comprising four settling tanks,an accelerator, cyclator, dehydrator, and anincinerator. In 1961 a trash preparation;facility was added. The household trash iscrushed in a hammer mill and the iron partsare removed from the waste and compacted intocubes weighing about 30 to 40 kg. The crushedwaste is either incinerated or composted. Thedehydrated sludge from the settling tank canhe added to the waste in the furnace. SinceJanuar:! 1964, flammable industrial waste suchas packing material, cardboard reels, andplastic covers has been incinerated. Thismaterial has yielded much higher stack gastemperature^ so that an adjustment of thecooling and filtering system became nece^sory.The furnace operates 24 hr a day at a meantemperature of 700 C. Sludge containing 16percent solids is incinerated at the rateof 3.5 cu m per hr (or of 1.2 cu m per hr interms of 50% solids). (Text-German)

64-0583

Kachulle, C. The planning of plants for theelimination of solid waste (Part I). Wasser,tuft und Betrieb, 8(5):267-270, May 1964.

The development of incinerator plants isdiscussed. The first incinerator plants(which did not utilize the heat produced)were put into operation in England (1874) andthe United States (1885). The latter now hasin operation 500 such plants. The compostingof waste has its origin in China where 3,000years ago laws were passed ordering thecomposting of al]. waste. But an increasingamount of inorganic substances among the wastenowadays makes the composting more difficult,so that we have to turn more and more toincineration. The `Workgroup Ruhr for.Collecting, Eliminating and Utilizing Wasteand Rubbish' has worked out eight guidelines 'oa more efficient waste incineration which are

0579-0585

cited at full length. They call for cooperationbetween engineers, scientists, and municipalitiesin tackling waste elimination problems andprojects, for the development of newincineration methods, for experimental plantsdesigned to provide experience with new methods,for limitation of construction costs, etc.The Rhein-Westphalian Electric Company (RWE)received an order to develop experimentalincinerator plants for burning domesticvaste. Over a period of 2 years the citiesconcerned collected data on the amounts ofwaste accumulating. its weight, and itsvolume. The RWE investigated the grain sizedistribution, water content, amount oforganic substances, and the heating value ofthe waste. The collected data convinced theWorkgroup Ruhr to recommend the incinerationsystem I used in Essen Karnap. A briefdescription of this system is given.(Text-German)

64.0584

Kachulle, C. The planning of plants for theelimination of solid waste (Part II). Wasser,Luft und Betrieb, 8(6):359-362, June 1964.

The investment and operating costs of anincinerator plant with a capacity of 2,160 tonsper 24 hr, calculated on the basis ofJanuary 1962 prices, are given. The investmentcosts plus the costs of financing (16 yearloan) plus repair costs are 6,450,000 DM.About 3.2 million DM will not he covered bythe gains from the sale of heat and scrapand must be raised annually by the municipalities.These results are considerably lower than thevalues estimated by the Workgroup Ruhr- -investment costs 15,000 DM per for per dayand 12 to 13 DM per ton balance. Furthermore,the operation of an experimental plant overa period of several years had been justrecently terminated with positive results.The Rhine Westphalian Electric Companydesigned this plant for a capacity of 100 to120 tons per day according to system II ofthe plant in Essen Karnap without, or withnegligible, heat utilization. The differencesbetween incinerator plants in the UnitedStates (no attempts at heat utilization) andEurope (heat utilization, requiring proximityto residences and expensive architecture) arebriefly outlined. A cost comparison (Table 2)between plants without heat utilizationPhiladelphia) and those with heat utilization(Vienna) indicates that the sale of heat ishardly worth the trouble. (Text-German)

64-0585

Kallenbach, K. A waste incinerator plantwith roller grate burner for the City of

137

IncinerationEurope

Hagen. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,16(8):406-407, Aug. 1964.

The City of Hagen, West Germany, plans theconstruction of a waste incinerator for 400tons per day. Although the prime interestis the incineration of waste, the heatproduced will he sold commercially. Sincethe plant is located in an urban area, specialattention is paid to the problem of storingthe waste and removal of the slag.Electrofilters and a 70-m-high chimney areprovided. Iron is collected magnetically fromthe slag, compressed and sold commercially.Construction time is estimated to be 20 months.(Text-German)

64-0586

Kampschulte. The present state of wasteincineration in Hamburg. Staedtehygiene,15(4):84-86, Apr. 1964.

Hamburg, the city where the first incineratorplant of the continent was put into operationin 1896, has gradually enlarged and streamlinedits incinerator plant built in 1931 by theaddition of three Von Roll furnaces (capacity200 tons of waste per 24 hr), making a totalof five. An old incinerator plant which hadbeen in operation for 48 years has been closed.Because of the satisfactory experiences withthe first two furnaces the three new ones arealso equipped with slag generators. The wasteheat boilers each have a capacity of 20 tonsof steam per hour, a test pressure of 21atmospheres at 350 C which is kept constantwith automatic regulators. Because of thethree new furnaces the fourth turbogeneratorset can be put in operation so that there arenow two sets with 1,000 kw per 6,000 V eachand two sets with 6,400 kw per 6,000 V each.Although the plant is equipped withelectrofilters, the chimneys (31 m) are nothigh enough. Dust pollution occurs inunfavorable weather. Seven photographsillustrate the exterior and interiorappearance of the plant. It is expected that1.5 million cu m of waste will now he burnedannually and approximately 50 million kwh ofelectricity generated. (Text-German)

64-0587

Kaupert, W. Waste incineration in large andsmall furnaces. Staedtehygiene, 15(5)009-111,May 1964.

If incineration is to take place in a smallfurnace, the waste must be crushed first, arequirement generally not necessary for large

138

BEST COV1RIMIABLE

furnaces. Only if the accumulating amount ofbulky wastes is great, as in large port cities,is a crushing process necessary. In bothsmall and large furnaces, the most importantpart of the incinerator is the grate. Thecommonest types of grates and the outstandingcharacteristics of each are tabulated. Briefdescriptions of the traveling grate, theroller grate, the Von Roll grate, and the Martingrate are given, most of which are used inlarge furnaces. A small incinerator plantwithout heat utilization has been erected inGluechstadt, Germany. Another small incineratorplant will go into operation in Neustadt. Themode of operation of these furnaces isexplained. (Text-German)

64.0588

Kmoch, H. Automatic control of wasteincinerators. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,16(8):402-403, Aug. 1964.

The necessity for automatic controls in wasteincinerator plants is discussed. In twoschematic drawings of plants, the measuringand sampling points are shown, together withthe location of the control equipment such asvalves, etc. Transducers and actuators areenergized by compressed air, (Text-German)

64-0589

Lytham St. Annes refuse plant modernized.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 124(8775):40,Oct 10, 1964.

The new features of the modernized 100,000refuse disposal plant at Lytham St. Annes aredescribed. The new plant was made necessaryby the increase in population, the rise inthe yield and bulk of the refuse as well asthe age of the existing plant. The capacityof the new plant is 65 tons which could heincreased to 85 tons a day. There are 36,300persons in 12,672 homes with a refuse yield of14,491 ton per year in the area. The 120cu yd reception hopper handles the lightdensity refuse without choking. The mechanicalhandling and screening plant includes anelectromagnetic separator for the removal ofcans which are baled in a press. The residuefrom the screening plant is incinerated in a4-cell Heenan Trough Grate Unit.

64.0590

Modern refuse incinerator plants. PublicCleansing, 54(2):702, Feb. 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

European incineration in light of the quantityand characteristics of European refuse and therequirements of waste heat utilization isanalyzed. A steady increase in weight,volume, and heat potential of refuse is noted.The characteristics of refuse seem to begoverned by locality, season, and the localeconomic situation. The historical developmentof the Von Roll-type system, discerning a trendtoward maximum heat utilization and increasedfurnace capacity, is traced. The energyproducing power of refuse is discussed.Incinerators connected to a network of largecapacity utilizing steam, are recommended.The incinerator of Berne, Switzerland, isdiscussed.

64.0591

Mueller, W. The waste incinerator plant ofthe City of Ludwigsburg. Staedtehygiene,15(12):266-268, Dec. 1964.

On August 17, 1964, construction was startedon the waste incinerator plant of Ludwigsburg,West Germany. It will supply electric powerand remote. heating. The two furnaces eachhave a capacity of 200 ton of waste per day.Since the plant is located in a residentialarea, all precautions are taken to avoid airpollution and odors. The air for the furnacesis taken from the waste storage bunkers, thusreducing the air pressure in them. A cranedumps the waste into a water-cooled inputshaft which ends in a drying grating. Thehydraulic staircase grating is supplementedby mechanical pokers. The slag is dumped intoa water basin and then stored. The furnacetemperature does not exceed 1000 C. Eachboiler produces 23 ton of steam per hr at 45atmospheres and 450 C. Electrofilters and a100-m-high chimney effectively control smokeand dust problems. Total electric power willhe 9 million. (Text-German)

64-0592

New all-purpose refuse incinerators demonstrated.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3777):61-62, Oct 24, 1964.

Two incinerators were demonstrated at anexhibition sponsored by the National Societyfor Clean Air in October 1964 by burning allof the rubbish left over from the displaysas well as refuse brought in from the outside,such as bags of animal bones. The two sealedflame waste disposal units operated throughoutthe 3-day meeting to demonstrate the guaranteedsmokeless incineration of any refuse. Thedouble sleeve stack incorporates a mixing

0586-0595

chamber which coverts the preheated smoke-airmixture into a combustible gas reducing thegas comsumption in the afterburner to aminimum. The unit can use bottled or standardsupply gas for the afterburner as well as anoil-fired system if required. The whole ofthe front may be opened to take bulk refuse oran auxiliary door may be used for smalleritems. An estimated 45 minutes is requiredto dispose of a load of refuse containingrubber, plastics, vegetable, and animal matterwith no smoke and only a small amount of dryash. The incinerators are built by UniversalMachinery and Services Ltd.

64-0593

Naw disposal plant for Fulham. Publiccleansing, 54(3):776, Mar. 1964.

A new separation and incineration plant inFulham, England, is described. Some of itsfeatures are a hydraulically operatedregulatory beam in the refuse reception hopper;a dust extraction plant; an elevator conveyorthat transfers crude from hopper to a rotatingscreen which separates the ash and other finematerial from the refuse; an electricallydriven bottle pulverizer; two waste heatboilers; and metal and paper balers.

64-0594

New b 1-1/4 m. refuse disposal plant forGlasgow. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,123(3751):21-22, Apr. 25, 1964.

A description of the site, buildings, andoperation of a new plant for refuse disposalin Glasgow i elven. Special emphasis is onremoval and baling of paper, electro-magneticrecovery of tin and ferrous metals, captureand consolidation of dust and cinders, andfinal incineration. The incinerator units andthe separate trade's wastes incinerator withassociated waste heat boiler are discussed indetail.

64-0595

New refuse plant for Lytham St. Annes. PublicCleansing, 54(12):1314, Dec. 1964.

The operation of a new incineration plantin the British borough of Lytham St. Annesis described. The plant extracts and balesall salvageable material. The plant, whichnow has four conveyor-fed incinerator cells,allows for the addition of two new incineratorcells, dust trap, and chimney to cope with

139

IncinerationEurope

the expected increase in the production ofrefuse.

64-0i96

Ochs, H. J. Installation of air filters inincinerator plants. Wasser, Luft und Betrieb,8(9):535-537, Sept. 1964.

Special filters were developed between Marchand July 1962 for an incinerator plant inHamburg, Germany, to remove the large amountsof dust present in the incinerator air.Tabulated data shows that the dust contentof the air used for incineration is between3.1 and 34.5 mg per cu m. After determinationof the particle sizes of the dust, anautomatic, metallic rotary air filter of theclass A coarse filter, whose upper particlesize limit is 8 micrometers, was inGalled.The apparatus is illustrated. To clean thefilter, the wetting agent container wasequipped with nozzle connections, whichpushed the wetting agent under pressure throughthe filter cells. The wetting agent absorbedthe dust and was then removed through thebottom of the wetting agent container, passedthrough a sedimentation vessel and a filterwas subsequently recirculated. Since the duststream has a pH of 8, a special surfacestreatment was provided for the rotary filterelements. (Text-German)

64.0597

Palm, R. Conventional methods of incineration.In Proceedings; Second International Congress,International Research Group on Refuse Disposal,Essen, Germany, May 22-25, 1962. p.1-18,

Efforts should be made to bring the garbagewithout previous treatment, drying, or sortingdirectly into the feeder of the incinerator,but it is advantageous to allow the garbageto settle one or two days, even when it isvery wet. Hydrocarbon gas is then formedthat facilitates ignition of damp garbage.Drying grates should be installed ahead ofthe incinerating grates. Carbonization gasis produced from dry garbage at temperaturesof 250 to 300 C. For this reason, garbagecould be ignited without difficulty, but inorder to secure total incineration and todeal with slag, special efforts are required.As soon as incineration temperature is toohigh, it must be directed to the coldcombustion air flow. If drying through topheat is too intense, the surface of thegarbage might tend to form a crust.Bitumen thus formed clogs together when theyare not gasified. Crust formation can he

140

BEST COPY IWRIIABLE

avoided by increased grate movement, heatpassage can be improved during heating up,and total combustion can be bettered byincreasing the height of the layers by meansof a retention pendulum, by means of pits ordrums. Various incineration systems arebriefly described: the Horsfall incinerator,the Boussange kiln, the Heenan and Froud kiln,the Davor plant, the Oecare kiln, the Venienkiln, the Martin repulsive grate, the Volundsystem, the Von Roll incinerator, and theDusseldorf system.

64-0596

Practical experience in incineration. PublicCleansing, 54(6):939, June 1964.

Two papers on waste-heat utilization fromincineration are summarized. The developmentand operation of the Rotterdamelectricity-generating boiler plant isdescribed. The attached power station isequipped with three turbo generators of7,000 kw each. The operation of the Viennaplant, which uses the VOA Roll system toproduce heat, is detailed. The plant alsohas an emergency power plant which generateselectricity in case of failure in the city'smain supply.

64-0599

Rasch, R. Third waste technology meeting inStuttgart, Germany. Tonindustrie-Zeitung undKeramische Rundschau, 88(6):139-140, 1964.

On February 21, 1964, a waste technologymeeting was held at the Institute of Technology,Stuttgart, Germany. The possibilities andlimits of waste incineration were discussed.Although waste becomes more voluminous, itsweight per person and per-year decreases. Theheating value, considered in relation towater and ash free substance, decreases too.The decreasing amount of coal ash among thewaste is disadvantageous to the meltingbehavior of waste ash. The melting point ofslag was found to lie between 850 C and 1,200C in Europe and 1,450 C in the United States.The ash from waste incinerator plants inDuesseldorf and Stuttgart-Muenster, Germany,is mentioned briefly. (Text-German)

64.0600

Rasch, R. Waste incineration and slagutilization. Tonindustrie-Zeitung undKeramische Rundschau, 88(14)017-325, 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Various aspects of waste incineration arereviewed. Waste is difficult to treat becauseit is so heterogeneous in composition. Itsconstituents vary greatly in size. A separationof the waste according to size prior toincineration proved to be very efficient. Bythis method the bulky waste is retained ina sieve and passed to a shaft furnace. In asecond sieve, the medium sized wasteconstituents are retained, crushed and mixedwith the residues from the shaft furnace.They are burned in a shaking grate furnace.A table shows the constituent parts of thewaste in percentage by weight in the countriesof Germany, England, the Netherlands, andSwitzerland. The various types of incinerators,with and without grate, are reviewed andillustrated. The slag remaining fromincineration is rich in carbon which makes asintering process possible. A table showingin detail the various components of slag isgiven. Slag from waste incineration containsmetal, glass, ash, etc., in varying quantities.For sintering the slag, the sinter aggregatesare used as additives with the Lurgi sinterband.Sintered slag of good quality can be usedinstead of pumice in the production ofconstruction material. (Text-German)

64-0601

'Refumatic' Incinerator. Public Cleansing,54(7):1045, July 1964.

The British-manufactured Refumatic is a fullyautomatic incinerator especially designed forblocks of flats. Installed at the base of avertical chute system, the incineratorcomprises a main combustion chamber, a smokeburn-off chamber, a water-wash chamber whichcollects the fly ash, an induced draught fanwhich withdraws the waste gases from the waterwash and discharges them directly to thechimney, and a control system.

64.0602

Refuse incineration and steam raising.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 124(3777):46,Oct. 24, 1964.

Steam raising capacities in Great Britain fromthe incineration of refuse are inadequate.Initial and maintenance costs are excessivein relation to the value achieved. Twointeresting but conflicting American theorieson this idea were presented. It was generallyagreed that the quantity and nature of the refuseburned varies with the standard of living.These qualities affect the rate and the way ofburning and, therefore, the products of

0596-0605

combustion. Atmospheric pollution as a resultof incomplete combustion is discussed.

64-0603

Refuse incineration for power production atMunich. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3782):29, Nov. 28, 1964.

Refuse incineration used for power productionreduces the coal shortage and tipping problemsin Munich. The plant designed to burn pulverizedcoal and refuse in two separate furnaces ofhigh pressure steam generator is described.The problems and reasons for two separatefurnaces are discussed including design andarrangement of heating surfaces, temperatureand percentage of components, and efficiency.The operation of the plant is sketched fromreception to discharging of the ash.

64.0604

Refuse incineration in. the Netherlands.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,123(3754):32a-32b, May 16, 1964.

The Netherlands, forced to torn from compostingto refuse incineration, examined availablesystems. Some form of heat recovery andutilization was demanded, but separation ofrecoverable materials was not considerednecessary. Seasonal variation in the natureand quantity of refuse to be handled wasreviewed. Generation of electricity wasdecided upon for heat utilization and theconstruction of boilers and power stationexplained.

64.0605

Refuse incinerator designed for a charge of 2x 6 tons per hour. Wasser, Luft urd Betrieb,8(7):438-439, July 1964.

An incinerator is described in which theweighed refuse is deposited through sevenrefuse locks with automatic swing gates intothe refuse reserve bin. One of the locks,which is used for bulky refuse, has an impactcrusher connected to it. A grabbing craneserves both the impact crusher and feedinghopper. Downshafts supply the refuse to theincinerator and incineration proceeds bymeans of several travelling grates designedin a steplike arrangement. The generated heatis diminished by a waste heat boiler situatedabove the incinerator chamber and the smokegas escapes by way of an electrofilter throughthe.chimney. A part of the preheated air is

141

IncinerationEurope

reused as incineration air and the restescapes through the chimney. A return forthe smoke gas is provided to maintain thetempPrature at the incinerator exit whennecessary. The slack, which is formed at thebottom of the vessel, is broken up andtransported over a magnetic drum to a highbunker. The metal separated by the magneticdrum is transported to the ribble press(Schottpakertierpresse). A schematic diagramis provided. (Text-German)

64.0606

Refuse smelting facility at the Volkswagenplant. B;:ennstaff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(2):76..Feb. 1964.

The Volkswagen plant plans to install a smeltingfurnace operating on the FLK-principle (flamechamber process) to treat 5 tons per hr of allkinds of refuse. In the FLK-process the burningmaterial itself furnishes the furnaces lining,thereby allowing temperatures of operationabove the melting point of slag. Refusewith low heat content can be used withoutadditional fuel. The flue gas is free ofdust and smoke. The heat obtained is usedin the central heating system of the plant.(Text-German)

64.0607

Report on the exhibit of chemical apparatus(ACHEMA), 1964, pertaining to the field ofsanitation. Staedtehygiene, 15(12):282-286,Dec. 1964.

The exhibit of chemical apparatus, taking placein Frankfort/Main, West Germany, in intervalsof 3 years, is the world's largest of thiskind. As far as the solid waste problem wasconcerned, the 1964 ACHEMA stressed the theme`Waste Incineration'. in this field atendency towards the revolving cylindricalfurnace as the preferred incinerator could heobserved. It is ideally suited for incinerationof all kind of waste, including sludges, aswell as for containers of various shapes andsizes. (Text-German)

64.0608

Spitzer, E. F. European incinerators.American. City. 79(11):85, Nov. 1964.

Incineration in plants in Paris, Vienna,Rotterdam. Frankfurt, and Amsterdam isdiscussed. A general characteristic ofEuropean plants is the utilization of steam

142

BEST COPY WORE

to produce heat and electricity. A change inthe quantity and quality of European refuseis noted.

64-0609

Stabenow, G. European practice in refuseburning. Presented at 1964 National IncineratorConference, New York, May 18-20, 1964.American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 9 p.

The practice and type of design in some of theEuropean municipal incinerators are describedand special attention is given to the designof grates. The incinerators include: theVolund incinerator at St. Ouen (Paris), theMartin incinerator at Munich, the incineratorat Duesseldorf, the Von Roll incinerator atHamburg, the Karnap installation at Duesseldorf,the Esslingen incinerator at Stuttgart, andthe Semler incinerator. Data is given onamount of refuse per capital, analysis of refuse,and heat recovery. Traveling, reciprocating,reverse acting Martin-type, and multiplerotating drum grates are illustrated and theiradvantages and disadvantages discussed. Itwas concluded that magnetic separation ofiron from refuse before the furnace is notdesirable as case, wire, and sprin....s promotebetter aeration for combustion. Grates shouldhe kept as wide as practicable for a minimumrefuse bed thickness. Practically all Europeanunits with capacities of 5 ton per hr and overwere furnished with waste heat boilers andheat utilization is. in most cases, for powergeneration in combination with municipaldistrict heating systemrl. The rigid Europeandust emission specifications of 0.15 to 0.25lb per 1.000 lb gas at 50 percent excess airmake the use of electrostatic precipitatorsmandatory. Auxiliary ignition burners areused for small installations only.

64.0610

Test on incineration in Great Britain. PublicCleansing, 54(6):978, June 1964.

Simon Handling Engineers, Ltd. of GreatBritain has experimented with the Morse-Boulgerfully automatic incinerators used in theUnited States to test hou effectively Britishrefuse would burn. Results indicate that thereis an advantage in pulverising refuse beforeincineration and that the quantity of ashproduced in the United Kingdom will not hampersatisfactory operation of the incinerator.

64.0611

Vienna's incineration ploys!. Surveyor andMunicipal Engineer, 123(3754):32-32a,May 16, 1964.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Transportation problems and the desire forcomplete heat utilization forced Vienna toerect a num'3er of lower capacity incineratorplarts rather than one larger. one. The firstof these plants was built according to theVon Roll System. Generation of electricity,automatic cleaning of the flue, and use ofwaste oil are described. Problems created bybriquette ash and some possible solutions arediscussed.

64-0612

Waste burning and sintering facility in Berlin.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(9):409, Aug. 1964.

In Berlin-Ruhleben a waste burning facility isbeing built by the municipal authorities. Ata cost of 71 million DM it will convert 2,000tons per day of refuse and sewage into 1,000tons of sintered additives for concrete.Scheduled for completion in 1968, it willprocess about one-half of the total dailyrefuse of Berlin. (Text-German)

64-0613

A waste incinerator for Darmstadt.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):408, Aug. 1964.

The incinerator plant in Darmstadt, WestGermany, now under construction, will handle200 tons of waste per day. The waste neednot be sorted. or crushed. The grate issupplied by Von Roll AG in Zurich, theboilers by MAiN. The waste is burned at 1,000C and waste gas filters are provided.(Text-German)

54-0614Weber, E. Dust and waste gas output of adomestic waste incinerator. Staub, (6):210-216,June 1964.

A domestic waste incinerator (volume ofcombustion chamber 400 liters) installed inthe basement of an apartment house with 40units has been investigated with respect toits dust and waste gas output. The processof combustion has been closely observed and22 measurements of the dust contents in thewaste gases have been made at intermittentdays. The amounts and the temperature ofwaste gases leaving the chimney have beenconstantly checked and the weather conditionshave been observed. The mean value of emitteddusts was found to be 0.238 g per cu m ofwaste gas which was above the value permittedby the VDI (Association of German Engineers)

0606-0616

recommendations. Experiments with a chokevalve installed in the chimney showed thatno lasting decrease of the dust contents couldbe achieved. The installation of a scrubberbecame necessary, which reduced the dustcontents effectively to C.0289 g per cu mof waste gas. Various tal es give a detailedlisting of all values obtained in measurementswith and without choke valve and scrubber.The pungent odors arising at the beginning ofthe incineration have been largely eliminatedthrough giving the incinerator a heating-upperiod of about 90 minutes to achieve a hightemperature before loading it with waste.(Text-German)

64.0615

Winnacker, K. Elimination of industrialwastes as a technological task.Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 36(1):1-8, Jan. 1964.

Examples taken from the chemical industryillustrate how pollution problems were solved.Methods of cleaning polluted water and airare thoroughly discussed. For incineration ofchemical waste, special incinerators arebeing developed. A diagram is given of theincinerator used by the Badischen Anilin-& Soda-Fabrik AG., Ludwigshafen, Germany. Thewaste goes first to the drying grate and thento the main grate. The slag residues aredischarged by a conveyor belt. The furnacealso has a chamber for .he incineration ofliquid waste. Another possibility forincinerating chemical waste is the rotatingdrum furnace used by the Dow Chemical Company,which is suited for burning liquid and solidwaste. The rotating drum is lined with afireproof material. The Farbwerke Hoechst,Germany, experimented with a melting chamberfurnace. An illustration of this furnace isgiven. (Text-German)

64-0616

The world's largest waste incinerator plant.Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 36(2):167, Feb. 1964.

The world's largest waste incinerator plantis presently being built by the DeutscheBabcock & Wilcox-Dampfkessel-Werke AG,Oberhausen. Located in Essen-Karnap, it isdesigned and will be operated by theRheinisch-Westfaelische Elektrizitatswerk AGfor the generation of electric power. Whencompleted, the plant will incinerate 2,000tons of waste per day. (Text-German)

143

Industrial Wastes

64.0617

Wotschke, J. Universal waste removal and itsrealization by the flame chamber smeltingprocess. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,16(8):383-392, Aug. 1964.

REST

In a general discussion on waste removalproblems it is pointed out that it is desirablefor economic reasons to have one process bywhich all kinds of refuse can be treated withthe least amount of preprocessing. The flamechamber smelting process (FLK-process) is saidto fulfill these requirements. The basic ideais to raise the operating temperature to about1,250 C at which combustible material isvaporized and non-combustible material ismelted and drained. The refuse itself isused to protect the furnace walls from thehigh temperatures. The energy consumingprocess of vaporization forms a heat protectivelayer. The flue gas is remarkably free ofdust since it must pass through the thin filmof molten slag forming on the surface of theburning refuse. Some theoretical backgroundon the FLK-prucess is presented, togetherwith some preliminary expr:rimental results.Schematics for a FLK-furnace for 1,000 kg perhr and photographs of a prototype underconstruction are also given. (Text-German)

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

64.0618

Abernathy, A. R. Measurement of.microbialdegradation of sulfonated lignin. InProceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University, Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.602-615.

A comparative study was made of six methodsof measuring microbiological degradation oflignins. The six methods were: (1) directphotcmetric; (2) indirect photometric; (3)gravimetric; (4) chemical oxidation; (5)methoxyl determinations; and (6) elementalanalyses. Marasperse CB was the ligninsulfonate used. It was found that the degreeof lignin removal by microbial culturesdepends upon the method used to evaluatelignin concentrations. No one of thepresently used tests is adequate forcalculations of lignin removal ordestruction. When lignin sulfonate is theonly carbon source present, microorganismsdo attack it. Most attack seems to occurat the side chain. The preferred tests arethe Folin-Denis test and the COD test.

144

PY ABLE

Ultraviolet absorption is useful to checkfor destruction of aromatic rings. Newanalytical methods are needed.

64-0619

Alyamovskiy, V., et al. Wasteful burningof rubber plant products. In USSR industrialdevelopment. Soviet chemical industry. No.82 (JPRS:19,863). Washington, U.S.Department of Commerce, Joint PublicationsResearch Service, June -1963. p.1-2.

Poor utilization of industrial wastes in arubber tire plant results in significanteconomic losses. Only 40 tons out of 170tons of burnt rubber were processed in oneplant. If the rubber had been utilizedcompletely, it would have resulted in asaving of 100,000 to 120,000 rubles. Othermethods of utilization of rubber wastewould result in a saving of 260,000 rubles.Examples of utilization of waste in otherindustries are discussed. (Translation ofan article in the Russian language newspaperIzvestiya, Moscow, Feb. 20, 1963) (DefenseDocumentation Center AD-412 089)

64-0620

American Sugar Cane League. Cane sugarindustry (Industrial waste guide). PublicHealth Service Publication No. 691.Washington, U.S. Public Health Service, 1963.19 p.

Available information on the nature, types,and amounts of wastes produced by the sugarcane industry, and the methods which havebeen developed and used to overcome orminimize the harmful effects of wasteeffluents are summarized. The magnitudeof the problem, descripti.m of process,volume and character of wastes, pollutionaleffects, remedial measures, sampling andanalytical procedures are presented. Asimplified flow diagram for raw cane sugarmanufacture is given. There are severalsources of waste waters leaving cane sugarfactories. Of these sources, only two aremajor: cane wash water; and floor washings.Waste water from cane wash plants is veryhigh in BOD and is produced in largequantities. Special impounding basins ortreatment methods are required forstabilization of this type of waste.Floorwashings, boiler blowdown, and sodaand acid wastes are small in volume butfairly high in BOD. This material isusually handled by detention basins.

MST COPY falABLE

64-0621

Amero, C. L. Continuous centrifugaldewatering of waste sludges. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113. AnnArbor, University of Michigan, School ofPublic Health, 1964. p.139-151.

A centrifuge is described. Basically, itconsists of a two-member rotating element,bowl, and conveyor, completely enclosed bya stationary housing properly baffled toprevent remixing of the separatedsolids and liquids which discharge fromopposite ends of the bowl. A typicalcentrifuge is shown in cross section in afigure and a cutaway view in another. Thetheoretical basis for this activity is givenin a formula. The settling velocity ofsolids and, therefore, the clarifyingcapacity of a given size of centrifugeoperating at a given speed, will increasewith greater particle size, increasingdensity difference between solid and liquid,and decreasing viscosity of the liquidcarrier. Greater radial acceleration ofthe particles will also increase theclarifying capacity of a centrifuge.Acceleration can be increased either byincreasing the speed or the size of the unit.Actual performance can not be predictedby these theoretical factors which areguides. The use of solid bowl continuouscentrifuges in domestic and industrialwaste sludge handling has been increasing.Several examples are cited: North SanMateo, California; Concord, California; andSan Leandro, California. A summary of testresults at the primary treatment plantin Amherst, Massachusetts, is presentedin a figure. The economic advantagesof this method are stressed.

64-0622

Atkins, P. F., and O. J. Sproul. Feasibilityof biological treatment of potato processingwastes. In Proceedings; 19th IndustrialWaste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.303-316.

The rural areas where most potato processingplants are located frequently have no wastetreatment plants or, if they do, theaddition of this organic content waste mayseriously overload them. The feasibilityof biological treatment for a combinedpotato processing waste from a plant usinglye-peeling has been studied. Data onwaste characteristics from these plantswere obtained. Detailed studies were made

0617-0623

of the complete mixed activated sludgemethod and of the possible use of thecc-act stabilization method. Two surveyswere made of the processing plant: onein October 1962; and the other in July 1963.Changes made within the plant between thetwo surveys resulted in a 50 percentreduction in plant BOD, a 30 percentreduction in suspended solids, and areduction of about 10 percent in waterusage. Since lye-peeling produces wasteswith a pH of 11.7, two approaches weretaken in the biological treatment feasibilitystudies: one of treating straight potatoprocessing waste; and the other of pretreatingthe waste with sulfuric acid to reduce thepH to a more favorable range of 8.0. Theresults of these studies are presented intwo tables. It appeared that effectiveBOD removal (98%) was possible by acompletely mixed activated sludge system,that pH adjustment was not necessary, andthe detention times were fairly long (15 to20 hr). Further studies conclusivelydemonstrated that potato processingwastes can be treated by a completelymixed activated sludge system at a solidslevel of 4,000 mg per liter and a detentionof 6 to 8 hr. BOD reductions of 95percent or higher can be expected. Thecontact stabilization process appearsfeasible and should be studied further.

64-0623

1atz, M. E. Deep well disposal of nylonwaste water. Chemical Engineering Progress,60(10):85-88, Oct. 1964.

Subsurface disposal of concentrated nylonwaste is efficient and is drawing increasedattention. The Chemstrand Company nylonplant at Pensacola, Florida, is thelargest of its kind in the world. In aperiod of 10 years, the plant productionwas tripled. The problem of keeping wastetreatment abreast of production becamedifficult. The United States GeologicalSurvey conducted subsurface experimentswith nylon waste disposal. An experimentalwell was drilled in a limestone forma'-ionfor the experiments. Research was alsoconducted on the nature of the waste.Surface treatment for settling and agingwould still be necessary in order tomaintain a pH below 5. The well casingwas API steel to prevent pollution ofpotable water. A complete stainless steelinjection system was installed. Twomonitor wells were drilled nearby. Whenturbidity is greater than 10 ppm, thesystem is shut down to allow additional

145

Industrial Wastes

settling. It is not necessary to pretreator filter the waste. This system is veryeconomical and dependable. The capitaland operating costs are about one-tenththat of the bio-oxidation system. Additionaldata and illustrations are containedwithin the report.

64.C1624

Baumgartner, D. J., and C. F. Walters.Treatment of undiluted human waste by theactivated sludge process. Fort Wainwright,Alaska, Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, Mar.1964. 20 p.

An activated sludge system was operated toconfirm field investigations whichindicated that a 423-gal recirculatingactivated sludge system could adequatelytreat the undiluted human wastes from tenmen for 6 months and provide an effluentacceptable for use as a flushing fluid. Inaddition, the level and the effects ofoverloading were noted. The effect ofhigh pH on odor production was observed,and the importance of pH control between6 and 7 was demonstrated. The feed CODof 44,000 mg per liter (BOD = 21,000 mg perliter) was reduced by about 90 percent andthe estimated water savings for toilet flushingwas estimated at greater than 90 percent.

64-0625

Belokon, A. Production of metatoluidinefrom wastes. In USSR industrial development.Soviet chemical industry. No. 72

(JPRS:19,362). Washington, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, Joint Publications ResearchService, May 1963. p.27-29.

Metatoluidine, an essential dye componentfor movie film color, can be produced frommaterial previously thought to be waste. By

utilization of this waste material,metatoluidine production cost is reduced toone-third of the previous cost. (Translationof an article by A. Belokon in the Russianlanguage newspaper Rabochaya Gazeta,:Yorkers' Gazette), Kiev, Feb. 8, 1963)(Defense Documentation Center AD-408 897)

64-0626

Black, R. J. Combined disposal of sewagesludge and refuse. In Solid waste disposaland municipal equipment 'rental' . NewYork, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation,June 1963. p.36-39.

146

BEST COPY UNABLE

Combined disposal of sewage sludge and refuseby sanitary landfilling, incineration, orcomposting can result in worthwhile savingsto the community, if these facilities arelocated so as to minimize hauling costs.This may be impossible to accomplish in somelocal situations. Only an evaluation ofthe possible satisfactory alternatives,including costs, can provide the informationneeded to choose the disposal methods bestsuited to local conditions. The compostingof digested sewage sludge with sawdustand shavings is more economical than othermethods of sludge processing under favorableclimatic conditions. Researchers reportthat the use of digested sewage sludge tomake artificial topsoil over completedsanitary landfills in New York cost onlya third as much as importing natural topsoil. Some sanitary landfill operatorsbury sewage solids, bar screening, gritand dewatered digested sludge along with therefuse.

64.0627

Bremer, H. D., and R. D. Hoak. Zetapotential and sedimentation practice.In Proceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.977-885.

The development of an instrumental meansfor determining and controlling coagulantdosages in the treatment of industrialwastes by sedimentation is reported. Theprocesses of interest include theclarification of suspensions of inertsolids, of slurries produced in neutralizingwaste acids, and of oil suspensions.Suspended particles of relatively largesize and very dense chemical precipitatesare of interest rather than the colloidalparticles and light flocs of concern inwater purification. Jar tests andelectrokinetic measurements are currentlyused to evaluate coagulants. Jar tests tryto duplicate plant practice in laboratorytests of various coagulant dosages andflocculation techniques; results areevaluated in terms either of residualsuspended solids after a settling periodor of resulting sludge density.Electrokinetic measurements are used todetermine the magnitude and nature of thecharges on the surfaces of the suspendedparticles, and then to evaluate coagulantdosages by the extent to which the particlemobilities are neutralized. Results areexpressed in terms of particle mobilities orof average zeta potentials. These two

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

techniques have proved useful in manyapplications but of little or no value inothers. Several different systems havebeen tried. A readable electrical signalcan be obtained from a suspension in whichthe particles are moderately charged.Getting'a signal that is reproducible,interpretable, and independent of solutionpH or conductivity is, however, difficult.The system reported consists essentiallyof two electrodes of similar metals connectedto a high impedance DC amplifier with anopen-loop gain of about 1,000. Severaltraits of the apparatus have been carriedout with electrodes placed directly inprocess streams in water purificationand waste treatment plants. The readingswere often directly related to observedchanges in either process variables or inthe composition of the plant influents. Thereadings were not consistently interpretable,however, in terms of measurable variationsin the plant effluents. The failure tomeasure other variables, principally, pH,probably accounted for the inconsistencies.The instrument seems to be useful as alaboratory tool rather than for in-linemeasurements at present.

64-0628

Brink, R. J. Operating costs of wastetreatment in General Motors. In

Proceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.12-16.

The cost of treating industrial wastevaries in the industry and within theindustry, for in any particular plant theremay be oil wastes, paint, plating, or acombination of wastes. Each disposal unithas its own peculiar problems. In costanalysis the handling of sludge is important;some plants can use sanitary sewers. Othersmust incinerate, dewater and dump, dewaterand incinerate, or use biological reduction.The quantity and type of sludge andcommunity requirements are determiningfactors. Citizen response is important.When a major problem of pollution iscorrected, several smaller problems maybecome noticeable, if the community hasbecome pollution conscious. Tb,. onlyavailable figures on disposal operatingcosts for GM are at Buick which has themost completely integrated facility in GMfor the manufacture of cars. A mixed wasteof soluble oil, insoluble oil, alkalies,paint, thinners, chrome, cyanide, powerhouse blow down, and washer dumps is

0624-0629

treated. These wastes, because ofvariations in concintration, must be treatedin batches. The clumical costs for asix-month period are given in a table. Thechemicals are alum, ferrous sulfate, lime,Jaguar (a coagulant aid used in processing),Separan (a coagulant used in treatingsludges to bring the solids content to alevel that can he concentrated on vacuumfilters), and sulfuric acid. The sludgeis concentrated, and the solids vacuumfiltered and dumped into trucks andhauled to dumps for disposal. A breakdownof costs per month is given. The sludgecosts per 1,000 gal of raw waste processedwere: labor-waste plant $0.06 per 1,000,labor-others $0.27 per 1,000, and materials$0.09 per 1,000 or a total of $0.18 per 1,000.If disposal sites become scarce othermeans of final disposal must be found andthere is now some study of this. Oilsalvage helps to offset costs in the totalcost picture. A recovery value of $77,211for a six-month period is shown. The totaltreatment costs are given in a table andcome to between $2.06 and $2.17 per 1,000 gal.Depreciation and insurance account for $986of this. Costs may be lowered by a strongprogram of preventive maintenance, byautomation, by segregating wastes, and byother methods. Automation is not a greatfactor at Buick for the operation isscattered over great distances and amixed waste with a single operating unitis the most economical.

64.0629

Burkank, N. 'C., et al. Isolation andidentification of anaerobic and facultativebacteria present in the digestion process.In Proceedings; 19th IndustrialWaste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.552-577.

Two main groups of bacteria have beenreported in sewage sludge: thesaprophytic acid formers; and the methaneformers. The saprophytic bacteria arenaturally abundant in sewage, reproducerapidly in the digestion process, andproduce the volatile acids which can occurin large quantities in anaerobic digestors.The methane formers use the end productsof the acid forming bacteria. Thesetwo groups live in symbiosis in the sameenvironment. Methane bacteria fermentonly very select substrates, do notferment carbohydrates and amino acids asdo the common saprophytic bacteria, andtheir population in sewage is small.

147

Industrial Wastes

Methane gas is one of the end productsproduced by them. The present study hadfive facets: (1) to improve and simplifythe equipment used to cultivate thesebacteria; (2) to improve identificationtechniques; (3) to isolate and identifythose bacteria present in the most numbersin a laboratory digestor fed sewage sludge;(4) to correlate this population with thebiochemical reactions in the digestionprocess; and (5) to isolate and identify thebacteria in the treatment plant of a meatpacking plant. The diagram of a laboratorydigestor is given. Photographsof a laboratory anaerobic sludge digestorand an inert atmosphere chamber are given.A simplified anaerobic culture tube wasdeveloped and is described in detail.The direct count procedure was found to beeffective in showing significant variationsin the population of a sewage sludge digestor.At efficient rates of digestion thepredominant species were Cl. carnofoetidumand Bacillus knefelkampi in populationratios of one to seven, respectively.

64.0630

Butler, J. A case history and evaluationof waste treatment problems at the D. M.Bare Paper Company. Tappi, 47(11):82A, 85A,92A, Nov. 1964.

A survey of waste treatment problemsencountered by a papermill is reviewedwith respect to stream and ground waterpollution. Full waste treatment by theindustry is now compulsory. Using thesoda process, a 70 ft diameter clarifierproviding a 3-hr settling period removedmost suspended solids and 25 percent of theBOD from a flow of 1.7 mgd with 7,000lb per day suspended solids and.1,000 lb perday BOD. A sludge lagoon received settledsludge. Converting to the bleached kraftprocess rendered this treatment inadequate.Study showed that with adjustment of pH to6 to 8, and the addition of nutrients, asecondary process with activated sludgecould remove 90 percent of the BOD fromthe wastes. The basic layout for a newsystem included two parallel aeration tanksand two 65 ft diameter final clarifiers.The aerators are hydraulically designedfor two opposing flow patterns providingfor conventional activated sludge, sludgereaeration, and step aeration processes.A treated effluent with less than 100 ppmsuspended solids can be produced. Interferingsubstances are soap content in lagoonwaste, titanium filler, or chlorine dioxide.Some changes for the operation are suggestedto overcome these interferences.

148

aT

64-0631

Buxton, D. H. Model tests of a slurrychannel for fly ash disposal. BritishHydromechanics Research Association, Oct. 1964.17 p.

Experiments with a model of the proposedWest Burton-Peterborough fly ash disposalchannel are described. The investigationaimed at proving the design of a slurrychannel and accessories intended to keepthe concentrated slurry that is dischargedinto the channel on the move with no appreciabledeposit of the slurry on the channel bottom.Preliminary studies were made using cleanwater as the working fluid. Dust was addedto the water to form a slurry of 40 percentconcentration by weight. The final designof an ejector, found from water tests, wasthen tested with the slurry. Any tendency ofthe ash to settle was determined bysounding the whole length of the channelbottom. Tests indicated that a workablesystem can be designed to handle a slurryof up to 50 percent concentration, providedthat the agitator jets are distributed alongthe channel to give a general swirl, and havesufficient velocity to cut through depositsof ash on the bottom of the channel. Afinal test was performed with agitatorspositioned along the center line of thechannel and arranged so that the dischargewas directed along the floor in a downstreamdirection. Three agitators with 3/8-in.diameter orifices were spaced equally betweeneach pair of ejectors and each agitatordischarged approximately 5 gpm of slurry.The concentration of the slurry was30 percent by weight. It was effectivein keeping the slurry in suspension andthe floor of the channel was reasonablyclear of slurry mounds.

64-0632

Buzzell J. C., et al. Biological treatmentof protein water from manufacture of potatostarch. Part 1. Water and Sewage Works,111(11):R306-R309, Nov. 1964.

The purpose of the study was to investiagatethe biological treatment of protein waterderived from the manufacture of potatostarch, since untreated protein water hasbeen the source of a variety of problemswhen discharged into streams. Relevantliterature pertaining to waste analysis,recovery processes, and treatment methodswas reviewed with the conclusion that littleinformation is available about methods ofdiminishing the pollution resulting from themanufacture of potato starch. The origin

BEST Mil IIVNLABLE

and characteristics of potato starch wastesare discussed with a table giving the wastesfrom analysis of a typical continuous processstarch factory. During the initial studyphase, protein water from an operatingstarch plant was used. However, it becamenecessary to duplicate a starch plant, ona laboratory scale, in order to continuethe supply of protein water. The syntheticwaste had essentially the same characteristicsas the plant protein water except for BODwhere the high value of the plant waste wasnot reached by the synthetic waste. Thebiological treatment methods employed wereactivated sludge, using a five compartmentedplastic rectangular box, and tricklingfilters, including both standard and highrate filtration. These methods, and theprocess of their operation, are described.Protein water analysis includes BOD,alkalinity, acidity, pH, total nitrogen,phosphorus, and turbidity.

64-0633

Buzzell, J. C., et al. Biologicaltreatment of protein water from manufactureof potato starch. Part 2. Water andSewage Works, 111(11):R310-R315, Nov. 1964.

The experimental results and discussion ofa study on two biological treatment methodsof protein water from the manufacture ofpotato starch are presented. Studies wereconducted on activated sludge, carried outin five parallel compartments, and ontrickling filters, involving both standardand high rate filtration. Results presentedfor activated sludge included operatingdata, loading intensity, BOD removal,and effluent characteristics. The greatestsource of difficulty was the lack of controladequate to maintain a constant loadingintensity. Results presented for thetrickling filters include the effluentcharacteristics and BOD removal forstandard and for high rate biologicalfiltration. The relationship betweenhydraulic and organic loading rates isgiven. It was found that the activatedsludge treatment gave BOD removals ofabout 95 percent at loading intensitiesup to 80 lb of BOD per 1,000 lb of mixedliquor suspended solids per hour of aeration.Standard rate trickling filters gave HODremoval of 90 percent or better withorganic loadings up to 1,300 lb ofBOD per acre ft per d BOD removals of 90percent or better were obtained on highrate filters with loading up to 3,000 lb.A higher organic loading limit for highrate filtration might be obtained with a

0630-0635

larger size stone than that used in thisstudy. It was concluded that protein waterfrom the manufacture of potato starch wassuccessfully treated by standard biologicaltreatment processes.

64-0634

Byrd, J. F., and J. H. Walter. Jointmunicipal-industrial treatment of combinedwastes. Chemical Engineering Progtess,60(1):44-48, Jan. 1964.

The advnatages and prlblems involved intreating industrial wastes with domesticsewage in municipal treatment plants arebecoming more generally recognized as thispractice grows. The advantages are:savings to the municipality and to theindustry in initial costs and operatingcosts, the opportunity to employspecialized personnel, less space required,and the improvement of the susceptibilityof industrial waste to biological decompositionby the presence of domestic sewage. Twomajor problems arise under this method.Some materials should be excludedentirely from such a system. A lowerlimit is necessary on the pH of substancesentering the sewers and a restriction onfats, oils, or greases. Whether sewagecharges should be based on volume orproperty tax is another pertinent problem.

64.0635

Caron, A. L., and W. L. Carpenter. Effectsof polyelectrolytes on primary deinking andboardmill sludge and on effluent clarificationof deinking effluent. In Proceedings;19th Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5 -7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.139-145.

The vacuum filter leaf test, laboratorysized sludge thickeners, and a pilotflotation cell were used to evaluate theeffects of polyelectrolytes as conditioningagents from primary papermill sludges.Polyelectrolytes as flocculents to aidprimary sedimentation were also evaluatedon a mixture of de-inking washer wastewater and white water. The vacuum filtertest leaf was evaluated at several dry andform cycles, but the data reported are froma 30 second form time and a 30 seconddry time which gave the highest hourlyloading rates. All filtrations were' made

at a 15-in. mercury vacuum. The studiesindicate that polyelectrolytes would beuseful as conditioning agents for sludges

149

Industrial Wastes

difficult to thicken and de-water. In thecase of effluent from the de-inking processmixed with white water, suspended solidsconcentration effluent was vital and themost significant gain was in increasedsettleability. Evaluation on the site isimportant since dosage was dependent onsludge type and composition and clarificationof de-inking effluent was dependent onstrength. Sludge thickening rates canbe increased 55 percent at a dosage of 0.06percent dry solids basis in the caseof boardmill clarifier overflow and about14 percent at 0.12 percent dry solidsdosage for de-inking primary sludge. Asupernatant was obtained with increasedclarity over gravity thickening. Finalconcentration of the thickened sludge didnot seem to be improved over gravitythickening, however. Flotation thickeningincreased solids. concentration of the finalproduct less than 10 percent. The polymerstested are not applicable to flotationthickening of these sludges. Vacuumfiltration of both de-inking and primaryboardmill sludge conditioned withpolyelectrolytes increased the loadingrate and the drainage rates by more than150 percent. While the use ofpolyelectrolytes on a mixture of de-inkingwasher water and white water did not increasesuspended solids removal it did result ina 40 percent increase in settleability.

64.0636

Centrifuge reduces sludge disposal costs.Public Works, 95(7):133, July 1964.

A centrifuge to dewater digested sludge atthe Westchester County, New York, sewagetreatment plant has cut the number of bargetrips to sea from seven to two or three permonth. The plant uses a 40 x 60 in. Birdcontinuous solid Bowl centrifuge, equippedfor the use of flocculating chemicals shoulda more completely clarified liquid be required.The centrifuge raises the solid contentsof the digested sludge fram 2.9 percentto not less than 10 percent, a consistencythat will permit maximum tonnage of solidsper load, and at the same time be fluid enoughfor efficient sluicing from the barge.Provision is made for bypassing thecentrifuge with digested sludge shouldit be necessary to dilute a more concentratedcentrifuged product to maintain the 10percent consistency.

64.0637

Coerver, J. F. Anaerobic and aerobic pondsfor packinghouse waste treatment in Louisiana.

150

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

In Proceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Inc., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.200-209.

The operations of ponds for treatingslaughterhouse wastes at Houma, Louisiana,and similarly-designed installations atSlidell and Gonzales have been studied. Theinstallations consist of three ponds inseries: an anaerobic pond, a transitionalpond, and an aerobic pond. The ponds atHouma remove 98.1 percent of the BODapplied. Most of the BOD is removedin the anaerobic pond where 879 lb per acre perday have been removed. The pond is only 2 ftdeep with an applied loading of 950 lb peracre. Equivalent BOD removal per acre-ft ofvolume in the anaerobic pond could beachieved with more depth. Consistentlysatisfactory results in the mature pondinstallations at Gonzales and at Slidellconfirm this. Volume rather than surfacearea appears to be the critical feature inanaerobic ponds although most of thosestudied are shallow. The smaller the surfacearea the sooner the important crust isformed over the surface. Current designcriteria for anaerobic ponds are: a

minimum volume of 1 acre-ft for each 500hogs slaughtered per week; long and narrow shapewith length at least three times the widthto facilitate cleaning with a dragline;1 acre of water surface area for each 667hogs slaughtered per week; one-third transitionalpond surface and two-thirds aerobic pond surface;a liquid depth of 4 to 5 ft; and aerobicponds with the least possible perimeterwith inlets at the center. These pondshave given satisfactory results, are theleast expensive treatment units to build andoperate, are reliable, and are free fromodors except during initial operation.

64.0638

Cooley, A. M., E. D. Wahl, and G. O. Possum.Characteristics and amounts of potatowastes from various process ,.creams. InProceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.379-390.

The Red River Valley of North Dakota andMinnesota is flat with meandering streamsflowing only during the spring runoff. Anydischarge of industrial wastes into thesestreams immediately results in nuisancedevelopment. The area is usually thirdin potato production in the U.S. Nearly3 million hundred weight were processed

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

(dehydrated, frozen french fries, potatoflour, starch) in 1962 to 1963. About onebushel in four is discarded as preparationwaste in processing. Plant surveys weremade and the characteristics of the wastesexamined. Better production methods mightdecrease the wastes. Lye peeling, steampeeling, and abrasive peeling were studied,as well as the wastes from potato starchmanufacture. The wastes are very differentand their characteristics have a greateffect on treating and stabilizing effluents.The dehydration process and the methodsused in the manufacture of potato flakes,potato chips, and potato starch are outlinedwith special reference to disposal problems.The strengths of the waste streams fromthese plants are summarized in a table. Thefigures are based on 5-day ROD and thefigure of 0.17 lb per population equivalent.Clarifiers with a 2 hr detention timecaused a decrease in organic loadingof more than 50 percent in the potatowastes from the chip plant and more than60 percent for the flour process usingsteam peeling. Neither the flake plantnor the starch plant had treatment systems.The population equivalents for commercialsized plants per ton of raw potatoesindicate the magnitude of the problem whensewage disposal facilities of towns withpopulations of 2,000 to 40,000 are used forthese effluents. A starch plant using200 tons per day raw potatoes is equivalentto a town with a population of 70,600.Primary treatment ia which solids areremoved mechanically is effective inlowering the organic content in most ofthe streams of these processes.

64.0639

Copeland, G. G., and J. E. Hanway. Treatingwaste NSSC liquors in a fluidized-bed reactor.Paper Trade Journal, 147(41):40-41, Oct. 1963.

The fluidized-bed process in the treatmentand disposal of NSSC waste liquor isdescribed. Mill liquor of approximately115,000 gal per day of 8 to 10 percent solidcontent is fed to a three-effect evaporatorwhere it is reduced to 28,800 gal of 35percent solid content. This is fed intothe fluidized-bed reactor through aninjector-type nozzle extending to withinabout 12 ft of bed surface when operatingwith a six foot deep bed. Steam is thedriving fluid in the nozzle. A temperatureof 850 F is maintained above the freeboard.The liquor feed then either falls into thebed or is deposited on rising entraineddust particles. These dust particles

0636-0640

eventually become large enough to fall andremain on the bed or are carried out byexhaust gasses, separated in a cyclonecollector, and recirculated to the bed bya screw conveyor. The effluent gasses fromthe cyclone are discharged into theatmosphere after scrubbing. The organicmaterial on the bed is oxidized at 1325 Fand fluidized by air introduced into thefirebox. The pelletized product isdischarged from the reactor to silo storage.The system has many practical aspects. Thetotal cost of the plant was less than$500,000. Operating cost has been less than$3 per ton of pulp. Anticipated scaleingproblems were minor, with a once a weekboil-out proving to be sufficient. Thisprocess is used in a paper mill, but isuseful to other industries.

64-0640

Copeland, G. G. Water reuse and blackliquor oxidation by the Container-CopelandProcess. In Proceedings; 19th IndustrialWaste Conference Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.391-401.

The Container Corporation of Americaoperates a sulfite mill at Carthage,Indiana, which produces corrugating mediumfor shipping containers by the neutralsulfite semi-chemical process. Capacityis 170 tons per day which is made from 130tons per day of virgin pulp and 40 tons perday of waste paper from old corrugatedcontainers. The plant was converted to neutralsulfite pulping of the local hardwoods in 1958.For 50 years the mill discharged effluentdirectly into the Big Blue River (whichhas a low summer flow of 20,000 gal per min),but for the last 25 years stream controlregulations have been imposed in incrementsbased on a reduction of a diminishingbalance, Generation BOD of this millin process waters is about 50,000 lbs per day.Stream control regulations have reached apoint of 99 percent removal of BOD(really 100% in practice) although thereis no economic and acceptable process forthis. The Sveen Pedersen clarificationprocess based on chemical flocculationof suspended solids and flotation separationof fibers froin the water provides reusablewater containing 0.3 lb of suspendedfibers or solids per 1,000 gals. Chemicalcosts for recycled water are about 25cents per ton of pulp. The Container-Copelandprocess is described and a schematicflowsheet given. The process involvesevaporation of waste liquors in triple

151

Industrial Wastes

effect forced circulation evaporatorsfrom an incoming concentration of 9 to10 percent solids to 35 percent solids.The thickened liquor is then injected intoa specially designed fluidized bed reactorin which an oxidizing atmosphere using airis maintained for combustion of the organiccontent of the black liquor. Thecarbon-hydrogen content of these organicsis burned to carbon dioxide and water, andvented to t!,e atmosphere. The cookingchemicals are deposited in the fluid bedwhere they pelletize and form nuclei forcontinued pelletization. The temperatureof the whole operation is 1300 F. Thesystem is fed continuously and dischargespellets of inorganic salts continuously.The end product pellets consist of amixture of sodium sulfate-sodium carbonatein the same ratio as the similar mixtureused in the cooking liquor preparation.Pellet size is 10 to 48 mesh.

64-0641

Davis, H. W., J. A. Biehl, and R. M. Smith.Pollution control and waste treatment at aninland refinery. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.126-138.

The refinery at Robinson, Illinois, consistsof crude distillation, vacuum distillation,fluid catalytic cracking, light ends, andalkylation units. The refinery has its ownsteam and electric generating plant, and theusual tank farm with fuels and gasolineblending facilities. The capacity is about65,000 barrels per day (summer, 1964). Wastecontrol includes slop oil recovery with twoAPI separators (traps), tankage, and arotational vacuum precoat filter. Wastesfrom all sources in the refinery arecollected in an underground oily sewersystem and discharged to the treatmentplant by a 30 in. sewer. The layout of theplant sewer system and of the treatmentplant are shown in figures. A tablesummarizes the composition of each ofthe major waste waters by the unit producingthem. Oil disposal, water waste treatment,and recent refinements are described indetail with figures and photographs. Themanagement of this refinery believes thatthe solutions are economical and that nomajor capital investment will be necessarysoon.

64-0642

Deposition of industrial wastes. Wasserand Abwasser, 105(6):153-154, Feb. 1964.

152

BO COPY NOBLE

The Institute for Industrial Water andAir Pollution Control conducts meetingsin regular intervals to discuss all pressingquestions in the fields of water and airpollution and solid waste. The lastmeeting held on October 16, 1963, dealtwith the deposition of industrial wastes.Several papers were presented discussinglegal aspects, hygiene, possible dangersto the groundwater, and economicalquestions. Almost all speakers stressedthe opinion that the technical andfinancial problems involved in the dumpingof waste on disposal sites can be effectivelysolved only by a close cooperation amongmunicipalities. (Text-German)

64.0643Dias, F. F., and J. V. Bhat. Microbialecology of activated sludge. AppliedMicrobiology, 12(5):412-417, Sept. 1964.

The microbial ecology of activated sludgewas investigated. Over 300 bacterial strainswere isolated from seven samples by platingon sewage agar. Bacteria of the generaZoogloea and Comamonas predominated. Manyisolates (51%) showed sudanophilicinclusions of poly-B-hydroxy-butyric acid.Sudan is a stain, largely used to determinefats. Sodophilic material was accumulatedon media containing starch in 34 percentof the isolates. Sodophilia is definedas the reaction shown by leukocytes undercertain conditions when treated with iodine.A large number required vitamins and/oramino acids for growth. None of theisolates tested for their ability to causechanges in sterilized sewage produced aneffluent comparable in quality to theactivated sludge control, although theactivated Zoogloea produced activatedsludge-like flocs, therefore demonstratingits importance in the aerobic biologicalmethods of waste water treatment. A studyof 150 bacterial strains isolated from rawsewage revealed that they differed from thesludge isolates in several respects.Coliforms, which constitute nearly 25percent of sewage isolates, were rarelyencountered in sludge. It appears, inconclusion, that flora is responsible in themetabolism of soluble substrates, whileprotozoa have the ability to remove theparticulate fraction, including the bacteriathat come in with thf, sewage. Datasummarizes all results of the study.

W3644Donaldson, E. C. Subsurface disposal ofindustrial wastes in the United States.

BEST COPY MAW

U.S. Bureau of Mines InformationCircular No. 8212. [Washington], U.S. Departmentof the Interior, 1964. 33 p.

A study of subsurface waste disposal inthe United States shows that in eight states awide variety of industrial wastes are beinginjected into formations ranging in age fromPrecambrian to Recent. More than 30 wellsranging in depth from 300 to 12,000 ft areused for waste disposal into subsurfaceformations which include unconsolidatedsand, sandstone, vugular limestone, andfractured gneiss. Surface equipment used

.in waste disposal, and drilling and completionmethods for disposal wells are described indetail. Data secured by visits to industrialplants are discussed, and a summary ofoperating conditions is presented. It wasgenerally concluded that each waste disposalproblem must be evaluated separately.Selection of surface equipment forpreinjection treatment of the waste iscontingent on the type of formationavailable. A buffer zone of watercompatible with the injected waste can hecreated within the formation by pumpinga large volume (250,000 gal or more) offresh water into the formation beforeinjection of the waste is started. Carefuldesign and the use of plastic well tubing,together with maintenance of ther dieseloil or an inert gas in the annulus betweenthe tubing and casing, are effective meansfor dealing with corrosive wastes. Sandincursion into the bottom of the well canbe avoided by packing gravel in a reamedcavity at the bottom of the well. Theuse of a waste reservoir exposed to theatmosphere should be avoided.

64.0645

Dornhush, J. N., and J.11. Andersen.Lagooning of livestock wastes in SouthDakota. In Proceedings; 19th IndustrialWaste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No 117. p.317-325.

The animal waste load of the north-centralregion of the United States is equivalentto 500 million people. This waste load isconcentrated in large production units.Field spreading may be more costly than thevalue of the wastes as fertilizer.Lagooning is the most popular method nowbecause little labor is required, nuisanceis immediately reduced, and water is notgreatly polluted. Many criteria usedhave been those of lagooning of domesticwastes. These are not applicable to farm

0641-0646

animal waste disposal with their high solidsconcentration. The present report is on twokinds of research: (1) a field study oflagoons now in operation in South Dakota;and (2) an investigation of the operation ofa poultry lagoon in the field and inthe laboratory, together with changes inoperation which changed an odorous situationto a properly functioning unit. In the firststudy, about forty livestock manure lagoonswere studied. Most were for hog and poultrywastes, operate anaerobically, andperformed satisfactorily. Only indoorpoultry lagoons constructed under slatfloors have consistently proved unsuccessful.A physical feature or poor operationaccounts for the other failures. The studyof the poultry manure lagoon summarizesfresh chicken manure characteristics, reportsthe physical observation made from Junethrough November and chemical analyses madefrom June through October, and operationalchanges made. Lagoons must maintainanaerobic action and should be loaded on avolatile solids basis just as other sludgedigesters are. A loading rate of 5 to 10lb volatile solids per 1,000 cu ft of lagoonvolume is satisfactory where winterconditions result in storage for long periods.Mixing to disperse sludge deposits isnecessary to avoid offensive odors. Anadequate water depth to make mixing easieris desirable. Depths of 5 to 8 ft shouldbe considered.

64-0646

Dougherty, M. H. Activated sludge treatmentof citrus waste. Journal of the WaterPollution Control Federation, 36(1):72-79,Jan. 1964.

The treatment of wastewaters is a problemof the citrus processing industry. Studiesat the University of Florida indicate theactivated sludge process to be the methodof choice for treating citrus wastewaters.In these studies, the raw waste was preparedby diluting the juice with tap water to thedesired solids concentration. The nutrientsupplements were dissolved in the waste,and a sample was taken for immediate analysis.During processing, samples of the untreatedwaste, aeration liquor, treated waste, andexcess sludge were taken daily. COD,and total and organic solids analyses onthe treated and untreated waste, and totalsolids analyses on the excess sludge wererun 5 days per week. The pH of the treatedwaste, aeration liquor, and untreatedwaste, and the percent sludge by volumein the aeration liquor and treated waste

153

Industrial Wastes

were determined 7 days per week. Excellenttreatment was accomplished with the system.The treated waste contained less than 2percent of the 1101) of the untreatedwaste. inorganic nitrogen and phosphatenutrients helped to treat the waste. Tfsludge was removed too rapidly, the degreeof treatment was reduced. More than 20percent of the total solids were recoveredas dry excess sludge. Data and tablessupport conclusions given in this paper.

64.0647

Draper, R. E., and F. C. Mercier. Hydraulicbarker effluent clarifier at Wood ProductsDivision, Weyerhaeuser Company, Everett,Washington. In Proceedings; EleventhPacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference,Corvallis, Oreg., 1963. p.168-17i.

A system is described for recovering thehark from water used in barking operationsat sawmills and purifying the effluent fromthe mills to safe standards for riverdisposal. Two screening operations and aDarr-Oliver clarifier are used to reducesuspended combustible solids to 20 ppm inwaste water, lower than commission control.reijuirements. The larger bark particlesare used as fuel for the mill's powerplant.

64.0648

Dreier, D. E., and J. D. Walker. Creaseincineration. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial. Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.161-166.

Crease in sewage conies from many sources:kilchen fats; soaps; garbage fed throughhousehold grinders; and industrial sourcessuch as packinghouses and garages. Creaseand oil accumulations interfere withanaerobic digestors, and the problem ofdisposal has led to a study of incineration.Greasy skimmings contain three overlappingcomponents: fibrous trash; the greaseitself; and ash. Preparation for incinerationconsists of first pumping the decanted greasefrom the accumulating tanks through agrinder which reduces the size of the trashparticles to a size that can be handled bya metering pump. A hammer-mill. type with',.-in. slots is satisfactory. The greasethen flows Into a day tank and is furtherdecanted. A small amount of heat speeds this.After decanting, a powerful propellermixer-blender churns the contents of the

154

BES1 COM AVAILABLE

tank to a uniform consistency afterwhich the mixture is ready to be fed intothe incinerator by any good positivedisplacement pump. The incineration musttake place at above 2000 F since mercaptansare destroyed at 1,850 F and thehydrocarbons produced at lower temperaturesare resistant to oxidation up through1800 F. Air pollution and odors are thusavoided. To handle the unavoidable smallwater pockets the furnace must have anarea of heated refractory and intenselyburning material. The incinerator must beeasy to operate and simple to maintain.The Circular Hearth Type Creaseburn unitwith a forced draft continuously andcompletely incinerates decanted grease andother skimmings without using auxiliaryfuel and discharges the combustion gases(before dilution at the stack) at temperaturesfrom 2000 F to 2500 F. The design isillustrated in a schematic drawing, and theperformance of the unit described. Theunit is available in several sizes withcapacities from 300 to 1200 lb per hr of wetgrease.

64-0649

Drew, E. A. Sewage treatment and tradeeffluent control. Royal Society of HealthJournal, 84(3):159-162, May-June 1964.

The two stages in effluent treatment arecarbonaceous and nitrogenous oxidation. Rawsludge settling in the sedimentation tankis decomposed anaerobically in the digestiontanks. Organic matter is broken intosimpler organic acids which are broken downto methane and carbon dioxide. Effluentstrength can be :educed by the followingmeans: decrease of effluent strength byslaughterhouse blood drip trays;screening frozen vegetable preparationwater; evaporating or filtrating distillationwastes; salvaging cereal; and pretreatingfarm wastes. The adverse effects of toxicelements can be reduced if they flow at asteady rate. The majority of metals arebrought out of solution and precipitated inthe sedimentation tanks and pass to thedigestors, thereby minimizing the quantityto be handled in the secondary biologicaltreatment. Nitrohacter and Nitrosomonasare responsible for converting ammonia tonitrate. Dichlorphenol has been found toinhibit sludge digestion in a concentrationof 20 ppm, while 25 ppm had no effect. Thereis an increased risk of, sewer blockagesdue to conveying grease, rubber, and plasticwastes. Screens, macerators, comminutors,grit channels, etc., lead to deposition of

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

material. Rate of sludge drying dependson sludge nature.

64-0650

Drying and compressing sewage sludge.Compost Science, 4(4):32, Winter 1964.

A mechanical treatment for sewage sludgedehydrates fresh and rotting sludge by meansof centrifugal power, and compresses thesludge to about 77 percent. The sludgewill be changed into a paste form. It iscompacted without chemical additions so asto be suitable for use in agriculture andindustry. The centrifuge works automaticallywith a low energy requirement, and can beinstalled on about one or two sq m area.

64.0651

Ettelt, G. A. Activated sludge thickeningby dissolved air flotation. In Proceedings;19th industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.210-244.

Sludge thickening became an urgent researchproblem at the Chicago Southwest plant whenthe Zimmerman Wet Oxidation (Zimpro) Processwas considered as a method for final disposalof activated sludge. In order to maintainthis combustion process on an energy basis,the sludge must contain a minimum CODof 30 g per liter. A COD of 60 g per literwould enable the process to be self-sustaining.This represents an activated sludgesolids concentration of 3 and 5 percentrespectively. Thickening by settlingproduces concentrations of 1.2 to 2.5percent, although if 50 percent by weight ofpreliminary sludge is used, 5 percent solidsis possible, but the activated sludgehandling capacity is markedly decreased.Mechanical flotation.is described, but thegain in solids thickening over settling isnot significant. Dissolved air flotationis based on the small bubble diameterresulting from air released from solution.Air is added to a solid suspension and themixture elevated to a high pressure. Sincethe solubility of air increases withpressure, the air dissolves. The pressurizedsuspension is then released into a chamberat a reduced pressure where air in excessof the decreased solubility -forms the tinybubbles. Formulas are developed, and thetheoretical aspects of flotation discussed.Experiments were carried out and the resultsshowed that activated sludge was thickenedto a higher solids concentration by flotation

0647-0653

(4%) than by settling (2%) in a full-scaleunit. Maximum floated solids production of12 tons per day and 55 percent solids recoverywas obtained at a loading of 22 ton per day(13.5 lb per sq ft per day). The addition of 20 lbPurifloc 601 (Dow Chemical) per ton solids doubledthe floated tonnage and increased totalsolids recovery to 99.6 percent for theloading of 26 ton per day. Inlet design wasthe most critical structural Feature forflotation in order to provide minimalturbulence. The tray modified expansionwell produced the best results. The totalarea used by the three inlets was less than50 percent of the flotation unit area.Higher air to solid ratios at constantoverflow rate improved performance.

64.0652

Evanson, A. E. Power or pollution--the useof lumber industry waste for electric powergeneration. Seattle, Cornell, Howland, Hayes,& Merryfield, 1964. 7 p.

The use of lumber industry waste for thegeneration of electric power is suggestedas one possible solution for eliminating theair pollution problem from this source. Themajor advantage of the proposal is that itcan be immediately applied without furtherdevelopment of methods or of specialprocessing equipment. Arguments are setforth to show that the burning of woodwaste for power is economical, since it canproduce useful amounts of power at a costless than that of any other fossil fuel..While such a use is economic within theframework of the regional and nationaleconomy, it is not at present economical forthe individual lumber producer, unless someadjustments to procedures for purchasingthe power generated and for taxing theinvestment are made.

64.0653

Fisk, W. W. Food processing waste disposal.Water and Sewage Works, 111(9):417-420,Sept. 1964.

Two distinct methods of waste removalemployed by two baby food plants within theGerber organizat!.on are described. At thefirst plant, facilities for waste start withtapered gutters spaced uniformly throughoutthe whole operation from preparation throughlabeling. Water is introduced at theshallow high end of each feeder gutter sothat waste can be transferred from allplant areas to a main gutter which is

155

Industrial Wastes

tapered from each end to 3 drains. Wasteis dropped from these drains to a grinderand then to a screening plant for separationof liquids and solids. The solidparticles are transferred to hoppers foranimal feed, and the liquid is piped to anearby river. The plant is geared to take

mil gal of waste water daily. Animportant feature is that the continuoustransfer of waste is accomplished entirelyby gravity, so that maintenance far thesystem is very low. The second plantinvolves a very different principle, sinceit is much larger, and there are no naturalwater resources for handling the largequantity of waste. A full scale operationof spray irrigation of all plant waste wateris used. Waste water is separated fromsolids on a shaker screen, and the solidsare disposed of as animal feed. Theirrigation farm is composed of 140 acreswith 17,000 ft of 10-in. asbestos-cementpipe laid 40 in. underground between the

plant and the farm. A permanent irrigationinstallation is laid out with main linesand laterals, permitting alternate sprayingof various sections. The sprinklers arecapable of delivering 81 gal per minute overa 210 ft-diameter area. Crab grass is usedmainly as the cover crop, and every 2 or 3years subsoiling 24, ft into the ground overthe entire irrigated area is necessary toprevent the formation of a heavy crust.Tests have shown that continuous irrigationhas not caused any measurable effect ongroundwater level or quality. It wasconcluded that both methods of wastedisposal have proven most effective ateach respective plant.

64-0654

Fossum, G. O., A. M. Cooley, and E. D. Wahl.Stabilization ponds receiving potato wasteswith domestic sewage. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.96-111.

The operating characteristics of twolagoons in northern North Dakota, severelyoverloaded with industrial wastes, havebeen studied for 40 months. One of thelagoons serves Park River, population lessthan 2,000, with a primary lagoon of 25acres and a secondary lagoon of about 10acres, in operation since 1955. A flakeplant using the lye-peeling process locatedin Park River uses well water with a totalsolids contents of about 5,000 ppm. Graton,population under 6,000, has two lagoons70 acres in area with the influent piping

156

BESTcori

so arranged that they can be operatedin series or in parallel. A flake plantusing the steam-peeling process, and astarch plant are located there. Thelagoons have been in operation since1957. The study began in January, 1961,when all three of the processing plantswere discharging their wastes to thelagoons after first running them throughprimary sedimentation basins. The sludgesettled was disposed of, and the liquideffluent sent to the lagoons which wereknown to be receiving a heavy organicloading with resulting odor problems inthe summer of 1960. The lagoons werestudied for volatile, fixed, and totalsolids, BOD, pH, alkalinity, and (whenaerobic) for dissolved oxygen and COD.The results of these studies are presentedin tables for each of the lagoons. It wasfound that potato wastes combined withdomestic sewage are digested readily even whenthe organic loading from theprocessing plants was more than 15 timesthe organic loading from domestic sewage.While this digestion can take place eitheranaerobically or aerobically, the formerleads to objectionable odors and othernuisances. Even with high pH wastes,carbonate alkalinity was found only duringthe time photosynthesis occurs. Duringthe summer, potato processing wastes plusdomestic sewage can be applied at well over

the usual figure of 20 lb of BOD per acre perday for northern climates. (It may be thatin September and October the amounts couldbe 50 to 60 lb of ROD per day.) Aerobic lagoonslike these will remain aerobic until theROD concentration reaches 200 or moreppm, but do not again become aerobic untilthe ROD falls below 100. Potatoorganics adversely affect surface reaerationby damping out wave action particularlyduring anaerobic conditions. During periodsof heavy ice cover organic solids do notsettle in appreciable amounts. During thewinter months these lagoons are merelystorage ponds. The accumulated loadmust be stabilized during the short summer.

64-0655

Garrison, W. E., J. D. Parkhurst, andC. A. Nagel. Gas recirculation--natural,artificial. Water Works and WastesEngineering, 1(2):58-63, Feb. 1964.

The high cost of sludge handling facilitiesdemonstrates the necessity of achievingdependable accelerated digestion. Toaccomplish this high-rate digestion, (aloading in excess of 0.15 lb of volatile

BEST MR AVAILABUE

solids per day per cu ft of digestion tankcapacity) Los Angeles employs two types ofgas recirculating digestors'. The firstis a natural recirculating type whichdepends on the percolating of the gasproduced during digestion to accomplish themixing of the sludge. The other type usesartificial circulating means such asimpeller units, gas mixers, or externalmixing pumps. These two types of digestersproduce digested sludge which meets theaccepted requirements of less than 400ppm of volatile acids, low odor level, gooddrainability, and neutral pH. To obtainthe preceding results consistently, fivefactors should be considered in the designand operation of sludge digestors. Mixingand gas circulation should be thorough enoughto bring raw sludge into intimate contact withthe digesting mass. Grit deposits shouldbe minimized to maintain maximum activevolume in the digestor. Also uniformtemperatures (90 F to 95 F) and loadingrates (in this case 65 to 75 thousand gpd):tied to he maintained along with theelimination of any toxic wastes before theycan enter the digestors. Included in thearticle are sample charts of the criteriaused as daily checks on the efficiencyof the digestors.

6441656

Gaudy, A. F., and M. Ramanathan. Acolorimetric method - determining chemicaloxygen demand. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.915-926.

Using a variety of waste waters (includingraw sewage from Stillwater, Oklahoma,primary effluent from Stillwater, refinerywaste, and primary effluent from Oklahoma City)a thorough study has been made of CODdeterminations by the standard titrimetricprocedure as compared with colorimetry.The results, presented in seven figuresand one table, indicate that the twoprocedures yield comparable COD values.When the turbidity of the refluxed sampleis low, the correlation between the twomethods is very good. If addition of thecatalyst at the beginning of the reflux periodleads to precipitation of silver chloride,an alternate procedure wherein the sampleis refluxed in the absence of silver sulfatefollowed by refluxing in its presenceavoids the formation of a precipitate whenhigh chloride concentrations are present.This study did not include using ashortened reflux period or altering the

0654-0658

normalities, etc., recommended in StandardMethods, although these alterations may beapplicable to many local situations. Theonly purpose of the study was to determineif colorimetry was a reliable replacement forthe titration procedure. It is concludedthat the colorimetric test provides areliable and quantitative procedure whichyields results comparable to those of thestandard titration technique. The fact thatit requires less technical skill and is quickmay encourage more laboratory control insewage treatment plants.

64-0657

Gaudy, A. F., and B. G. Turner. Effect ofair-flow rate on response of activatedsludge to quantitative shock loading.Journal of the Water Pollution ControlFederation, 36(6):767-788, June 1964.

The effects of air sup)ly during short termquantitative shock loading on thebiochemical efficiency (as measured by therate of substrate removal) of an activatedsludge are given. The aeration rate wasvaried in an experimental activated sludgeto which concentrated organic substrate wasadded to give shock loading. Dissolvedoxygen and total solids tests were run on thesludge before and after the addition ofthe organic substrate. Warburg studies weremade on the original and mixed sludge withCOD and solids being measured hourly.The oxygen uptake on the Warburg respirometerwas recorded throughout the experiment. Thevalues of oxygen tension which affectmetabolic rate lie helcw 0.5 mg per liter ofdissolved oxygen. The increase in metabolicactivity with increasing air flow rate wasnot very great. The short term absence ofdissolved oxygen will not seriously affectthe substrate removal of the process.

64-0658

Gaudy, A. F., et al. Symposium on jointvs. separate treatment of municipal andindustrial wastes. Journal of the waterPollution Control Federation, 36(3):345-361,Mar. 1964.

Legal, technical, operational, and economicaspects are discussed. A fair distributionof treatment cost:. should be determined.Most municipalities have authority to taxproperty directly to pay for public services.The contract should describe type andquantity of waste, facility ownership, andleasing provigions. A single combined

157

Industria Wastes

treatment plant costs less. Admixture ofthe city's domestic wastes would reduce thecompany's nutrient requirements. Thecharge for disposal services could berelated to volume, SOD, COD, solids,or peak discharge rates. Highly septicsewage can cause odor. If industry decidesto abandon an operation which has receivedexpensive facilities at municipal cost,the city will not have more jobs and willlose money. To control effluents, we mustcontrol influents. Controlling wastes atthe source will affect manufacturingoperations: improved process efficiency;increased corrosion; slime and heatexchange surface; production schedulechange; raw materials change; and locationchange. Recirculation is an example ofcontainment and diversion to control wastesat source. Waste treatment is not alwaysthe most effective and economic way toreduce industrial pollution. Most industriesare riot located adjacent to a municipal .

wastewater treatment plant. When facilities.have been developer' without regard to theneeds of industry, the city is usuallyreluctant to assune any responsibility forindustrial wastewaters. The volume ofwaste can influence the size of sewers,pumping equipment, and settling tankvolumes. !There the industrial load doesnot exceed 10 percent on a volume orpollutional basis, operation is financedthrough general. 'ad valorem' taxes.

64.0659

Cenetelli, E. J., and H. Heukelekian.Components of the sludge loading ratio andtheir effect on the hulking of activatedsludge. In Proceedings; 19th Industr;ialWaste Conferenee, Lafnette, Ind., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.456-466.

The type of organic material present inthe substrar.:-. t.reatly affects the bulking

phenomena, loading, expressed in lb ofBOP per 1,000 cu ft of aeration tank, volume,is related to the quantity of material inthe substrate and HOD removal efficiency.Factors not taken into account in tankvolumes are the amount of solids underaeration and the length of the aerationperiod. Parameters concerning theactivated sludge process are revieedfrom the literature. Three continuous -flowlaboratory scale units.were set up. Thesubstrate used was casein hydrolysate, andthe sludge loading ratio was 0.5. lbROD per lb MLVSS. The results aresummarized in tables. The percent sludge

158

BEST COI RIKABLE,

yield and the average BOD removal did notvary significantly. The results of variationsof detention time and solid concentrationare shown in tables. When detention time wa,2constant, and solids concentration and SOD werevaried, the sludge yields were constant.Keeping the applied POD constant,increasing, solids concentration anddecreasing detention time increased sludgeyields. The relatively low BOD removalwas attributed to the substrate used. In

Series I, the sludge bulked faster as thesolids concentration and applied BODincreased. In Series II, bulking was fasterwith higher solids concentration and lowerdetention time. The sludge bulked fasterin Series III as detention times increasedand applied BOD increased. It wasconcluded that even at the same sludgeloading ratio, variations in detention time,.solids concentration, and applied RODcause different responses by activatedsludge. Sludge yields at a constantloading ratio are a function strictly ofdetention time. A constant sludge loadingratio results in constant BOD removal.The speed with which a sludge bulks is afunction of solids concentration in theaeration tank. The dominant visibleorganism present in all sludges wasSphaerotilus, and like BOD removal, is afunction only of loading and/or chemicalcomposition of the substrate.

64-0660

Gerster, J. A. Cost of purifying municipa:waste waters by distillation. Public HealthService Publication No. 999-WP-6. Cincinnati,U.S. Department of Health, Education, andWelfare, 1963. 43 p.

Desk top studies of the cost of distillationof waste water are made with the types ofequipment proposed for use with sea water.The estimates are based upon those for seawater, but are modified to conform with thedifferences in composition of sea water andwaste water, and differences in the modesof operation for the two feeds. The smallerconcentration of scalling materials inwaste water should allow distillation to becarried out at a higher temperature thancan be used with sea water. The smallertotal contaminant concentration resultsin a smaller boiling-point elevation.Because of the need to dispose of theblowdown permanently, it is necessary toconcentrate to a far greater extent than inthe case of sea-water distillation. Threetypes of equipment: Multi-stage flash;multiple-effect; and recompression-flash;

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

appear economically promising. For all typesof equipment the cost for the distillationstep alone is somewhat less than for seawater, but inclusion of costs for feedpretreatment and ultimate disposal ofblowdown bring the cost up to about thatfor sea water.

64-N61

Goodman, B. L. Processing thickened sludgewith chemical conditioners. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113. AnnArbor, University of Michigan, School ofPublic Health, 1964. p.50-87.

A review is presented of the history,chemistry, and modern practice of sewagesludr-- conditioning for vacuum filtrationwith 72 references, five figures, and onetable. The scope is the role of chemicalconditioners in processing sewage sludges.Terms such as sludge, precipitation,coagulation, flocculation, and coagulantdemand, are defined, and the history ofchemical use in sewage treatment tracedfrom the French in 1740 to the present.Specific chemicals are cited (sulfuric acidand lime, later ferrichloride) and thedose rates given from the literature.Modern concepts of sludge chemistry aredescribed in detail; the inorganic chemicalreactions which take place between coagulantsand the bicarbonate alkalinity of sewageand between the coagulants themselves whenmore than one is used are given. Forexample, aluminum sulphate reacts withbicarbonate alkalinity to yield calciumsulfate, aluminum hydroxide, and carbondioxide. Fundamental colloid forces aredescribed and illustrated in a figure.The physical factors affecting chemicalconditioning requirements are: point ofconditioner application, mixing, detentiontime, filter aids, and type and conditionof equipment. The development and controlof a sludge conditioning program isdiscussed in terms of the most importantvariable: the coagulant dose rate. TheBuchner funnel method and other methods forcontrolling the day-to-day operation ofsludge conditioning are described in detail.Illustrations are given. Modern sludgeconditioning practice is summarized.

64.0662

Greenberg, B., and A. A. Bornstein. Fly

dispersion from a rural Mexican slaughterhouse.American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, 13:881-886, 1964.

0659-0664

A recent study was made to determine the'dispersion patterns of flies from a smallMexican slaughterhouse. This survey wasundertaken because of the concern causedby the number of salmonellae these fliescarry. Approximately 200,000 flies in-and around the slaughterhouse were markedby spraying them with a 1 percent aqueoussolution of uranin. During the next 6 daysthe flies were collected at six differentsites which were from one-tenth to 3 milesfrom the plant. A total of 543 marked fliesbelonging to six species were recovered,the majority of them being the commonhousefly, Musca domestica. This groupof flies yielded seven salmonellae andtwo shigellae. Five of the salmonellaewere recovered from sites one and two, whichwere respectively 0.10 and 0.15 miles from theslaughterhouse. In conclusion, it wasdecided that this ready dispersion ofsalmonellae contaminated flies constituteda definite health hazard.

64-0663

Grieves, R. B., and D. Bhattacharyya. Thefoam separation process: a model for wastetreatment applications. In Proceedings;19th Industrial Waste Conference,Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964. PurdueUniversity Engineering Extension Series No.117. p.965-976.

A model has been developed to providea quantitative description of thecontinuous foam separation process. Muchof the development is analogous tosolid-liquid adsorption, replacing thesolid phase with a gas phase and includingthe important factor of entrainment.Considering the liquid- solution phase asa single equilibrium stage, relations havebeen derived and verified. Themathematical terms are defined in anomenclature section. It Is hoped thatthis approach may be applied to morecomplicated, multi-stage systemsinvolving foam reflux, and feed into thefoam phase. Although only puresurfactant-water systems have been treated,it is hoped that this basic approach may beapplied to the industrial. and domesticwaste treatment and thus assist in thefurther utilization of the foamseparation process.

64-0664

Guccione, E. Wet combustion of sewagesludge solves disposal problems. ChemicalEngineering, 71(11):118-120, May 25, 1964.

159

Industrial Wastes

Sewage sludge, an aqueous dispersion oforganic matter, burns and gives energy likea fuel. The Sanitary District of Chicago'sSouthwest Works has a plant which disposesof the sludge load from two million. people.The plant, consisting of four 50 ton perday 'Zimpro' units, lacks such 'normal'equipment as filters, slUdge digestion units,incinerators, and other auxiliary equipment.Operating in a closed system with oxidationoccurring in water, there is neitherodor nor air pollution. In addition,maintenance, operation, and power costs arefar below normal, the last ideally costingnothing due to self-generation. Asincluded data demonstrates, the total$23.30 per ton expense is $14.70 less thanthe heat drying method, and the formerfigure will continue to decrease. In theprocess, sludge is continuously fed intoaeration tanks where. it is mixed withpressurized air. The air flowrate dependson the nature and type of organic waste.Wastes then flow into final settlingseparation tanks where the effluent sewageis discharged into the Chicago Sanitaryand Ship Canal; the activated sludge issent to be mixed with raw sludge to a 3percent concentration. The sludgenext enters the Zimmermann process wherecombustion occurs, in an aqueous phase,without heat dissipation. Hot gases andsteam leave the reactor and are employedfor power generation and heat recovery(measured at 80% chemical oxygen demand).The treated waste or ash, now mainlyinorganic, leaves the system with excesswater, free of pollutants and virtuallyodorless.

64-0665

Hammarstrom, E. C. Mechanical aspectsof vacuum filtration. In Sludge concentration,filtration, and incineration. ContinuedEducation Series No. 113. Ann Arbor,University of Michigan, School of PublicHealth, 1964. p.101-104.

Remarkable progress has been made in thelast 15 years in the development of thecontinuous drum type filter specificallydesigned for sewage. Previously attemptswere made to adapt an industrial type unitto sewage, but an industrial type filteris designed for a clear filtrate while asewage plant is designed to dewater themaximum amount of suspended solids.Industrial filters may be rated at 1 to 4lb per sq ft per hr and sewage filters at 5 to 8lb per sq ft per hr. Industrial filters areusually a capital expenditure and their

160

1351 Eton pataBLE

operation and maintenance an expense item. Ina public agency, it is usually easier to getsufficient money to build a plant than tooperate and maintain it. Before World WarII, the principal types of filters weretight woven cloth fabrics. It has sincebeen learned that an open mesh, such aswas found with the coil spring filtermedia, or metal meshes and open syntheticfiber cloths would produce much betterfiltration particularly with the vacuumfiltration units dewatering undigestedsewage sludges. Some belt type filtershave been used, but their value remains tobe determined. Practical suggestions aremade for maintenance and operation fromthe mechanical point of view.

64.0666

Hanson, A. M., and T. F. Flynn. Nitrogencompounds in sewage. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.32-44.

The organic constituents of normal urineinclude 25 gm per liter urea, the majororganic constituent with lesser amountsof non-protein nitrogen in creatine,uric acid, and ammonia. The chemicalconstituents of feces are also listed.Stool nitrogen is less than 10 percentof urinary nitrogen and is excreted at anaverage rate of 1.3 gm per day. The majorsource of nitrogen in human wastes is urea,which, with ammonia, accounts for 85 percentof the nitrogen excreted. Three sewageplants in the Albany metropolitan areahave been studied: the Colonie plant serves3,400 people and a few industries, a bakeryprincipally; the Delmar plant serves 9,000people, with no known industrial wastes;and the Albany plant serves 130,000 witha few industrial plants. AlthoughRosenthal's colorimetric method for thedetermination of urea is sensitive enough,the recent variation of Ceriotti andSpandrio is recommended. The fresher thesewage, the greater the concentration ofurea. Median values found were: Colonic,raw 18.3, final 3.0; Delmar, raw 9.6,final 3.5; and Albany raw 7.3, final 2.1mg per liter. The sum of the ammonia andurea nitrogen as expressed as a percentageof total nitrogen (Kjeldahl nitrogen) wascalculated from median values obtained during6 to 8 months. These were: Colonie, raw,79.1, final 76.1; Delmar, raw 81.2, final82.7; and Albany, raw 80.9, final 85.5. Thehighest concentration of urea was foundin Colonie sewage, with unexpectedly high

'RST COPY VARABLE

residual concentrations in the effluent.This plant has secondary treatment, butis hydraulically overloaded. To determinethe effect of secondary treatment onhydrolysis of urea, some samples werecollected from a similar plant at Rotterdamwhich is not overloaded. Secondarytreatment reduced urea concentrationsto very low values. Methods for thedetermination of protein nitrogen werecompared and the findings are discussed.

64-0667

Hart, S. A., and P. H. McGauhey. Themanagement of wastes in the food producingand food processing industries. .FoodTechnology, 18(4).:30-36, Apr. 1964.

The management of wastes from the foodproducing and food processing industriesis aggravated by the emphasis on thecheapness rather than the adequacy of themethod. Problems, and possible approachesto a solution are explored. Five to 10lb of solid waste are left in the field orprocessing factory, and many gallons ofwaste water are discharged for each poundof food produced for the household.Agriculture is by far the greatest producerof wastes. Three lb of manure are producedfor each quart of milk, and 1.09 billioncu yd of manure are produced each year inthe United States. Photographs of.a cornfield, a waste pile of tomatoes, cull fruit,and a tomato harvester in action illustratethe problem. A series of photographs ofspray irrigation and ridge-and-furrowirrigation illustrate methods of disposalof cannery wastes. The incineration ofcereal stubble and tree prunings only addsto the air pollution problem. From 1quart to 4 gal of liquid waste are.producedat the cannery for each pound of fruitor vegetable produced. There appears to heno simple solution to the problem, but theapproach needs to be based on a program ofeducation of the citizen, the politician,and the food producer. In addition, theremust be a program of research into economical,technologically feasible methods of wastedisposal with the funds-coming from publicsources, because the food industry appearsunable to resolve the problem.

64.0668

Heinicke, D. New technological viewpointsin the treatment of waste water and wastematerial with special regard to the wastewater of the chemical industry. DEGHEMAMonographien, 52(895-911):31-51, 1964.

0665 -0669

In the purification of industrial effluentsand chemical processes for detoxication,flocculation for the precipitation ofcolloidal and fine suspended matter, andbiological treatments for decomposing organicimpurities in effluents have proved mosteffective. An account is given ofeffluents issuing from oil refineries, cokeovens, and pharmaceutical and chemicalplants. The sludge produced in the processis either anaerobically treated and thenused as fertilizer, or it is thickened,dehydrated, and burned. The sludges comingfrom domestic purification plants are mostlyanaerobically decomposed but many of thesludges coming fret- industrial wastewaters are not putiescible. Thedehydration of sludges can be performedwith centrifuges or with filters, vacuumrotating filters, or filter presses. Theadvantages and disadvantages of the variousmethods arc briefly assessed. Addit'_ves

such as flocculants or ash are mostly usedin the filtering process. For theincineration of the dehydrated sludgerotating tube furnaces, story furnaces)and turbulent layer furnaces are used.The combined sludge/waste incinerationhad been realized for the first time in aSouth German municipality. In this case,the sludge is dehydrated in centrifugesand vacuum filters and passed to aseven-storied furnace. The waste is crushed-in a hammermill and directly supplied tothe combustion stage of the furnace.(Text-German)

64.0669

Hubbell, C. E. Theory and applicationof vacuum filtration. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113. Ann

Arbor. University of Michigan, School ofPublic Health, 1964. p.88.100.

Filtration is the process of separatingsolids from a liquid by passing theliquid through a porous medium on whichthe solids remain to form a cake. Vacuumfiltration er conditioned sewage sludgetakes place on a rotary type filter made ofcloth, steel mesh, or steel coil springs.The filter medium is constantly passingthrough the sludge and, by means of avacuum, picks up solids to form a cakewitch is then partially dewatered anddischarged as a wet cake. The filtrate,less the solids deposited in the cake, isgenerally discharged back into the sewageplant influent. A series of 16 equationsis developed to show the general theory of

161

Industrial Wastes

filtration from Poiseville (1842) up to thepresent. From the practical standpoint, thevariables in the operation of a given sewagesludge filter as related to theory arc:conditioning agents; vacuum; percent formtime; drum revolutions; drum submergence;and filter media. The engineer often doesnot depend on these theoretical equations,but must depend upon the technical assistanceof filtration equipment manufacturers.Perhaps the most important value obtainedfrom a study of the theory of filtrationis the development of the concept of thespecific resistance of sludge as a meansof evaluating laboratory tests of conditioningagents to assure maximum cake productionat minimum cost.

64-0670

Imhoff, K., and K. R. Imhoff. Naturalprocedures for dewatering of digestedsludge are still. economical. Gas andWasserfach, 105(26):710-715, June 26, 1964.

Examples are presented which illustrate arecent trenJ toward natural dewateringof digested sludge at important sewagetreatment works in the United StaticCanada, England, and Germany. The chieffactor in a movement toward the use ofdrying beds, lagoons, and wet dispose]for agricultural use has been the relativeeconomy of these methods compared withprocesses such as vacuum filtratie: andheat drying of fresh sludge. Costcalculations and distance considerationsare presented, and discussed with regardto conditions in Germany. The use of newsludge lifting machines--which night beexpected to double the dryinil capacityof beds--is advocated for communit1..d ofover 30.000 inhabitants. (Text-Gern..in)

64-0671

Industrial waste and the local authority.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer. 123(3738):27,Jan. 25. 1964

As dumping space within economical truckingdistance becomes scarce, municipal authoritiesbecome reluctant to accept refuse from privat-trucking firms handling indu.,-trial wasteunder contract. There is no statutor:.obligation in Britain to accept potentiallyhazardous waste from industrial wastedisposal .firms. The hazard to workers andtrespasser, from chemical wastes and highlyflammable materials increases the cost ofdump operation, and authorities regard the

162

NUM

mixing of industrial and domestic refuse withjustifiable suspicion. Transfer stationscan provide for economy by permitting theuse of larger trucks on longer hauls todistant private dumps. For mixed dumpingof domestic and industrial refu,,e, thebest plan is to fill the lower levels withindustrial waste, and the top 6 to 8 ftshould he filled with the domestic refusewhich would more readily supportgrowth.

64.0672

Industrial waste removal. Public Cleansing,54(2):715, Feb. 1964.

The Powell Duffryn organization developedthe Dempster system of industrial refusecollection and storage in England in 1960,and thereby instigated a containerizationboom. Reasons why private enterprise caneffect industrial services more advantageouslythan local authority are listed.Container-ntion solves the probl,mof storage and collection of industrialrefuse in England.

64.0673

Jaag, 0. The contribution of the industryfor keeping the water and the air clean.DECHEMA Monographien, 52(895-911):1-29,1964.

The three problems of waste waterpurification, air pollution, and solidwaste removal are discussed. As far asthe last subject is concerned, sanitarylandfills are discussed and explained, but agrowing shortage of disposal sites made itnecessary to turn to other methods such ascomposting or incinerating. A brief reviewof the essential features of both methods isgiven. (Text-German)

64-0674

Jenkins, S. H., D. G. Keight, and A.Ewins. The solubility of heavy metalhydroxides in water, sewage, and sewagesludge. International Journal of Air andWater Pollution, 8(11/12):679-693, Dec. 1964.

Although heavy metals in solution aredischarged into many sewage systems andsalts of some of these metals are knownto inhibit biological activity, the extentof such inhibition occurring under treatmentplant conditions is uncertain. The

int COPY MUMsoluble metal ion mainly causes interferencewith biological oxidation, and ifprecipitation of the metal occurs theninhibition severity is correspondinglyreduced. Experiments were performedto determine the precipitation of certainheavy metals by sewage, and the effectof such factors as metal concentrationsand pH upon precipitation. Domesticsewage, sampled when the sewage was at itsminimum as well as its maximum strength,precipitates soluble copper salts. Theextent of precipitation occurs almostinstantaneously. Percentage of copperprecipitated increased with copperconcentration utilized. With higher thanneutral sewage pH's, a higher percentage ofprecipitation can he expected. Very acidicsewage would therefore inhibit precipitation.Similar results were generally obtained withsoluble nickel salts, except totalprecipitation did not reach so high a level.A major difference was the ineffectivenessof lowering pH on nickel precipitation.Zinc behaved much more like copper thannickel. Precipitation of hexavalentchromium depends upon a long-period ofcontact and neutral conditions. Includeddata point out all results of the study.

64.0675

Jenkins, S. H., and J. S. Cooper. Thesolubility of heavy metal hydroxideb inwater, sewage, and sewage sludge.International Journal of Air and WaterPollution, 8(11/12)695-703, Dec. 1964.

Heavy metals in industrial waste waterwhich is discharged into a sewerage systembecome concentrated in the sewage sludgeas a result of precipitation. Sincedigestion of such sludge occurs in thepresence of high concentrations of heavymetals, it was inferred that the metalsmust be present it/ an insoluble form. Theactual solubility of the heavy metals indried sludge containing a high concentrationof metal was determined by percolatingwater through a column of dried sludge andanalysing the filtrate. This showed thatthe concentration of copper never rose above3 ppm. At the beginning of the percolationprocess and at the end, It fell to zero.Nickel was extracted more easily; theconcentration reached 21 ppm, buteventually fell to below 1 ppm. Zincwas also dissolved, the concentrationin the filtrate rising to a maximum of 42ppm zinc, and then falling to zero. Ironwas insoluble. If the proportions ofsludge and soil. were the same as those

0670-0676

present when sewage sludge was usedagriculturally, the water extractscontained, at the most, only traces of themetals. By percolating a series of bufferedcitric-acid-ammonium citrate solutionsthrough the sludge at pH values rangingfrom pH 2 to pH 6, it was found that heavymetals were extracted more readily andconcentrations in extracts of over 1000ppm were obtained. While up to 50 percentof the calcium was extracted this way,only 5 percent of the sodium and potassiumcould be removed.

64.0676

Jones, P. H. The effect of temperatureand oxygen tension on one of themicroorganisms responsible for sludgebulking. In Proceedings; NineteenthIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,"Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.902-914.

Evidence is presented that severalfilamentous microorganisms are perhaps moreclosely associated with the bulking phenomenonthan Sphaerotilus, but because of similaritiesin morphology and because of a lack ofinformation regarding the physiological.responses of Sphaerotilus, many of theseorganisms have been incorrectly identified.The literature on the characteristics ofSphaerotilus and of Geotrichum is reviewed(20 references). Experimental proceduresare described and the results reported infigures and tables. Geotrichum andSphaerotilus are very similar and probablyhave been mistaken for each other in thepast. Morphologically, Sphaerotilus 1.s afilament of ensheathed cell showingoccasional false branching while Geotrichumdisplays similar morphology byfragmentation of mycelium. The holdfastof Sphaerotilus is very similar to thearthrospore of Geotrichum after thegermination of mycelium. Both organisms:(1) favor high carbohydrate nutrient sources;(2) tend to form long slimy sheep's tailswhen growing attached in such conditions;(3) grow cottony colonies on agar; (4)form coherent pellicles on broth cultures;(5) grow as small pellets on the bottomof a liquid culture; and (6) havecharacteristic sAdanophilic refractilebodies, Microscopically the continuousprotoplasm filled tubes of Ceotrichum canlook like empty Sphaerotilus sheathes.However, Sphaerotilus requires a complexorganic medium for growth and Ceotrichumwill grow on chemically defined medium.Geotrichum's specific growth rate appears

163

Industrial Wastes

to be a great deal higher than that ofSphaerotilus. Geotrichum has a wider pHrange than has Sphaerotilus. Geotrichumhas an unusual specific growth rate versustemperature relationship, following astraight line arithmetic instead of astraight line logarithmic (exponential)pattern. It can grow satisfactorilyat dissolved oxygen levels as low as0.1 mg per liter.

64.0677

Katz, W. J., and A. Geinopolos. Dissolvedair flotation as a method of thickeningaerobic biological solids. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113. AnnArbor, University of Michigan, School ofPublic Health, 1964. p.17-36.

Dissolved-air flotation was first used inindustry to remove suspended matter frompaper wastes, laundry wastes, soap wastes,machine shop wastes before their dischargeinto a body of water or before re-use ofthe water and/or recovery of the suspendedmatter. Dissolved air flotation is beingused not only as a method of solidsseparation for clarification purposes, butas a method for dewatering of aerobicbiological solids in sewage treatment plants.Flotation is particularly useful inthickening activated sludge, which is mostdifficult to concentrate. A descriptionof the dissolved-air flotation process isgiven. A flow diagram of the process isshown in a figure. This illustrates aspecific flow pattern, covered by patents,but also illustrates the general principlesinvolved in the method. The object of theprocess is to attach a fine air bubble tothe suspended matter and cause the materialto separate from the water in an upwarddirection. Other figures present the effectof the air-charged stream on the rate ofrise, the solids concentration gradient inthe floated sludge blanket, the apparentviscosity of activated sludge vs. time,the relationship between percentage ofsolids and viscosity of activated sludge,the effect of temperature on the viscosityof activated sludge, the effect of surfacetension on bubble size, the effect of highmolecular weight polyelectrolytes on theflotation thickening of activated sludge,and a comparison of gravity thickening andflotation thickening in mixtures of activatedand primary sludges. The processperformance has been analyzed by a studyof the comparative effectiveness ofthickening activated sludge by gravity and

164

3511!NI LE

by dissolved-air flotation. The gravityunit was 70 x 46 x 14 ft. Theflotation unit was 15 x 4 x 9 ft. Theresults are given in tabular form. Anotherstudy has been made of a flotation thickenerat another plant. Performance data wereobtained from Mar. 1959, through May 1961.The results of this study are reported.

64.0678

Kehrberger, G. J., et al. BODprogression in soluble substrates. InProceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering Extension SeriesNo. 117. p.953-964.

Temperature affects the rate of substrateutilization in two ways: first, on the rateof reaction of the organisms and thesubstrate; and secondly, on the diffusion ofsubstrate to the organisms. The purposeof this paper is to present a model of abiological system based on the principles oftransport phenomena which offers anexplanation of the effect of temperatureon the rate of substrate utilization.Although the concepts presented are basedon studies of the microbial degradationof glucose, a soluble substrate, they areapplicable to any growing microbial system.Seven figures and many formulas are presented.The conclusion is reached that the effectof temperature on the utilization of substratein a quiescent DOD bottle is controlledby the change in the rate of diffusion ofsubstrate to the bacterial cells withtemperature. Mixing the BUD bottleduring incubation makes the system moreclosely approximate the reaction limitingcase.

64.0679

Kennedy, R. R. Thickening by elutriationand chemical coagulation. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113. AnnArbor, University of Michigan, School ofPublic Health, 1964. p.37-49.

Elutriation is defined as to purify bywashing and straining or decanting. It is

also a process of sludge conditioningin which certain constituents are reriavedby successive decantations with fresh wateror plant effluent, thereby reducing thedemand for conditioning chemicals. Thedisposal of solids from sewage duringtreatment has always been one of the

problems of effective sewage disposal. Theprocess of elutriation was developed andits use justified, because of the reducedamount of chemicals required for vacuumfiltration of sludge. Iron salts, usuallyferric chloride, have been used as thecoagulating agent. If used in the quantitynecessary to reduce the high alkalinityof the normal digested sludge, the cost maybe high. Elutriation can reduce thealkalinity and thus the amount of coagulatingchemical used by one-half to one-fourth.A figure illustrates the flow of a two-stageelutriation system in which the sludgeproceeds from the primary digestion unitto the secondary digestion unit, thenceinto the first elutriation tank and oniIto the second elutriation tank inpreparation for chemical conditioning andfiltration. A modification of the cyclein which the sludge proceeds from theprimary digestion tank through anelutriation basin into the secondarydigestion tank (really a holding tank),and thence into elutriation beforeproceeding to chemical conditioning andfiltration is also shown. The theory andthe operation of this process are summarized.Elutriation is being used in the thickeningand consolidation of raw sludges (theTorpay process). Part of the large quantityof water may he required to keep thesettled sludge in an aerobic conditionrather than for washing out undesirableelements. Results have been quite erratic,and data now being collected will indicatemore fully the applicability of elutriation.Another use is interstage elutriation forthe treatment of sludge between a primarydigester and a secondary digester with thepurpose of thickening rather than thereduction of alkalinity. This has provento be effective. Buoyant gases are removed,the specific gravity of the sludge increasedand a denser sludge produced. The theoryand practice of chemical coagulants isdiscussed and findings are presented in atable.

64-0680

Kiess, F. Treatment of sewage sludge. InProceedings; Second International Congress,International Research Group on RefusalDisposal, Essen, Germany, May 22-25, 1962.

The most important methods of sludgetreatment and of sludge pretreatment forsubsequent composting with garbageare surveyed. All artificial drainagemethods endeavor to obtain drainage waterfrom the sludge as free of solid residual

Elt IWIVUWLE 0677-0681

materials as possible, or totally freeof such materials, so that it may bereturned without any further treatment tothe purification plant. These methodsinclude tl.e use of vacuum filters, pressurefilters, and filter presses. No dynamicprocedure can be used as a single phaseprocedure for the drainage of normal sludges.A second stage must nearly always follow,as it is not possible to obtain a filtrateor a centrifuge overflow or a sieve passagefree of solid materials after the firstoperation. Centrifuges, the Russel sieve,the Edco filter, the Heymann Sieve, andthe Rhewum Sound Sieve are discussed. Whenthe final product is to be not only adispersible sludge with a 65 to 70 percentwater content, but a strewable dry product,then the drainage stage must be followed bya drying process: hot air drying; jointsludge garbage composting; or Popel's pressdrying procedure. Combined procedures forthe drainage, drying and disposal of sludgeinclude: the Starcosa drainage procedureaccording to Opelt; the Wegmann-Gujerprocedure with addition of ash; the Lurgiash procedure; the Passavant sludge treatmentmethod with the addition of ash; and the Figemethod of the Ems Association. The combinedash procedures will probably be used moreand more in large urban areas and inindustrial areas, whereas smaller towns

and rural areas will continue to use thedrainage methods.

64.0681

Koenig, L. Ultimate disposal of advancedtreatment waste. U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, May 1964. 141 p.

Cost estimates are made for ultimatedisposal of the contaminants resulting fromcomplete renovation of a municipal wastewater. The processes investigated areinjection to underground formations,placement in underground cavities, andspreading. Figures and references areincluded in each part. Part 1. Conditioningand injecting costs varied from $0.13 to$27 per 1,000 gal injected (7,000 ft, 260psi wellhead pressure, 1.187 fluid density)as the capability decreased from 2 millionto 1,000 gal per day. Injection is.verymuch cheaper than wet oxidation, but maybe limited by availability of injectionsites. Part 2. For disposal ofadvanced-treatment wastes in cavities minedby conventional methods, fixed costs alonevary from $243 to $72 per day, respectively.Costs for disposal in cavities createdby nuclear blasting are highly speculative.

165

Industrial Wastes

Fixed costs vary from $139 to S0.269 per1,000 gal per day. Disposal to cavitiescreated by mineral mining is considered.Injection is preferable to placement incavities where possible. Part 3. Spreadingcosts varied from $0.30 to $0.001 per 1,000gal. as the capability varied from 1,000 to10 million gal per day. Land costs between$25 and $1,000 per acre had very littleeffect on over-all cost. The costs are 1

percent or less of thorax for any otherdisposal method because of potential groundwater pollution.

64-0682

Komolrit, K., and A. F. Gaudy. Substrateinteraction during shock loadings tobiological treatment processes. InProceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., Mav 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.796 -810.

The heterogeneous populations used inthese experiments were developed fromsewage seed obtained at the municipaltreatment plant in Stillwater, Oklahoma.Systems were started using dulcitol, sorbitol,ribose, and glycerol. as sole carbon sources.Each day a small amount of the previousday's growth was transplanted into freshmedium. They were thus 'young' cells.For each experiment, cells were harvestedfrom these units near the end of the logphase of growth, washed in 0.05 M phosphatebuffer, pH 7, and resuspended in fresh mediumcontaining the same carbon source on whichthey had been growing. Aeration was begun,and samples were withdrawn for measurementsof substrate removal and biological solidsproduction. After substrate removal waswell under way, another carbon source wasrapidly introduced. Thus each systemreceived a qualitative shock load whileit was rapidly metabolizing the carbon sourceto which it was acclimated. The biochemical.response was examined by continuous samplingand analyses for specific carbon sources andtotal cm removal. A unit which did notreceive the shock was a control. Theresults are described in detail and given ineight figures. Fructose inhibited sorbitolremoval just as glucose has been reported to.Control systems for fructose and sorbitolare also shown. Ti is seen that fructose waseliminated at about the same rate in thecontrol and in the combined system whilesorbitol is greatly retarded in the combinedsystem as compared to the control. In bothcontrol systems comparison.of COD andspec-Mr substrate tests showed no release

166

BEST COPY MIULABIE

of intermediates during the metabolism offructose or sorbital. It was thereforeconcluded that the subtraction technique wasvalid for this system, and that sorbitolremoval was curtailed in the presence offructose. The introduction of glucosecaused an immediate disruption of dulcitolmetabolism. The findings are discussed anda generalized metabolic.flow chart forvarious carbohydrates and related sugaralcohols presented.

64-0683

Krebs, R. I)., and J. H. Hunter. Evaluationof soils and use of soil. surveys forengineering purposes in urban development.Washington, Federal Housing Administration,1963. 7] p.

The wideSpread conversion of rural areasto urban and suburban developments in recentyears has necessitated the use of singleunit sewage disposal system depends uponthe design of the system and the abilityof the soil to absorb the effluent. In thisreport, soil is considered in detailtogether with the geologic, hydrologic, andtopographic conditions that may exist atindividual sites. Soil evaluation requiresconsideration of the position, profile, andperformance of the soil. Rating soils forindividual sewage disposal. systems isdifficult. The suitability of the soil maybe rated as favorable, conditional, andunfavorable. Rating soils using pedologicalsoil survey reports and maps is discussed.(Defense Documentation Center AD 435164)

64.0684

Kugclman, I. J., and P. L. McCarty. Cationtoxicity and stimulation in anaerobic wastetreatment. II. Daily feed studies. In

Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial. WasteConference, Lafayette, Tnd., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.667-686.

Most of the studies on cation effects havebeen made on a slug basis In which asudden addition of a cation or a cationcombination is made to an active bacterialpopulation. Although such a situation mightoccur, a more likely one is that highconcentrations of a cation would always bepresent in the waste. The present study wasmade of a system to which cations were addeddaily with the waste substrate to acontinuously operating treatment system.It was found that the phenomena and

relationships observed in slug feedstudies for cation effects are applicableto daily feed operation. Acclimation tothe toxic effect of a cation will takeplace under daily feed operation andacclimation increases the tolerance levelto the toxic effect of a cation two orthree times. Acclimation and antagonismcan take place at the same time. Whenthis happens, cation toxicity isalleviated to a greater extent than byeither process alone. Sodium produces asignificant block in synthesis atconcentrations below those at which itwill affect the rate of acetate utilization.With a 15 day retention time, and anorganic loading of 0.5 gm per liter acetate,the upper limit of cation concentrationwith no antagonists present is 0.3 M forsodium, 0.35 M for potassium, 0.15 M forcalcium, and 0.0065 M for magnesium. Underthe same conditions, but with antagonistspresent, the upper limit of cationconcentration was not exceeded in the presentstudy, but was greater than 0.35 M forsodium, 0.35 M for potassium, 0.20 M forcalcium, and 0.14 M for magnesium.

64.0685

Kulsehov, P. Expedite the construction ofchemical plants in Western Kazakhstan andutilize liquid wastes at the Zaprozh'yeCoke-Chemical Plant. In USSR industrialdevelopment. Soviet chemical industry.

No. 65 (JPRS:18,851). Washington, U.S.Department of Commerce, Joint PublicationsResearch Service, Apr. 1963. p.15-1.8.

Personnel of the Zaporazh'ye Coke-ChemicalPlant devised a process to extract saltsfrom spent sulfur-purification liquor whichhad previously been discarded together withliquid wastes into the phenol sewer-age.Studies performed on this extraction processled to design and construction of asemi-industrial installation which hasproduced 10 tons of salt. One componentof the extracted salts--sodium thiocyanateis particularly valuable.

6441686

Lamb, R. A suggested measure of toxicitydue to metals in industrial effluents,sewage. and river water. InternationalJournal of. Air and Water Pollution,8(3-4):243-249, Mar. -A1r. 1964.

Colorimetric methods are used fordetection and estimation of metals in

BEST COPYAVAILABLE

0682-0687

sewage and effluents. Pyridyl azo-resorcinol(PAR) was used as a reagent since itproduced a reddish brown color with iron,cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, calcium,vanadium, lead, uranium, titanium, and therare earth metals. It was decided to basethe calibration on iron, a nontoxic metal.An upper pH limit of 4 is suggestedto ensure that the metals are completely insolution before addition of PAR. Utilizingsampling results, it was decided to measurethe optical density at a final pH of 9and a wavelength of 500 mu. A portion of thesample was pipetted into a 100-m1 beaker;one ml metanil yellow-indicator was added.The solution was titrated with 1 N sodiumhydroxide until a yellow color was obtained.Ten ml PAR were added, followed by 20 mlof concentrated buffer solution. Calibrationgraphs based on iron were prepared usingferric and ferrous ammonium sulphates. Theywere found to be identical. All metals studiedproduced a color which was stable for atleast 15 minutes. An analysis of a platingshop effluent both before and after treatmentis given in tables. Optical density perwavelength curves and optical density perconcentration graphs are shown. Data onoptical densities and metals and theirPAR factors are included.

64.0687

Lauria, D. T., and C. A. Willis. Treatmentstudies of combined textile and domesticwastes. In Proceedings; Nineteenth IndustrialWaste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.45-58.

Pilot plants are often necessary to determinethe treatability of the wastes and toobtain criteria for the most economicaldesign. Pilot plant studies were performedto evaluate a low-loading, completely mixedbiological process for the treatment ofcombined domestic and industrial wastes inthe town of Valdese, North Carolina. Valdesehas a population of 6,000; several textilemills produce more than 80 percent of thetotal waste flow from their dyeing andfinishing processes. There are two sewagetreatment plants, but the larger is not ofsufficient capacity and is almost inoperable.The combined flow of sewage and wastes is2 million gal per day, and, in 20 years, it isexpected to be 4 million gal per day. A

completely mixed, long-term aerationproceSs was selected partly because wasteloads are reduced on Sundays. The pilotplant consisted of: a 1,500-gal aerationtank and mechanical aerator (surface), both

167

Industrial Wastes

constructed of brick and plasteredinside and out and made watertight; asettling tank with a sludge recycle pump;and a positive displacement pump withmultiple-sized sheaves to feed waste fromthe holding tank to the aeration tank.Results indicate that BOD reductionsof 90 percent can be obtained up to BODloadings of at least 2.0 PPD BED appliedper lb of sludge. About 38 percent ofremoved BOD is oxidized, and 62 percentconverted to new growth. The sludgeendogenous respiration rate is about 8percent per day. Oxygen requirementsare about 0.55 lb per lb of removed BOD,and net sludge production of 0.35 lb ofsolids per lb of removed BOD. Becauseof an alpha factor of 0.5 .end proposedaerating conditions, aerators must transferan equivalent 3 11, cf oxygen to water at20 C and 0 mg per liter oxygen for eachlb of oxygen required in the mixed liquor.For sludge removal the required settlingtank loading is about 35 PPD sludge solids(dry basis) per sq it of surface area.Excess sludge removal will be bycentrifugation and landfill. The sizeof chlorine feed machines must be largeenough to provide a dosage rate of 10 mgper liter. The estimated cost of theplant is $535,000 for a 3.2 mgd facility.

BTST

64-0688

Larence, A. W., P. L. McCarty, and F. Guerin.The effects of sulfides on anaerobic treatment.In Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.343-357.

The effects of soluble and insolublesulfides on anaerobic treatment werestudied in laboratory dieestors receivingsulfide additions daily. After adiscussion of the theory of the chemicalrelationships involved, the experimentalresults are presented in nine figures.Equilibrium concentrations of solublesulfide up to 200 mg per liter sulfide hadno significant toxic effects on anaerobictreatment with daily feed operation, butconcentrations above 200 mg per litersulfide produced severe toxic effects andcomplete cessation of gas production. Theseinhibitory concentrations of sulfidesaffect gas production first of all, andsignificant volatile acid accumulationtakes place much later, only after gasproduction has been severely retarded.Iron can he used to 'inactivate' sulfidesor reduce sulfide toxicity by precipitating

168

sulfides from the biological environment.Insoluble iron sulfide has no significanteffect on anaerobic treatment inconcentrations of at least 400 mg per literof sulfide. It was also observed that theconcentration of sulfides in solution in thedigestor is equal to the concentration ofsoluble sulfides and sulfide precursorsentering with the waste, minus the amountof sulfides expelled with the digestor gas.The quantity of sulfides lost with thedaily gas is related to the solubility ofhydrogen sulfide, the digestor pH, and therelative daily gas production.

64-0689

Levin, G. B., and J. M. Barnes. Frothflotation for harvesting algae and itspossible application to sewage treatment.In Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.421-434.

The possibility of harvesting only partof the algae and recycling the remainderin a continuous growth system has beeninvestigated. Since successful operationdepends on the viability of the algae inspite of exposure to the low pH of theharvester, the viability of cells repeatedlyexposed to harvesting conditions wasdetermined, and their subsequent growth infresh media, and in supplemented,unsupplemented, and diluted harvest liquorrecorded. The experimental procedures aredetailed. Chlorella pyrenoidosa wasinoculated into 700 ml of a urea mediumand cultured for 10 days. A harvest-growthcycle was repeated five times with the onlyvariable the length of the culturing period.It was found that the liquor does supportgrowth of the algae, but not as well as thefresh medium. Whether the smaller amountof growth in the liquor cultures was causedby depletion of nutrients or a build-up ofauto-inhibitory metabolic products was furtherinvestigated. The results of studies ofthe viability of cells harvested from ureamedium and resuspended in fresh urea mediumare reported in tables. Percent harvest,culture densities,and cost considerationsare discussed. The harvesting of mixedalgae cultures in two sewage lagoons inFalls Church, Virginia, is also reported. Theprincipal conclusions from the study arethat the froth flotation process approachesa level for the economical harvesting ofalgae for any purpose: mass production offood or fodder; use in spacecraft or closedecological system; clarification of algae

BEST COM MADAMS

from oxidation pond effluent; andreclamation of algae in oxidation pondsfor economic use. The method may have anapplication as a new sewage treatmentprocess or as an adjunct to conventionalprocesses.

64-0690

Lewis, J. W., and A. W. Busch. BODprogression in soluble substrates. VIII. Thequantitative error due to nitrate as anitrogen source. In Proceedings; 19thIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,Ind., May 5-7, 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.846-870.

Ordinarily the BOD test is run for 5days, stopped, and ultimate or 20 day BODvalues calculated. An excess of ammonianitrogen is usually present, but the period isconsidered to be too short for significantnitrification to take place. In studyingcomplex industrial wastes, the BOD testis frequently run for 20 days, andnitrification is a problem. The effectson the 00D test of the substitution ofnitrate for ammonia as the nutrientnitrogen source were studied. Thetheoretical considerations are reviewedand discussed. A schematic representation ofaerobic bacterial metabolism is given, andthe valence states of nitrogen,. and schematicrepresentation of inorganic nitrogenmetabolism is presented. The experimentalprocedure is described and illustrated. Thefindings are reported in 6 tables and 7figures. The nitrate form of nitrogen isnot a suitable source of nutrient in theBOD test. Any nitrogen form not of theammonia valence will. cause lower values ofBOD when there is a requirement fornutrient oxygen. Nitrates are a suitablesource of nutrient nitrogen in a bacterialgrowth system if the only requirement isthat growth not be nutrient limited. Whenthe nitrogen is provided in nitrate form,the nitrogen requirement for the metabolismof glucose is less. The use of BOD:Nratios is inaccurate, uneconomical, andmisleading. We need a simpler methodfor the determination of the correctnitrogen requirement in a given waste,considering the particular form of nitrogento be provided. The term 'chemicalnitrogen' is inaccurate and misleading whenit is applied to dissimilatory denitrification.The nitrogen is the oxidant and the degreeof reduction of the nitrate determines theconcentration of nitrate needed for theoxidation of a given amount of substrate.The term 'lag time' is frequently misused.

0688-0692

If a lag time is to be determined in the00D test, some factor, such as cellmass, which has a finite value at zero,must be determined. Data from a plateauBOD progression, with normal andsemilogarithmic plots, yield muchinformation not available from 5 day BOD.

64.0691

Listoe, M. J. Lynnwood sewage treatmentplant reduces and incinerates sludge.Western City, 40(3):z7-30, Mar. 1964.

The Lynnwood sewage treatment and disposalplant, located on a half-acre site, servesa population of 10,000; it is capable ofserving 22,000 and can he enlarged to serve60,000. This plant contains the firstinstallation of a Dorr-Oliver FS DisposalSystem which is effective and economicalin disposing of sewage and sludge withoutdigestion. ',ynnwood uses a centrifuge forsludge dewatering and a high temperaturereactor for conversion of dewateredsludge to a sterile ash of about 1 percentof the sludge. Construction cost totaled$218,000. Lynnwood's new sewage system,construction because the old had twodifferent drainage basins, includes 41miles of new sanitary sewers and treatmentfacilities at a cost of $2,600,000.

6440692

Lowry, J. A review of current improvementsin drag type sludge collectors. Water andSewage Works, 111(10):471-472, Oct. 1964.

Some current improvements in drag typesludge collectors are described. Any designfeatures for improving the service lifeof chains should take particular account ofthe chain barrel since this is the areaof maximum wear and when worn throughrequires chain replacement. A modificationaffecting chain life consists in curvingthe side bars to match the radius of thesprocket rim, and flanging the side bar bothtop and bottom to provide a substantial areaof contact. Incorporation of this featureinto the CS-720-S chain is described. In

sludge collection, the load the conveyormust drag is largely its own weight,and hence a weight savings here is almostdirectly converted into longer chain life.One aspect of reduced conveyor loading is inthe flight or drag itself, which is normallymade from Redwood or Douglas fir lumbers.However, after about 6 months submergence,the lumber becomes waterlogged and will

169

Industrial Wastes

not float. Recently, a hollow, sealedextrusion of polyvinyl chloride fitted withsnap-on wear shoes, has been developed.The combination of the CS-720-S chain withthe polyvinyl chloride buoyant flight hasmuch potential for increased conveyor life.The sliding friction of the conveyor systemis drastically reduced on a permanent basiswith substantial reduction of operatingcosts.

64-0693

Malina, J. F., and H. N. Burton. Aerobicstabilization of primary waste water sludge.In Proceedings; Nineteenth industrial. WasteConference, Lafayette, Tnd., May 5-7,1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.716-723.

The data presented concern the breakdownof organic solids, the fate of nitrogenouscompounds, and the environmentalcharacteristics during aerobic stabilizationof primary sludge. The apparatus andprocedures are described and a schematicdrawing of the laboratory scale digestorpresented. The sludge samples werecollected at the San Marcos Sewage TreatmentPlant, San Marcos, Texas, fed through a0.5-in. mesh wire screen, homogenized for1 min in a blender, and stored at 4 C.Samples were analyzed weekly to estimatethe concentration of ict-al and volatilesolids, ammonia, organic nitrogen, COD,alkalinity, and volatile acids, as wellas the pH and ORP. An initial charge of6 liters of the primary sludge, diluted toa total solids content of about 2 percentwas added to each stabilization-unit andaerated for 4 weeks to acclimatize themicrobial population to the aerobicenvironment.. Daily addition of water tomake up for evaporation and changes insludge volume from microbial decompositionmaintained a constant sludge volume of 6liters. The results are given in a table.It was found that primary waste watersludge can he stabilized effectivelywithout the addition of any seed material.At a loading of 0.14 lb VS per day per cu ft thebreakdown of volatile solids was greaterthan at a loading of 0.10 1.b per VS per dayper cu ft. About 43 and 33 percent of thevolatile solids were degraded at the highand low loadings, respectively. Theaverage pH of the effluent sludges was 8.0for the low and 7.90 for the high loading.The aerobically treated sludge was relativelywell oxidized, for the redox potentials weregreater than +250 my with respect to hydrogenat the two loadings. There is a release

170

BEST WA MAHAL

of dissolved organic matter which is usedby the microbial population. The chemicaloxygen demand of the treated sludge was46 percent of the COD in the feedmaterial at the higher loading. However,the supernatant after treatment containedbetween 18 and 28 percent of the COD ofthe supernatant of the feed material.Volatile acids concentrations in the effluentat both loadings were less than 26 mg perliter as acetic acid. Concentrations ofammonia and organic nitrogen in the aqueousphase decreased during aerobic treatment ofsludge. About 98 percent of the dissolvednitrogen in the feed was removed at the lowloading and about 94 percent at the highloading. Similar reductions in theconcentrations of ammonia were observed.Trace concentrations of nitrites, andconcentrations of nitrates almost equalto the ammonia col.:_ent were found in theeffluent supernatant, so nitrification of theammonia was taking place.

64-0694

Mercer, W. A. Industrial solid wastes; theproblems of the food industry. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.51-64.

Regardless of the degree of centralizationand automation in food growing andprocessing in the future, the amount ofinedible solid refuse can change little inproportion to edible portions of the rawfood. In the field and at the processingplant much greater accumulations of wastescan be expected whose proper.disposalor utilization will demand the best effortsof engineers, scientists, and all who areconcerned with environmental health problems.

At present, there exists an urgent need foraesthetically-acceptable, rapid, reliable,and economically-feasible methods for disposalor utilization of the wastes accumulatedin the growing, harvesting, and processing offruits and vegetables. It is an alarmingfact that if open dumping or landfill disposalwere suddenly prohibited, no alternativemethods having established reliability andfeasibility are available. A survey ofother possible methods of disposal. forthese wastes indicated that high-rateaerobic composting should be investigated.A second phase of the current experimentationis investigating the mechanics of continuouscomposting. Research programs designed toestablish the technology and feasibility ofco1munity-wtde, area-wide waste management

must be undertaken. To implement thesewaste management efforts, surveys must bemade to ascertain the types of wastesoccurring in a given area, the volumes ofthese wastes, and the time of the year wheneach is most prevalent.

64-0695

Mills, R. E. Process waste burner destroysliquid organic chemical wastes safely. Waterand Sewage Works, 111(7):337-340, July 1964.

An open ground-level process waste burnerinstalled by Dominion Rubber Company Ltd.at one of its plants to dispose of organicprocess wastes is described. The unitchosen was from National Airoil Burner Co.,and employed primary and secondaryrefractories, cone air regulator, detachinggear, cylindrical. gas pilot burner, and SAR 3burner gun. A total of 150 tons of processwastes are disposed of through the burnerannually. The bulk of the wastes can hegrouped into three main classes of waste:chlorinated hydrocarbons, waste hydrocarbons,and waste alcohols. The initial cost was$2.966; the operating cost is reasonable($0.0084 per lb of waste burned). Maintenance

-cost is higher than expected, due to pumpcorrosion (amounting to $1,200 per year).Steps are being taken to decreasemaintenance. Burner operation is Independentof wind direction, but the unit should not be

operated during an atmospheric inversion.

64.0696

Newton, D. Thickening by gravity andmechanical means. in Sludge concentration,

. filtration, and incineration. ContinuedEducation Series No. 113. Ann Arbor,University of Michigan, School of PublicHealth, 1964. p.4-16.

Thickening is the process of increasingthe concentration of sewage solids afterthe initial separation from sewage, toreduce the liquid sludge volume to be handledin subsequent sludge disposal processes.Thickening by gravity means is essentiallya sedimcntatioia process. It occurs in allsludges after the initial separation ofsolids from the liquid phase In the zone ofhindered settling. The solids particlesagglomerate, water is rejected to someextent as the particles draw together andbecome denser, and the Increasing densityitself assist in consolidating the lowerportion of the sludge blanket. Thisthickening action is relatively sow, as

BEST COPY 0693-0697

compared to the initial separation phase,and may require several hours. The commonuses of thickening undigested sludge are:

reducing the volume to reduce heating loads,to increase displacement periods, and topermit higher solids loadings per cu ft ofdigester capacity; reducing volumes ofsludges to be hauled to sea; and increasingsolids concentrations and reducing thechemical requirements for raw sludge disposalby vacuum filtration. The early developmentsand applications, and modern equipment andfacilities are described. All thecontrolling factors of this type of thickeningare not fully understood, but there issufficient information to enable one todesign and operate gravity thickeners in asatisfactory manner with much economy inthe resulting sludge disposal processes.The operating results of 11 plants locatedaround the United States are summarizedin a table. Another table presents thegravity design factors, suggested forcircular units, for various sludges andcombinations. Equipment should be rugged,and submerged equipment should not havesurfaces on which sludge can accumulate.

Plunger pumps, in duplicate, are mostsuitable, and high discharge heads in thesludge piping can be expected. No coststatements are given since they vary greatlywith local conditions. Unless power costsare favorable, gravity thickening andthickening by pressurized air flotationmay cost about the same with initial costfavoring gravity thickening. Gravitythickening has a definite and continuingplace in the handling and processing ofsewage sludges.

6441M97

Oil refinery waste disposal. Water Worksand Wastes Engineering, l(11):47, Nov. 1964.

The wastewater disposal system at the newrefinery of the Standard Oil Co. atPascagoula, Mississippi, segregates all wastesaccording to quality and pollutant content.The three main segregations are: sanitarywastes; storm water; and process wastes.Process wastes are segregated based ontheir oil, ammonia, sulfide, and water-solubleorganics contents. Oil contaminated waterdrains to one of two oily water sewer systems.Each systemkpas a multi-channel,,API -type oil-waTPr separator. Processwastewaters highest in ammonia and hydrogensulfide are steam stripped. The stripperbort' ; are combined with other ammonia andsulfloe-containing waters, and fed to asulfide oxidizer to remove more ammonia

171

Industrial Wastes

and oxidize essentially all of the sulfides.The wastewater streams from the oil-waterseparators, the sulfide oxidizer, and thesanitary wastes from septic tanks arecombined. After pH adjustment, they arefed to a biological oxidation pond foroxidation of organics. A separate systemhas been provided for a large volume streaminvolving a short-time discharge--aboutevery two years. This stream, high insodium sulfite, is stored in a chemicaloxidation pond until its oxygen demandhas been satisfied. Controlled dilutionwater is provided in the refinery effluentcanal to further lower pollutant concentrations.

64.0698

Olson, O. 0., W. van Heuvelen, and J. W.Vennes. Aeration of potato waste. In

Proceedings; 19th Industrial Waste Conference,Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964. PurdueUniversity Engineering Extensions Series No.117. p.180-194.

Lagoons are used extensively in NorthDakota to treat domestic waste. Only onemajor community does not use lagoons and159 do. The design standard is a 5 dayBOD loading of 20 lb per acre per daywith 120 days retention. One acre is requiredfor each 100 population. The liquid depthis from 3 to 5 ft. An experimental aeratedlagoon was constructed at Park River topretreat the combined waste of a smallpotato-flake plant and the domestic wastesfrom a town of 1,800. Before theconstruction of the new lagoon there weretwo in use: one of about 24 acres, and theother of about 8. A 25 HP Vortair aeratorwas installed in the one-acre cell, and theraw waste brought in below it. Theoretically,2,250 lb of oxygen per day are providedin the cell and, with an 8 ft liquid depth,retention time varied from 14 days fordomestic waste to 6 days during potatoprocessing. Normal domestic sewage treatedin this cell exerted a 5 day HOD loadingfrom 192 to 438 lb per acre per day. Studiesof the operation Of the unit showed that itcould he loaded at about 300 lb per acre perday and still provide about 90 percentBOD reduction even. when the temperaturewas less than 5 C. During thepotato-processing period, when causticwas used, the waste strength increased to2,500 lb DOD per day, and the pH was11.6, which prevented any reduction, sincefew organisms can grow in this alkalinity.Because the processing period lasted only3 weeks there was insufficient time toadjust the pH. A study will he made of

172

BEST lh

the effects of circulating waste from theprimary lagoon to the aerated cell tomaintain a pH of 10 or less during thepotato-processing period. The installationof an aerator at Grafton during the wintermonths is described and, although it doesnot supply adequate oxygen for completestabilization of the organic matter present,it does reduce sludge accumulation in thearea of the inlet, supplies oxygenthroughout the lagoon in the winter, andthus maintains an active algae population.

64-0699

O'Rourke. J. T., H. D. Tomlinson, andN. C. Burbank. Variation of ORP in anactivated sludge plant with industrialwaste load. Water and Sewage Works,111(11):R318-R324, Nov. 30, 1964.

Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)measurements were studied as a method. forcontrol of operations in an activatedsludge treatment plant employing the Krausnitrification process. Measurements weretaken using an ORP meter, with the electrodesbeing checked before each observation byreference to a quinhydrone solution at twopH values. Flow rate and organic loadingrate as measured by chemical oxidationdemand (COD), and air supply as measured bydissolved oxygen (DO) were also selectedfor study. It was found that a 15-foldvariation in organic loading created asignificant variation in ORP and DO. ORPvalues in the aeration basin ranged froma minimum of -5 to a maximum of +130millivolts, and the DO varied from 0 mgper liter to a high of 6.2 mg per liter. 'A

revieurof the ORP and DO data, relatingparticularly to the aeration basin, indicatedthat the plant was operating at a levelduring the week which utilized practicallyall of the aeration capacity, whereas onweekends there was excess aeration capacity.By use of the ORP it would be possible toadjust the volume of air supplied to suitthe need of the organic load. The ORPelectrode coupled with the DO electrode,relayed to a visible meter on a controlboard, gives a plant operator an immediateview of biological operations, as well as anindication of the variation in load comingto the plant. Since the measurement of rateof change of ORP to indicate the activityof mixed liquor was demonstrated, it wassuggested that ORP electrodes, with certainspecifications, be made commercially availableas a valuable diagnostic and control toolfor sewage treatmenr.

REST COPY AVAILABLE

. 64.0700

Pialthorp, R. E. Potato waste treatment.In Proceedings; Eleventh Pacii.ic NorthwestIndustrial Waste Conference, Corvallis,Oreg., 1963. p.101-109.

A discussion is included on the waterpollution from potato processing plants inIdaho, whose capacity has increased tenfold in ten years to billion lbs peryear in 1961. Approximately 1/2 billion lbof this is waste, much of which in thepast has been run into rivers. Feeding offiltered or salvaged potato waste tolivestock is now practiced. Research isneeded to find other used for the 300million lb of potato material to hecollected from the waste water beforedumping into Idaho's rivers.

64.0701

Parkhurstt J. D., aid S. R.Sanders.Centrifuging and screening of sludge.Water and Waste Treatment, 9(12):596-598,Mar.-Apr. 1964.

The sludge procening method employed bythe Los Angeles County Sanitation Districtsis discussed. Prior to 1959, the digestedsludge was processed on open drying beds,but odors began to present a seriousproblem to neighboring residentialdevelopments. In 1959, based on a yeartest operation, a sludge dewateringstation was established which employed five40 by 60-in. centrifuges without the useof chemicals or thickening agents. A systemof vibrating screens provides a centrifugatesuitable for ocean disposal, if desired.Sludge centrifuging may take place eitherprior to or following the screening operation.Durine fertilizer production, the sludgecake is hauled to the adjacent drying area.The thickness of an odor-preventing sawdustcover is determined by the condition ofthe sludge. Combined operating and maintenancecosts of the station average about $4.00 perdry ton of recovered solids. A presentaverage of 1 million gal of liquid sludgeis being processed each day. In addition,space requirements are low, and no chemicalpre-treatment is necessary.

64-0702

Pepperl, H. Incineration cf electroplatingsludges by means of a conical furnace.Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):399-401,Aug. 1964.

0698-0703

Sludges formed during electroplatingprocesses cannot be simply dumped, becauseof their toxicity, These sludges containmetal hydroxides and cyanides. Beforeincineration, the water content of thesludge is reduced to about 60 percent usinga filter press. The residue is then burned,together with chips of wood at temperaturesbetween 900 and 1100 C, in a conicallyshaped rotating furnace. In this way themetal hydroXides are converted to metaloxides and organic compounds are destroyed.The ashes can be deposited safely in dumps.A sludge incinerator located in anautomobile plant in Bavaria is describedand presented in photographs and schematicdrawings. It is capable of handling up to8 tons' of sludge daily. (Text-Cerman)

64.0703

Pfeffer, J.J., and J.E. White. The roleof iron in anaerobic digestion. InProceedings; 19th Industrial WasteConference,,Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1961.PurduejUniv4rsity Engineering Extension SeriesNo. 117. p:'887-901.

A study has been made to determine therole of iron in anaerobic digestors usingsynthetic substrate which consisted ofglucose, ammonium chloride, potassiumdihydrogen phosphate, and. sodiumhydrocarbonate dissolved in tap water.The substrate initially contained 4.0g per liter of glucose and sufficientnitrogen and phosphorus salts to producea C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1. Sodiumhydrocarbonate was added in sufficientquantities with the substrate to maintainthe p11 in the digestor between 6.5 and 7.The substrate was added to the digestor atthe rate of 0.5 liter per day. Eachdigestor had a capacity of 7.5 litersand a retention time of 15 days. Thefollowing salts were used: ferrous chloride;aluminum chloride; and calcium chloride. Theywere added daily on a hatch basis. Theaddition of iron in proper concentrationsto digestors fed synthetic substrateproduced efficient digestion. The roleof the iron is one of reducing the solublephosphate concentrations in the digestor bychemical precipitation. A definiterelationship exists between thefermentation of the volatile acids and thesoluble phosphate concentration. The mosteffective digestion took place when thesoluble phosphate concentration was lessthan 50 to 60 mg per liter. The additionof proper concentrations of aluminum andcalcium produced the same effect as the

173

Industrial Wastes

iron. But excessive concentrations of anysalts tested resulted in reducing thesoluble phosphate to such a lowconcentration that microorganisms wereunable to metabolize the substrate becausephosphorus was limiting.

64 -0704

Pohland, F. G. General review of literatureon anaerobic sewage sludge digestion.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 110. Lafayette, Ind., 1962.45 p.

A literature review is directed toward adiscussion of available information concerningthe two phases generally consideredresponsible for anaerobic decomposition and

methods utilized for control of the process.Cognizance of the importance of the physical,chemical, and biological factors influencingsludge stabilization has stimulated numerousinvestigations into the basic concepts ofanaerobic digestion in an attempt to lead toa better understanding of the process.Sludge digestion is regarded in terms oftwo main and entirely different processes:the first, liquefaction and hydrolysis;the second, fermentation and gasification.The former process is assigned the functionof rendering the complex and larger sizedmaterials into forms more readily availablefor methane fermentation organisms, whichtake part in the latter process and convertthe liquefied and hydrolyzed materials Intomethane and carbon dioxide. The preliminarystage and subsequent gasificWpn must workin harmony or the whole process of digestionis upset. The factors leading toliquefaction, and gasification and the factorsaffecting anaerobic digestion and theircontrol are discussed.

64-0705

Pohland, F. C., and R. 3. Engstrom.High-rate digestion control. T. Fundamentalconcepts of acid-bpse equilibrium. In

Proceedings; Nineteenth industrial. WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.80-90.

The origin, relationships, and significanceof the acidic and basic constituents ofdigestion are reviewed with special emphasison periods of retarded digestion. As

organic material is decomposed and transformedduring digestion, several. intermediate andend-products accumulate and predominate.

174

BEST COPY ROME

Hydrolysis of fats and oils, and fermentationof carbohydrates and proteins, give rise tothe intermediate organic fatty acids ofwhich acetic, propionic, and butyric arethe most abundant. The relativeconcentrations of these are dependent upondigestion conditions. The organic acidsare fermented to methane and carbon dioNide,usually by the beta oxidation mechanism.Decomposition of proteinaceous materialproduces ammonia as hydrolysis anddeamination of the constituent amino acidstake place. Ammonia will ionize in solutionand participate in the equilibrium establishedbetween itself .and the acid products ofdigestion either as an acid-salt or as abicarbonate alkalinity. This bicarbonatealkalinity and.the organic acids are asignificant part of the acidic and basicconstituents accumulating during anaerobicdigestion. Alkalinity insufficient toneutralize the accumulated organic acids isthe major cause of pH depression duringretarded digestion. If the concentrationsof free acids and the buffering potentialof the system are known, neutralizationrequirements can be determined. The bufferingpotential is dependent upon the types andconcentrations of acids and bases presentand their associated equilibria. The mostimportant acid-base equilibrum duringretarded digestion at a low pH isbetween representative organic acid,acetic acid, and its acid-base counterpart,ammonium acetate.' The best way ofdetermining acid-base equilibria duringdigestion is by evaluating the concentrationsof acids, bases, salts and their ionizationin solution and effect on pH response.

64.0706

Prakasam, T. B. S., and N. C. Doildero.Observations on the behavior of a microbialpopulation adapted to a synthetic waste,in Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Tnd., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering EXtensionSeries No. 117. p.835-845.

Experiments were carried out to determineif acclimated sludge shows the trueheterogeneity of typical. activated sludge,which remains stable through the reporteddiauxic phenomenon, and thus confirmingthe concept of diauxic or hi phasic growth.The experimental design is described, and theplating of settled sewage, activated sludge,or adapted sludge is shown in a figure.Tables give the results of bacterial countsfor settled sewage, activated sludge, andadapted sludge. It was concluded that the

REST COPY AVAILABLE

sorbitol-adapted sludge system described inthe studies is not typical of activatedsludge. The sludge that was developed inthe adaptation medium was not flocculent innature. The system was far from physiologicalheterogeneity as was indicated by replicaplating studies and differential test (IMViC)for coliforms, which showed that all theviable plate counts represented coliformssolely. The development of such a systemmay he partly attributed to the compositionof the basal medium, which should not beconsidered a substitute for domestic wastenor as a growth medium for the heterogeneouspopulation Of sewage or activated sludge.The selectivity of the medium also narrowsdown the population of sewage, harboring thespecies that can thrive in the basal medium,the so-called 'synthetic waste'. Thoughthis system is similar to that reported byothers, its behavior is such that cautionshould be used in applying or interpretingresults obtained with such a model tobiological waste treatment processes likethe activated sludge process.

64.0707

'Pump-Cyclone solves solid waste problem.Factory, 122(10):187, Oct. !964.

A combination pump-cyclone arrangementhandles waste containing fine solids(abraded mixture of sand, aluminum oxide).Drum polishers discharge medium into achannel through a filter. The pump takesthe polishing medium and feeds it into acyclone which separates the solution. Solidsremain in a settling tank and liquid ispassed to the sewer.

64-0706

Purdue University. School of Civil.Engineering. Proceedings; NineteenthIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Engineering Extension SeriesNo. 117. 1084 p.

The Nineteenth industrial. Waste Conferencewas sponsored by Purdue University inconjunction with the Indiana State Boardof Health. Certain agencies of the Stateof Indiana also supported the Conference.Seventy-nine papers were presented. Thefirst part of the conference dealt withthe operation and control of water'pollution control facilities and the paperscovered a wide range of topics within thatgeneral area. The second part dealt withbasic research on the physical, chemical,

0704-0709

and/or biological phenomena of wastetreatment processes. In this part of theConference, such topics as the acute toxicityof some heavy metals to different speciesof warm water fishes, an automated RODrespirometer, and electrodialysis in wastewater recycle were discussed. There aremany charts, graphs, and photographsthroughout and many of the papers haveextensive bibliographies.

64.0709

Quirk, T. P. Economic aspects ofIncineration versus incineration-drying. InSludge concentration, filtration, andincineration. Continued Education SeriesNo. 113. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,School of Public Health, 1964. p.158-176.

Recovery of the costs of sewage treatmentis possible by three means: the generationof electricity; the sale of treated effluent;and the sale of sludge as a soil conditioner.The sale of sludge probably receives the mostattention in planning. Site limitations orthe comparable cost of alternate sludgedisposal methods may require the evaluationof thermal disposal. Evaluation of therelative economics of incineration versusdrying is pertinent to the selection of thefinal. flow sheet. Selection of the morecostly, dual.- purpose flow sheet should bebased upon a detailed analysis of marketdemands and selling price. Economicjustification should be established for arange of market conditions in accordancewith the anticipated variation in localdemands. High-temperature deodorizationis costly, and its effect on site evaluationand selection of an alternate flow sheetrequires careful study. EcOnomic justificationfor the incinerator-drying system requiressufficient pn,duct income to defray theadditional costs required over systemswhich offer no possibility of costrecovery. A comparative cost techniqueis presented that may provide an economicbasis for flow sheet selection. Thistechnique may prove useful in otherapplications. Specific costs wereanalyzed for a medium-sized installation.Alternate flow sheets included multiplehearth and flai;h drying equipment.Average costs for both systems show that:(1) full cost recovery should not beexpected; (2) a deodorization requiremeotwill exert a significant .influence on thehiarket conditions required to justifyan incinerator-drying flow sheet; and (3)a demand for at least 25 percent of theannual sludge production would justify an

175

Industrial Wastes

incineration-drying flow sheet under theextremes of operating cycle and selling price.

64-0710

Rasmussen, A. E. Digestors beat incineration.American City, 79(12):100-101, Dec. 1964.

The new sewage treatment plant in SiouxCity, Iowa, which employs digestors andsludge beds, was chosen over two other typesbecause of its low operating costs. Theinstallation consists of four 75-ft diameterdigestors. Two are used as settling tanks.Partially digested sludge flows fromthem to the main digestors. The decompositionof thib sludge:results in the production ofsewage gas which is sold after it has gonethrough a scrubbing procedure. This returnsa profit of about $7,500 a year. Indeciding to use this type of plant, two otherpossibilities were considered, a vacuumfilter incinerator, and a sludge thickenerwith incineration. A table is given whichsupplies the total financing of all threeplants considered. The sewage gas purifieris a conventional type using wood chipsimpregnated with iron oxide to oxidizehydrogen sulfide gas produced. A newmethod of rejuvenating the wood chips allowsthem to remove three times as much sulphuras the old methods. A technical explanationis presented.

644)711

Recent developments in chemical industriesrelating to ethyl alcohol, its byproductsand wastes. Journal of Scientific andIndustrial. Research, 23(4):129-731, Apr. 1964.

A summary of the Symposium on NewDevelopments in Chemical IndustriesRelating to Ethyl Alcohol, Its Byproductsand Wastes, held in New Delhi, Oct. 14 to16, 1963, is given. The results of studiespresented in a number of papers at thesymposium were classified for convenienceof discussion as follows: (1) economy ofenergy mPans; (2) equipment for productionof ethyl alcohol and its byproduct's; (3)automation and instrumentation; and (4)industrial utfiTiation of alcohol, itsbyproducts and wastes. Some comments aremade about the cost of producing acetaldehydefrom Petro- ethylene as compared with alcohol.The other papers. presented dealt with theproduction of acetic acid from alcohol, theactivity of alumina catalysts duringdehydration of alcohol to ethylene, the useof alcohol in the production of pesticides,

176

BES1 ON DOUBLE

and alcohol as a source of various organicchemicals.

64-0712

Reverse procedure--pumping into a well.Public Works, 95(9):84, 86, Sept. 1964.

The Hammermill Paper Co. has completed thefirst of a proposed series of deep wellscosting about $400,000 each, which promisealmost unlimited capacity for disposal ofuntreated effluent from the company'spulping operations. The well, which willcarry daily 500,000 gal of pulping liquor toa brine-bearing limestone formation some1,600 ft below the surface, is the firstof four wells designed to handle some 2million gal per day. A second well is nowbeing drilled to an even deeper formationthat may provide many times the capacityof the first. In order for a deep disposalwell to meet the requirements of the State ofPennsylvania for this type of use, at leastfour requisites must be met: (1) absolutelyno usable water, gas, oil, Or other valuablemineral deposits can be in evidence whiledrilling the well; (2) there must be anadequate cover of impermeable rock above thelimestone formation; (3) the limestoneformation must contain brine to indicate thatit is of no value; and (4) the brine musthave a hydrostatic prssure to indicatethat the formation 'ghtly sealed andnot draining into s.,me other strata. All

of these requirements are met in the firstwell. Nevertheless, HammermilPs researchdepartment is continuing its search for aneconomical method to treat the effluent,to recover the significant value of chemicalswhich are lost in the deep well disposalmethod.

64.0713

Riebel. A new method for the removal ofsludge from drying beds. Staedtehygiene,15(11):256-258, Nov. 1964.

in the municipal sewage treatment plant ofGiessen, West Germany, the dry.sludge wasloaded manually on trucks.: Considerationsof costs and availability prompt&I thecity administration to replace the manuallabor by power equipment. Tests ofcommercially available power shovels,however, proved unsatisfactory. Thetefore,a new power shovel was designed. The basicequipment is a 4.2 ton tracked bulldozer.The specially-designed shovel of 850 litercapacity is 2450 mm wide, which is half the

BEST COPY MAILABLE

Width of the drying bed. Steel teeth atthe front edge and rubber rollers in therear ensure that only sludge and no gravelis picked up. To support the bulldozer,paths had to he built into the beds. Theyconsist of 30 cm wide concrete slabs hingedtogether. The power shovel can clear 12.5beds per day at a cost of 27.20 DM per bed.Manual labor would have needed 12.5 daysat 236.00 DM per day. Thus the city ofGiessen will save annually about 100,000DM. The power shovel is shown in action infive photographs. (Text-German)

64-0714

Rotondo, V. J. 'Honey wagon' sludgedisposal. Water Works and Wastes Engineering,1(8):59.60, Aug. 1964.

A method of eliminating the detrimentaleffects of discharging 'honey wagon' sludgeinto the main wastewater treatment units ofan activated sludge plant is described. The'honey wagon' sludge was degritted by useof a 12 in. DocrClone, a hydroclone capableof removing grit down to 150 mesh. Theheavy solids in the degritted sludge areallowed to settle in a 5,000 gal storage tankuntil the c6ntents can be pumped directlyto the digester. The elimination of the'honey wagon' sludge from the primarytreatment unit removed the biologicaloverload and complaints of,odor fromneighbors, Satisfactory disposal facilitiesare available for private septic tanks andthe treatment plant has controlled its odorproblem.

64-0715

Rubin, E., R. Everett, J. J. Weinstock, et al.Contaminant removal from sewage plant effluentsby foaming. Public Health Service PublicationNo. 999-WP-5. Cincinnati, U.S. Public HealthService, Dec. 1963. 56 p.

A review of foam separation, preliminarybatch experiments, continuous-feed foamingexperiments, tandem continuous-feedfoaming of secondary effluent, contaminantremoval capability and miscellaneousinvestigations are discussed. Thefeasibility of employing a foaming processto remove refractory materials from secondaryeffluents using both batch-foaming andcontinuous-feed-foaming techniques wereinvestigated. A correlation has beendemonstrated between residual alkyl benzenesulfonate concentration and the volume ofaeration air available per unit mass of

0710-0716

ABS in secondary effluent. A 10 to 45

percent diminuation on COD was observedafter foaming was performed. Some evidenceexists that COD removal increases assurfactant concentration in secondaryeffluent decreases. Efforts to enhancethe contaminant removal obtained by foamingthrough the addition of surface-active and/ornon-surface-active materials have beenunsuccessful to date. Total dissolved solidsand chloride ion have been found to beunaffected by the foaming process. Anincrease in pH upon foaming suggests that

'weakly acidic substances are being removed.,

64-0716

Fussell, R. A. Theory of combustion ofsludge. In Sludge concentration, filtration,and incineration. Continued Education SeriesNo. 113. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,School of Public Health, 1964. p.152-157.

Incineration has the dual purpose ofreduction of volume and sterilization ofthe solid end products of the disposalprocess. The incineration characteristicsof sludge include: moisture, volatiles,inerts, and calorific value. The sewageplant operator has some control overmoisture. and,the thermal load which itspresence puts on the drying phase ofincineration has a resulting effect on theauto-combustibility of the sludge. Inertsare to some extent controlled by the degreeto which conditioning chemicals are added asan aid to vacuem filtration. Volatilesand inerts both affect the calorific valueof the dry filtered cake. Incinerationequipment must be designed to handle asludge having a wide range of qualities,since the characteristics are variable.The incineration process is described interms of the thermodynamics of the dryingprocess which may be divided into threephases: raising temperature of filtercake to 212; evaporating water from filtercake; and increasing water vapor temperatureto incinerator exit gas temperature.A typical example is given in which theentering sludge cake temperature is 60 andthe incinerator discharge gas temperatureis 600. The absorptions which occur for1 lb of filter cake moisture in terms ofBtu per lb are given. The thermodynamicsof the combustion process are described, andthe basic combustion equations are given.Other topics discussed are: excess air;combustion; furnace explosions; odorproduction; and secondary combustion problems.

177

Industrial Wastes

64.0717

Salotto, B. V., E. F. Barth, W. E. Tolliver,et al. Organic load and the toxicity of copperto the activated sludge. In Proceedings;Nineteenth Industrial Waste Conference,Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7. 1964. Purdue UniversityEngineering Extension Series No. 117. p.1025-1034.

The pilot plants used were designed forcomplete treatment of sewage employingprimary settling, aeration with continuoussludge return, and secondary settling. Sewagewas fed at a constart rate. Sludge from thesecondary settler was pumped to the firstchamber' of the aerator at a rate of about35 percent of the sewage flow. Sludge-wastihg rates were adjusted to holdmixed-liquor volatile-suspended-solidsconcentrations at 1,000 to 1,200 mg perliter. Total detention time was 9 hr witha flow of 100 gal per day. Three identicalpilot plants were operated in parallel.One unit received undiluted sewage at aconstant rate. One unit received undilutedfortified (homogenized fish meal) sewageat a constant rate. Copper sulfate solutionwas introduced at the sewage feed inletcontinuously. The other two units were fedthe same sewage diluted about 2:3 with tapwater. The effects of two copperconcentrations were studied at each organicload level. The 5 mg per liter copper runlasted about 6 months and was followed bythe 1 mg per liter copper run which lastedabout 2, months. The experimentol conditionsare summarized in a table; and the methods ofsample collection and analysis described indetail. The results are presented in 7tables and 5 figures. Moderate variationsof organic loading did not significantlyaffect the toxicity of copper to theactlyated sludge process under theseexperimental conditions. Increasing theorganic load increases the COD of theeffluent. The effect of 5 mg per litercopper fed continuously to a low-organicloaded unit had about the same effect onCOD of the effluent as doublitv theorganic load. The suspended solids in thefinal effluent were hither than expectedwith activated sludge treatment. Organicloading altered the distribution and form ofmetal during the 5 mg per liter copperstudies. The unit receiving the highorganic load was more efficient in theremoval of copper and produced a higherratio of soluble to total copper in theprocess effluents.

14.071B

Schraufnagel, F. H. Waste dispos.-.1 by ridge'.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1963. 50 p.

78

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

An evaluation of the ridge and furrowirrigation as a method of waste disposal isreported. The limitations and potentials ofthe method are discussed. Prior to 30 yearsago little use was made of ridge and furrowirrigation exclusively for the disposalof industrial wastes. In the 1930's,several vegetable canning plants in Iowabegan using this method. During the past10 to 12 years about 40 milP plants inWisconsin and Minnesota installed ridge andfurrow systems, and the method has been usedto treat a variety of other liquid wastes.Since 1950 some waste disposal fieldshave been replaced by spray irrigation.Others continue to operate satisfactorily,producing virtually a complete degree oftreatment with little effort. There are,however, some unsatisfactory systems.The various waste disposal systems andrelated aspects are presented. Conclusionsare enumerated. Where conditions aresuitable, ridge and furrow irrigation ofputrescible organic wastes can accomplisha high degree of treatment of low costand with little maintenance.

64-0719

Sedimentation practices for paper industrywastes; progress report. Committee onIndustrial Waste Practice. Paper No. 4165.Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,American Society of Civil Engineers,90(SA6):41-49, Dec. 1964. t

A questionnaire was sent to 75 separatepaper industry mills to determine: (1)

quality of waste waters; (2) .4tesigncharacteristics of sedimentation facilities

.including detention time, overflow rateand solids loading; (3) types of treatmentin use; (4) efficiency of sedimentation;(5) type of construction of sedimentationbasins; (6) sludge characteristics; and(7) sludge disposal methods. A total of27 replies (36%) was received. Tabulatedand graphically presented data indicatedthat: (1) raw waste water from paperindustry mills is widely variable as tothe quality characteristics of BOD and .

suspended solids, even among mills producingsimilar products; (2) in many casessedimentation alone is extremely effectivein the purification of paper industrywaste water; (3) no correlation could befound, on an overall industry basis, oron a mill product basis, between purificationresults and the calculated design factorsof detention time, overflow rate, andsolids loading, for operating plants; and (4)sedimentation design is a sei,arate problemfor each mill.

BES1 COPY AVAILABLE

64-0720

Seminar on sewage sludge and waste. Wasserand Ahwasser, 105(14) :369, Apr. 3, 1964.

The Workgroup for Municipal Waste Disposalwill hold a seminar on 'Sewage Sludge andSolid Waste' at the Technical. Academy inWuppertal from April 27 to 29, 1964.The preparations for the meeting areconducted by Mr. Rosenberg. (Text - Ferman)

64-0721

Senn, M. J., and E. M. Wylie. We must stopcontaminating our water. U.S. Public HealthService, Jan.-Feb. 1963. 7 p.

Discoveries of the outbreaks of infectioushepatitis and detergent suds problemsplaguing many communities indicate that theperils to health from polluted water aresteadily increasing. Aside from thepollution of rivers and streams, there isthe contamination of underground water by thewastes and chemicals poured into the soilby sewage systems, industry, and agriculture.The most immediate concrete action that canbe taken is the rigid control and eventualelimination of private septic tanks in thedensely populated areas surrounding cities.Many of the municipal waste treatrdentprocesses in use today were designed forthe wastes of forty years ago. Ships andboats that abound in lakes, rivers, andcoastal waters usually do not have facilitiesfor the treatment and disposal of shipboardsewage. Pesticides and herbicides scatteredover crops, lawns, and trees can permeatethe soil and underground waters and mayreach reservoirs of drinking water. Tenquestions are asked on the topic, 'HowSafe is -Your Water Supply?', and appropriateliterature is suggested. (Reprinted withpermission from American Home, January-February 1963)

64.0722

Shannon, E. S. Handling and treatingpetrochemical. Water and Sewage Works,3(5):240 -245, May 1964.

The waste control policy of a petrochemicalcomplex places primary responsibility forcontrol and treatment of wastes upon thevarious plants' operating superintendents.Waste control is considered an operationalcost and receives the same attention asproduct production. The waste control.department monitors the wastes of variousplants, and acts as a consultant to the

0717-0723

operating supervision and engineeringdepartment on waste control problems inexisting plants, and on features concerningwaste control in designing new plants. Datashows the distribution of a petrochemicalbarrel, the cracking process, ethylenepurification, and. butadiene finishing. Therefinery complex operates under an orderrestricting the discharged waters to containnot more than 5 lb per day phenol, 15 ppmoil, and the pH to be between 5.8 and 10.3.The plant was designed for tight wastecontrol. Sewers are separated intouncontaminated cooling water, processwater, sanitary sewage, chemical wastes,sewer which can receive copper compounds,and surface run-off. Special cooling watersystems were constructed. Process wastes,consisting of about 250 gpm, are pretreatedin an A.P.I. separator equipped witha pre-aeration step. This step breaks oilemulsions, separates carbon from oiland strips lighter hydrocarbons from thewater waste. About 40 percent of the totalCOD load is removed here. The combinedwastes are pumped over one or two biologicaltowers. The second is used as a polishingfilter in series with and following theactivated sludge step. Various problemswere encountered and solved.

64-0723

Sherbeck, J. M. The operation andmaintenance of a multiple hearth typeincinerator. In Sludge concentration,filtration, and incineration. Ann Arbor,University of Michigan, School of PublicHealth, 1964. p.177-185.

Two factors determine the efficientoperation and maintenance of an incinerator,the materials used in construction and thedesign. The operation of a multiplehearth incinerator is reported. It is a14 ft 3 in. diameter, 6 hearth incinerator,24 ft 4 in. high with individual hearthsizes from 3 ft in. to 2 ft 3 in. Thelarger hearths are on top to accommodate theunburned bulk. Each hearth Is on top toaccommodate the unburned bulk. Each hearthhas a set of arms extending from a centershaft. The center shaft rotatescounterclockwise. The arms are equipped withteeth arranged to move the sludge in andout alternately through the incinerator.The teeth also plow and turn over the sludge,leaving a 4 in. layer of ash on each hearth.Oxygen is obtained through a blower whichproduces 1,550 cu ft of air per minute. The..(ish after having been rabbled to the number6 hearth drops into a 500 gal tank of water

179

Industrial Wastes

for disposal. The slurry formed is pumpedto a lagoon every 30 minutes. The incineratoris designed to handle 3,250 lb per hr of wetcake containing 65 percent moisture and 70percent volatile solids. The ash handlingequipment is designed to remove all ashand pump it to a lagoon 1,500 ft away.The procedures used in starting up aregiven in detail. The daily record formthat is used is shown in a figure. Operationalproblems are discussed and illustrated.Maintenance problems are outlined.

64.0724

Simple separator solves sludge-disposalproblem. Chemical Enginevring, 71(25):102,Dec. 7, 1964.

The DCC (Duel Cell, Gravity) solidsconcentrator, a continuous filter thatoperates by gravity, is described. It

requires no vacuum or pressure, and nosludge conditioning by lime or ferricchloride. Dewatering is accomplishedin the first nylon mesh cell and cakeformation in the second. This unit isavailabh3 in four sizes.

64.0725

Simpson, C. D., and S. H. Sutton.Performance of vacuum filters. In Sludgeconcentration, filtration, and incineration.Continued Education Series No. 113.Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Schoolof Public Health, 1964. p.126-138.

Seven vacuum filter plants of differentsizes and types have been studied. The

criteria for the evaluation are describedand,discussed and the results of the studypresented in tabular form. The plants are:(1) Cleveland, Westerly; (2) Dayton; (3)Cleveland, Southerly; (4) Cincinnati, MillCreek; (5) Indianapolis; (6) Minneapolis -St.Paul; ad (7) Detroit. General data aregiven for each of these, including the typeof sludge, the average number of tons ofsludge solids per day, the total solidsconcentration in percent, the volumecontent in percent, and the alkali as calciumcarbonate mg per cu Liter. The number,

size, total area, media type, and mesh ofthe filters used are given. The filterloadings and performance are given in a

. table. Included. are the period of thestudy in months, the total dry solids loadin tons, the chemical doses, the yield, thefilter operating hours, and the total solids

removedby filter in percent. The

180

BESTilViVeVait.i.

characteristics of,the filter cake andfiltrate are given in another table. Costsare also given. The data presented illustratewell the differences to be found associatedwith type of sludge, the.size of the plant,and other pertinent factors.

64-0726

Sludge concentration, filtration, andincineration. Continued Education SeriesNo. 113. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,School of Public Health, 1964. 187 p.

These papers were presented at theinservice Training Course on SludgeConcentration, Filtration, and Incinerationin 1963. Among the subjects discussedwere: thickening by gravity and mechanicalmeans; dissolved air flotation as a methodof thickening; elutri.ation and chemical.coagulation as methods of thickening;processing thickened sludge with chemical_conditioners; vacuum filtration; theoperation of vacuum filters; centrifugaldewatering; the combustion of sludge; therelative economics of incineration andincineration-drying; and the operationand maintenance of a multiple hearth type

inci;.1rator. Charts, diagrams, and photographsare used to illustrate the papers.

64.0727

Sludge disposal system. Water and WasteTreatment, 10(3)051, Sept.-Oct:.- 1964.

The F-S Disposal System which provides acontrolled process for thee complete disposalof organic sludges by combustion in afluidized bed is described. Thickenedsludge which has been dewatered in a rotaryvacuum filter is fluidized in an upwardmoving stream of air. The fluidized air isprovided by suspending an inert sand bedwithin the reactor. A rapid combustionoccurs as a results of the immediatedispersion of the.solidS in the sand bed..The reactor operates at '2 psi. from 1300to 1,600 F. The final offluent from thesewage treatment can be used in the scrubbersfor the combustion gases. The system hasthe advantages of low area requirements,low maintenance cost, no odor, and nopollution. Sludge handling problems areminimized because the reduced volume ofinerts can be disposed of simply andinexpensively.

BEST copy AVAIUMF

64 -0728

Smith, Lloyd L., and R. H. Kramer. Someeffects of paper fibers in fish eggs andsmall fish. In Proceedings; NineteenthIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No 117. p.369-378.

Many estuaries and rivers receive largequantities of bark, groundwood, and chemicalpulp wastes from paper mills. The presentreport is on the effects of various woodfibers on: (1) the survival of rainbow andbrown trout eggs; (2) survival, growth, andvigor of trout alevins; (3) growth of troutjuveniles; and (4) survival and indicatorsof stress in walleye fingerlings and adultfathead minnows. Materials and methodsare described. It was found that brownand rainbow trout eggs incubated in 60,125, and 250 ppm suspensions of conifergroundwood had a 95 to 98 percent (browntrout) and 98 to 100 percent survival inall treatments. The effect of conifergroundwood at levels of 0, 60, 125, and 250ppm on trout alevins was tested by notinggrowth, respiratory rate, and rate of oxygenuptake. Survival rate descreased rapidlywith increase in fiber load, and reachedZero in one lot of rainbow trout at 250ppm of fiber. Growth was markedly decreasedas fiber load was increased: from .0213in controls to .0062 at 250 ppm in browntrout; from .0345 in controls to .0061 at250 ppm in rainbows. Rate of oxygen uptakedeclined markedly as fiber concentrationsrose and corresponded to the decline inrespiratory rate. Subsequent growth ofthe alevins in clear water as juveniles..as reduced. Fathead minnows kept for96 hr in suspensions of aspen groundwocdfrom 0 to 2,000 ppm at oxygen saturat:ionshowed no significant effects. With conifergroundwood a similar series showed increasedmortality at 738 and 2,000 ppm. At reducedoxygen levels significant changes infathead survival were observed as fiberloads, increased in only one case with aspengroundwood. Walleyes tested with reducedoxygen levels showed marked decrease insurvival as fiber levels increased. Theseeffects were most acute with conifergroundwood where there were no survivorsat 272 ppm, and 20 percent survival at74 ppm.

64e729

Stahl, R. W. Survey of burning coal-minerefuse banks. U.S. Bureau of MinesInformation Circular No. 8209. ;Washington],U.S. Department of the Interior, 1964.

0724-0730

Refuse banks may be ignited by the followingmeans: spontaneous ignition, carelessburning of trash, forest fires, camp fires,and intentional ignition. All exceptspontaneous ignition can be eliminated bypatrolling the disposal area. Sealing outersurfaces can minimize spontaneous ignition.Fires can be extinguished by floodingthe bank with water, covering with amantle of smothering material, pumpinglimestone slurry into boreholes, watersprays, isolating the area, or compactirpand sealing the area. Fencing the disposalarea, proper construction, and eliminationof paper, timber, and burnable trash canprevent most fires. Maps of mining areasand a figure showing geographic distributionby state are included. West Virginia has213; Pennsylvania, 117 bituminous and25 anthracite; Kentucky, 49; and Virginia,27. Tables give the following data on the495 banks in 15 states surveyed: county;name, population and distance of nearesttown; size and status of hank; status andstage of fire, and topography. Fiftypercent of the banks are in the lateburning stage; 40 percent are within 1mile of a town.

64.0730

Sussman, V. H., and J. J. Mulhern. Airpollution from coal refuse areas. Journalof the Air Pollution Control Association,14(7):279-284, July 1964.

Although coal refuse disposal piles havebeen burning and causing air pollutionsince coal miniTT first started, littlehas been done to control these fires. They havebeen regarded as an unavoidable and naturalby-product of coal mining, and it wasbelieved there was no means of averting suchfires. A chart indicates the extent of theproblem, showing the increase in refuseproduction while the coal productionremains constant. Twenty percent of the65 million tons of bituminous coal producedin Pennsylvania and 20 to 50 percent ofthe raw anthracite in Pennsylvania wasrejected as refuse. The coal refuse withless than 25 percent combustible containscoal, slate, shale, bone, calcite, gypsum,'clay, pyrite, and marcasite. It is dumpedin piles from 20 to 300 ft high which maycontain millions of tons. These piles areignited by spontaneous combustion,carelessness, or intent. The ignition resultsfrom oxidation of carbonaceous and pyriticmaterial in the refuse which, in thepresence of air, produced enough heatto ignite the piles, which then emit sulfur

181

Industrial Wastes BEST COPY AVAILABLE

dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in additionto the smoke, carbon monoxide, and the publicnuisance caused. Three photographs show burningpiles of coal refuse. A table shows thenumher of burning refuse banks by statewith 213 in West Virginia. and 142 inPennsylvania. A chart shows the sulfurdioxide and hydrogen sulfide concentrationsin a community adjacent to a burning refusepile. Controls are based on keeping airout of the piles by compaction of the refusewhich has been ground to less than 2size. Fires are fought by quenching withwater or by use of a lime-soda slurry. Thecontrol of coal refuse piles inPennsylvania has been placed under the AirPollution Control Commission, which issuespermits and investigates fires which mightcause air pollution.

64-0731

Talbot, J. S., and P. Reardon. Deep welldisposal has possibilities. ChemicalEngiteering, 9(1):72-74, Jan. 1964.

The disposal of industrial effluentsby deep well disposal which has long beenused in the oil and gas industry isreviewed. A detailed geological examinationof the proposed area is necessary todetermine the presence and extent of avertical impermeable..:;t-r-ata,and a permoableand porous strata into which the effluentmay he injected. The usual procedure isto pump the effluent -nder presSurewhich may reach as high as 3,500 lb per sqin. with the rates .in the 10 to 2000 gal perminute with the usual range being 100 to330 gal rim. minute. Sulfuric acid couldreact with a calcium chloride brine toplug the aquifer with calcium sulfate.Underground diFposal offers a method ofgetting rid of effluents if the hazards topotable vater and mineral deposits arerecognized.

64.0732

Talbot, J. S. , and P. Breardon. The deepwell method of industrial waste disposal.Chemical Engineering Progress, 60(1):49-52,Jan. 1964.

The oil and gas producing industry whichhas used the deep well method of Liceidwaste disposal for years recognizes it assafe, efficient, and permanent. Thesefactors which most be considered by prudentoperators are discussed in detail: Statelaws concerning such disposal; general. legal

182

aspects; subterranean geology; groundwaterhydrology; injection pressures and volumes;chemical and physical problems of injection;preliminary disposal well design andestimated costs; surface equipment designand estimated costs; and cost of operation.

64-0733

Tassoney, J. P., R. L. Albrigll' . and E. R.

Stuart. hatch process removes oil, fat, andgrease. Water Works and Wastes Engineering,1(8):38, Aug. 1964.

Successive rhemlcal treatment and contaminantremoval under continuous operatorsurveillance insures a high degree oftreatment for a difficult to handle wasteproduced In the manufacture of lubricatinggreases and other petroleum lubes andspecialty products. This will help abatepollotion in the Allegheny and Ohio rivers.The Humble Gil and Refining Company, thedeveloper of this form of waste treatment,produces wastes that are small in qinntity,but complex in composition. The primary

contaminants 'ire fats, grease, and oil-Humble employs sequential accumulation,equalization, flotation, coagulation,sedimentation, and separation in single tankto handle the small-volume highly variablewaste.

64.0734

Tenney, M. W., and W. Strum. Chemical.

flocculation of microorganisms in biological.waste treatment. in Proceedings; Nineteenthindustrial Waste Conference. Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.518-539.

Although-biological treatment of wastes Issuperior to chemical treatment for the .

removal of soltible organic matter, interestin chemical methods has been revived,particularly to process biologicallytreated effluents when additionalpurification is needed. Chemical.treatmentis used for the removal of phosphates.Research vas conducted to investigate theextent that chemical flocculation methodscan complement and partially substitutefor, biological treatment. The efficiencyof biological treatment depends uponflocculation. The use of chemical techniquesfor flocculation reduces the detention timeof the biological unit. The flocculationof bacteria is discussed. Factorsnifectinp the stability of microbialdispersion:: include hydrogen ion, the

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

physiological conditions of the cells, andpolymers of biological origin. A highdegree of control in the flocculation ofmicroorganisms and the precipitation ofphosphate can be achieved by control ofpH and degree of agitaticn. The flocculationexperiments carried out with samples fromcultures are discussed. Chemical elementsadded for the flocculation of dispersedmicroorganisms have the following.requirements: they should become stronglybonded to the microbial surface by chemicalor electrostatic forces; and should be ableto form linear polymers capable of unitingthe microbial particles into a loosethree-dimensional structure. Syntheticpolyelectrolytes and metal coagulants arediscussed. Experiments were conducted totest whether chemical flocculability, likebiofloccolation, is affected by thephysiological conditions of the microorganisms.The quantity of chemical. flocculentsnecessary can be predicted from theconcentration of microorganisms and thephosphate content of the solution. Chemicalflocculation of microorganisms, likebiological flocculation, can be interpretedin terms of a polymerbridge between theindividual microbic. (articles.

64-0735

Tenney, M. W., R. H. Johnson, and J. H.Symons. Minima] aeration activatedsludge. Panel- No. 3790. Journal. of theSanitary Engineering Division, AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, 90(SA1):23-42,Feb. 1964.

Complete mixiuz, rctivated sludge systemswere tested on a laboratory scale to observetheir performance under high organicvolumetric loadings and short solids retentiontimes. Tabulated and graphically presenteddata show that the systems operatedeffectively under these conditions withrapid removal of soluble organic matter fromsolution. Extensive consideration was alsogiven to the problem of the treatment ordisposal, or both, of the large quantityof solids created in highly. lor-7 rctivatedsludge systems. The feasibility of usingeither moderate or extended solids aeration,complete-mixing activated sludge, cheMicaltreatment, or an oxidation pond, A:asinvestigated for treatment of materialfrom the highly loaded, highlywasted Complete-mixing activated sludgesystem. Illustrated data show that: athigh primary volumetric organic InadiKs,a second stage complete-mixing activatedsludge systcr with a longer solids retention

0731-0737

time will improve the over-all solubleorganic removal; aluminum sulfate coagulationwas an effective means of concentratingthe dispersed, minimal-solids aeration,complete-mixing activated sludge effluent;and an oxidation pond receiving sucheffluent was effective in treating thesolids and metabolizing biodegradablesoluble COD without odors or problems.

64.0736

Thompson, R. N., J. E. Zajic, and E. Lichti.Spectrographic analysis of air-dried sewagesludge. Journal of the Water PollutionControl Federation: 36(6):752-759, June 1964.

Tests were made from samples of thirteendifferent treatment plants in Oklahoma. Atable is presented showing the percentage,of each element presen in the sludge. Theones found in major quantities, one percentand greater, were aluminum, calcium, iron,magnesium, silicon, and in one plant, vanadium.Other elements are grouped as intermediate,0.01 to 1.00 percent. and trace, 0.001 to 0.01percent. Spectroscepy can-determine ifthere are sufficient ouantities of toxicinorganics in sludge to be harmful toflora and fauna which aid in waste treatmentprocesses. Several ex."r'ples are given.

Spectroscopy is also suggeste as a methodto determin if there are large enoughpercentages of valuable metals to warrantcommercial recovery of them from the .sewagesludge. Oklahoma City is used as ademonstration of thin. fact,showing thatun to $17,000 worth of silver and largeamounts of other valuable metals went intofertilizer every year.

64.0737

Treatment of combined municipal andindustrial wastes. British ChemicalEngineering, 9(2):71-72, Feb. 1964.

The combination of industrial. wastes withdomestic sewage in municipal. sewage plantsis discussed. In those cases where theindustrial and municipal wastes arecompatible, there are significant benefits.The unavailability and cost of land on manyindustrial sites is a factor favoringthe discharge of industrial. effluents to thesewer. It is obvious that inflammable.explosive materials, rapidly settling solids,corrosive wastes, or toxic metallic saltsshould be excluded from municipal. sewers.Therm must be mutual trust and cooperationto have a successful program of joint

/4183

Inds stria) Wastes

treatment of industrial and municipalwastes. Procter and Gamble has succeededin discharging 80 percent of the effluentsfrom its plants into municipal sewers. Itwas concluded that tests conducted with thecooperation of the municipal authoritiesmay show that factory effluents may betreated more efficiently and economicallyby the municipal sewage plant than by thefactory treatment plant.

64.0738

Van Kleeck, L. W. Operation of vacuumfilters. in Sludge concentration, filtration,and incineration. Continued EducationSeries No. 113. Ann Arbor, University ofMichigan, School of Public Health, 1964.p.105-125.

The factors, other than mechanical, whichaffect vacuum filter operation are: (1)

types of filter medium; (2) sludgecharacteristics; and (3) sludge conditioning.Types of filter medium include: (1) clothmedia; (2) cloth media with string discharge;and (3) permanent media such as enmeshedcoil springs or stainless steel woven wirebelting. The characteristics of sludge are:(1) size and shape of solid particles; (2)the alkalinity of sludge water; (3) theratio of volatile matter to ash; (4) thepercent of sludge solids; (5) raw sludgeversus digested sludge filtration (a tablegives a comparison); (6) industrial wastesas contaminants, and (7) sludges requiringno conditioning chemicals. Theconditioning of sludge is accomplished by:(1) solids concentration (not less than5%); (2) chemicals (usually ferric chloridewith or without lime); and (3) elutriation.These factors are discussed and technologicaldetails given from experience.. Themechanical operation. of mechanical filtersis described and data presented. Maintenanceand computations for control and optimumperformance of vacuum filters are given.Design features for the improvement ofvacuum filter operation are also listed.The future of vacuum filtration de;ends onresearch and the practical developmentsin this and other dewatering processes.

64-0739

Wahl, E. D., A. M. Cooley, and G. O. Possum.Digestion of potato waste substances-laboratoryconditions. In Proceedings; NineteenthIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 117. p.291-302.

184

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Three distinct studies are reported: (1)

the determination of the rate of oxygenuptake by potato substance; (2) activatedsludge treatment of potato waste media; and(3) the improvement in the digestion rateof potato waste media. The degree of releaseof cellular material (by grinding or cooking)has considerable effect upon the rateof oxygen uptake. The maximum rate occurswith the cooked potato. The pH, if in therange 7 to 9, has little effect upon therate. The results of the study of activatedsludge treatment arc discussed. The resultswere so unpromising that the work wasdiscontinued. In the third part of the studyit was found that the waste materialwas extremely variable, and there were thuslarge variations in the HOD initiallypresent. The slicer waste used did notrespond well to treatment. Fortunately,this waste is settleable and can be removedmechanically from plant streams withoutusing biological methods. Work has beenpartially completed on a lye peelersupernatant and a similar experimental designused on this waste.

64-0740

Pashington, D. R., L. J. Hetlimg, and S. S.Roa. Long-term adaptation of activatedsludge organisms to accumulated sludge mass.in Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.655-666.

The specific sludgesystem investigated wasa heterogeneous extended aeration type. Thefirst phase of the study was to determineunder laboratory conditions the period andextent of adaptation of the organisms tothe degradation of normally biologically-inert,volatile solids. The second phase was astudy of the influence of the adaptedorganisms on the accumulation of sludgematerials resulting from different types oforganic wastes. 'Adaptation' is used ina broad sense to include physiologicaladaptation, mutation, and selection. Thephase one results raised more questionsthan they answered. Were the normallybiologically-Inert, volatile solidsmetabolized by unique species ofmicroorganisms or by common ones whichunderwent physiblogical adaptation of theirenzyme system? An organism closely relatedto Pseudomonas fluorescens was the onlybacterial species isolated on nutrient agarfrom activated sludge actively degrading thenormally biologically-Inert volatile solids.This adapted organism was able to reduce the

inert sludge by about 50 percent and couldbe inoculated into other carbohydrate-fedactivated sludge systems (it was uncertainwhether it could be inoculated into othersystems). Once the portion of the sludgeto which the organism is adapted ismetabolized, the organism apparently isunable to continue the degradation of thismaterial as it is produced so the systemreturns to a sludge accumulation rare typicalof equilibrium systems. It is not clear ifthere is long-term cyclic reduction in theaccumulated volatile solids.

64.0741

Whaley, H. P. Waste disposal and reuse ofwaste water in taconite ore beneficiationoperations. In Proceedings; NineteenthIndustrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,May 5-7, 1964. Purdue University EngineeringExtension Series No. 177. p.27-31.

Twenty-four million long tons of taconiteafe mined a year by the Erie Mining Companyin Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. An additional 13million long tons of waste rock and surfacematerial are hauled to dumps of the ironformation. Water is used in the grindingprocess, as an aid in the magneticseparation of the iron. ore, to convey theproducts of a concentrator (both waste andthe desired final product), as a motivatingforce in the siphon-sizers, as a dustcollector, as a coolant for the lubricantsand parts of the furnace, and in many otherways. About 11 tons of water are requiredfor every ton of crude ore processed.At this plant this amounts to 120,000 galper minute or 720,000 tons of water per(lay. The geographic features and theregulations of the State of Minnesota makeit necessary that a minimum of 108,000 galper minute he reclaimed since only 12,000gal per min can be taken from a reservoir.Water is reclaimed by the use of tailingthickeners overflow and water from thetailing basin. Four tailing thickenerswith a retention time of 3.5 hr and 0.5ton per day cautisized corn starch are used.Cautisized starch has proved to be aneffective and economical flocculent. The

requirements for the flocculent are: (1)

to provide an overflow with no more than300 ppm total solids; (2) to have noharmful effect on any part of the process;(3) to be easy to feed and handle; (4) tocost the least per ton of material treated,from the tailings thickener 70 percent of thewater is recovered (94,000 gal per min).The tailing basin complex covers 1700acres in the first, 800 acres in the

0738-0743

second, and 200 acres in an emergency basin.The factors controlling clarification arearea of water surface, depth, temperature,ice coverage, wave action, pH of basin water,and minerals in the tailings. A floatingpump house (a barge 60 ft x 80 ft withfive pumps with a total capacity of 35,000gpm) is located near the center of the basinand normally reclaims' 20,000 gal per min.The pump's suctions are in sectional pumpsequipped with adjustable weirs to skimoff only the surface water. Fifteen milliontons of tailings are deposited on thedisposal area annually. Water is used asthe medium for transport through pipelines.This water is very dirty after contact withthe ore and must be clarified before reuse.The disposal systes, is closed; the onlywater loss is from evaporation, water drivenin the agglomerating operation, seepageat a reservoir, and water entrapped withthe tailings themselVes. The steps beingtaken to grow plants on the dams are alsodescribed.

64.0742

What to watch for in sludge-cake storage.American City, 79(2):35, Feb. 1964.

A specially designed storage bin, whichstores seage sludge dewatered on vacuumfilters, is used by San Francisco's Departmentof Public Works. The sludge can betransferred conveniently from the storagebin to sanitary fills for disposal. Thestorage bin was designed to receive 100tons of sludge from a conveyor belt able todeliver 71/2 tons an hr. To provide positivecontrol at the discharge portion of the bin,the designers provided eight horizontal.shear gates, 4 x 3 ft in size. Each gate

serves a quarter of the storage. bin. The

gates are operated hydraulically from controlslibcated on the side of the bin. They open

and close at a speed of approximately one-tenthof a ft per sec. Eighty tons of sludge aday for 5 days a week can be moved by theunit, which cost $50,000. The use ofvacuum filter drying, rather than dewateringin flash driers, has produced a savingsof $42,000 annually.

64.0743

Williamson, J. N., A. 0. Helt, and C. Calmon.Evaluation of various adsorbents andcoagulants for waste-water renovation.AWTR-12. U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, June 1964. 91 p.

185

Hazardous Wastes

Minerals, industrial by-products,proteinaceous materials, and conventionalwater treatment agents were among thecommercially available materials tested forthe treatment of waste waters. Activatedcarbon was used as a reference. Mineralstreated with salts of tetravalent metals,most conventional coagulants, and proteinscoagulated in the presence of mineral acidsexhibit affinities for the organic-solutephase of secondary waste-water effluents.Hydrophobic proteins and organic anionexchangers will also remove organic solutesfrom waste water. The problem ofirreversible organic fouling requires moreattention if exchangers are to be consideredin advanced waste treatment. Precoagulationof the higher molecular species of organicsis suggested as a fouling preventive measure.This study demonstrated the feasibility,at least from a mechanical standpoint, ofincorporating solid adsorbents into thesludge blanket process for water treatmentin the presence or absence of coagulants.The sludge blanket process can combine thevirtues of the finely-divided, large-surface-area forms of solids and flocs (normallyassociated with batch treatment techniquesor vacuum filtrations) with the maintenanceof relatively high flow rates, normallyassociated with columnar-bed techniques.Material cost factors are discussed forvarious materials tested and for thetreatments involving their use. Explanatoryfigures and tables are included.

64.044

Woods, C. E., and 3. F. Molina. Clycineuptake by anaerobic waste water sludge. InProceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.1011-1024.

Proteins occupy a central position in thestructure and function of living matter.About 70 percent of the organic material inliving cells is protein while the proteincontent in domestic waste water sludge is30 to 50 percent, Proteins are polymers ofamino acids and the hydrolysis of aminoacids results in a mixture of amino acidsand ammonia. Amino acids satisfy therequirements of microorganisms for nitrogen,carbon, and energy. The primary objectivesof the-present study were to estimate theextent and rate of hydrolysis of proteins inthe anaerobic treatment of sludges, toestimate the uptake rate of glycine by theheterogeneous microbial population, todifferentiate between the biological uptake

186

and the nonbiological uptake, and toevaluate the effects of glycine concentrationon glycine uptake. The equipment andprocedures used are described. The physicaland chemical characteristics of the sludgesfrom anaerobic digestion systems are givenin a table. The glycine-1-carbon fourteenuptake versus time is shown in a figure. It

was found that about 38 percent of theproteins were hydrolyzed during the firststage of digestion. However, theconcentration of free amino acids decreasedduring the first stage of digestion whichindicates that they were taken up at aslightly higher rate than the rate of proteinhydrolysis, namely between 0.07 and 0.13mg per liter per minute. The results ofuptake studies using carbon fourteen taggedglycine indicate a rate of about 0.026mg per liter per minute for sludge in thefirst stage of digestion. The uptake of

glycine consists'of a rapid nonbiologicaluptake completed in about 2 minutesfollowing by a biological uptake of about10 mins after which there is noappreciable uptake. The rate of glycineuptake is affected by both the temperatureat which the sludge was incubated and thecondition of the sludge.

64-0745

Wulf, H. The 'incineration of sludges withoil vaporizing burners. Brennstoff-Waerme-kraft,16(8):397-399, Aug. 1964.

Industrial sludges can he incinerated veryeconomically by means of 'Chelfi' oilvaporizing burners. These burners consistof three coaxial tubes. One carries theoil, one the steam for vaporization of theoil, and the innermost carries the sludge.Liquid industrial waste with a water contentas high as 97 percent can be burned. High.combustion temperatures ensure thatnon-combustible material is molten andthen granulated. The flue gas is thereforefree of dust. Two examples for sludgeincinerators are described briefly, one with,and one without utilizing the heat ofcombustion. (Text - Lerman)

HAZARDOUS WASTES (includingRadioactive and Pesticides)

64.0746

Davies, A. C. Disposal of radio-active wastes.Public Cleansing, 54(3):773, Mar. 1964.

Methods of disposal of radioactive waste aresurveyed. The activity level of some wastesis reduced by a chemical process. Thestrongest possible precautions are exercisedin disposing of radioactive solids wastes insea, river, and sewers. The chief problem forlocal. authorities is the disposal of suchwastes by small users. In Great Britain someuse has been made of abandoned mine shafts.The establishment of a British nationaldisposal service for radioactive wastes isrecommended. Most radioactive isotopescan be disposed of. by incineration withoutrisking contamination of the atmosphere. ACanadian study on the effects of radiation isreported.

64.0747

Faust, S. D. Pollution of the waterenvironment by organic pesticides. ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(6):677-686.1964.

Pesticides and their formulations impart -

off-tastes and off-odors to drinking water atvery low concentrations. These substancesenter ground and surface water through directapplication for control of aquatic weeds,trash fish, aquatic insects, percolation andrunoff from agricultural lands, drift fromaerial and land applications, and dischargeof industrial and cleanup waste waters. Acomprehensive study of the distribution oftoxaphene, 0.05 mg per liter, a pesticide isreported. Esters of 2,4 -1) (Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid) are used for aquatic plant control inreservoirs for drinking water supplies. Datasuggests the use of ultraviolet Arridationfor oxidation of dichlorophenol at potablewater treatment plants but usage isinsignificant in decomposition of 2,4-D,Organic pesticides found in the waterenvironment in concentrations less than 5.0mg per liter have toxic effects on aquaticlife and are concentrated by food chainorganisms into fish or shellfish. Traceamounts may not have been present long enoughor in sufficient concentrations to gatherepidemiological evidence. Since theconcentrations of several organic thiophosphatesand 2,4-D producing tastes and odors are farbelow subtoxic levels by factors ranging from17 to 113,000, threshold taste and odor levelscan be used to establish drinking waterstandards with the appropriate safety factors.Data on distribution residues and treatmentis given.

64.0748

Henderson, C. B., K. D. Johnson, K. E. Rumbel,et al. Standard operating procedures for

0744-0749 .

safe handling of beryllium. Edwards AFB,Calif., Air Force Flight Test Center, 1962.26 p.

Waste disposal of beryllium is discussed inthis study. Beryllium-containing gasesrequire an adequate dust collection system.Wet scrubbing, dry filtration, andelectrostatic precipitation have beensatisfactory. Discharge of beryllium-containingliquid waste should comply with applicablelocal ground-water stream pollution controlordinances. Beryllium contaminatedcombustible wastes should be kept segregatedfrom non-contaminated wastes. The degree ofclassification of such wastes will dependupon- the method of disposal. Combustiblecontaminated beryllium wastes should be burned.periodically so as to preclude excessiveaccumulation. Non-combustible contaminatedberyllium wastes may be buried in a suitableburial pit or at sea. (Defense DocumentationCenter for Scientific and Technical Information.Unclassified AD 461288) Furnishedundercontract by Atlantic Research Corp.,Alexandria, Va.

64.0749

Meyer, K. P. Evolution of the problems ofoccupational diseases acquired from animals.Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 33(5):286-296,May 1964.

In the United States there are 23 infectionsthat man can contract from animals primarilyin the course of his occupation. Anthrax isan occupational infection of shepherds, farmers,butchers, skinners, and tanners, andveterinarians. The most frequent mode ofinfection of herbiovores is food or insectbites. Industrial anthrax is caused byinhalation of spore-bearing dust from infectedwool, and plagues the goat hair industry inthe United States. Brucellosis, or undulantfever can be contracted through drinking rawinfected milk, or through contact with aninfected cow and calf at the time of abortion.In recent tabulations, packing house workershad the highest incidence of undulant fever.The ability of the parasite to infectthrough nearly any tissues makes preventiondifficult. Leptospirosis is associated withoccupational exposures among veterinarians,abattoir and sewer workers, dog breeders,and gardeners. infection in man is accidental,and usually represents the end in the chainof transmission. The key to the spread isthe widespread excretion of leptospires inthe urine of the carrier animals. A group ofoccupational. infections were traced tounsanitary poultry processing houses heaVily

187

Hazardous Wastes

infested by rats. Spread of the disease canhe suppressed by trapping or poisoning ratsin sewers. Extent of occupational diseases fromanimals should be determined, as well as thesource and modes of transmission. Steps forprevention and control must he taken.

64.0750

Michaelsen, G. S. Waste handling. In

Proceedings; National Conference institutionallyAcquired infections, Minneapolis, Sept.4-6, 1963. Atlanta, U.S. Public Health Service,1964. p.65-69.

Solid wastes in hospitals are divided intoreusable items and disposable items. In the

. area of disposable solid waste, the combustibletrash constitures the greatest volume as wellas a highly suspected waste, which accumulatesin the hospital. As a part of a study ofsolid waste problems, 3,186 Items of 42different kinds were found in 104 wastebaskets. The potential for spread ofcontamination by handling this type of wastebecomes serious when it is considered thatthe wastes are laundry hampers, carts, buckets;that some is wrapped and some is loose; someof it is wet or bloody; and some of it isstored in patients' rooms, in utility areas,in trash chutes, and. in incinerator rooms.The potential hazard of handling combustibletrash can be greatly reduced by using linersin all receptacles. These should be tied orstapled shut when full and transported to thepoint of disposal. During periods of severe,overloading of incinerators, unb..1rned orincompletely burned infectious material mayescape from the incinerator stack. If thestack is close to a fresh air intake, it isthen possible for infectious material to hebrought back into the hospital. Non-combustibletrash such as the metal parts.of disposableplastic devices, plaster casts and food tins,can be buried on a trash dump or a sanitarylandfill.

64-0751Now, refrigeration for radioactive sludge!Modern Refrigeration, 67(798):898, Sept. 1964.

A new experimental refrigeration machine toconcentrate radioactive sludge by freezingand controlled melting is described. Theunit consists Ora low carbon steel tank, abrine handling set, and electric reheatsystem. Brine, the heat transfer media, iscirculated through vertical, stainless steelseat exchanger plates located in the tank.The brine is refrigerated by a R-22 condensing

188

set, which includes a semihermetic Worthington7.5 hp compressor, a water cooled condenser,and electric heater. The cycle of freezingand melting is automatically controlled by aclock-driven programmer. The tank is equippedwith a slanting bottom and a gauge to checkthe sludge level. Valves are located atdifferent tank levels to drain offnon-radioactive sludge before reaching theradioactive parts.

B4.07S2

Paul, R. C. Crush, flatten, burn, or grind?The not -so- simple matter of disposal.Hospitals, 38(23):99-101, 104-105, Dec. 1,1964.

In consideration of the relative merits ofdisposable versus reusables for hospital use,the problem of disposing of the disposablesis often neglected. In a change-over to thevolume use of disposable items, it isimportant that the plant engineer, theexecutive housekeeper, and the laundry managerwork closely with nursing and purchasing toplan for changes in procedures and equipment.A picture is givenkf-a-disposal unit at theBaylor University Medical Center which crushesand flattens cans and bottles to reduce thevolume of waste and permit more waste to beremoved with each truck trip. A hydraulicpacker is shown which compresses 100 cu ydof loose trash into 24 cu yd before incineration.A syringe crusher is shown which breaksdisposable syringes so that they cannot heused in an unauthorized manner. It was foundthat when paper towels were supplied to eachpatient's room, an additional waste basketwas required, the maintenance costs fromplugged toilets increased, the labor charge foremptying and washing wastebaskets increasedby 30 percent, but the volume of cloth towelsdid not decrease. Housekeeping departmentshave had to increase their trash handlingfacilities and personnel to keep up with theever increasing amount of trash such as papercups, pitchers, washcloths, bath mats, caps,towels, preoperative sets, etc. The incineratorload per patient per day has increased from8 lb to 10 lb in the last few years.Pathological material should be burned in aseparate unit for this purpose. The methodof handling and ultimate disposal ofdisposable. items should be planned in advanceof their use.

6440753

Pesticide residue problems probed. Chemicaland Engineering News, 42(16):32-33, Apr. 20,1964.

0750-0756

Endrin, a widely used pesticide, is the most safer and more specific methods of pestlikely cause of the massive fish kills which control; to suggested amendments or publicoccurred in the lower Mississippi River late laws governing the use of pesticides; and toin 1963. The U.S. Public Health Service public education.report on the incidents touched off investigationsby the Senate Subcommittee on Reorganizationand the Department of Agriculture. Duringthe Senate hearing several facts were broughtout. Residues of endrin and dieldrin havebeen found in the drinking water of Newprleans and in the waters of the lowerMississippi. The U.S. Public Health Servicehas started an investigation of all major U.S.river basins to determine the presence ofthe pesticides. Suggestions were made toban these pesticides from agricultural use.There was speculation that spills frompesticides producing or repackaging plantswere the source of pollution. Endrin wasfound to be the cause of the fish deaths.Representatives from two major chemicalcompanies manufacturing the pesticidescontested the results from the U.S. PublicHealth Service research. In conclusion, oneof the representatives presented reportsfrom a fish kill in 1960. In this one, thesymptoms were similar, but the killing agentwas a bacteria, Aeromonas liquefaciens.

64.0754

The President's Science Advisory Committee.Use of pesticides. Washington, The WhiteHouse, May 15, 1963. 25 p.

Information relevant to pesticides wasreviewed, including experimental data and thevarious administrative procedures which aredesigned for the protection of the public.The material standard of living has beengreatly elevated during the 20th century byincreased control of the environment andpesticides have made a great impact byfacilitating the production and protection offood, feed, and fiber. Although pesticidesremain in small quantities, their variety,toxicity, and persistence are. affectingbiological systems in nature and may eventuallyaffect human health. Four classes ofpesticides are described. The land area treatedwith pesticides is approximately 1 acre of 12

within the 48 states and about 45 millionlb are used each year. Methods of pestcontrol without chemicals are examined andthe conclusion is reached that more activeexploration of these techniques may yieldimportant benefits. The role of governmentagencies in pesticide regulation is discussed.Recommendations are directed to an assessmentof the levels of pesticides; to measures whichwill augment the safety of present practices;to needed research and the development of

64-0755

Radiological Pollution Activities Unit.Process and waste characteristics at selecteduranium mills. Cincinnati, Robert A. TaftSanitary Engineering Center, U.S. PublicHealth Service, 1962. 93 p.

The findings of detailed studies of processand waste flows at five typical uranium millsare reported. The studies were initiated in1957 by the Public Health Service for thepurpose of characterizing the liquid and solidwastes resulting from uranium milling processes,particularly radioactive wastes arising fromthe extraction of uranium from its ores.Specific objectives of the studies includedetailed analysis of the extraction process,characterization of the resulting liquidwastes, evaluation of their water pollutionand public health significance, and developmentof adequate and suitable waste controlmeasures. The processes investigated are:the resin-in-pulp uranium extraction process;the acid leach-solvent extraction uraniumrefining process; and the carbonate leachuranium extraction process. The five millstypified the processes normally encountered,i.e., acid or alkaline leaching of the ore,concentration and purification of the leachliquor by ion exchange of solvent extraction,and chemical precipitation of the dissolveduranium. Although the radioactive materials, -.:-especially Radium 226, were of primaryinterest in these studies. Useful informationregarding the cheMical characteristics ofmilling wastes was also obtained.

64-0756

Safe disposal of empty pesticides containersand surplus pesticides. Washington,Agricultural Research Service U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, 1964. 6 p.

A guide is presented with recommendations forfarmers, commercial pesticide applicators,city, state, and federal pest control officials,and others who use large quantities ofpesticides. Pesticides and containers shouldbe kept in a separate building or room or inan enclosure. Weedkillers, herbicides ordefoliants should not be stored in the sameroom with insecticides. Volatile materialssuch as 2,4-D and its derivatives cancontaminate other pesticides. Chlorate salts

189

Hazardous Wastes

can create a fire or explosion hazard. Aprocedure for the disposal of pesticidecontainers is outlined. Containers whichhave held weedkillers such as 2,4-D and itsderivatives should not he burned. Thesecontainers are disposed of by breaking theglass containers and chopping holes in metalcontainers. All weedkiller containers mustbe buried to a depth of 18 in.at a safedisposal site or taken to a dump where theywill he covered with soil. If burningisnot possible, a thorough rinsing procedurewill eliminate much of the pesticide residueand hazard. Surplus pesticides should nothe taken to a public dump or incinerator.Left over spray mixture should be poured intoa pit dug in sandy soil.

64.0757

Solidification process looks at long-termnuclear-waste stnrage. Chemical Engineer,71(24):74, Nov. 23, 1964.

General Electric Company has developed acontinuous phosphate-glass solidificationprocess for long-term storage of nuclearwastes. The process concentrates the wasteinto a congealed solid, which is stored ina vessel.

64.0758

Straub, C. P. Low-level radioactive wastes;treatment, handling disposal. Washington, U.S.Atomic Energy Commission, 1964. 430 p.

Techniques of handling, treatment, anddisposal of low-level wastes which arise inall nuclear energy operations are described.Guides to radiation-exposure assessment aregiven. Topics covered are: sources,quantities, and composition of radioactiveWastes; collection, sampling, and measurementof gaseous, and solid wastes: discharge tothe water, soil,. and air environments;removal of radioactivity by water treatmentprocesses; treatment of radioactive materialby biological processes; on-site treatment;handling and treatment of solid wastes; andpublic health implications. Standards forprotection against radiation and siteselection criteria are appended. Specificexamples of packaging and treatment of wastesand their disposal on land and in the oceanare described in some detail.

64.0759

Straub, C. P. Handling and treatment of solidwastes. Solid wastes. Quantities of waste

190

produced. In Low-level radioactive wastes;treatment, handling, disposal. Washington,U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1964. T.313-314.

Solid wastes originate in all operations ofthe nuclear energy industry. They may occurfrom direct operations, for example, ascontaminated paper, laboratory glassware, andequipment, or they may be the end productsof other operations, as for example, chemicalslurries and sludges, evaporation solids, andion - exchange resins. Combustible wastesinclude air filters; paper; wood; clothing;and biological materials such as human andanimal excreta, autopsy specimens, laboratoryanimals, and vegetation. Contaminatedlaboratory and process equipment that cannotbe decontaminated satisfactorily, such asglassware, pipes, pumps, concrete, sludgesfrom chemical precipitation plants, evaporatorbottoms, incinerator ash, and ion-exchangeresins, are included in the category ofnoncombustible wastes. If the objects aresmall, they may be packaged before dispOsal;if large, they may be disposed of withoutpackaging, The small isotope user orhospital may produce a few cu ft of waste,while a national laboratory may generatehundreds of thousands of cu ft of solid wastesannually. Waste production figures aresummarized and data from British sources aregiven.

64.0760

Straub, C. P. Handling and treatment of solidwastes. Collection, sampling, and measurement.In Low-level radioactive wastes; treatment,handling, disposal. Washington, U.S. AtomicEnergy Commission, 1964. p.314-318.

Containers used for the collection of low-levelradioactive solid wastes range from fiber drums,cardboard boxes to 55-gal steel garbage cansor drums, usually lined with polyethylene,waterproof paper, or chemically treated paperbags. In some installations, collectionsfollow notification that the waste containerhas been filled or that.established permissibleexposure levels have been reached. Severallaboratories utilize steel Dempster-Dumpsterbins and trucks for the collection of filledwaste containers and for their transport tothe on-site disposal area. Protectiveclothing is used by personnel in sorting andpackaging operations. Where an inhalationhazard exists, the workers also wear protectiverespirators or filter type assault masks. In

the case of shipment for off-site disposal,great care is taken in packaging. Steeldrums are used for slurries, Sludges, andloose bulky materials; the wooden and concrete

boxes for trash and miscellaneous items.Containers are generally marked to indicatedate, levels of activity, and nature of thematerials. For off-site shipment, packagedwastes are usually loaded into AEC-ownedtrucks or are shipped by common carrier.U.S. Navy crews normally load materials whenNavy facilities are used for sea disposal.

64.0761

Straub, C. P. Handling and treatment of solidwastes. Waste handling. In Lov-levelradioactive wastes; treatment handling,disposal. Washington, U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission, 1964. p.318-325.

Before disposal either on land or into theocean, the combustible 'or compressible wastescan be concentrated by baling or byincineration. Three laboratories are cited asbaling wastes, using hydraulic balingmachines or a hand-operated baler. A typicallayout for a waste incinerator is illustrated.It consists of a sorting chamber, an airintake, the incinerator itself, and ash hoppers.A Ely-ash settler, an adiabtic cooler, aVenturi scrubber, a cyclone-water scrubber, agas heater, and filters are used to cleansethe flue gases before they are releasedthrough the stack. Experience has shown thatapproximately 95 percent of the activity isretained in the ash, about 4.5 percent isremoved by the scrubbing systems, and about0.5 percent is handled by the filters. Fiveland disposal sites in the United States havebeen designated for the receipt and burial ofpackaged radioactive wastes. Differentprocedures are used for the burial of alphaand beta contaminated wastes. Accurate recordsare kept of the material placed into thetrenches and their locations should he markedon plot maps. Materials for disposal intothe ocean are packaged in drums with sufficientconcrete added to cause the drums to sink.The containers are transported to barges andthe barge is towed 600 miles out to sea.

64-0762

Straub, C. P. Handling and treatment of solidwastes. Waste handling. In Low-levelradioactive wastes; treatment, handling,disposal. Washington, U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission, 1964. p.325-326.

Data show that the cost per cu ft ofwaste collected for on-site burial rangedfrom $0.77 to $0.90; shipment for landdisposal, from $1.45 to $3.38; shipment forocean disposal, from $0.97 to $5.78.

0757-0764

Maintenance costs for an institutionalincinerator amounted to less than $1 per monthover a period of almost two years of operationduring which 3,400 lb of assorted combustibleswere processed. The cost of incineration atone laboratory amounted to $2.68 per cu ftfor 8 hr and $1.60 per cu ft for 24-hr operationschedules, as compared with solid storagecosts of $9 per cu ft.

64.0763

Tsivoglou, E. C., and R. L. O'Connell. Wasteguide for the uranium milling industry.Technical Report W62-12. Cincinnati, U.S.Public Health Service, 1962. 78 p.

The guide is intended for the use of publichealth and water pollution control agencies,mill operators, and others in their efforts:(1) to evaluate the potential hazardsassociated with mill wastes; (2) to determinethe effectiveness of existing mill wastecontrol practices; (3) to estimate the effectof future mills on their local streamenvironment and locate mill sites so as tominimize such adverse effects; and (4) tofind more effective methods of waste controland treatment. Various phases of millprocesses, process waste, pollution effects ofwaste, and pollution abatement methods arediscussed and presented. The uranium millingindustry is a major source of radiologicalpollution of the acquatic environment. It isonly by employing the most careful and deliberatewaste control measures that this potentialthreat can be prevented from becoming anactuality. Chemical and radiological pollutionof ground waters by uranium pill wastes hasbeen shown to occur. The extremely longhalf-life of the major radioisotope involved(radium-226), whose half-life is 1,620 years,means that permanent control of ore residuesis required. Acceptable methods of verylong-term storage and retention need to befound.

64.0764

Walter, C. W. 'Disposables, now and tomorrow:for the surgeon, many advantages, but stillsome problems. Hospitals, 38(23):69, 70, 72,Dec. 1, 1964.

The advantages and disadvantages of usingdisposable supplies in the hospital arereviewed with emphasis on the intangibles.The disposable supplies are a benefit andconvenience in the care of the patient andhave the advantage of standardization. Oneof the main intangibles is faulty technique

191

Salvaging

which may result in the sterile items becomingcontaminated in use or in preparation for use.Getting rid of used disposables presents 'aproblem because of bulk. Discarded needlesand cutting edges are an occupational hazardto personnel. The combing of the dumpingarea by children for items of interest forplay and various attempts to salvage materialsand devices show that trauma and the spreadof infectious disease are real hazards inthe disposal of disposables. The safe disposalbegins with the user who first discards thedisposable. Infectious and radioactivematerials and unused drugs must be discardedin containers for special processing. Cannulatedneedles must he broken and cutting edgespratected and these items should be collectedin containers that can be transported asare. The ultimate disposition by promptincineration or by destruction and burial isthe responsibility of the hospital. Lintfrom the careless disposal of paper andnonwoven products results in a serious problem.Following disintegration in washers, the shortfibers coat the textiles and are thus spreadthroughout the hospital. Dressings and papershould be kept out of soiled linen. Thesuccessful use of disposables requirescomprehensive and thorough training ofpersonnel.

644765

Weeren, H. 0. Pipe radioactive wastes toshale beds. Conventional components comprisea unique systeM. Heating, Piping, and AirConditioning, 36(11):122-123, Nov. 1964.

A study of Oak Ridge National Laboratory onthe piping and injection of radioactive wastesinto shale beds is described. Several 40,000gal batches of intermediate level wastesolution, mixed with cement and other additives,were injected into a shale formation at adepth of about 900 ft. Each injection setsup a thin, roughly horizontal grout sheetseveral hundred feet across. The equipmentused consists of a waste transfer pump andspare, four bulk storage tanks for thecement and other additives, a jet mixer, asurge tank, a high pressure injection pump,a stand-by injection pump and mixer, andassorted valving and special equipment.Some of the equipment is installed in cellsto reduce the radiation exposure to operatorsand to limit the area that would becomecontaminated in case of a leak. The.twophases involved in each waste injection aredescribed and at the end of the second phasea plug of cement is pumped down the injectionwell and allowed to set to seal the injection.Other steps in the process prior to injection

192

are described, such as transferring the wastesolution from the laboratory system to thewaste storage tanks by piping and the mixingof the radioactive waste with cement.

64-0766

Wilcox, F. W. The role of government andprivate enterprise in radioactive wastedisposal. Frankfort, Kentucky Departmentof Health, 1964. 12 p.

Source and quantity of radioactive waste,waste management, sea burial, return' to theAEC, incineration, release to the environment,land burial, regulatory authority, specialproblems, and land burial site selection arediscussed. Charts and summary furnished.Numerous geological and hydrologicalinvestigations must be performed before anyland burial site can be authorized. Thisinvestigation can get extremely involvedas the following agencies must be contractedfor guidance and assistance before any finaldecisions can be reached: Atomic EnergyCommission, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S.Geological Survey, Pollution ControlCommission, and numerous state governmentalagencies. Contrary to popular opinionradioactive waste disposal is not big business.The largest company in this field at present,with three separate facilities in three states,employs fewer than twenty persons. Liquidwastes continue to present a significantproblem to the industry even though 15 yearsof experience with tank retention of high levelslurries indicates that this type of storage issafe as an interim measure but conversion tosolids is an ultimate necessity.

SALVAGING

6440767

Abubacker, K. M., C. T. Mehta, and N. S.Krishnan. Recovery of pure germanium dioxidefrom germanium waste. Research and Industry,9(6):166-168, June 1964.

A procedure is given for recovering transistorgrade germanium from wastes containingimpurities such as indium, gallium, and tin.Since there are no mineral deposits ofgermanium in India, the recovery of thishigh-cost material is important. A flow sheetis given covering the recovery of germaniumbased on'a combination of chemical andmetallurgical methods. It must be horn in

mind that the reagents must be repeatedlydistittad in quartz assembly in the laststages of the purification to eliminateimpurities. The germanium dioxide which wasobtained from the hydrolysis of germaniumchloride is filtered, washed, dried, andignited at 1000 C. This germanium dioxide isheated in pure graphite. boats in a current ofpure hydrogen or ammonia at 600 to 650 C forreduction to germanium which is then fusedfor 30 minutes at 1000 to 1100 C and cooled ima stream of pure nitrogen. The last impuritiesare removed by zone-melting under vacuum orin an inert atmosphere to obtain transistor-gradegermanium. The whole process of recovery isone requiring careful control. For example,in the washing with acetone and ashing below650 C to destroy organic matter, thetemperature is critical, since germanium oxidesublimes at 710 C. A highly sophisticated,sensitive procedure is described for therecovery of transistor-grade germanium fromwastes containing impurities such as silicon,aluminum, iron, copper, nickel, antimony,arsenic, boron, and indium.

64.0768

Boris, H. No 'bounce' in waste rubber. WasteTrade World, 105(20):52, Nov. 14, 1964.

The various aspects and problems of the wasterubber industry are reviewed for 1964 withspecial note being made of the deteriorationof the market for scrap tires. The wasterubber industry is changing, and the firmsboth large and small that have gone out ofbusiness because of the low returns are notbeing replaced. Some of the firms arediversifying by going into plastics to keepgoing. The waste rubber industry has a'problem in common with all segments of thewaste and reclamation industry--that offinding suitable premises for storage thatwill meet with the approval of the localauthorities. The use of synthetic materialhas reduced the demand for rubber waste. Therubber waste exports in 1962 were 27,398 tonsworth h933,390; in 1963 the tonnage was25,885 valued at h817,273, while for the first6 months of 1964 the exports were 12,725 tonsworth 6452,870. Scrap tires are a glut onthe market with no encouragement for merchantsto collect or handle them since the pricesoffered by the reclaimers are much too low.Scrap tires are piling up all over the countryand are not being collected. The merchantsare selling their stocks at uneconomic pricesand not replenishing their stock as it isdepleted, and the reclaimers are being suppliedonly on a hand-to-mouth basis. The demandfor high grade tire casings is good and the

0765-0770

remolders are working at capacity with plentyof casings available. Foreign markets aregood for quality tire casing of the rightsize. The export market appears to'be betterthan the domestic.

64-0769

Bottenfield, W., and N. C. Burbank. Puttingindustrial waste to work; Mead's new.limekiln recovers waste lime mud. IndustrialWater and Wastes, 9(1):18-21, Jan.-Feb. 1964.

Until recently, lime mud, left from the kraftprocess of wood pulp at Mead Corporation,Chillicothe, Ohio, was dumped as waste. Alime recovery system, centered around aTraylor rotary kiln, cost $1.4 million.Coincident with construction of a newcausticicizing operation, it will permit theplant to increase its pulp production to 500tons daily. The 300-ft-long rotary kiln,operating on a 24-hr-per-day, 7-day-per-weekbaSis, produces 160 tons of quicklime daily--Mead'current requirement. This represents a rawmaterials saving of $1600. Recovery rateis over 97 percent. Lime mud from theclarifier is drawn from the bottom andconcentrated to 40 percent solids. The kilnis driven by a 100 hp electric motor througha gear reducer at 0.75 rpm. Conversion oflime mud to calcium takes place at temperaturesabove 1650 F.

64-0770

Bovier, R. M. New system eliminates fly ash,salvages sulfur from flue gases. Modern Powerand Engineering, 58(5):86-89, 140, 142, May1964.

Development of a sulfur-smoke removal systemfor eliminating essentially all solids andmost sulfur fumes discharged into theatmosphere while burning high ash, highsulfur-content bituminous coal in power plantboilers is described. One of the mostpromising dry methods known was the processwhereby sulfur dioxide is removed from fluegas by oxidation to the trioxide withcondensation as sulfuric acid, which ifproduced in acceptable quality and sufficientquantity could be used commercially. In

1961 a pilot plant was set up in conjunctionwith Boiler No. 15 at Pennsylvania ElectricCo.'s Seward Station in order to test whetherthis method was operationally and economicallyfeasible. A flow diagram and photographs aregiven which illustrate in detail the processas put into operation at the plant. Afterleaving the boiler, the flue gas passes

193

Salvaging

through a mechanical dust collector and thenthrough high temperature electrostaticprecipitator, where virtually all of the flyash is removed. Other steps in the processinclude a converter, a rotary air preheater,and an electrostatic acid mist collector.Pilot plant test results indicated that 90percent of the sulfur in the coal could berecoverable at a concentration of about70 percent sulfuric acid. In a 1,000,000kw station with a 90 percent load factor, itwas estimated that about 750 tons of 100percent equivalent concentrated acid would berecovered in a 24 hr day. Fixed charges andoperating costs were estimated at about $7 perton of acid. The pilot plant thus demonstratedeconomic and operational feasibility of Thesystem.

64-0771

Brown, C. Research pays dividends. (1).

Waste Trade World, 105(8):9, 12, Aug. 22, 1964.

The waste trade would do well to investigatethe possibilities of expanding its marketsthrough research. Some trades and industriesinvest large amounts of money on research tomake certain they have a supply of new ideasand new methods, while others spend little,trusting in traditional methods. Noindustrialist can close his mind to what isgoing on around him or to future needs if hewants to stay in business. A great deal ofresearch is down to earth and far from theglamor of space exploration, nuclear energy,and aircraft manufacture. Bread and butterprojects involve the development of newmethods for increasing output or cutting costs,new materials for old, new ways of using oldmaterials, and new answers to everyday problems.Research is making steel castings stronger,glass more durable and versatile, and furniture

fp

more functional. Factories are becomingmore pleasant places to work. The industrythat is involved in research can extend itsmarkets. It is time for the waste trade tobecome research-minded and reap the benefits.

64-0772

Brown, C. Research pays dividends. (2). WasteTrade World, 105(9):11, 14, Aug. 29, 1964.

Practical uses of the wastes which haveresulted from research are given. A searchfor a use for sugar, in case it became awaste by overproduction, found that it couldbe made into a detergent. It was discoveredthat a durable, goodlooking cloth could bemade from pineapple leaves and that rice

194

husks could be mixed with cement to makebuilding blocks. One of the outstandingaccomplishments in research was the discoverythat the 5 million tons of groundnut shellswhich were of little use as fertilizer orfuel could be made into a chipboard with aresin binder. The manufacture of thechipboard, which is suitable for partitionwalls and ceilings, can give a local industrybuilt on waste, which is important in placessuch as India. In order for 'dirt cheap'wastes to be useful, they must be used inlocal industry since in most cases waste isnot worth shifting because the transportcosts are usually too high. In the field ofwaste disposal and in all other fields, theresults of research do not earn their wayunless action is taken by potential users.Many brilliant discoveries are not utilizedquickly in industry because of the sheer inertiaof management. Since investing in researchmeans spending money, the results have to bedemonstrable.

64-0773

Chipper. Electrical World, 162:116, Oct. 5,1964.

The Snowmobile-Fitchburg chipper unit, aneight-wheeled Muskeg Carrier vehicle whichconverts wood that is up to 7 in. in diameterinto chips, is described. The chipper handleswith ease all cuttings, including branches,limbs, and brush which can he chipped intomulch and blown out the chute. It travelsover snow, mud, or swampland with ease, butis used the year around rather than strictlyin foul weather. It has proven as versatileas it is maneuverable on a number of clearingand brush-maintenance jobs. The equipment isavailable from F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co.,1770 Summer Street, Stanford, Connecticut.

64-0774

Closed circuit mill. Factory, 122(6):162,June 1964.

The idea of replacing ground-up sand withground-up waste to make silica flour, abasic cement ingredient, is expressed. Using

a vibrating ball mill, the company greatlyreduced cost as no separation is needed, evenfor fine grade cement.

64.0775

Cross, B. Hydrolysis process makes molassesfrom wood. Chemical Engineering, 71:40, 42,

Aug. 3, 1964.

The 500,000 gal per day of wash water fromthe first stage of hardboard plant containing5 percent dissolved and colloidal solids(including simple sugars and polysaccharides)

used as a scurce of molasses acceptable as. livestock-feed. In this process, theconversion of wood cellulose to sugars dependson high-pressure steam treatment of woodfibers. The by-product wash liquor from thehardboard plant is concentrated froM 5 percentsolids to 45 percent in a battery of spraydryers in which the droplets fall against astream of exhaust gases from a gas-turbinegenerating plant. The liquor is furtherconcentrated to 55 percent solids in avertical-tube, falling-film separator. The50,000 gal per day molasses is neutralizedfrom pH 3 to pH 6 to 6.5 with lime slurry. Themolasses produced (called Masonex) costs$20.00 per ton compared to $31 for canemolasses. The Masonex has both pentose andhexose sugars which were formed when the woodfibers were blown with steam in the manufactureof the hardboard. The molasses has apotential market as a chemical raw materialas well as its established use as a livestockfeed. Photographs show the digestion of thewood chips with steam, the falling-filmevaporator, and the washing of the milledpulp to obtain the wash liquor that isevaporated to obtain the molasses. Theproduction of molasses suitable for liveStockfeed from wood -pulp wash waters is aprofitable sideline for a Mississippihardboard plant.

64.0776

Dewberry, E. B. How shrimps are canned at aNew Orleans factory: Food Manufacture,39:35-39, July 1964.

The processing operations at the Niw Orleansplant of the largest independent producer ofcanned shrimps in the world are described. Awaste separator or scrubber, which has rubberrollers, is finely adjusted to remove all loosewaste materials from the meats. All wastefrom machines is collected, dehydrated andground into meal. Analysis shows that itcontains 32 to 35 percent protein, 8.9 percentnitrogen and 10 percent ammonia. The meal issold for stock feed or is used in themanufacture of fertilizers.

64.0777

Duct system handles scrap paper. Factory,122(7):140, July 1964.

An automatic duct system handling scrap papercuts costs 50 percent and increases disposal

0771-0779

to 1,000 lb per hr. Pneumatic ducts suckscrap from trimmers through flange-connectedpiping to a material exhauster. It blows thescrap up to roof piping and over to aseparator. Here air is removed from the paperas it falls down a feed chute into a baler.When the scrap builds up to the height of aphotoelectric cell in the chute, a hydraulicram automatically compresses it to halelength. An operator ties off the bale, andit is weighed and shipped.

64-0778

Dumping more scrap. Factory,'122(7):142,July 1964.

Self-dumping hoppers handling 35 percent morescrap are used to replace open-topped metalboxes for collecting and moving shavings andreject from lathe, bobbing, and gear cuttingmachines. Fork lift trucks pick up thehoppers and deposit the scrap into trucktrailers. A spring latch activates thehopper. It rolls forward, dumps, and rollsback into upright locked position to receivethe next load.

64-0779

Ficker, S., and A. Stieler. A new methodof reclaiming scrap rubber. Rubber Age,95(6):890-893, Sept. 1964.

The processes adopted for the mechanicalseparation of crushed tire material haverarely met demands with regard to goodseparation of the rubber granulate and thecord fibers, or, if met, the plant investmentand energy costs were excessively high. Hencethe rubber reclaiming industry is stilldominated by chemicaland especially thermalprocesses, which also suffer a number ofdisadvantages. A new mechanical process forreclaiming scrap rubber, especially old tires,is described which is characterized by anelectrostatic Separation stage. The processingstages include screening, sifting, andelectrostatic separation. After leaving thesifter, the fiber-rubber mixture is fed intoa Venturi whirler and moistened. Theconditioned mixture is precipitated in aconnected cyclone and then conveyed to theelectrostatic separation unit where rubberand fibers are separated in four series-connectedseparators. in the electrical fields of theindividual separation stages, special dischargeelectrodes cause a selective electrical. chargeof the fibers which separates them from themixture. The electrical fields of the fourseparation stages are energized via a

195

Salvaging

high-voltage cable by means of a high-tensionrectifier. The separating efficiency can beregulated by varying the feed rate, the rotorspeeds, the electrode voltage, and the externalsetting of the splitters. Depending on thecomposition of the mixture to be treated, itis possible to obtain 75 to 80 percent byweight of granulated rubber having acoucent.ration of 98 percent. Suggestionsare made to insure optimum conditions forthe process, particularly with regard to theutilization of the cord fibers. It isconcluded that this process opens up newprospects for the rubber and plastics industry,offering the possibility of recoveringindividual components of various compoundmaterials.

64.0780

Filling an old sewer with pulverized fuelAsh. Engineering, 197:293, Feb. 21, 1964.

Pulverized fuel ash is reported to have beenused successfully for internally supportingabout 1,200 ft of a 72 in, sewer which hadreached a dangerous condition due to miningsubsidence. Reasons for using fuel ash andthe procedure for filling are discussed. Theash was found to spread easily and fill inall awkward cavities. Compaction was entirelysatisfactory. Manpower was concentrated 'onthe surface with only occasional visits belowground.

64.0781

Fly ash plant in operation. Electrical World,162:61, July 13, 1964.

'A plant for'converting fly ash into threegrades of lightweight aggregate by ballingand then sintering is described. Animportant factor is the angle of the fly ashballing drum. This angle, formerly proprietaryinformation, is 11 degrees. The advantageof fly ash aggregate is that it weighs only1,800 lb per cu yd as compared with 3,000 lbper cu yd for the usual pebble and sandmixture. Formerly it cost a utility company$210,000 annually to dump 3::0,000 tons offly ash. Now the lightweight aggregate sellsfor $5.50 per ton. It is estimated that 11million tons of fly ash are generated annually,and that this figure will rise to 16 milliontons within a few years. Company officialsbelieve that all fly ash production could beabsorbed by the concrete and asphalt industries.

64.0782

Fly ash steals the show at ECSA meeting.Rock Products, 67(10):102, 104, Oct. 1964.

196

Papers having to do with the use of lightweightaggregates in making concrete presented atthe Expanded Clay and Shale Association'smid-year meeting in New York in Aug. 1964, arebriefly summarized. A paper of specialinterest described production techniques forsintered fly ash aggregate, a first-classconstruction material that is of value for usein all forms of poured lightweight concreteand for the fabrication of structuralbuilding units. The pozzolanic strength offly ash aggregate is superior to that of theraw material from which it is produced.Long-term improvements in strength have beendemonstrated by its use Other papers wereconcerned with the effect of acceleratedcuring conditions on the creep and shrinkageproperties of concretes of the type frequentlyused in precasting plants, the variation inproperties among concretes made with differentlightweight aggregates, and the auvantages oflightweight concrete.

64-0783

Fly ash usage studied in three-year project.Engineering News-Record, 172:160, Mar. 19, 1964.

The Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus,Ohio, is studying commercial uses for flyash in a 3-year project. The variability inquality of fly ash, depending on the coal andboiler used, is a major problem. The firstpart of the study will deal with the causes of

variability and with ways to make fly ash moreconsistent. The second part will inquireinto its uses, such as filler in asphaltpavement or lightweight aggregate in concrete.

64.0784

Frances, J. M. Mine-waste reclamation viavegetative stabilization. Kansas City, Mo.,American Society of Agronomy, Nov. 16, 1964.

More than 200 acres of 'tailings'--minewaste--had accumulated since the late 1920'sat a Bethlehem Steel Company dump siteoutside Lebanon, Pennsylvania. During 1961to 1962, when the company began to relocateits Lebanon facilities, a protective coveringof vegetation was decided upon to preventdusting. Despite a discouraging soil analysis,a variety of alkaline - tolerant shrub and treeseedlings were planted; and with a hydroseedingtechnique and a slurry mix of mulch, fertilizer,and grass seed, a 1/4- to 11-inch mantle washydraulically applied. The planting wascompleted in less than 4 months and hassurvived, with continued good growth andcolor, 2 years of severe weather. In addition,

the growth of various evergreens wassuccessfully supported by an experimentalplot which had not been stabilized in any way.This program is indicative that similar minewaste areas can be reclaimed, preventingbarrenness and real estate loss.

64-0785

From old poles, new garden sculptures.Electrical World, 162(7):18, Sept. 14, 1964.

Cedar power poles, once used by Seattle, CityLight to carry transmission and distributionlines, are sold by the utility at $.10 per ftfor use in bulkheads and pilings. Inaddition, a dozen per year go to Seattle'sPacific Prevocational School, where they arecut into 3-ft lengths, split in half, andthen carved into sculptures by the students.

64-0786

Furlow, H. G., and H. A. Zollinger.Reclamation of refuse. Westinghouse Engineer,24(3):80-85, May 1964.

Dumping and burning are unacceptable. Landfillsites soon become filled. Incineration isexpensive, contributes to air pollution, andleaves a residue to he disposed. A reclamationprocess was developed by Naturizer, Inc., SACS,Inc., and Westinghouse. Scales weigh trucksfor computing charges. Refuse is dumped ontothe floor. A vertical steel apron conveyorcontrols the amount of material. Paper, rags,metals, rubber, plastics, and glass (about 20percent of tonnage) are removed for marketsby conveyors. The remaining material ismixed and moistened in a pulverator. Moisture

is increased from 25 to 55 percent moisture.Grinding speeds decomposition by exposingmore surfaces for bacterial action. The

digestor consists of six cells, insulated toretain heat,. Temperature is kept under 160degrees. After digestion the material isground and screened. Final compost has 20percent of volume and 80 percent of weight ofincoming refuse. Compost is a source of

humus for soil conditioning. A plant with acapacity of 300 tons per day costs $3,500,000.Disposal by landfill cost about $1.00 per tonbut hauling costs are high. Incinerationcosts between $3.00 and $13.00. Sewage sludge

with 5 percent solids would provide the rightamount of moisture.

6441787

Garland, S. T. Can the nation afford waste?Waste Trade World, 105(20):65, Nov. 14, 1964.

0780-0788

Britain as a trading nation imports most ofher raw materials and exports finishedproducts, which pla,:es a pressure on theeconomy to keep imports in balance. The .

salvage of usable waste materials shouldbe encouraged by the government because thissalvage represents millions of pounds whichwould otherwise be spent abroad. Actually,waste is a valuable raw material which can bereused many times. Scrap metal, rubber,plastics, and especially paper can be salvagedto avoid imports. The increasing demand forpaper and packaging material has resulted in30 percent .of the raw materials in the papertrade in Britain coming from salvaged paper andpacking material. The addition of a smallamount of virgin pulp can result in satisfactoryreuse of the waste paper as cartons andcontainers with a saving in terms of importsof at least E60 million. It is urged thatsince waste recovery is big business,legislation should be introduced to ensureits.healthy growth. Millions of poundshave been spent on research on machinery andtechniques of recovery and this work becomesmore important as paper technology advances.The problem of contraries is becoming moredifficult as they interfere with properpulping. The contraries include paper clips,rubber bands, wet-strength paper, tar andplastic coated papers, cellophane, andpolyethylene. The British Waste PaperUtilization Council is working in a drive inwhich they urge governmental and industrialsupport to produc,2 waste paper free of theharmful contraries.

64-0788

Gentile, P. Resources for the future andindustrial conservation. In Proceedings;National Conference on Solid Waste Research,Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964.. p.187-190.

Typically, municipal rubbish contains papers,cans, other metals, glass, rags, cardboard,tree clippings, and a wide variety of lesseramounts of miscellaneous materials. Someof these items, if separated economically,one from the other, could be used immediatelyin a variety of industries and may possiblybe converted into the raw materials of anindustry yet.to be born. Without firstseparating the many fractions contained inrubbish, industrial conversion is unbearablycomplicated by the presence and nature ofmaterials deleterious to the conversion process.At the same time, salvageable materials will belost or so altered as to lose much of theirvalue. Further, conversion of solid wastesinto only one or possibly two marketable

197

Salvaging

products critically limits the number ofmarkets which can be reached. Because of theenormous quantities of materials producedeven from a conversion plant, of modest size,any limited market is soon oversupplied, theresult being lower and lower commodity prices.It is important to carefully combine theelements of 'separation' and 'salvage'into a complete conversion system in orderto develop a greater variety of by-productsand distribute the resultant items and rawmaterials to the most diversified marketpossible. This, then, has the effect ofavoiding the supersaturation of any singlemarket. Various separation equipment offeredfor sale and the techniques used are described,and some of the results obtained from theseprocesses are discussed.

64.0789

Hayward, S. C. Waste paper is vitallyimportant. Waste Trade World, 105(20):63-64,Nov. 14, 1964.

This review of the waste paper industrydiscusses the general problems and the.importance of improving the quality andprovidinga dependable flow of waste paperto the paper and board mills. The BritishWaste Paper Utilization Council, which representsboth the paper and board makers and the wastepaper group, has accomplished a great deal inthe last five years in impressing the wastepaper producers of the seriousness ofpernicious contraries in the waste. In additionto contact with individual companies and tradeassociations, the problem has been publicizedthrough the national as well as the trade.press. An attempt has been made to eliminatethe pernicious contraries at the source, andto see that paper and hoard containing theSepernicious additives are quickly recognizable.With waste paper prices unduly depressed andincreased costs of transport, collection, andoverhead, some salvagers of waste paper are indifficulty. In producing 4,000,000 tons ofnew paper and board, the mills use 1,420,000tons of waste paper annually. The localauthorities supply the lower grade used chieflyby-the board mills, which account for 30percent of the waste paper. The balance,including the better grades, is produced bythe waste paper dealers. The dealers arethe only collecting agency equipped to sortthe waste, and without such sorting servicethere would be a shortage of the better gradesfor the paper mills and for export (100,000tons annually). A healthy outlook is indicatedfor the waste paper industry if cooperationbetween the mills and the dealers continues toexist.

198

64.0790

Instant baling helps beat big wastepaperproblem. Modern Sanitation and BuildingMaintenance, 16(2):30, Feb. 1964.

The Pan Am building management found thatbaling or binding the waste paper on thepremises makes the job of removal easier.Waste paper is stored for 24 hr and thenseparated into salvageable paper, newspapers,tabulating cards, stationery, etc. Perniciouscontraries consisting of unsalvageable rubbishare separated also. Salvageable material isdumped onto a conveyor belt and carried intoan automatic baler. As soon as 1,000 lb ofpaper is in the baling machine, an electriceye cuts the bale off, and the bale is boundwith a wire.

64.0791

Isotalo, I., L. Gottsching, N. E. Virkola,et al. Sawdust kraft pulp manufacture andits use in printing paper. Paper TradeJournal, 148(28):49; July 13, 1964.

The suitability of sawdust originating froma sawmill gang saw and edging saw for kraftpulp manufacture was studied. Pulps of

different cooking degrees were prepared fromsawdust originating from pine, spruce, anda mixture of 70 percent pine and 30percent spruce in rotating laboratory digesters.Mixed sawdust was also cooked together withnormal pine chips. Both bleached andunbleached pulps were tested for theirordinary paper-making properties, and theprinting properties of the bleached pulp madefrom the mixture of pine and spruce, werestudied. The results indicated that kraft.pulp with normal yields can be prepared fromsawdust, with a cooking time that is somewhatshorter than usual. The strength propertiesof this pulp are clearly inferior to those ofpulps made from chips, but are comparable withthe corresponding properties of a number of

hardwood pulps. The bleaching of sawdustpulp is fully comparable to the bleaching ofchip pulp with the opacity of the bleachedpulp being somewhat superior to that of acorresponding chip pulp. For the manufactureof printing paper, sawdust kraft pulp isconsiderablyinferior to birch kraft pulp asregards breaking length and, surface strength,but its other printing properties, stretch,tearing strength, and folding strength arenot inferior.

64.0792

Jain. N. C., J. Singh, and I).. D. Singh.Hardboards from lignocellulosic wastes.

Research and Industry, 9(4):104-106,Apr. 1964.

There are large quantities of differentlignocellulosic waste materials in differentindustries which have a potential for use inthe preparation of hardboards which have notbeen investigated. Since it may be difficultto find enough of one particular waste tomeet the requirements of a hardboard plant,it is desirable to study the suitability ofas many different waste materials as possible.Therefore, hemp waste and timber waste fromprocessing deodar, rosewood, irul, and veneerwaste were investigated by varying the durationof cooking with 2 to 10 percent sodiumhydroxide in an open-pan digester from 2 to4 hr. The material was then passed through acondux mill, converted into a wet mat, andhot-pressed to hardboard at a pressure of56 kg per sq cm for 20 minutes at a temperatureof 160 C. Table 1 shows the ratio of solidto liquid, the percent alkali, the cookingtime, and the characteristics of the resultingboards. Density, mositure content, bendingstrength, and water absorption are recordedtogether with the effect of oil andheat-tempering on bending strength and waterabsorption. Table 2 shows the same informationfor mixed veneer waste. Untempered deodarwood waste gave a high bending strength androsewood gave the poorest values. Boards fromveneer wastes gave bending strength values ashigh as 495 kg per sq cm which was increasedby oil-tempering at 170 C for 2 hr. Thesuitability of several types of lignocellulosicwastes for use in hardboards is reported.

64.0793

Kantawala, I)., and H. D. Tomlinson. Comparativestudy of recovery of zinc and-nickel by ion.exchange media and chemical precipitation.Water and Sewage Works, 111(11):R280-R286,Nov. 30. 1964.

Efficiency of recovery of zinc and nickelfrom typical industrial wastes by ion exchangeand observations of the effects of repeatedUsage of the resin on recovery efficiency aredescribed, Efficiency.of this method wascompared with that of a chemical precipitationmethod, using lime, which has been extensivelyutilized in the recovery of metallic ions.A diagram of the equipment used is shown. Theresin (Dowex 50W by 8) was a styrene polymerof the sulfonic acid type, crosslinked withdivinylbenzene. Chemical. precipitationtakes advantage of the low solubility ofmetal hydroxides to force them out of solutionby increasing the hydroxide ion concentrationof the solution. Lime was used as the source

0789-0794

of hydroxide ions. It was found that theefficiency of the ion exchange resin used inthis study to recover zinc decreased from 99percent to 64 percent with four consecutive runsand to recover nickel, decreased from 100percent to 52 percent with three consecutive runs.This decrease in the efficiency of the resinwith repeated use was probably due to decreasein efficiency of regenerant. The chemicalprecipitation method showed an increase inthe recovery of zinc from 20 percent withsimple flocculation Without any lime additionto 99 percent with 1.76 mg of lime per mg of Znin the waste at a pH of 10.0. Recovery ofnickel by chemical precipitation showed anincrease from 55 percent without any limeaddition to 98.5 percent with 250 mg per literof lime. The optimum quantity of lime-required to precipitate zinc and nickel was.nearly equal to the theoretical requirement toprecipitate Lie metals completely. It wasconcluded that operation and control ofhydrogen form cation exchange units duringexhaustion cycles can be accomplishedconveniently with the use of parameters likepH and specific conductance.

64-0794

Kingston, C. A. Iron and steel scrap in thePacific Northwest. U.S. Bureau of MinesInformation Circular No. 8243. lWashingtonl,U.S. Department of the Interior, 1964. 50 p.

The report surveys the supply and consumptionof iron and steel scrap in the PacificNorthwest, including Idaho and Montana, withemphasis on Oregon .and Washington. It pointsout factors influencing the supply andconsumptionaf scrap materials, such as thecomplete dependence of steel ingot producersin these States on scrap as a metal rawmaterial and the sizable quantity of scrapexported from Seattle and Portland to Japan.The pattern of the industry is presented as amovement of materials from their diversesources to the consuming market. Thegeographic locations of the consuming industriesin relation to the areas generating scrapmaterials and the movement pattern of thesupply from source to destination stronglyinfluence the cost of the commodity. Thebest measure of the scrap supply availablein an area is experienced in terms of howmuch scrap was withdrawn at a given price.Total. withdrawals from Oregon and Washingtonare projected to 1.8 million tons by 1985,60 percent (1.1 million tons) of which willhe heavy melting grades. Numerous chartsare given in addition to four appendices.

199

Salvaging

64-0795

Levine, S. 1-sthe fly ash disposal problemsolved? Part 1. Rock Products, 67(6):60-61,June 1964.

Three sintering plants which have gone intooperation in the past year for conversion of

fly ash into lightweight aggregate for concreteblock manufacture and structural concreteapplication are mentioned. The continuoussintering process.using a Dwight-Lloyd typeof traveling grate is the basis for productionof indurated fly ash pellets at the three newprocessing facilities. The chemical compositionand physical properties of fly ash are noted,and the continuous sintering process isdescribed. Advocates of fly ash use forlightweight aggregate cite four reasons whyinvestment and operating output of a fly ashsintering plant should be less than a similarplant for expanded clay or shale: (1) Flyash is a by-product, so that no mining orquarrying is required; (2) Fly ash is alreadyfine enough for sintering, so that no crushingor grinding is required; (3) Fly ash contains`built-in' fuel in the form of unburned carbon;and (4) Power plants are located nearmetropolitan areas, which are the principalmarket for lightweight aggregates.

64.0796

Lumber waste creates pollution. CompostScience, 4(4):32, Winter 1964.

Since as much as 50 percent of a log is wastematerial that is burned at small lumber mills,it contributes to air pollution. Oregon StateUniversity researchers suggest that betterutilization is the only solution to theburning of logging wastes.

64.0797

MacDonald, D. Sintering profit from awaste-disposal problem. Chemical Engineering,71(18):34, Aug. 31, 1964.

.The Waylite Company has developed a sinteringprocess that can convert fly ash into at least1,000 tons per day of aggregate for concretein three high-quality, lightweight grades.The company has a highly automated plant inRiver Rouge, Michigan, which converts thefly ash from the coal-burning operation ofthe Detroit Edison Co. The new aggregate isvaluable to concrete users because itslightness reduces shipping costs.

200

64-0798

McGaugey, P. H. Processing, converting, andutilizing solid wastes. In Proceedings:.National Conference on Solid Waste Research,Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.149-158.

Freedom to manage wastes by simply exportingfrom the city is now vastly constrained.Already it is difficult to export rubbish,garbage, cannery wastes, and debris from urbanredevelopment and freeway construction.Burning it at any economically feasiblelocation faces restraint by air ,Falutionauthorities, and landfill presupposes theavailability of cheap unoccupied lands. Thus,the problem of disposing of large volumes ofboth solid and liquid wastes within the confinesof the city is added to such traditionallyunexportable problems as vector control,housing, mental health, and environmentalsanitation, to which it bears an increasinglydistinguishable relationship. Thus far noone has suggested a way in which research canbe brought to bear on the problem of processingthe remains of old houses and tree trunkswhether for disposal or conversion tosomething useful. Processing. of cannery wastesby methods other than fermentation is currentlythe subject of research. Business judgement,shrewdness, expert knowledge of markets,willingness to work long hours, and accessto non-union labor among family or associatesmay be the factors which enable one salvagecontractor to make a profit in a situationwhere another might be unable.to survive.There are several problems in the utilizationof sewage sludge. As with animal manures andcompost, there is no agricultural demand forit. The cost of.processing is high. In theabsence of utilization as a strong motive inwastes management, research on processingand converting of wastes has proceeded in apartial vacuum.

64.0799

Million a year from scrap. Waste Trade World,105(25):14, Dec. 19, 1964.

The Wrapping Reclamation Co. of Budapest with300 employees is making almost 1,000,000 ayear from waste that normally would godiscarded. The company has contacts withall the factories and industrial cooperativesin Hungary and buys 6,500 tons of rubbish asraw material each year. The business is basedon the buying and reclaiming of useless objects,with glassware the largest portion, includingeverything from medicine bottles to acidcarboys. Steel plate barrels used to

import carbide are converted to bitumencontainers and supplied to the Pet NitrogenCo. to replace 175,000 imported bitumenbarrels which had cost $1.00 each. Salvagematerial includes scrap material and cardboardcartons which are made into wooden packingcases and paper sacks. Over 12;000,000 boxeshave been returned to shoe factories alone.Based on their success, the company is askingfor a governmental committee to co-ordinatework between Hungary's industrial ministriesand the Packaging Technique Institute for thepurpose of extending salvage operations.

64.0800

Mueller, W. J., S. Palinchak, and P. B.Stickney. Low-volatile coal fines as afiller-extender. Rubber Age, 95(6):407-412,June 1964.

The purpose was to determine the amount oflow-volatile bituminous coal fines that couldbe added or substituted in rubber compositionswithout significantly affecting physical ormechanical properties. Compounding was carriedout on a 6 by 12 in. laboratory mill and ina 'Size B Banbury. Rubber compositions weremixed and molded in accordance with acceptedlaboratory techniques folloWing an ASTM-15-62Tmethod. Procedures used for testing includedMooney scorch and cure time, stress-strain,hardness, compression set, tear resistance,heat aging, crack growth, heat buildup, qualityindex, Banbury mixing power requirements,and compound Mooney. Four tables showbituminous coal fines in a passenger-tire-treadcomposition containing ISAF carbon black(mill-mixed) or HAF black (Mill-mixed), orprepared from an HAF-black masterbatch oran ISAF-black masterbatch. A fifth tablegives the use of bituminous coal fines inreclaimed rubber. It was found that theaddition of 7.5 to 10 phr of bituminous coalfines to black-filled SBR compositions (bothmill-mixed and masterbatches) did not affectproperties. Similar results were observed withreclaim compositions, where up to 15 phr ofthe coal fines could be used. In somecompositions, odor and staining were reducedby the presence of the coal fines. It wasconcluded that the bituminous coal fines area unique material which can be used by therubber compounder to reduce costs without asignificant sacrifice in properties.

64.0801

Naik, B. N. Putting leather waste to use.Compost Science, 4(4):29-30, Winter 1964.

0795-0802

Nitrogen is one of the most essential majorplant nutrients. Leather waste, whichconsists of shavings or cuttings left in thefashioning of different leather goods, contains8 to 14 percent of nitrogen in the form ofproteins. But due to the 'tanning' process,the proteins are rendered refractory and ittakes time to decompose, resulting in the lowavailability of nitrogen. It is necessaryto process this material to render it easierfor nitrification so that it can be used asmanure or fertilizer. Experiments wereperformed with vegetable tanned and chrometanned leather. The conversion of organicforms of nitrogen from untreated leather isvery slow as compared to acid-treated ones.The acids used in the samples were sulfuricand hydrochloric. Material which is rich innitrogen can be converted to a valuablefertilizer.

644)802'

Nancy, K. H., W. E. Gates',- J. D. Eye, at al.The adsorption kinetics of ABS of fly ash.In Proceedings; Nineteenth Industrial WasteConference, Lafayette, Ind., May 5-7, 1964.Purdue University Engineering ExtensionSeries No. 117. p.146-160.

Waste water recovery often uses activatedcharcoal as the adsorbent, but it is expensive.One of the cheapest and most availablematerials is fly ash, the waste material of theelectric powder industry which is produced inlarge quantities during the burning ofpowdered coal at high temperatures. A1,000-million-watt power plant will produce1,000 tons of fly ash daily. In 1964 about20 million tons will be produced in, the UnitedStates. Although it has been used as anadsorbent in Europe, fly ash has been thoughtto be poor in comparison with activatedcharcoal. The kinetics of adsorption of thetwo were believed the same. Fly ash is composedof silica, iron oxides, alumina, lime, andcarbon. It is fine and has a large surface areaper unit of volume and a wide particle sizedistribution. An electron microscope micrographis given. The physical properties of fivedifferent types are given in a table. Alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) was used as theadsorbate in this study, since it is acharacteristic organic refractory in many wastewaters and there are methods for itsdetermination in dilute solutions. It was

found that the removal of ABS proceedsrapidly after initial contact and thencontinues at increasingly slower rates. Severaldays may be required for equilibrium to bereached. This is a slow process. The rateof adsorption of ABS was found to be highly

201

Salvaging

time dependent. (A formula is developed forthis.) Carbon content was an extremelyimportant factor. The removal of ABS increasedas the content of carbon increased. Using1000 mg per liter of fly ash containing 23.27percent carbon, 74 percent removal of ABS wasachieved in a 2-hr contact. (Fly ash nowavailable contains between 3 and 30 percentcarbon.) Fly ash should be considered as apotential adsorbent in waste water renovation.Topics for further study are given.

64.0803

Nateson, K., .D. R. Ketkar, and R. Mallikarjunan.Beneficiation of dross dust from brass melting.Research and industry, 9(12):363-365, Dec. 1964.

Although the dross dust from the melting ofbrass contains 30 to 40 percent brass, thehigh proportion of non-metallics makes thedross unsuitable for remelting or rechargingto the melting units. Because of the limitedresources in India of copper and zinc, thebeneficiation of the brass dross to permitrecovery of the metallics would save thecountry 200,0004rupees a year in foreignexchange. Flow sheets are given for twomethods of concentrating the copper foundin the dross on a laboratory scale. A simplewashing with water will increase the copperfrom 24 percent in the dross to 39.01 percentwhich when followed by wet grinding in a ballmill and further water washing will give aconcentrate with 44.4 percent copper for arecovery of metallics of 78 percent. Theother flow sheet shows a concentration from17.35 percent copper to 30 percent on waterwashing and a further concentration to 38.39percent following treatment with 10 percentsulfuric acid to give a metallics recoveryof 80.3 percent. it was found that theacid treatment has a marked effect inupgrading the simply washed material, butdoes not improve the grade of the groundmaterial. Either process--the water washingfollowed by wet grinding and washing ortreatment with sulfuric acid after the initialwashing followed by another washing--will givea concentrate which, when dried, can becharged into the melting units. The loss ofvaluable brass as dross from an ordnancefactory can be avoided by Au.se methods.

64.0804

New bulk refuse feeder shows promise. AmericanCity, 79(3):34, Mar. 1964.

A new refuse feeder overcomes drawbacks ofapron or vibrating types. Advantages include

202

greater safety, simplicity of design, feedaccuracy, and lower initial and maintenancecost. The feeder unit, consisting of a dragchain conveyor suspended from a carriage,moves up and down the length of a receivinghopper beneath. It may be installed in allplants where refuse is sorted and segregatedfrom conveyors for salvage purposes.

64 -0805

Oates, I. T. How municipalities can usewood chips. Compost Science, 4(4):24, Winter1964.

More than 50 cu yd of wood chips are obtaineddaily by the Richmond, Virginia, Tree Division.Composted chips have given the necessaryaeration and relief of compaction for mulch.Composted chips are favored over raw chipsbecause it is easier to have effective soilacidity control.

611-N06

Pardoe, C. C. Big tyre accumulations postserious problem. Waste Trade World,105(20):45-46, Nov. 14, 1964.

Outlets for the 12,000,000 scrap tires whichare discarded each year are less than 50percent and pricesare down 50 percent belowthose of 2 years ago. The only tires that themerchants will buy are those with usefulcasings or tonnage tires for export.Passenger casings valued at 15s to Elwhen remolded are priced from 2s to 5s whenpurchased by the remolders. The small casingdealers will probably be forced out of .

business if the casing prices go any lower.It is suggested that the original tire casingwith sufficient rubber on the tread area,properly grooved, is as safe, if not safer,than a retread. The strength of the tire isin the cords or canvasses and not in therubber. Tire regrooving becomes unsafe whentires are regrooved that were already toothin. The whole pattern for scrap tires isdownwards and they will probably becomevalueless as is the case in other countries(except for nominal. values to be paid byreclaimers to cover transportation costs).The fasuer car on modern roads will increasethe tendency of the motorist to buy new tiresrather than remolds. 'ibis will depress thethe casings price even further. Used tiresshould be exported to undeveloped countrieswhere there is a definite shortage of tiresand casings. The practice of some manufacturersand remolders of mutilating all worn tiresand casings is wasteful, since these tires could

be exported at more than the scrap value.The future for used tires is in export.

64.0807

Pearson, A. S. Lightweight aggregate fromfly ash. Civil Engineering, 34(9):50-53,Sept. 1964.

The Consolidated Edison plant for sinteringfly ash for aggregate which can produce1,000 tons per day of usable material isdescribed. Sintering fly ash was approved bythe New York City Board of Standards andAppeals as a lightweight aggregate inconstruction. In the Consolidated Edisonsystem alone, 400,000 tons of fly ash werecollected in 1963 with a removal cost of$1.75 a ton. In 1980, over 25 million tonsof fly ash will be collected in the UnitedStates. Fly ash with a moisture content.of22 percent is pelletized and then sinteredin furnaces into a cake of clustered pelletsand clinker which are broken up and crushedand screened to conform to ASTM specificationC 330 with a nominal size from in. down tomaterial retained on a No. 4 screen. Althoughlarge amounts of fly ash have been used in themanufacture of cement, stabilization of soils,and in asphalt pavement, the use as asintered light aggregate for concretestructures and products is the only knownapplication with the potential capacity forutilizing fly ash in the volume necessary tokeep abreast of the production.

64-0808

Power station ash aids industrial developmentand public recreation and safety. Engineeringand Boiler House Review, 79(4):137, Apr. 1964.

Examples of the applications of power-stationash are described. In the Fleetwood project,pulverized fuel. ash is being used to reclaimabout 30 acres of marshland from the sea. Thecost of the project, begun in 1963, will bemore than E25,000 and it will take about 10years to complete. A sketch map of the areais shown and the two-stage reclamation processis described. First, an earth bund is builtwhich will he reinforced with stone on thetidal side to prevent erosion. When completed,it will keep tidal water out of the 30 acresof marshland. In the second stage, water-borneash will he pumped from a power station ontothe marshland via a 10-in.-diameter pipe.When the desired level of ash is reached, thesurface will be grassed. In the Chaddertonproject, thousands of tons of ash from thepower station have been used to fill in eight

0803-0810

disused mill lodges and ponds which weredangerous for children playing in the area.The latest stage of the project involves thedraining and filling-in of two ponds at adisused brickworks. The ash leaving thepower station is mixed with 18 percent waterto eliminate dust until the project iscompleted, and a suitable top dressing will beprovided. In addition to the use of ash forsafety purposes, thousands of tons have beenused to convert a rough, 30-acre site intoattractive playing fields.

64-0809

Pure copper from impure scrap. Coal and BaseMinerals of Southern Africa, 12(9):39, 41,Nov. 1964.

An industrial plant is described whosefunction is to convert certain low gradecopper-based slags and drosses which resultfrom foundry operations into electrolyticcopper. The basic units consist of a blastfurnace, two rotary furnaces, and anelectrolysis recovery unit. The blast furnace,originally designed for high grade coke, wasmodified for use with local coke with a highash residue. The low grade alloy which emergesfrom this furnace is unsuitable for directelectrolysis and has to be further firerefined by the rotary furnaces for removal ofzinc and iron. After refining in the rotaryfurnaces, the metal is cast into 250 lb anodesof approximately 95 percent copper purity.The electrolysis is carried out in 72 cellsworking at a current density of 13.5 amps persq ft of cathode. Of the 72 cells, eight areused for the continuous production of startingsheets and 64 for commercial production. Aseach cell contains 12 cathodes, the totalweight recovered after 2 weeks growth in eachcell is approximately 1 ton. The sludge fromthe cells is rich in tin and lead and containsapproximately 10 percent copper in a metallicstate. Before recovering the tin and leadin solder form, the metallic copper isremoved by acid digestion at high temperature.The tin-lead sludge is dried before beingsold for its tin and lead content to a firm.which specializes in its use. The presentcapacity of the plant is about 120 short tonsof electrolytic copper per month, althoughprovision has been made for the rapiddoubling of this capacity should circumstancespermit.

64-0810

Reddy, K. R. Lignite tar from Neyveli asroad binder. Research and Industry,9(8):235, Aug. 1964.

203

Salvaging

The road binder prepared from Neyveli lignitetar is not satisfactory because of the largeamounts of paraffins (18% against 5% for a goodbinder), therefore a means of reducing theparaffin is needed. A road binder can bemade from Neyveli lignite tar (18% paraffins)by distilling the tar at 280 C (14% paraffins)and air blowing in the presence of a catalyst(12% paraffins) in order to increase itssoftening point to 54 C. After refluxingwith a small amount of creosote oils andlignite tar oils, the road binders obtainedconform to most of the specifications forroad tars (IS:215). Compared to the coal-tarbinders, Neyveli lignite tar road bindershave less ductility, less shining appearance,and a high susceptilility to temperaturechanges. Since these defects are due to thelarge amounts of paraffins (12% after airblowing), the necessity to remove the paraffinsfrom the lignite tar or to reduce them tosome chemical form (by the possible additionof other chemicals) which would not havedeleterious effects on the other characteristicsof the Neyveli lignite tar is urgent.Scientists who have worked in this field shouldshare their experience and suggest somepractical, economical, effective method ofremoving the difficulties experienced inutilizing the Neyveli lignite tar.

64-0811

Re-Metal salvage. Waste Trade World,10S(9) :10, Aug. 29, 1964.

The services of the Re-Metal Co. .of Boltonin the reclamation of worn or defectivemachine parts including special work involvingthe spraying of wear or corrosion resistantmetals are described. A picture is given ofa metal-sprayed roller being ground to sizeas typical of the work done. The metal-sprayingtechnique is useful in rebuilding worn partsand reclaiming expensive components whichotherwise would be scrapped. It is claimedthat many materials, where the bearingsurface only is worn, can be reclaimed. Thereclamation work is varied and includes shafts,rotors, armatures, electric motor end shields,rollers, bowls, crankshafts, and spindles,which can be sprayed with almost any metalor ceramic, including steel, bronze, brass,stainless steels, copper, nickel, zinc,aluminum, and aluminum bronze. It is posgibleto spray hardened parts and the base metaldoes not have to be the same type as thedeposited coating. The process does notgenerate enough heat to distort the work.Depending on the requirements, any thicknessfrom 0.005 to 0.5 in. or over may be depositedto provide an ideal bearing surface for moving

204

parts because it is hard wearing; retains oil,and had a low coefficient of friction.Hydraulic rams, sprayed with stainless steelhave a corrosion-resistant, smooth, hard surfacewhich gives long life to the metal and theleather. The first order from one customerwas a vacuum cleaner rotor and the second wasa roller weighing 16 tons. The service isintended to keep many machine parts from thescrap heap.

64-0812

Revolutionary.method of Dr. Caspari. CompostScience, 4(4):28, Winter 1964.

Experiments of Dr. Caspari, Germany, haveshown that a high-quality soil improvementsubstance in the form of briquets can bemade from sewage sludge and urban wastes.

611-0813

Sanders, N. Memphis' salvage operations proveprofitable. Electrical World, 161:103,Apr. 6, 1964.

Conversion of scrap, such as brass fittingsfrom street light bulbs, insulated copperwire and lead-covered cable, has been madea profitable business by a Tennessee company.A key tool in the scrap conversion is anincinerator which has modernized the strippingoperation. Gas burners raise the furnacetemperature to 1,200 to 1,600 F to burn off theinsulation from the copper wire. Ashes areknocked from the wire by hand, leaving theclean copper. Lead from cables is melted at750 F and is drawn off to a pig mold piotrudingfrom the rear of the incinerator. Hardenedpigs drop automatically to the floor. Eachlead pig weighs 82 lb, and each incineratorload produces 40 to 60 pigs equal to 87,568lb per year, which is valued at $8,478. Theashes are salvaged and sold to junk dealersat a price higher than that which would herequired to haul them away. In addition,gas burners in the stack burn the smokesufficiently so that only a thin, gray hazeis emitted to the atmosphere.

64-0814

Satter, A. Fish meal and manure--theirpreparations and uses. Compost Science,4(4):30-31, Winter 1964.

Fishmeal or fish manure in Pakistan can beprepared by either dry or wet method. In thedry method marine fish scraps are sundried.

The product is kept overnight in a kiln andmilled intc a fine powder. Because theproduct has a bad odor and harmful bacteriawhich may affect the taste of eggs and milkwhen consumed by poultry and cattle, thescraps may be processed in modern plants inwhich they are pulverized and then subjectedin a digestor to high steam and pressure. Oilsare extracted and used as adhesive forarsenical sprays. The digested scraps andoffal are dried in a rotary steam-oven at200 F. The mass is ground into a fine powderthrough a roller. Under the wet method, thematerial is directly processed withoutsun-drying. The product is of better quality.Fishmeal is used as cattle and poultry feedto provide protein. The manure suppliesnitrogen and phosphorous to the soil. It isapplied in furrows and trenches after beingmixed with surface soil to prevent its beingtaken from the surface by cattle and birds.It is applied in winter to prevent exhaustivedecomposition in summer.

6441815

Seek bulk outlets for fly ash. ElectricalWorld, 161(6):45-46, Feb. 10, 1964.

An investigation was carried out to revealareas for which fly ash could he utilized,such as fill material for embankments andland reclamation. Field density measurementsshowed that the tailgating method ofdispersions resulted in a wide variation inthe shear strength of the tailgated flyash, thereby causing local slide failures. Adrawing is given to show the preferredembankment design. This design uses horizontalfilters to control drainage. It was concludedthat compacting fly ash increases storageabout 27 percent over that realized bytailgating, and leads to a homogeneousembankment with high shear strengths. A novelash handling system was also described. The

system employs gravity-induced-flow from fourmechanical collector hoppers to a storage silowhere it is then moistened and trucked to adisposal area.

640816

Senning, J. A. Taking profit from waste.Los Angeles Herald Examiner, No. 300, Jan. 20,1964.

A new waste disposal machine is described andits possible uses explored. Called a LantzConvertor, it takes any plant or vegetablematter, including wood, and reduces it to amarketable charcoal. Simultaneously it yields

0811-0818

a combustible gas of which approximately 40percent is used to fuel the converter and 60percent is stored for other needs. Theconverter produces charcoal in 30 minutecycles and can handle up to 2 ton per hr.New York City officials are interested becauseof the 200,000 tons of demolition wood whichthey have been dumping at sea until now.Other factions interested are slaughter housesand coffee makers.

6614)817

Shirksalkar, M. M., R. K. Jain, and J. George.Fire-resistant building boards from coconutpith. Research and Industry, 9(12):359-361,Dec. 1964.

Large quantities of unretted coconut huskpith (a by-product of the mechanicaldefibrination of coconut husk to obtain fibersfor bristles or upholstery cushioning material)are being wasted, which otherwise could beused in production of fire-resistantlightweight building boards and in expansion

. joint fillers. The unretted pith containingtannin, pectin, hemicelluloses, etc., wascompounded with hardboard pulp and with apulp prepared from banana stems. The sieveanalysis of the pith was given in one table.Another table shows the properties of thepith-fiber slabs produced from varyingpercentages of fiber and with 50 percentbanana stem fiber. The flexural strengthincreases with wood fiber content, with themodulus of rupture as high as 16.5 kg per sqcm at 50 percent fiber (average 10.2 kg persq cm). A value of 23 kg per sq cm is obtainedwith 50 percent banana stem pulp. The 50percent wood fiber does not propagate flame,and the banana stem fiber is even morefire-resistant. Compressibility and recoveryfrom compression are within the requirementsof IS: 1831 to 1961. Boards containing 30percent fiber and 70 percent pith should makea satisfactory expansion joint filler. Thecost is estimated to be Rs 1.90 per sq m for12 mm thickness. A use for the waste unrettedcoconut pith is outlined which provides lowdensity fire-resistant insulation board(and is also suitable as an expansion jointfiller) when combined with other fibrousmaterial.

64.0818

Skitt, J. Magnetic separators. In Disposalworks: plant and maintenance. London, TemplePress Books Ltd., 1964. p.19-22.

Ferrous metals are generally separated fromrefuse before incineration since the presence

205

Salvaging

of cans in the furnace is not conducive to agood clinker. The magnetic pulley arrangementconsits of an electromagnetic head pulley.The refuse is discharged as the conveyor passesover the drum, but the ferrous metals clingto the magnetized drum and follow theconveyor on its return path until the beltleaves the drum, when the cans are dischargedseparately. A stationary electromagnet ofsemicircular crosssection is fitted insidea rotating drum over which the refuse passes.Ferrous metals cling to the drum while in themagnetic field and are carried to theunderside of the drum before being released.Magnetic separators were at one time fittedat the discharge end of the rotary screenwhere the ferrous metals came under the influenceof the electromagnets. The overhandmagnetic separator is supported at variableheights above a refuse-carrying belt at apoint beyond that at which hand sorting iscarried out, enabling the extraction of objectslikely to cause a choke. The clearance betweenthe belt below the magnet and the pickingconveyor should be adjusted to suit thewidth to overcome possible chokage. Theoverhand separator is now generally acceptedas being the most efficient, with the bestresults obtained by installing two separatorson each line with disturbance of the refusebetween them. The use of a magnetic drum orpulley in addition to an overband separatorhas proved a good combination. It isdesirable that all cans accumulate at one balingpoint without handling.

661.0819

Sludge treatment and disposal. Public Works,95(8):74, Aug. 1964.

In Richmond, Virginia, the sludge from thesewage treatment plant is digested and thendischarged to open air drying beds. Afterdrying, it is spread on open fields at theplant site, and a Payloader is used forcrushing and stockpiling it for later useon park areas and lawns. A portion of the 52million cu ft of gas produced was used as fuelfor plant heating and for power for pumpingthe raw sludge. A gas pipe break, caused bya 15-ft-deep scum blanket, damaged a fixedcover on a 95-ft-diameter digester. The unitwas cleaned and repaired, and a gas mixingsystem was installed to supplement the originalmixing equipment. Laboratory work has beencarried on with a pilot scale model digesterbuilt of clear plastic and equipped withheating and mixing devices. To eliminate orreduce the need for lime as a neutralizingagent, extensive studies on digester start-upand pH control. havebeen conducted.

206

64.0820

Smith, E. L. Kraft mill chemical recoveryunits--the third generation. Paper TradeJournal, 140(44):30-34, Nov. 2, 1964.

The development of the chemical recoveryfurnace through three generations is reviewed.Detailed diagrams are given of the first-,second-, and third-generation recovery unitswhose capacity increased from 20 pulp tonsper day to 1,000 pulp tons per day. The thirdgeneration of recovery units was initiated in1954, and although they do not differ-radically_from the second generation ones, a numberof new features were incorporated. The 1,000ton recovery unit, the largest to date, burns3,000,000 lb of dry solids per day at 65 to 68percent solids and generates over 500,000lb of steam per hr at 600 prig, 715 F atsuperheater outlet. Its features include acascade evaporator, black-liquor pumps,dissolving tank, and F-D fan. Future designsand new safety features are briefly discussed,and a detailed diagram of a recently developedstarting burner which incorporates many newsafety features is included.

64-0821

Snyder, M. J. Properties and uses of flyash. Battelle Technical Review, 13(2):14-18Feb. 1964.

Fly ash is a complex, heterogeneous materialexhibiting wide variations in chemical andphysical properties. A table is givenillustrating chemical variability. As muchas 75 to 80 percent of the ash passes fromthe furnace as small discrete particles.World production and utilization of fly ashare given. Fly ash is used as a constituentof concrete to react with calcium hydroxideat ordinary temperatures and to formcementitious compounds. The amount of flyash added affects the long-time strength of theconcrete, and lowers the water requirementsfor concrete mixes. However, fly ash canalso lower both the early strength ofconcrete mix and the entrained-air content.Fly ash is also mixed with lime for soilstabilization and is used as a mineral fillerin bitumastic road construction. Lightweightaggregates can be made by sintering fly ash,and a variety of ceramic products can be madefrom fly ash and clay or shale. However,a lack of fundamental studies of the chemicalreactions and physical interactions between flyash and concreting and soil materials haslimited these uses of fly ash. Recently begunresearch at Battelle for the Edison Electricinstitute includes studies on the pozzolanicreactions of fly ash and the mechanism by

which fly ash depresses air entrainment inconcrete.

64-0822

Story, W. S. Problems of the salvage industryas they relate to solid waste disposal. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public WorkS Association, 1964.p.159-167.

If the secondary materials industry were toclose its door tomorrow throughout the nation,cities and municipalities would be faced withdifficult problems of solid waste disposal.The difficulties encountered would be doublyand trebly multiplied, and the highways andbyways of the nation would he choked withold automobiles, old refrigerators, cardboard,paper, rags, stoves, and everything else ofa solid or semisolid salvageable nature. Thepeddlers and other types of collectors, thelittle junk dealer, and junk shop operatorarc the backbone of the collection ofobsolescent material. Various scrap processingoperations are described. The problems.dealing with tin can scrap are discussed.As a result of the slowdown in steelmakingdemand for scrap, more and more of this scrapis finding its way to the dumps. Thispresents problems for everyone, and itrepresents sheer economic waste of valuablemetallic resources which should not bepermitted. Research in steelmaking canprovide some of the answers to these problems.Research in cleaning deleterious materialsfrom steel scrap perhaps can give us otheranswers. One area which has not beenresearched enough is the salvage area.

644:023

Tank cars line caisson. EngineeringNews-Record, 173(1):84-85, July 2, 1964.

Faced with one of the most difficult foundationproblems ever encountered in Chicago, thegeneral contractor saved great expense bysalvaging the tanks from railroad tank carsfor use as caisson liners for foundationssupporting a 30-story office building. The

subsoil. profile of the $25 million buildingcontained a strange inversion of the hardpanand silt layers which posed a tremendousobstacle to orthodox caisson- ,inking methods.As fast as the excavators broke through thelayer of hardpan, the silt oozed upwardthrough the holes. Pumped to the surface,it might have left empty pockets into whichthe hardpan would collapse, creating still

0819-0825

more obstacles to the foundation work. Theplan devised by the engineers- -which used as,the key element the tank cars stripped totheir basic cylindrical shave, is described.

64-0824

Taylor, J. L. Crowing importance of alloyscrap. Waste Trade World, 105(20):48-49,Nov. 14, 1964.

The use of stainless steels and other alloysin high performance piston engines has resultedin an increase in scrap alloys on the market.There has been a number of larger merchantswho have set up sections to handle alloyscrap and eliminate the specialized middle-menexcept for the complex grades. Some of themarket is restricted by the larger customers'going into the scrap business themselves andbecoming their own buying agents. In 1962and early 1963, the only scrap in demand wasthat of very high quality and turnings werewithout value. Since the latter part of 1963,the demand for nickel has increased. Most ofthe merchants sell to specialized merchantssince most merchants do not have the volumeof material or the knowledge to obtaincustomers for their alloys. The drawback ofselling direct is the need to provide metalof guaranteed specifications, which requiresthe use of skilled sorters, who are scarce.The penalties for supplying alloys withunwanted elements can be considerable. Thedifficult sorting is based on the magnet;the recognition of the basic grades andpresence of certain elements is determined bythe color of the sparks from the grindstone.Spot tests which, while reliable, havebecome too complicated. A combination ofthese tests gives a good degree of accuracy,but not enough to give any quality guarantees.For detailed information on establishing thenickel content of a scrap, chemical orspectrographic analysis is required, which isan expense that must be assumed to meet thecustomer's requirements.

64.0825

Trigg, C. F. Blast furnace slag andpulverized fuel ash as road foundationmaterials. Roads and Road Construction,42(495):75-81, Mar. 1964.

A description, classification, and chemicalanalysis arc given for blast furnace slag andpulverized fuel ash. Tests were carried outin order to determine their suitability asroad foundation materials, including crushingtests for blast furnace slag and the California

207

Salvaging

Bearing Test (C.B.R.), which measures loadpenetration. Graphs show grading curves ofthe slag and fuel ash as well as penetrationrelated to load and sinkage related to load.Laboratory tests--including bulk density andC.B.R. percent--on blast furnace slag, onpulverized fuel ash, and on a combination ofthe two, are reported along with results onfull scale field compaction of pulverized fuelash. Based on crushing values and. surfacetexture, blast furnace slag was separatedinto two grades with 40 percent satisfyingthe requirements of Grade No. 1, which provides aproduct comparable in strength and fragmentshape to good-quality quarried roadstone andwhich, when compacted with fines, offers asatisfactory road base course. Pulverizedfuel ash is a more uniform product, but itsparticle size curve is within the limits of apoorly graded silt, which under adversegroundwater and weather conditions is likelyto become unstable and to.be affected byfrost heave at shallow depths. If the fuelash is used with blast furnace slag, it ispossible that minimum C.B.R. requirementswould be achieved with little difficulty atan e-u-lv stage and, due to its age hardeningproperties, progressive improvement in thesub-base course would occur. When used as ablinding material to fill the voids betweenthe slag fragments, crushed blast furnaceslag would provide a course with C.B.R. inexcess of 90 percent, but it has thedisadvantage of having a high sulfate contentin relation to the Grade No. 1 slag.

64.0826

Turn waste into sales. Rock Products,67(5):121-122, May 1964.

The conversion of waste to profits at theLimestone Div. of Wallick Coal, Inc., isdescribed. A narrowing profit margin fromstripping to get to a 22-in. seam of No. 4coal made it necessary for stripping cost tobe cut if the operation were to remaincompetitive. It was decided to market thepreviously wasted limestone, and a new 300 tphcrushing and screening plant was designed andbuilt. The plant and its operation aredescribed. In addition, a bag-type dustcollector was installed and the limestonecrusher dust was sold at $3 per ton, a processwhich turned the problem of excessive dustinto a profit. The company has found thatinstead of being squeezed out of the market bythe difficulties of mining a marginal deposit,they are able to remain competitive in thecoal business and have widened their totalmarketing horizons.

208

64.0827

Utilization of metallurgical wastes. Journalof Scientific and Industrial Research,-23(8):315-316, Aug. 1964.

The National Metallurgical Laboratory,Jamshedpur, organized a symposium, heldduring March 1964, on the utilization ofmetallurgical wastes to bring together theplanners, industrialists, and research workersto assess the situation and exchange views.A brief, topical survey is given of the paperspresented. The Laboratory reported on workit had done, including recovery of mine wastesin the form of low-grade ore discards,treatment of different types of slags producedin the iron and steel industry, and treatmentof drosses, swarfs, skimmings, and residuesby various metallurgical techniques. It wasnoted that some of the papers from advancedcountries provide research possibilities andtechnological information which can be ofbenefit to Indian workers. However, anylarge-scale undertaking in waste utilizationshould necessarily be limited to thedevelopment of indigenous technology sincethe waste materials to be handled are peculiarto India.

64.0828

Utilization of power station by-products.Waste Trade World, 105(16):24, Oct. 17, 1964.

The uses of pulverized fuel ash and slag tapclinker in civil engineering and constructionare described. The pulverized fuel ash onceregarded as waste has a potential that wasdemonstrated by having the floor and five of thestand walls of the Central ElectricityGenerating Board station at the ManchesterBuilding Trades Exhibition built of productscontaining pulverized fuel ash (PFA) or slabsof PFA. Several of the exhibits show the useof PFA as a structural filling, in grouting,and in large-scale concrete construction toobtain the maximum reduction of temperaturerise during hydration. The manufacture anduses of sintered PFA andits value as alightweight aggregate are described.Arrangements are being made to have the CenttalElectricity Generating Board's PFA technicalstaff concentrate on research and developmentof new uses for PFA, disseminating informationand giving technical assistance to potentialusers. In the North Western Region most ofthe salable output--900,000 tons a year--isbeing utilized in civil engineering and thebuilding industries. From the new cyclone-typefurnace, slag tap clinker--a hard, black,gritty, granular material which is free from

dust--is obtained. It is inert, free running,

and cannot he compacted, thus it has differentuses than PFA. Although the first cyclone-typefurnace has only recently begun operation,the material has already established itselfas suitable. for winter gritting of roads,drains, filtering, brick-making, flagging,road-making, and as aggregate.

64.0829

Waste really pays off. Factory, 122(8):137,Aug. 1964.

The General Electric Company's Hanford Works,Richland, Washington, has several chemicalprocessing plants and mine production reactorsto make plutonium. In each reactor analuminum cladding of fuel elements takes place.The job of the chemical plants is todissolve this cladding and extract plutonium.In one plant sodium nitrate does thedissolving. Afterwards, the nitrate goeswith other liquid waste into an undergroundstorage tank. The nitrate salts drop out ofthe solution and form a solid layer at thetank bottom. Next, the liquid wastes aretransferred to less expensive tanks forstorage. This leaves several feet of solidsat the bottom. Agitation and leaching overa 3-month period removes 85 percent of thesolids, leaving a solution of 30 percentsodium nitrate.

64.0830

Waste reclamation plant, termed a success,gets big company backing. Chemical Engineering,

71(6):88, Mar. 16, 1964.

Salvage and Conversion System's compostprocess, which has been offered to municipalitiesby Westinghouse Electric Corporation andwhich is now used in a 150-ton-per-day plant inSan Fernando, California, is described.

64.0831

Where the board comes from. Public Cleansing,54(11):1278, Nov. 1964.

The Thames Board Mills, which makes cardboardout of waste paper, and production ofcardboard in England are discussed. The Millscan produce 80,000 tons of packagingcardboard per year. Twenty percent of thepaper and cardboard consumed by the UnitedKingdom comes from converted waste paper.The use of waste paper as opposed to pulpinvolves expensive cleaning processes and,therefore, puts England at a competitivedisadvantage with other countries.

0826-0833

64-0832

Wirt, R. L., and W. A. Rumberger.Eastern sintering plant now producing fly ashpellets. Part 2. Rock Products, 67(6):62-66,June 1964.

The new semi-commercial fly ash sintering-plant of Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., whichconverts fly ash from the steam electric-powerstation using pulverized coal intoheat-hardened pellets, is described in detail.A flow diagram of the sintering plant andphotographs of various steps in the processare included. Feed preparation, pelletizing,and sintering are described with detaileddiagrams of each of the three stages. Thesintering machine is essentially aDwight-Lloyd type of traveling grate, 31/2 ft

wide with an active area 44 ft long. Thefirst half of the area is covered with dryingand ignition hoods. Under the drying hood,five burners using No. 2 fuel oil and recycledhot gases from the burning area of the grateevaporate water from the pellets. Under theignition hood, eight oil burners aided byrecycled hot gases maint:ain a temperature ofabout 2,200 F. This raises the temperatureof the pellets high enough to ignite theunburned carbon in the fly ash as the pelletsare exposed to the downdraft process air. A

combustion air diagram shows the operatingconditions of the sintering process.Measurement of operating conditions andsafety-dust handling are mentioned. A majorequipment reference list is given.

64.0833

Wood chips as litter for cattle and poultry.Agriculture, 71(12):570-574, Dec. 1964.

The use of machine-chipped wood from foretand sawmill waste as litter for cattle andpoultry is reported. Industrial wood wasteis generally more economical than straw forall types and systems of cattle housing andhas been used extensively in the United States,where all species of timber except theturpentine-yielding pines are acceptable.The all-purpose chip suitable for both cowsand poultry should have good absorbency,be non-toxic, free from dust and splinters,unlikely to pack down with use, and inplentiful supply. A flaky type of chipabout 1 mm thick and one-half to three-fourthsof an inch long for poultry and slightlylonger for cattle is considered the mostsuitable. A prototype machine to producethis type of chip was developed at theForest Products Research Laboratory bythe modification of a pitprop peeling machine.A mobile, tractor-driven machine priced

209

Salaging Automobiles

at E181 is now on the market. Litterprepared by the mobile units provedsatisfactory in covered yards, for housedstock, and for poultry, Pictures are givenshowing loose-housed cows resting on a bedof shavings, the standard chips, and somefine chips for loose housing. Sawdust has anadvantage for stalls in that it does not getkicked around. Flakes prepared from air-drytimber have a moisture content of 28 to 30percent of their dry weight, but absorb 200to 300 percent moisture. In none of the trialsas there any injury or irritation to the

cattle or poultry. The extent of their useas litter will depend on the local pricestraw.

SALVAGING AUTOMOBILES

64-0834

Aderholdt, A. A. The District of Columbia'scar removal program. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1,1964. Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel.p.T-1 to T-5.

Two programs are described by the Deputy Chief,Metropolitan Police Department. One isdirected at cars abandoned on private property,and the other at those left on public spaceor the streets. The two programs exist mostlybecause of legal technicalities. During thelast 14 months more than 7,000 vehicles havebeen moved from private property and 2,500from public. This does not include allvehicles, only those 'abandoned', that is,one stripped of identification, and usuallywith the wheels or the motor missing. Theowner has no further use for it and istrying to get rid of it. The vehiclesremoved from private property are not takeninto possession by the police. They areremoved by an auto wrecker from the place ofabandonment directly to his processing yard atthe request of the property owners. The

role of the police is solely one of introduction;they introduce the property owner to the autowrecker or vice versa. It is believed thatthe property owner has a right to remove trash(a used refrigerator, a worn-out bed spring)from his property. Under District law, aproperty owner can be prosecuted for leavingan abandoned vehicle on his property if it isthere long enough to become a health 'menace.The history of this program is traced anddescribed. Vehicles left on public propertyinvolve the issuance of traffic violationnotices for each illegally parked vehicle.

210

If there is no response, the vehicle isimpounded and held 60 days. If notclaimed, it is sold at public auction.This program is also described and theresults given.

64-0835

Background sheet; terms used; statisticalbackground. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1,1964. Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel. p.A-1,B71 to 11 -5, C-1.

artain'clata are presented as backgroundmaterial. Mote than 5 million cars go outof service each year, and nearly 8 millionnew cars are produced each year. The scrapprocessor prepares a stripped car for the.use of a steel mill. after it has beenstripped of saleable parts by theautowrecker in an auto graveyard. A junkmancollects miscellaneous waste (iron, paper,rags, glass), sorts it, and sells it to theprocessors. (Junkmen are often one-manenterprises with little capital investment.)Changing steelmaking methods have reduced thedemand for scrap; the average annual purchasesfor 1960 to 1963 were 26.6 million tons, while inyears 1954 to 1957 the average was 34.8 milliontons. Prices are down. The price for No. 2bundles made of stripped, baled cars is now$20 a gross ton, as low as it has ever been.Modern cars contain much non-ferrous metal.(copper, rubber, glass, plastic) which must be.removed, since it alters steelmaking formulas.The labor involved is costly hand labor.Scrap is iron and steel scrap. Metals includeall non-ferrous metals. Waste consists ofrags, paper, glass, plastics, etc. It is notdestroyed, but is processed and reclaimed forreuse. Junk is secondary materials sortedbut unprocessed. Scrap is not junk. Theorganization of the industry and itsnomenclature are set forth. The sources ofscrap, incl.!ding prompt industrial and home,obsolescence, are described. The techniquesand equipment used in preparing scrap aresummarized. The names used in the trade forthe different types of finished product arelisted. A page of statistical data is alsopresented. Steel ingot.production inmillions of net tons, percent of productioncapacity, purchased scrap used, price,total consumption, factory sales of cars,and cars out of service, are given for theperiod 1954 to 1963.

64-0836

Budin, M. Progress report; New York Statestudy of auto graveyards. In Proceedings;

National Conference on Auto Salvage,Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of ScrapIron and Steel. p.R-1.to R-12.

The author and his organization are workir4,with a committee of the New York legislature.Their point of view is that of a publicauthority: what effects (aesthetic, landvalue, economic, tourism,) there are on thetotal community. The legislator has to fazecertain problems, one of which may be thestorage of automobile bodies whether forspeculation, inventory, or partial dismantlingpurposes. Control of these stockpiles may henecessary in spite of the'advances inindustrial technology. Location is aproblem due to zoning. Camouflage may bea factor. incineration and the relatedproblem of air pollution ate-considerations.Abandoned autos are a public nuisance, aneyesore, and a fire hazard. In the totalpicture, why should abandoned autos bethought of as different from any other solidwaste that the community has a responsibilityto handle? The problem has been divided;for administrative reasons, into two parts:the economic and technologic aspects (beingattacked by the author's firm); and thelegal (being analyzed by the Office ofMunicipal Government in Albany). The scrapindustry has been studied as a whole, and 250scrap processors, auto wreckers, and junkcollectors in New York State have beeninterviewed. Three areas (Syracuse, amiddle-sized city; Amsterdam, a typicalsmall-sized city of 30,000; and Schohariecounty with no medium or large cities in it)have been mapped, and every ahandcned car,every scrap dealer, every informal scrap .

dealer, and every rural scrap yard that hasgrown up on a farm or on farm land has beenlocated. What was found is described indetail. As a result of this study, it canbe estimated that there are 300,000 abandonedcars around the state at the present time.A scale Model of the city of Amsterdam wasmade with the cars located on it, and planshave been made for dealing with the problem.Quotations from the interviews are given.

64.0837

Callahan, J. M. Obituary of an auto. In

Proceedings; National Conference on AutoSalvage', Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel. p.J-1 to J-3.

Nearly 4 million cars are junked each year.The typical junker is compressed into a1,500 lb bale of scrap steel which is combinedwith iron ore to produce new steel. The greyiron, copper, aluminum, lead, solder, tin,

0834-0839

and zinc are also sold to foundries and millswhich may sell it to the auto industry. Autowreckers may strip a car of everything butthe carbon steel body'. Scrap dealers processand prepare the body so that it can be dumpedinto a steel mill's open hearth furnace. Nineto 10 years and 90,000 miles after it leavesthe dealer, the average U.S. car is ready to hejunked and is sold to an auto wrecker for $10to $175. (average: $25 to $45.). The activityand procedures of a typical. wrecker (BabcockIron & Metal Company, Detroit) .are described.

64.0838

Cooper, A. Derelict cars are wasted assets.Waste Trade World, 105(20):27-28, Nov. 14, 1964.

Although a million cars a year, representing500,000 tons of good steelmaking material,will go to the scrap heap in 1970, there areeconomic reasons for recovering abandonedcars. In addition to the b6 million valueof the junk cars as scrap, they are anintolerable nuisance. While it is an offenseto abandon a vehicle on a highway or privateproperty, no arrangements have been made fordealing with old vehicles left on roads, inditches, and in fields where the removalproblem increases. In the United States,nearly 5 million old cars were scrapped in1962 to produce 4 million tons of steelmakingscrap worth 850,000,000. It was foundimpossible to deal with the problem effectively,except to regard it as a national problem.The same conclusion was reached in Germany,and eventually Great Britain will have toconsider why such an essential metal is beingwasted in a country which is short of basicraw materials. Apparently, no single Industrycan provide the solution. The scrap industrycould take old cars and make them intomaterial suitable for use in iron and steel Ifthe municipal councils would allow the useof land for breaking up old vehicles, and giveassistance in dealing with the smoke nuisance.The problem is a national one and can beresolved only by the combined efforts ofindustry and the municipal authorities withthe guidance and cooperation of the government.

64-0839

Dumpsters can handle derelict cars. PublicCleansing, 54(3):802, Mar. 1964.

A Dumpster developed by the Powell DuffrynEngineering Co, Ltd. of England can beutilized to tow away cars. Tt can alsolift and carry cars that cannot be towed witha special chain attachment.

211

Salvaging Automobiles

64.0840

Giles, J. S. The auto graveyard--what to doabout it? In Proceedings; National Conferenceon Auto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964.Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel. p.V-1 to V-5.

The secondary materials industry in the UnitedStates and its relation to the solid wastedisposal problem are discussed. Certain factsare brought out: $3 billion per year grosssales; 4 million tons of scrap metal salvaged;8,000 auto graveyards; and every ton offerrous metal scrap used again saves up to2 tons of iron ore, a ton of coke and a halfton of limestone. Forecasts include: 115

million vehicles by 1984; population 267million; and no liability insurance available.The role of the Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel in the national picture and the salvageoperator in the local community is stressed.Three factors account for the increase injunked cars: owners do not keep their carsas long; 1953 to 1955 was a peak period inproduction, and sales and those cars are nowbeing junked; and basic technological c' -agesin the making of steel. There is less demandfor automotive scrap. The process of producingauto scrap is described, and the economicforces at work are emphasized.

64-0841

Go-anywhere mobile 'car-crusher'. WasteTrade World, 105(10):7-8, Sept. 5, 1964.

Progress in solving the problem of a millionunwanted automobiles which are expected tolitter Britain by 1970 is anticipated by theworld's largest mobile baling press, which iscapable of pressing two saloon bodies into a1 ton bale in 3 minutes. The PSC.376 Scrapmasterweighing 40 tons and designed to handle 18cars per hr, without their engines, is mountedon a trailer. It has an electrically-controlledhydraulic press with its own self-containedpower plant, fuel tank and hydraulic oilreservoir. All varieties of metal scrap, aswell as car bodies, can be dropped into the7-ft wide, 3-ft deep and 20-ft long box forlateral and vertical compression into compactbundles. Following this, a hydraulic rammoving at high speed and low pressure,leAch shifts to medium speed and mediumpressure, and to low speed and high pressure(as the resistance of the scrap increases)ejects the finished bale. The box closesat 90-tons pressure and the ram exerts apressure of 330 tons. A picture isgiven showing the Scrapmaster being loaded.The whole car, minus only the engine, isbaled (the glass, upholstery, and othernonmetal parts are removed in the preliminary

212

burning). The machine can also bale four carengines at a time. The mobile Scrapmasterwill visit without charge any area which hasfrom 500 to 1,000 cars. One solution to thedisposal of derelict cars is for localauthorities to operate central dumps, whichcould be visited by the Scrapmaster atperiodical intervals when there is anaccumulation of scrap and cars.

64-M42

Green, M. The community and the scrap yard.In Proceedings; National Conference on AutoSalvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel. p.N-1 to N-2.

Scrap processors require a considerableinvestment: at least $150,000 to $175,000,since the press which can take an entire carbody may itself cost $125,000 to $175,000installed and equipped with the crane, magnet,and grapple needed to feed it. There are fewnational or regional scrap processors. Mostare individually owned businesses operatingin a single community. Some of these dateback to the Civil War. Whether there is ascrap processor in a community or not, scrapis produced involuntarily, and somethingmust be ?one with it; either the scrapprocessor does it or a public agency does itat public expense. The scrap processor is ina position the reverse of the car dealer,although ;:heir functions are the same. Almostall the monny the scrap processor spends toacquire his inventory is spent locally. Veryfew other retail stores or manufacturing plantsdo this. This has a favorable effect uponcommunity relations. The local scrapprocessor is often a person who has been inbusiness for years, operates a business ofsubstance, takes part in community affairs,and makes most of his expenditures locally.These factors should have some influence oncommunity officials in their plans.

64.0843

How an automobile is stripped by a scrapprocessor. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Sctap Iron andSteel. p.H-1.

Cars compressed in this operation weigh about3,300 lb. Materials removed are listed insequence: shrinkage, 15 percent, (rubbermats, hose, glass, seats, rubber, upholstery);radiator and heater (25 lb); generator, starter,heater motor, and horns (50 lb); die cast andother white metals (grills, ornaments,

carburetors, fuel pumps, instrnment4anels,door handles, 30 lb); copper wire and cables,copper tubing (5 lb); headlights, tail lights,radio, lights, hubcaps, and all electricalassemblies (75 lb); stainless and chrome steel(5 lb); tires and tubes (100 lb); and motorblock and transmission (600 lb). A total of1,385 lb has been removed. The remainderconsists of the body and chaSsis, front andrear ends, springs, bumpers, and steel wheels.It weighs 1,900 to 2,000 lb.

64-0844

Incineration of automobile bodies. In

Proceedings; National Conference on AutoSalvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel. p.1-1 to 1-2.

Burning automobile bodies is expensive and,because of the uncertainties of the scrapmarket, loans for such equipment have notbeen easy to get. An automobile incineratoris a highly specialized piece of equipmentdesigned for only one type of scrap whichpresently has a low profit margin. Whenall useable parts have been stripped from acar three types of basically ferrous materialsremain: the steel parts (frame and axles);cast iron (motor); and sheet iron (the autobody itself). Auto scrap includes the steeland sheet iron, but not the cast iron, and iscompressed into cubes called No. 2 bundles.Steel mills specify that non-metallics are tobe excluded; they are buying steel not woodor rubber. The steel mills are not concernedwith how the non-metallics are removed, butburning the entire body removes two unwantedmaterials--the undercoating and some lead.Smokeless incinerators are necessary insteadof open burning because of the desire of thecommunity to control atmospheric pollution.Research has developed a smokeless incineratorcosting $20,500 to $22,000. The cost percar would be $7 to $9. Some communities(e.g. Grand Rapids, Michigan) allow openburning.at specified times during the dayor under specified weather conditions.

64.045

Kaiser, E. R., and J. Tolciss. Burning provenbest to clean auto steel. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(11):18, Nov. 1964.

Burning is a practical way to clean autosteel. What is needed is an economical andefficient auto-burner furnace which does notpollute the air. A report given at a New Yorkmeeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, which establishes basic facts

0840-0848

and equipment needed to operate such afurnace is discussed.

64.0846

Liebman, H. Statement. In Proceedings;.National Conference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct, 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.U-1 to U-3.

The Director of Operations, Department ofSanitation, the City of New York, presents dataon the number of cars removed from citystreets. In 1960 only 2,500, in 1961 5,117,and in 1964 approximately 25,000 cars wereremoved. The procedures and problemsencountered, and their present solutions aredescribed.

64-0847

Manchester, H. Old cars never die. In

Proceedings; National Conference on AutoSalvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel. p.X-1 to X-3.

The life history of an automobile bought inthe spring of 1955 and pulled into a giantwrecking plant in Chicago in early 1963 whereit was after three minutes transformed into anunrecognizable assortment of basic materialsis described. The process, at the GeneralIron Industries' No. 1 plant is describedstep by step from the time the car is weighedon a platform scale until the final bale thesize of a console TV set is produced. Theeconomics of the industry are surveyed. Newuses of scrapped cars include: reefs ofold cars used as 'apartments' for redsnappers in the Gulf of Mexico; old carsused to form a reef as part of an islandbuilt by an oil company off the coast ofCalifornia; and junked cars used to checkerosion near Jacksonville, Florida.

64.0848

New US car-a-minute grinding process. WasteTrade World, 105(7):8-9, Aug. 15, 1964.

A `fragmentizer' which reduces car bodiesto fist-sized metal pellets in one minute isbeing tried in California as a solution tothe derelict car problem. The car bodies arefed to the fragmentizer on a conveyor belttravelling at 400 ft per sec. In the autoshredder the cars are battered by 50 hammers,each weighing 850 lb and swinging from flywheels,which smash the car bodies into smaller andsmaller pieces until they drop through spaced

213

Salvaging Automobiles

bars in the hammer chamber floor into arotating magnetic drum. Here, the glass,rubber, plastics, cloth, copper, and paintchips are separated to give a final productof pellet-sized fragments which are 98percent ferrous and are called Lurmet. Aphotograph is shown of the Lurmet fragmentsready for shipment to the steel mills as ahigh-quality raw material. The pellets area third denser than the usual burned out andbaled auto scrap. Another picture showsmotor car bodies entering the shredder offragmentizer on the conveyor to be reducedin a minute to Lurmet. Bethlehem Steel Corp.has been testing 15,000 tons of the pelletsin a nearby mill. Although steel productionis increasing and the 1964 production islikely to be 2 million tons above 1956, thescrap sales of 2 billion will be one-thirdbelow the 1956 peak. Oxygen furnaces use verylittle, if any, scrap; open hearth furnacesuse less scrap with the use of oxygen; andmolten iron is becoming low enough in priceto replace some scrap. Increased sales ofscrap can only come from providinghigh-quality scrap at prices competitive tomolten metal prices.

64.0849

Proceedings; National Conference on AutoSalvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel. 122 p.

A glossary of terms, some statistics, alist of participants (at the end, on pagesnumbered one through five), and a list ofpapers or statements on such topics as thescrap processor's role in auto salvage,retired cars as by-products of progress (bya representative of the Automobile ManufacturersAssociation), scrap and the steel industry,the economics of scrapping a car, legalaspects, the community and the scrap yard,new technology, state auto graveyard studies,and new developments and trends are included.

64-0850

Proler, I., and W. Magness. Technologicaldevelopments in the scrap industry - I;Technological developments in the scrapindustry - II. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1,1964. Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel.p.0-1 to 0-5, P-1 to P-4.

Part I is a discussion of the technologicalchanges in the baling, shearing, and shreddingmethods of preparing the scrapped automobilefor steel mill or foundry consumption.

214

Twenty-five or 30 years ago the method wasto chop up or torch the body into pieces smallenough to he baled in a small hydraulic baler.The understructure of the car was cut byacetylene torch or small alligator shearinto 5 x 17.5 ft pieces or smaller. These wereknown as Number 2 heavy melting steel.Number 2 bundles were 30 x 24 x 24 in. orsmaller, and contained contaminants such aspaint, wood, and non-ferrous metals. Theunderstructure contained copper. At the blastfurnace, these bundles have to be diluted withhot metal to keep the residual copper and othernon-ferrous metals to a minimum. Hydraulicbalers then became larger. Alligator shears werereplaced, in some instances, by largerhydraulic guillotine shears. At present,balers are able to consume an entireautomobile, with or without the understructure.Hydraulic shears are able to take an entirecar, compress it, and shear it into a scrapitem known as automobile slabs, or shearedauto scrap. A film was shown of the largestbaling press in the world in operation atthe Proler Steel Corp. Two automobiles canbe compressed at once in to 2 minutes. Thescrap is reduced to small bits, and thecontaminants removed. Part II also has a filmnarrated by Williath Magness of Luria Bros.& Co., New York. A giant unit called afragmentizer rips and shreds entire cars withsuch violence that the non-ferrous metals,dirt, rubber, and undesirable matter areknocked loose for easy separation later.Product contamination and air pollution areavoided. The narration of the film includeda description of the procedures used.

64-0851

Rapoport, F. The economics of scrapping acar. In Proceedings; National Conference onAuto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964.Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel. p.G-1 toG-7.

A car costing about $3,000 at birth must hetransformed after death into something witheconomic value of about 1 cent per lb or$20 per ton. The investment varies fromabout $100,000 for an operator in a smallcity to about $1 million for a metropolitanoperator. Abandoned and wrecked cars usuallyenter the auto-wrecker's yards, where they arecannibalized of all saleable parts, burned,and delivered to a scrap processor. However,so many cars are being abandoned that the autowreckers can not handle the flow, so the scrapprocessor now often operates a fleet of twotrucks to move the junked tars from themunicipal storage yard to his premises. Two

principal processes are necessary in the

production of good automobile body scrap:removal of combustible contaminants by fire;and the physical removal. of undesired metal..Incinerators must be used to control smokeemission in most communities. Three types ofincinerators are: after-burner; water-washtype; and electrostatic precipitator. Theafter-burner is used by the author's firm.He describes: the early pilot model thatburned two cards a day; a 20,000 gal tankconverted into a horizontal primary chamberusing propane as a fuel; and the presentincinerator that burns 80 to 90 cars daily andis refractory lined, conveyorized, and hasautomatic temperature controls. Theincinerator requires the use of a crane andtwo large lift trucks. Employees includeoperators for the equipment, a torch man,an incinerator operator, and impact tool manwho removes tires and wheels, three teams oftwo men each for stripping. Cars are acquiredin an uncrushed and unflattened condition sothat the men can have easy access to removeparts. The process is described in somedetail.

64-0852

Reichert, D. Legal aspects of the cardisposal problem. In Proceedings; NationalConference. on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.K-1 to K-7, L-1 to L-5, M-1 to M-5.

Scrap processors alter otherwise useless wasteInto something of value, and act as majorsources of raw materials for steel mills andfoundries. Scrap processors have been heldto be manufacturers as far as taxation isconcerned, and certain court decisions arecited and reviewed in support of this. Scrapprocessors are not junkmen, nor are theirpremises junkyards. Scrap processors do nothave to be fenced, and legislation requiringnon-transparent fences has been found to beunconstitutional since there is no compellinghealth, moral, or public interest reason forit. Limited access, zoning, finger-printingof employees, and other matters of interestto the trade are discussed from the point ofview of the Special Counsel, Institute ofScrap Iron and Steel. Two court decisionsillustrating thes'e matters are given.

64-0853

Roblin, D. A. Scrap and the steel. industry.In Proceedings; National Conference on'AutoSalvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964. Instituteof Scrap Iron and Steel.. p.F-1 to F-8.

0849-0854

Two basic raw materials from which steel ismade are molten pig iron and scrap steel.Molten pig iron is produced from iron ore inblast furnaces. Scrap comes from the steelmills themselves as a by-product since only70 percent of their product is shipped asfinished products. This is called home scrap.Purchased scrap is of two kinds: productionor industrial scrap; and new steel resultingfrom the production of manufactured products(flashing in a forge plant, trimmings in astamping plant, or turnings in a machineshop). This material is clean, free offoreign material, and generally chemicallyuniform. The second class is first,demolition scrap from bridges, oil refineries,railroads, etc. and second, everything else(drums, tin cans, and old automobiles). Ofthe various types of scrap the old automobileis in the least deSirable category. The oldcar contains non-metallic impurities whichreduce the yield when melted. More seriousis the fact that it contains metallic impuritiesthat are difficult and costly to remove. Whenthe steel industry reduces the amount of scrapit purchases, it naturally eliminates the Lessdesirable items. So, at a time when more carsare being scrapped, the demand for scrappedcars becomes negligible. The number of carsscrapped each year is going to increase.Certain changes in the steel industry, theoxygen converter, for example, which canconsume not more than 30 percent scrap, asopposed to the open hearth which can use 35to 50 or as high as 60 percent scrap, havecontributed to this lack of demand. A cheapand ingenious method must be found forcleaning the old automobile so that economicvalue can be realized from this commodity.

64.0854

Roe, S. S. Retired cars: by-products ofprogress. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.E-1 to E-8.

Production of vehicles in the 10 year periodbefore World War IT averaged 3.5 millioncars per year, and these cars are now beingdiscarded. In every year since 1948 productionhas been more than 5 million vehicles, and in1963, it was 9.1 million. Nearly 85 millionvehicles are registered. The importance ofthe automobile industry to the economy iscited: 780,000 employees; one industry insix is a motor vehicle industry; $12 billionin special taxes paid by owners; and one-fourthof all state revenues come from motor vehicles.About 50 percent of a given model will havedisappeared at the end of about 10 1/2 years.

215

Salvaging Automobiles

After about 5 years, the rate of disappearancebegins to accelerate, and this partly explainsthe increase in scrappage recently experiencedsince the cars produced in the relativelyhigh production years of the mid-50's havenow reached the age when the annualdisappearance rate is quite high. Charts aregiven for motor vehicle production in millionsfor 1930 to 1964, motor vehicle registrationsfor 1945 to 1964, passenger car survival rates,and motor vehicle scrappage in millions for1935 to 1964.

64.0855

Shapiro, I. D. The scrap processor's rolein auto salvage. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.D-1 to D-6.

The terms junkman, auto wrecker, and scrapprocessor are defined. The junkman collectsand sorts all kinds of waste. The'autowrecker strips old cars for the resale ofparts. Both provide raw material for thescrap processor who prepares the raw materialin shapes and sizes acceptable to mills andfoundries. The scrap processor may use cranes,trucks, scales, shears, balers, shredders,incinerators, cutting torches, magnets,grapples, and other equipment. An investmentof about $250,000 may be required. While oldcars are worth reclaiming, the cycle hasbroken down because of changing technology insteel production with less reliance on scrapand resultant lower prices. Scrap is boughtby mills and foundries at prices, times, andquantities they set. Automobile scrap iscostly and difficult to prepare, andhand labor is involved. The scrap processor is amanufacturer working in an outdoor factorywith expensive equipment. -there are5-million-dollar shredding machines. Morethan 300 hydraulic guillotine shears are inuse in the industry. Some of the problems ofthe industry in urban renewal and in communityrelations in general are described.

64.0856

'Total loss' cars should be scrapped. WasteTrade World, 105(18):24, Oct. 31, 1964.

Insurance interests are urging that damagedcars involved in accidents on which the basisof payment was that of 'total loss' should bescrapped and stripped to prevent repair byunscrupulous and/or incompetent dealers.Unsound cars which had been salvaged fromroad accidents were a road hazard and the

216

cause of further accidents and substantiallosses to the insurance companies. A largenumber of unsound cars would be removed fromthe road if all cars involved in 'total loss'accidents were scrapped for parts, and theregistration book surrendered. The registrationbook should be held in any case until thecar is repaired and checked by a competentengineer, but scrapping is preferred. Thisplan presents problems because of theincreasing numbers of cars being scrapped asa result of rapid obsolescence and lack ofinterest in this work, even by specialistsin the field. It is felt that the returnsare too limited for the space, time, andtrouble required in disposal of cars. Inmany yards, it is the practice to saveobviously worthwhile materials with littleattention paid to the rest, and to use extensiveburning to save handling costs.

64.0857

Weinstein, A. Report on state auto graveyardstudies. In Proceedings; National Conferenceon Auto Salvage, Washington, Oct. 1, 1964.Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel. p.Q-1.

The author is chairman of the Committee onState Autowrecking Studies, Institute ofScrap Iron and Steel. The Committeeis studying the problem of old and abandonedautomobiles. Technological advances inprocessing equipment such as the shreddershave eliminated the problem in four major

areas: Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, andKansas City, and perhaps will soon solvethe problem in the larger metropolitan areas.The problem is related to populationconcentrations; technological advances inprocessing equipment; sale value of scrap;the extent of the export market; cooperationof government agencies; and the relationshipof the quality of the Number 2 bundles tothe changing technology of the steel industry.The Committee is working on novel approacheswithout reference to what has been done.Because of the importance of scrap as abasic raw material for the steel industry, asan earner of foreign exchange, and as aconservator of our own iron ore, a solutionmust be found.

64.0858

Westminister's way of dealing with the oldcar problem. Public Cleansing,54(11):1297-1298, Nov. 1964.

Westminister has developed a new way ofdealing with the removal and disposal of old

BEST COPY PPIL4.01

cars and vans. A letter and circular which areposted in public housing and are advertisedin newspapers announce that the city willdispose of old cars for a fee. Through thisdirect service, the city hopes to eliminatethe annoying administrative work associatedwith ordinary procedures of vehicle removal.The circular outlines the removal anddisposal costs by weight, and gives generalinformation on how a resident may takeadvantage of this service. After the first6 weeks of operation, four cars had beenbrought in by their owners.

64-0859

Where do old cars go to die? In Proceedings;National Conference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.Y-1 to Y-5.

An interview with Palmer Bell, who runs ajunk yard 8 miles south of Atlanta, Georgia,is reported. He has 7,000 twisted auto bodieson his 43-acre lot. He paid $40 to $75apiece for cars bought from the city's autopounds, insurance companies, and privateowners. He sells accessories and parts, butthe metal is of little value. Although 5.3million cars were scrapped in 1963 (new carsproduced totaled 7.6 million), sales of scrapto steel mills was down drastically. In 1956total steel scrap brought $3 billion but in1958 was down to 1.5 billion and in 1963 was$1.9 billion. Wreckers can still sell parts,but the clean-up men, the scrap processors,can not make money baling cars for the steelmills. The price for a 1-ton bale is now$19.84 and the lowest since the war. In1956 the same sized bale sold for $42.86. Thechangeover by the steel mills to the basicoxygen furnace has halved the amount of autoscrap used, and it must now he of higherquality. The difficulties of the autowreckers are discussed both in specific,personal terms ('In Detroit last week,stocky Samuel Topper,...put it vividly...')and in terms of the national economy. Theexperiments and technological advances ofthe Luria and of the Proler firms aredescribed. The police activity rcabandonedcars is discussed with particular regardto Chicago's approach.

64.0860

Wolfsohn, V. Legislation, relocation, andbeautification. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Auto Salvage, Washington,Oct. 1, 1964. Institute of Scrap Iron andSteel. p.S-1 to S-5.

0855-0862

The author, Director of Public Relations forthe Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, quotesfrom a letter from the sanitarian of Del NorteCounty, California, regarding the problem ofabandoned cars there. The experience of thecity of Paterson, New Jersey, with a publictower is related. Only about 5 percent ofthe 140 cars a month that he tows off thestreet are ever reclaimed. There is a realproblem of title, and changes in the law aresuggested. The experience of Chicago is cited.Des Moines, Iowa, is considering the establishmentof a central scrap area. Rome, New York, hastried this and their experience is reported.Oklahoma City is trying an urban renewal planthrough which 56 used auto parts and junkyards will be relocated in an attractivelyscreened and well-located supermarket forsalvage. St. Paul has had a problem becauseits Port Authority condemned an area includingseveral scrap yards which have no place torelocate. Gerald Mangle, assistant cityplanner of that city, spoke on this problem.Beautification is mentioned and the instanceof West Virginia( where legislationsupported by 200 auto wreckers has broughtabout the planting of 25,000 trees and 10,000shrubs is cited.

SANITARY LANDFILL

64-0861

Bauman, L. Decomposition creates danger inlandfill. In 1964 Sanitation IndustryYearbook. New York, RRJ Publishing Corp.,119641. p.29.

Sanitary landfills at Arlington, Massachusetts,and Queens, New York, are examples ofdangerous building up of methane gas formedby decomposing garbage. A Scottish landfillinadvertently buried explosive sheets.

64-0$62

A big concave blade. American City, 79(11):10,Nov. 1964.

Muskegee, Oklahoma, uses a crawler tractorwith a big, U-shaped bulldozer blade for itssanitary landfill. This unit clears newareas, excavates the trenches and spreads andcovers the fill much more effectively thana tractor with a straight blade.

217

Sanitary Landfill

64-0863

Black, R. J. Sanitary landfills. InProceedings; National Conference on SolidWaste Research, Chicago, Dec. 2-4, 1963.American Public Works Association, 1964.p.120-127.

SV °111111°.city eliminated the threat of a washout posedby the landfill's location on river bottomland are also described.

There are four methods currently used todispose of refuse on land. They are: opendumping; controlled burning dumping; refusefilling; and sanitary landfilling. Commonlyreported operating cost ranges per ton are,respectively, $ 0.10 to 0.25, $ 0.25 to 0.50,$ 0,35 to 0.75, and $ 0.70 to 1.50.Unfortunately, there is more than a littleconfusion in the technical literature on thismatter of nomenclature because of thetendency to label all landfilling operationsAS 'sanitary landfills' in the vain hopethat such labeling, by itself, will insurepublic acceptance of the operation. Sanitarylandfill is defined as a method of disposingof refuse on land without creating nuisancesor hazards to public health or safety, byutilizing the principles of engineering toconfine the refuse to the smallest practicalarea, to reduce it to the smallest practicalvolume, and to cover it with a layer of earthat the conclusion of each day's operation, orat much more frequent intervals as may henecessary. Two research projects on sanitarylandfilling have been awarded by the PublicHealth Service. The title of the project, thename of the principal investigator, theinstitution, and a brief description of thescope of work are given. More specificinformation is needed to plan better and moreeconomical operations of sanitary landfillingas a method of refuse disposal for the future.

64-0864

Broffle, R. W. Landfill capacity doubledby use of compacting method. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(2):14, Feb. 1964.

A four-wheel-drive, 50,000-pound compactorhas compressed the layers of refuse and earthfill to just half the thickness managed byconventional bulldozers in a Riverside,California, landfill. As a result, the landused up for refuse has dropped from an acrea month to four-tenths of an acre per month.This system also allows the sanitationdepartment to maintain hard-surface roadsthrough the landfill area, cutting tire damageby 50 percent and reducing axle breakdowns.Furthermore, it reduces fire hazards to aminimum since flames cannot work their waydown. into the compressed fill. The developingstages of trash disposal before the city'sfinal transition to a landfill, and how the

218

640865City of 19,000 provides landfill and equipment.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(8):20, Aug. 1964.

Batavia, New York, has replaced a crawlertype tractor with a rubber tired tractorloader for its sanitary landfill. As a result,the city has been able to eliminate two5-yd dump trucks and their drivers, to save inovertime and maintenance, and to compact therefuse and cover material better.

64.0866

Collect 2.8 million tons annually at NewJersey landfill. Refuse Removal Journal,7(6):8, 20, 30-31, June 1964.

The history and operation of the Fereday andMeyer collection company of Newark, NewJersey, and its subsidiary, Disposal AreasInc., which Fereday and Meyer set up in 1953to handle their huge sanitary landfill atElizabeth are described. Fereday and Meyerservices several commercial and industrialpickup routes in the Metropolitan New JerseyArea, as well as small town routes. Thelandfill's daily intake of refuse from itsown operation, other private haulers, andmunicipalities approximates 900 tons. It

has brought more than 1,300 acres of tidalmarshland to grade through the trench andcover method. Part of the filled section nowsupports an industrial complex and some14,000 ft of arterial roadways.

64-0867

Controlled tipping in Germany. Surveyor andMunicipal Engineer, 124(3782):29-30, Nov. 28,1964.

A review of a paper concerning refuse disposalin Germany by controlled tipping is presented.Some comparisons with the situation in GreatBritain are drawn, and it is shown that theposition in Germany is very poor because ofthe degree to which crude rather thancontrolled tipping is carried out. Problemsarising from this practice, especially concerningwater pollution and sanitation, are discussed.Suggestions are made about the machineryrequired to maintain a tip and about theconstruction of one.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

640868Controlled tipping--past, present, future.Public Cleansing, 54(10):1229, Oct. 1964.

S. K. Sheldon, Director of Public Cleansingof Carlisle, England, presented a paperentitled 'Controlled Tipping--Past, Presentand Future,' at a meeting of the NortheasternCenter of the Institute of Public Cleansing.He noted that, in the past, controlled tippingwas adequately executed, but now this formof refuse disposal is generally deterioratingchiefly because of the change in the natureof refuse. A critical problem is theshortage of cover material arising from thedecrease in household ash, which hastraditionally been used as cover. Thesolution lies in some form ofpre-treatment--either incineration, composting,or pulverization. Household refuse is alsoanalyzed.

641-0869

Denver looks for new disposal sites. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(5):31, May 1964.

Denver, Colorado, has three almost completelyfilled landfills and one burning dump, whichis about to be scrapped, and is now searchingfor new refuse disposal sites. City officialshave filed application with the federalgovernment for surplus Lowry Field bombingrange land, originally donated to Lowry byDenver. This area would provide dump spacefor another 20 to 50 years.

64.0870

Disposal costs cut by use of landfill.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(1):28, Jan. 1964.

The City of Calgafy, Canada, is saving morethan $300,000 annually by disposing of itsrefuse in sanitary landfills. Incineration,which accounts for 40,000 tons of waste peryear, costs the city about $4.00 per ton ascompared to the $1.25 per ton for the landfill.

64-0071

Disposal of hulk wastes. Public Works,95(10):100-102, Oct. 1964.

At the present time New York City disposesof its outsize bulky waste at six landfillsites. Two of these fills are speciallydesignated as construction waste landfillswhere the demolition lumber is burned inburning pits. At the other four locations

0863-0874

both combustibles and noncombustiblesare accepted. The combustibles are burnedin pits, and the noncombustibles are buried.The sites and method of disposal in burningpits are described in detail. Over 600,000tons of demolition and construction wasteswere disposed of in 1963. Abandoned carsand 110,000 tons of bulky refuse collectedfrom homeowners added to the load. Disposalof waste lumber resulting fzom pier or otherwaterfront demolition has been resolvedpartially by barging and burning at sea. Thisoperation is conducted by private companies.Since, as of January 1, 1966, all outdoorburning will be prohibited, a decision willhave to be made prior to that time as to themost sanitary, economical and efficientmethod of disposal of these waste materials.

64.0872

Disposal problems in the County of Stirling.Public Cleansing, 54(9)0170, Sept. 1964.

The annual report of the Northwestern Divisionof Stirling County is summarized. Refusedisposal problems are caused by the rapidlydiminishing life of the tip and the shortageof top cover. The solution may lie ina hybrid disposal plant combining incineration,composting, and pulverization.

64.0873

Dump areas unsafe for home building? RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(9):58, Sept. 1964.

The County' Sanitary Landfill Committee of LosAngeles, California, has reported to the Boardof Supervisors that old dump areas are unsafesites for the construction of residentialhousing. It recommends that, when such areashave been reclaimed, they should be adaptedfor open-space recreational use andlow-density industrial utility. The committeefurther recommended that building permits forrublash disposal sites should be granted onlyafter the filing of approved engineering plansdesignating the proposed future use of thereclaimed land..

64.0874

Fundamentals of sanitary landfill operation.Public Works, 95(12):88, Dec. 1564.

Some factors to be considered in establishinga landfill are location, collection methods,haul. distances, accessibility, types of refuse,and equipment. The advantages of the landfillarea and trench methods are also discussed.

219

Sanitary Landfill

64.0875

Gas production in a sanitary landfill. PublicWorks, 95(2):84-87, 174, Feb. 1964.

In a 3-year study of the factors controllingthe use of a sanitary landfill site, conductedby the Department of Civil Engineering at theUniversity of Southern California, the qualityof the gases produced in t'e decomposition ofrefuse was studied. Temperature and humiditymeasurements were also determined. Themethod is described, and the followingconclusions given: (1) the gases producedwithin the anaerobic landfills consist chieflyof carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Theconcentration of methane depended upon themoisture content and varied from little morethan a trace, in the landfill constructedwithout the addition of water, to that of amajor component in the saturated landfill; (2)hydrogen was present occasionally in verysmall amounts; (3) the production of methanewas markedly increased by surface irrigation;(4) the concentration of oxygen did not exceed10 percent; (5) the gases produced appearedto be under positive pressure and diffusedlaterally and vertically downward into thesurrounding earth, as well as upward throughthe top cover; (6) the initial peaktemperature within all landfills was reachedwithin 3 months and occurred at varying depths;no significantly higher temperatures werereached thereafter; (7) the initialtemperatures in the aerobic landfill greatlyexceeded those in the anaerobic landfills.

64.0876

Goode, C. S. Utilization of sanitarylandfill sites. In Proceedings; NationalConference on Solid Waste Research, Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.128-135.

To overcome the various objections and toconvince the Planning Commissions and otherlocal officials of the necessity for thelocation of a proposed sanitary landfill oftenrequires the efforts of a super salesman. In

most cases, plans are needed. Plans whichmerely create a .fairly level area of higherelevation are usually not convincing. Theopponents of a chosen location and the localofficials will want to know why the refusedisposal site in this area is necessary. Toanswer these questions, the haul distancesand their costs, the relationship of thechosen site to other disposal areas, itscapacity, the estimated population which canbe served over the useful life of the disposalfacility must be presented. The creation ofa master plan for a rapidly growing community

220

" 7M.1-1.

is quite a problem. Although it is fairlysimple to project the ultimate populationgrowth on the basis of such things astopography and the availability of water, itis practically impossible to predict whereand when increments of growth will occur. Thecooperation of cities and counties is a must.The coordination with departments representingcity, county, and state planning, highways,recreation, and schools is extremely helpful.Some of the problems faced by San DiegoCounty in the past and some of the projectedplans and the various methods used to overcomethese problems are discussed.

64-0877

Groff, G., and W. A. Taylor. Treatment plantlocated on former landfill site. PublicWorks, 95(6):105-107, June 1964.

The $1,834,000 primary sewage treatment plantand interceptor system completed in Missoula,Montana, in January 1964, will abate thepollution of the Clark Fork River, and willservice a population of 50,000. Itsconstruction is unique, since it is locatedat a former landfill site. The plant wasdesigned so that future secondary treatmentcan be accomplished with minimal change ofexisting facilities. It is a conventionalprimary type plant with clarification,chlorination, two-stage digestion and sludgedrying beds. The plant design and operationare described in detail and a flow diagramillustrates how the effluent from clarifiersdoubles hack through the chlorine contact tanklocated below grit channels and a Parshaliflume. The cost of operating the plant isestimated at $57,700 per year.

64.0878

Grouting a refuse fill. Public Works,95(7):133, July 1964.

Two adjacent blocks of post-war flats inEngland were found to be partly over the edgeof a quarry, which had been filled in 1925with household refuse, and subsequently toppedoff with 5 ft of clay. The flats werefounded 2 ft into the clay and had settledat their adjacent ends by 6 in. and 8 in.respectively. It was decided to undertakepressure grouting to correct the situation.A line of 2 in. primary treatment holes at6 ft centers was drilled down to the rockon the quarry side of the blocks. Cementper sand grout was then injected through the-trilling rods as they were slowly withdrawn,in order to form a wall of grout under the

31ST E;CPV fiVilit.ABLE

quarry side fittings. The pressures employedrarely exceeded 10 lb per sq in. Injectioncontinued under the remaining footings,secondary holes being drilled and injected

to tighten up between the primaries andensure support under the whole of the blocks.Toward the end of the injection, pressuresdeveloped were of the order of 25 lb per sqin. A total of 66 tons of cement and 37tons of sand were injected. The work wascompleted in March, 1962. Dump-level readingstaken since show that there has been nofurther settling.

64-0879Kansen, D. From missile base to sanitarylandfill. Western City, 40(9):68, Sept. 1964.

The land which Dixon, California, had used asa dump was needed for expansion of the sewagetreatment plant, and it needed another site.The Department of Health, Education, and Welfaredonated 20 acres of the former missile baseto the city. A 6-ft fence surrounded the siteas was required, and Arizona cypress trees wereused as screening along the road way. Becausethe launching pad foundations were so stronglybuilt, trenches were excavated parallel toand between rows of pads. After all theavailable land is crossed with paralleltrenches and filled, enough time will haveelapsed to decompose most of the refuse 7_1the first area used, and the area can becross-trenched, thereby making maximum'utilization of the land.

644880

Honolulu plans 1,000 yard daily landfill.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(9):30, Sept. 1964.

A study of the nature of solid wastes generatedin Honolulu prompted a recommendation for alandfill capable of accepting at least 1,000cu yd of refuse daily and a special incineratorto handle refuse high in moisture.

.64-0381

Johnson, W. H., and B. F. Bjornson. Thesanitary landfill training guide. Atlanta,Ga., Communicable Disease Center, U. S.Public Health Service, 1962. 20 p.

The sanitary landfill is an effective, provenmethod for the permanent disposal of refuse.It is especially suited for, and commonlyused for, cities of less than 100,000population, because land is usually available.

0875-0883

The preliminary considerations for operationof a sanitary landfill include properselection of site, proper design and operation,and strict adherence to sanitary landfillstandards to preclude operational problemsor public objection. Site requirements, landrequireLlents and length of haul, equipmentneeded, personnel, and additional facilitiesare considered. The operation of the sanitarylandfill, with specific recommendations forareas level, on a slope, in low swampy areas,and in valleys and ravines are detailed andillustrated. Problems raised by operation ina small community, in winter or in inclementweather are considered. A list of recommendedpractices is given with details for operation.A comparison of sanitary landfill andincineration as methods for refuse disposalis given and the advantages and disadvantagesof sanitary landfill are listed. Selectedreferences and a list of audio visual aidsfrom the communicable disease center areincluded.

64-0882Kaupert, W. The present method of dumpingwaste. Staedtehygiene, 15(4):77-80, Apr. 1964.

Important criteria for dumping waste arereviewed. For new disposal sites a permitmust be obtained from local authorities; ithas become very difficult to find new sites.When domestic waste is dumped, it should bedone in layers not exceeding 2 m in height,and compacted, and covered with a layer offinely milled or homogenized waste, upon whicha new layer of waste can be deposited. Veryoften waste is dumped into deep pits andcompacted so tightly that no oxygen canpenetrate, in which case the rotting processis greatly slowed down. For instance, in a5 1/2 m pit, the waste was decomposed onlydown to 4 m after 23 years. The bulldozerhas become indispensable at disposal sites.Compacting prevehts breeding of rats andinsects within the waste. (Text - German).

644883

Ligouri, F. R. Open dump can be operatedwithout hazard to the public. Refuse RemovalJournal, 7(1):27, Jan. 1964.

The problem of maintaining safe open dumps,particularly in small towns and rural areasis discussed. Some steps recommended areisolating the dump from sensitive land areas,effectively using rodenticides at regularplanned intervals, dumping at only relativelysmall areas at one time, and covering the

221

Sanitary Landfill

rubbage with earth. If necessary, communitiescould also share the same bulldozer.

64.0884

Maily, H. V. Landfill from eyesore to asset.Public Works, 95(11):95-96, Nov. 1964.

Wilkes-Barre and three adjoining Pennslyvaniacommunities joined together to convert 60acres of an abandoned coal stripping operation,leased at $1.60 annually, into a centrallylocated sanitary landfill. Estimated annualexpenditure for operation on a five-day weekbasis was $36,340 or $.39 per capita. InJune, 1964, 3,747 vehicles used the site.Charges are made according to vehicle size.The site is worked 10 hr per day, 6 days perweek. Salvaging is discouraged. Burningand scavenging are prohibited. It cost theEast Side Landfill Authority $2,000 to preparethe site. A 21, cu yd crawler tractor and aloader were purchased, costing $30,000 each.The cost to Wilkes-Barre of operating its30-year old incinerator had increased from$20,000 in 1937 to $60,798 in 1963. Sincethe landfill operation costs less than $25,257,the city will save $35,000 each year.Officials are considering usfng the oldincinerator to store hulk rock salt.

64-0885

Measuring gas escape from a landfill. PublicWorks, 95(9):163, Sept. 1964.

To measure the rate of carbon dioxide escapethrough a 1 ft silt cover over a landfill,special equipment was designed by EngineeringScience, Inc. An airtight box 4 ft x 16 ftx 8 in. was laid flat on the fill surface.The box, open on the flat side down, confinedthe volume over a given surface, therebyconfining any gases escaping upward from thefill beneath the box. The confined mixtureof gases was swept out of the box by slowinduced air movement produced by a smallpump located on the downstream end of thebox, which 0.I.ew air into four ports on theupstream end. The four inlet ports weregalvanized pipes stuffed with copper woolsaturated with potassium hydroxide forremoval of any carbon dioxide in theincoming air. After passing through the boxand sweeping the ground surface, the gasmixture passed through caustic potassiumhydroxide to absorb the carbon dioxide.Weight gain of absorbers, over a timed run,represented carbon dioxide collected. Fromtheoretical diffusion equations it had beenestimated that 1.2 x 10 to the sixth power

222

BEST COPS MAILABLE

lb per acre per year of carbon dioxide wereescaping upward to the atmosphere. The directmeasurements, with the above describedmonitoring apparatus, showed that the amountwas less than this by a factor of 6.3 times.Further test incorporating several refinementsare planned.

64-0886

Merz, R. C. Determination of the quantity andquality of gases produced during refusedecomposition; second annual report. LosAngeles, University of Southern California,July 1963. 31 p.

The second annual report contains a review,summary and interpretation of all work completedsince December 1, 1961, the start of theinvestigation. The reoults of the laboratorystudies, conclusions, the laboratory procedures,and a discussion are presented. Supportingdata and numerous illustrations are offered.Eight 55-gal steel drums were used ascontainers for varying amounts of refuse andthe gas production was measured against timeand temperature. The gases were analyzed.The temperature in all drums rose 10 to 14 Fwhen the room temperature was maintainedbetween 90 and 95 F. The volume of gasproduced, as expected, is related to the grassand garbage content of the refuse; gasproduction in one drum was higher than twoothers under comparable conditions. Thevolume of gas produced is apparently relatedto aeration; gas production was higher inthe aerated drum that those which did notreceive air. Carbon dioxide and nitrogenhave been the major gases found in the drums.Carbon dioxide, except for one drum, hasconsistently increased in volume since thestart of the investigation. Methane, exceptfor minor amounts in one drum, was -not foundin measurable volumes in the drums--even thatwhich was saturated.

64-0887

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Factors controllingutilization of sanitary landfill site; finalreport. Los Angeles, University of SouthernCalifornia, 1963. 126 p.

A three-year study of the factors controllingthe use of a sanitary landfill site is reported.The optimum means by which the most waste canbe put into the available volume and at thesame time permit shrinkage prediction wasdetermined. Six test cells, each 50 ft by20 ft deep, were constructed at the SpadraLandfill, Walnut, California, by the County

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,a cooperating agency. The conditions ofconstruction of each cell were varied, andtheir influence on the biochemical decompositionof the organic material was studied. Theplanning and execution of the field installation,the data obtained concerning cell construction,shrinkage, gas production, temperature andhumidity, and conclusions drawn from the dataare detailed. Numerous illustrations and chartsare presented.

64-0888

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. The sanitarylandfill site. In Factors controllingutilization of sanitary landfill site; finalreport. Los Angeles, University of SouthernCalifornia, 1963. p.6-9

The site chosen was that offered by theCounty Sanitation Districts of Los AngelesCounty, known as Spadra Landfill No. 2,located near the City of Pomona, California.The site covers 128 acres and servesapproximately 180,000 persons. It wasestablished in 1957. The area finallyselected was /3 former walnut grove.Preparation of the site on which the testcells were to be constructed included clearingaway of the walnut trees, excavation of thecells, placement of access wells, andinstallation of the facilities and instruments

. required before placement of refuse. Atrough 50 ft wide by approximately 500 ft longby 9 ft deep was first excavated. The resultwas an in-line series of five cells having theappearance of a series of truncated pyramids.Cell 6 was scheduled for full constructionabove ground. In the center of each cell therewas erected an access well to provide outletsfor gas collection lines, leach collectionlines, and electrical leads, and a means ofhuman access for placement of test samplesand equipment as well as the taking of internalhumidity and temperature measurements. Eachaccess well consisted of .a steel pipe 44 in.diameter by one quarter in. thick by 18 ftlong, with numerous openings cut into theside. To eliminate the possibility of lossof water through ground seepage in cell 1,the bottom was fully covered with a seamless,impervious, polyethylene membrane having athickness of 6 mm.

84-0889

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Refuse and soil.In Factors controlling utilization of sanitarylandfill site; final report. Los Angeles,University of Southern California, 1963. p.9-13.

0884-0890

All of the refuse places in the six cellsoriginated in the residential districts ofthe adjoining communities of Pomona, SanDimas, Claremont, and LaVerne. Further controlwas exerted to make certain that only typicaldomestic refuse consisting of paper, grass andgarden trimmings, garbage, and miscellaneousinert material was placed in the cells.Industrial wastes were excluded. The solidwaste, as finally placed in the cells,consisted of approximately 65 percent paper,25 percent grass and garden trimmings, 5percent garbage, and 5 percent inert, byvolume. In the laboratory, the averagemoisture content for the entire mass of refusewas determined to be 35 percent on a wetweight basis (54 percent dry weight basis).The top soil of the entire Spadra sitecomprises a thin layer of organic loam. Itwas skimmed off and stockpiled for useelsewhere. The subsoil consists of adecomposed shale. It is this material whichwas used for the buffer strips, for admixturewith refuse, and for final cover on the topand sides of the cells.

64.0890

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Cell construction.In Factors controlling utilization of sanitarylandfill site; final report. Los Angeles,University of Southern California, 1963. p.13-39.

The six cells were built with an overall depthof 20 ft. The first five cells were begunapproximately 9 ft below normal groundelevation, whereas cell 6 was built entirelyabove ground. In cell 1, the refuse wasplaced continuously until full depth (18 ft)was reached. As the refuse was being placed,it was continually watered to refusal so thatthe overall cell moisture content was 80.1percent on a dry weight basis. In cell 2,the refuse was placed in 4-ft thick layersseparated by 1-ft thick earth covers.Sufficient water was added to bring moisturecontent to 43.5 percent. In cell 3, the refusewas placed in 4-ft thick layers separated by1-ft thick earth covers. No water was added.In cell 4, the refuse was placed continuouslyuntil full depth was reached. Water wasadded to a moisture content of 51.9 percent.A 2-ft thick top cover was added to bring theoverall depth to 20 ft. In cell 5, earth wasadmixed with the refuse in the ratio of 1part earth to 2.2 parts of refuse by volume.Water was added to moisture content of 34.8percent. A 2-ft thick cover was used. Cell6 was built entirely above ground in amanner that would admit the atmosphere intothe interior of the cell. Refuse was placedand water was added to a moisture content of

223

Sanitary Landfill

89.9 percent. The compaction ratios achievedare tabulated. Various measuring instrumentsare set in place. As the cells wereconstructed, half sections of 55-gal steeldrum were located within the cells, 2 withopen end up for the collection of leach and2 with closed end up for collection of gas.

64-0891

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Cell activity.In Factors controlling utilization of sanitarylandfill site; final report. Los Angeles,University of Southern California, 1963. p.39-83.

Data indicate that the greatest settlementhas occurred in aerobic cell 6; in theanaerobic cells maximum settlement hasoccurred in cell 4. Cell 4 was constructedwith minimum compaction. Total settlementfigures are presented. During the first twoweeks following completion of construction,the aerobic cell surface has the greatestrate of settlement, 7.18 ft per month. Thiswas followed by the minimum compaction cell4, 3.42 ft per month, with cells 3, 5, and 2following in that order with much the samerate of settlement, approximately 2.25 ftper month. Cell 1 had the lowest rate ofsettlement, 1.23 ft per month. in the fifthmonth, there was only a difference of 0.05ft in the rates of settlement between minimumand maximum values. The gases collected withinthe inverted collection cans, the leachcollection cans, the DWR tubes, and thesurface collection can, are described andthe access wells were analyzed. A review ofthe data shows a general trend of the gascomponents, except methane, to fluctuate withtime. The methane component appears in increasewith time. In general, a peak temperature wasreached at each level relatively soon followingcompletion of construction of the cell.However, in some cases, a further slightincrease in temperature occurred with passageof time. Some odor problems were encounteredduring construction in the uncovered cells,the most severe being in connection with thesaturated cell. The odor disappeared with thecovering of the cell.

64.0892

Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Supplementalstudies. In Factors controlling utilizationof sanitary landfill site; final report.Los Angeles, University of Southern California,1963. p.83-93.

Two preliminary and parallel phases of thework were carried out. One was a literature

224

ti3F` MAJABLE

survey, the other was visitation of other landfillsto learn their operating procedures. Operatinglandfills visited included: San Diego, California,and Phoenix, Arizona, where water is beingadmixed refuse; Fresno, California, wherecompaction is being employed; San Francisco,California, where the effect of tidal wateris being observed; Burbank, California, wheredata on landfill settlements are beingsecured; and the City of Los Angeles, GriffithPark Landfill where a pressure plate is beingused to measure refuse weight. The generalqualitative information thus obtained wasemployed to develop the test cells. Therecords of-more than 1500 trucks were examinedand the maximum and minimum densities weredetermined. Time studies were made to findout how long it took to unload the compactortype truck of the refuse it carried. Experimentswere carried out to indicate whether or notthe amount of water needed to support thelife of grass and selected shrubbery on topof a landfill site would be enough to causepercolation through a known dapth of landfill.A study was made to determine the effects ofmoisture and temperature on refuse combustion,and a safe moisture percentage limit abovewhich refuse will' not Spontaneously burn.The procedure is described.

6114893

Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Newlife for dead lands--derelict acres reclaimed.London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963.30 p.

In England and Wales there are about 150,000acres of derelict land, much of which couldeither be reclaimed for development orimproved. With the recent development ofearth moving machinery, huge quantities ofspoil and waste material, plus the progressattained in the technique for 'making soil',derelict land reclamation has becomeeconomically feasible. As a preliminary,colliery waste must be tested for presenceof toxins. Shale often contain largeamounts of sulphates, which can be toxic toplants, thus causing restricted plant growth.As colliery waste weathers, it becomes greatlyacidic. Newly dug soil may be neutral, butthis condition is only temporary. When thepH reaction is lower than 4.5, three tons ofground limestone per acre will usually remedythe calcium deficiency if applied prior toany organic matter. The application of anorganic fertilizer before cultivation isessential. A compound fertilizer with a highpotash content should be used. The optimumrate of seeding appears to be about 65 lbper acre. A bibliography is included.

BUT COPY AVAILABLE

64.0894

Moveable steel 'face' to refuse tip atAldershot. Chartered Municipal Engineer,91:103, Mar. 1964.

The steel harrier used to replace earth onthe refuse tip at Aldershot is described andillustrated. The Borough Engineer's staffat Aldershot designed a steel barrier ormoveable 'face' for the refuse tip to savemoney on earth cover. The barrier made ofmild steel plates 8 ft square and 1/4 in. thickare fixed to a 4 in. channel frame at an anglecorresponding to the tip face, with the lowerlegs of the frame acting as skids or runnerson which the barrier can be slid forward asrequired. The barrier, which is held inposition by the weight of refuse on the skids,is pulled forward each day to provide spacefor that day's tipping. The need for earthcover on the working face is obviated byleaving the barrier or face in position atthe end of the day. A method is given whicheliminates the need for earth cover in a tipaccording to the Borough Engineers.

644895

New tire for earth-moving machines. PublicCleansing, 54(2):722, Feb. 1964.

The new Mitio Duratrak pneumatic tire cannotbe punctured from landfill operations. It isbuilt up of radial laminated segments ofrubber and fabric. A special renewable tractiontread can fit over the tire for use on softground, which thus would render the life ofthe tire indefinite. The tire costs 50 percentmore than equivalent pneumatic tires.

64-CM96

Osborn, V. New equipment cuts landfill costs.American City, 79(7):27, July 1964.

By replacing a 7-year-old truck-type loaderwith a new machine that has a guaranteedmaintenance provision, Springfield, Missouri,will save an estimated $4,780 onsanitary landfill costs during the next 2years. The city accepted the bid offered bythe local Caterpillar dealer for a 955H loader,with a proposed maintenance cost of $3,500.Under terms of the maintenance contract, thedealer furnishes all labor and materialnecessary (excluding normal wear items) tomaintain the loader in good operating condition.The dealer serviceman makes a monthlyinspection, and a suitable replacementmachine must be supplied during prolonged!repair, but the contract guards against

0891-0898

unjustified service calls. The new machine

has a 1 3/4 cu yd multi-purpose bucket whichis particularly useful in landfill work. The955H's primary duty consists of spreadingand compacting refuse on the trench slope,then spreading cover dirt.

640397. Pagan, R., and C. H. Billings. Soil-cementroad on marshland. Public Works, 95(5):93,94, May 1964,

In order to reach a new landfill area in theBorough of Rutherford, a new, inexpensiveroadway had to be constructed by the Stateof New Jersey across Berry's Creek. At thesite of the crossing the creek bed was about150 ft wide and the distance from the creekbank on the landfill side to the highwayaccess road was about 520 ft. It was decidedto construct a sub-base using borrowed fillto support a soil-cement base road. Theembankment construction and the constructionof soil-cement base road are described in

detail. The final cost of the job totalled

$70,000. The actual cost of the surfacewas $6,818.75 or $2.73 per sq yd. The roadwas used throughout the winter of 1963 to1964, taking a traffic load of about 100loaded trucks per day. The surface remainedunbroken and otherwise in good condition.Considerable deformation of the originalcontour and some settling have been observed,but these imperfections have not detractedfrom the overall usefullness of the structureand it is anticipated that the road will lastat least the life of the fill area.

644098

Pagano, S. Sanitary landfill operations inNew York State. Public Health Reports,79(6):543-548, June 1964.

Sanitary landfills are operations in whichrefuse is neatly deposited in the ground,compacted, covered daily with 6 in. of earth,and compacted again. Modified landfills failto meet the last two requirements. Thisdisposal method is gaining popularity,especially since it can be operatedinexpensively in many terrains. Sanitarylandfills were made requisite in New York inan attempt to solve the state's vast refuseproblem. This discussion considers the resultsof a 1962 survey of 24 newly-installedoperations. The investigation indicated thatthe cost per person of running landfillsgenerally decreases with increasing population.Cost itself depends upon price and

225

Sanitary Landfill

availability of land, labor, machinery, andthe number of working hours. Inefficientoperation, poor site location, and heavyclay soils incur high expenses.Crawler-tractors with front-end loaders arethe most widely used equipment. The idealcover material for landfill operations isa half sand, half clay-silt soil. Stockpiledcover material should be covered withvegetation, straw, etc., to keep it relativelydry. The number of working hours forlandfills depends on the number of thepopulation served, varying from 8 to 64 perweek. Burning at sites is undesirable,resulting in pollution. Fire, blown papers,odors, and rodents are the only major problemsexperienced. Small communities may meeteconomic problems by banding together forlandfill operations. Once operations cease,no future use for sites is generally planned.Additional data discusses all aspects of thesurvey taken.

64.0899

Partridge, J. W. Disposal of solid waste inrural areas. In Proceedings; SecondInternational Congress, InternationalResearch Group on Refuse Disposal, Essen,Germany, May 22-25, 1962. p.1-17.

The main rules to be observed for controlledgarbage dumping are: (1) garbage is dumpedin successive layers of moderate thickness;(2) the layers are levelled and limited bybanks of less than 45 degrees; (3) dumpingmust be compact; and (4) the dumped materialmust be covered on the same day with at least4 in. of earth. In practice, however, manydifficulties arise from controlled dumping.The various problems are discussed, such as,garbage transformation process, temperatures,thickness of the dump, and covering of thedump. IL is preferable to use a heavy vehicleworking rapidly, such as a loader, abulldozer and a packing grab. Tightness ofthe cover layer is a favorable factor in firecontrol. Methane gas might cause acci.'entsif it penetrates into the cellars of neighboringhouses. Whenever methane is present, theheap is too high, too packed, or was ccveredup with a fres1 layer too quickly. Destructionof insects and rats is one of the aims ofcontrolled dumping. Common pests are flies,crickets, and rats. Surveillance is required,and current types of pesticide are toapplied. Once completed, dumping grounds canvery quickly be turned into meadows andcultivation areas, as well as public gardensand sport grounds.

226

BEST COPY HIRABLE

64-0900

Pound, C. E. Our landfill plays favorites.American City, 79(1):85, Jan. 1964.

A county landfill encourages municipalsanitation departments to incinerate theirrefuse before burial. Three truckloads ofraw refuse condense to one truckload afterincineration. Because of limited landfillsite.," a $2.25 per ton disposal fee for rawrefuse against $1.75 per ton for incineratedrefuse was instigated, allowing savings forincineration by sanitation departments of25 percent. The proposed switch to rubberwheels from track vehicles for bettercompacting is also explained.

64.0901

Refuse tipping and land reclamation.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,124(3784):37-38, Dec. 12, 1964.

Bristol's refuse tipping and land reclamationprogram is described as one manner of dealingwith disposal problems. Separation ofhousehold waste from industrial waste ismentioned, as is the increasing amount ofplastic and polythene which does not breakdown and which stops circulation through thetip. Workable tipping sites reasonablyclose to the city and located where seriousobjections would be unlikely are becomingscarce. Underground streams and otherwatercourses pose a problem. Pulverization,incineration, tipping into the sea and othermethods are mentioned as alternative solutions..

64.0902

Regional recovery of derelict land.Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 124(3779):52,Nov. 7, 1964.

The advantages of the disposal of refuse bydumping are discussed in reference to therecovery of unusable land. While someheavily urbanized areas require the use ofmechanical means of refuse disposal, disposalby dumping can be more economical and contributeto land reclamation. It is estimated thatthere are 12,000 acres of holes in theground which should be filled in Britain.This land spoilage is increasing at the rateof 3,500 acres a year. In South Lancashire,which has one of the largest areas of landrequiring fill, there is also a problem ofdisposal of waste and refuse. The properlocation of transfer stations shouldreduce the costs of refuse collection haulageand allow the hulk hauling at costs of 5 to

10 shillings per ton depending on the distance.The future requirements for waste disposalmust be coupled with an estimate of theproduction of land made unusable by holes tomake certain that alternative means ofdisposal are available before the saturationpoint is reached.

64.0903

Sanitary landfill use studies. Public Works,95(4):24, Apr. 1964.

A 3-year study of the factors controlling theuse of a sanitary landfill site has beencompleted by the University of SouthernCalifornia. The purpose was to determine themeans by which the most waste can. he putinto the available volume and at the sametime permit shrinkage prediction. Six testcells, each 50 ft square and 20 ft deep,were constructed. The conditions of eachcell were varied, and their influence onthe biochemical decomposition of the organicmatter was studied. Reports on two phasesof the work were carried in Public Works, inSeptember 1961, and February 1964, respectively.A final report details the planning andexecution of the installation, documents thedata concerning cell construction, shrinkage,gas production, temperature and humidity,and presents conclusions. Copies of thereport are available from the Department ofCivil Engineering of the University ofSouthern California.

64-0904

Sanitary landfills. Canadian MunicipalUtilities, 102(12):18-22, 50-52, Dec. 1964.

interviews with Mr. Charles Newbury, aconsultant and scientific adviser inpollution and hygiene, stress the seriousdisadvantages of sanitary landfills: (1)

if not properly covered in, there are odorsand rats which make the landfill unsightlyand lead to health hazards; (2) because ofthe gases generated, mainly methane, sanitarylandfills cannot he used to build upon for40, or maybe even 100 years, unless expensiveprecautions are taken; and (3) the use ofravines for sanitary landfills destroys thenatural landscape. He feels that the solutionlies in more extensive use if incinerationas a means of garbage disposal with acombination of incineration plus landfill forburying the ash, as well as the developmentof other uses for ash. Mr. Ian McKerracher,an engineer in charge of sanitary landfilloperations in Toronto, feels that although

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 0899-0907

there has been some trouble, it has not beef,great enough to indicate that landfills arenot the best way to dispose of garbage. Heindicates that there really is not analternative since incineration still leaves50 percent of the refuse, which then has tobe buri, and since it is no longer acceptablebecause of air pollution. Incineration tothe point where the material is inert istremendcasly expensive. Some of the problemsfacing sanitary landfill operations are leachingmethane gas production, the proper amount ofcover to use, and the ability to plant on the lam

64-0905

Shall we bury refuse or rocket it into space?Refuse Removal Journal, 7(8):8, Aug. 1964.

Four methods are currently used'to disposeof refuse on land: open dumping; controlledburning dumping; refuse filling; and sanitarylandfilling. The trend is toward the sanitarylandfill, of which there are basically twomethods: the trench method and the areamethod. Factors to be kept in mind inplanning and operating the sanitary landfillare listed.

64-0906

Two county groups sue for landfill site.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(1):28, Jan. 1964.

The Bergen County, New Jersey, Board ofFreeholders, and a group of several. EssexCounty communities will try to initiatecondemnation pryceedings against theErie-Lackawanna railroad in Bergen Superiorcourt. Both plaintiffs want to purchaserailroad-owned land for use as a .garbagedisposal site. They have offered prices upto $1,000 an acre, but have been refusedwithout explanation.

64-0907

Vanderveld, J. Design and operation ofsanitary landfills. In American Public WorksAssociation Yearbook. Chicago, American PublicWorks Association, 1964. p.242-246.

The need for proper selection of landfilloperation sites and the need for experiencedpersonnel to design the entire operation frombeginning to completion of the project arediscussed. This includes preparing the necessarytechnical data such as topographic maps,geology, soil characteristics, plans andspecifications, and other design features,

227

Street Cleaning

and spelling out in detail the completeoperational procedures to be followed. Animportant factor in getting the public toaccept the Sanitary landfills is good publicrelations operations. Public relationsoperations in Waukegan, Illinois, arediscussed. A plant in Florida handles 50tons of refuse each day. Research methodshave been perfected for mixing and treatingsewage and refuse and converting this toan outstanding and useful fertilizer.

64.0908

Versatile land-rover. Public Cleansing,54(9):1167, Sept. 1964.

Ripen and Pately Bridge, England, has broughta Land-Rover vehicle with a dozer blade and arefuse collection type body, which providesthe versatility necessary for a rural areawith six scattered tips. The vehicle spreadsand compacts the refuse at the tips, towsother vehicles that have broken down, andhauls refuse from premises where normalpackers cannot reach because of narrow andbadly surfaced roads.

64.0909

Want railroad site for dumping area. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(11):20, Nov. 1964.

Since Newark, New Jersey, is facing an impendingshortage of refuse disposal areas, the cityis taking legal action to foreclose on 39acres of meadowland railroad property forback taxes. It intends to use the area forlandfill operations. If the action issuccessful, the benefits will show upimmediately in the refuse collection budget,as not all of the collection trucks will haveto make the long haul to the small towndumping site now being used. It is planned

to divide the city into two collection zones.The refuse from one zone will be deliveredto the railroad area site, while the collectedmaterial from the other zone will be cartedto the out of town location. Long range plansfor the proposed new landfill area are tofill, develop, and then sell the land forindustrial construction. Both composting andincineration was studied by the city, but itwas decided to continue the landfill system.

64.0910

Weaver, L. Refuse disposal, its significance.Ground Water, 2(1):26-30, 1964.

228

"ItABLE"-11..1 r-itWhenever refuse is deposited on land, thepotential impact on surface water orsubterranean aquifers by leaching may besignificant. A good site selection caneliminate many problems. If leaching of alandfill does occur, it has been shown thatground water in the immediate vicinity canbecome grossly polluted and unfit fordomestic or irrigation use. Ash dumps wereshown to leach soluble salts and alkalies tothe extent of 2.9 lb per cu yd for cationsand 5.3 lb per cu yd for anions. The deeperaquifers can be protected from pollutionby their own impervious layer; however, thisdoes not protect it from downstream pollutionand subsequent travel of chemical pollutantsto its present location. Data now availableindicate that the pollution of ground waterfrom a refuse source has been essentiallylimited to shallow aquifers, but that deeperaquifers can be affected. Those landfillsthat are not class 'A' operations pose themost cause for concern. We need to know muchmore about both geological and climaticcharacteristics that, along with operationaltechniques, are so important to short- andlong-term effects of degradation, and topossible leaching of refuse disposal on land.

STREET CLEANING

64.0911

Annunziata, A. Flushers fill the gap.American City, 79(5):8, May 1964.

Previous flushing with water improves cleaningefficiency on streets in Mount Vernon, NewYork. Flushing washes refuse to gutterswhere it can be easily collected.

64.0912

Billings, C. D. The pros and cons ofvacuumized sweeping. In American Public WorksAssociation Yearbook. Chicago, AmericanPublic Works Association, 1964. p.180-184.

A brief history of vacuumized sweeping ispresented. One argument for vacuumizedsweeping shows that it provides effective dustcontrol, and some units make it possible totrap dust particles as fine as five microns insize smaller than the human eye can see. All

of the world's leading automobile plants--RollsRoyce, Cadillac, General Motors, Fiat, Volvo,Chrysler, Volkswagen and others have usedAmerican-developed vacuumized sweeping for

many years. Argument against vacuumizedsweepng shows that it is limited to relativelysmooth paved surfaces. While there isreasonable tolerance of an inch or so with avacuumized sweeper, it is obvious it won'twork on cobblestones at all. A briefexplanation is given of some of the teststhe manufacturers run the sweepers through,to improve on the performance and maintenanceof these units.

64-0913

Bredell, R. G. 'Unkempt, unswept' labeltouches off a storm. American City,79(10):114-115, Oct. 1964.

Seventeen years ago a hook entitled 'InsideU.S.A.' by John Gunther criticized thesanitation of Indianapolis, Indiana. In

retaliation, the city began a clean-upcampaign which has won tham many civic honors.The campaign was assigned the name 'YardParks' and began in 1949, but in 195.5 thefirst signs of real results appeared. TheBoard of Public Works, Street Division steppedup efforts to mintain and improve streets andcurb areas. The project, according to thearticle, would never have gotten off theground without the help and drive of thecitizenry.

64-0914

Bristling with possibilities. Public Cleansing,54(3):805, Mar. 1964.

Burnley, England, has experimented withpolypropylene bristle on both manual andmechanical sweeping. This has resulted ina more efficient sweep. It Improves theresilience of the natural bristle.

64-0915

Danforth, H. L. Follow-up sweeper vacuumsup dirt. American City, 79(5):8, May 1964.

Use of small, hand-pushed vacuum cleanerson whrels to pick up janitor cleanings frombusiness buildings which are dumped in guttersafter regular street sweeping has improveddowntown appearance in Tucson, Arizona.

64.0916

Denison, R. E. Methods of evaluating streetcleaning programs. In American Public WorksAssociation Yearbook. Chicago, AmericanPublic Works Association, 1964. p.153-157.

rite AtitABLE 0908-0920

Twelve wa,Ys to assist in measuring theadequacy of effectiveness of community streetcleaning programs are listed. Problems inthe city of Baltimore are discussed. Thebiggest weakness is the failure of the city toprovide effective control over the parkingand storing of motor vehicles on the streets.This has severely limited the street sweepingpotential, since the force of ten sweepersis largely operating on arterial streetsonly.

64.0917

Edwards, R. A. One flusher for two cities.American City, 79(6):30, June 1964.

Two Maryland cities, College Park,population 21,000, and Cheverly, population6,000, jointly purchased a flusher to cleantheir streets. Its use is proportional totheir respective $8,000 and $4,000 investments.

64-0918

Esso T. Let the rain help you sweep.American City, 79(6):30, June 1964.

Metuchen, New Jersey, uses rainy days to putotherwise task-less men out assistingsweeping. The rain softens and holds downdirt, the sweeper doesn't have to stop forwater, and a truck and loader are availableduring inclement weather.

64.0919

Fleming, R. R. How sweepers really perform.American City, 79(5):113, May 1964.

Results of the magazine's street cleaningsurvey of large and small American citiesare reported. The report contains informationon sweepers vs. population and street mileage,sweeper performance and life, mileage ofbrooms of various natural and syntheticmaterials, and frequency of sweeping streetsof different areas. The survey also includesthe most pressing 'problems and the mostappreciated recent development in streetcleaning.

64.0920

Haley, J. W. Hokie-pokies can't compare.American City, 79(3):26, Mar. 1964.

In Boston, Massachusetts, two 53-in. pathvacuum sweepers have replaced six men using

229

Street Cleaning

pushbrooms and carts. This mechanization, intraffic-congested areas where big sweeperscannot operate, has proved to he bothefficient and economical. The smallTennant 88 vacuum sweepers, which patroldaily, can control dust without using water.They dump their loads at selected pointsfor later pick-up by a loader and truck.

64-0921

Hickok, R. How to cut street-cleaning costs.American City, 79(7):90, July 1964.

The street superintendent of El. Paso, Texas,outlines the new policies and equipment thathe has introduced for street cleaning andthe consequent improvement over hand labor.

64-0922

Keeping the streets clean. American City,79(7):14, July 1964.

In Chicago, Illinois, mechanical sweeperscleaned 109,391 curb miles of streets, andhand labor swept an additional 60,209 curbmiles during 1963. To aid the 100 sweepers,which the city has in operation, 2,400vivid plastic litter baskets were added to12,600 others conveniently placed at strategiclocations. It is anticipated that theattention-attracting colors of these newbaskets will encourage the public to tosstheir litter into them, instead of dropping itinto the streets.

64.0923

Lucia, F. J. If it works in New York City.American City, 79(1):100, Jan. 1964.

Major street-cleaning practices and problemsin New York are discussed. This city usesalternate-side parking bans to facilitategutter cleaning in areas with many parkedcars both day and night. Problems of fallleaf removal and vacant lot clearance areconsidered. Replacing wood and naturalfibres with plastics fibres in machine sweeperbrushes extends life ten-fold. Trainingoperators in the adjusting and use of theexpensive brushes was also initiated.

64.0924

McElwee, W. Sweeping crew shriniv-1 to one

man for two units. American City, 79(7):14,July 1964.

230

BEST Ff AV RISIBLE

One operator takes care of the entire sweepingand hauling tasks for Muscatine, Iowa, a cityof 22,000. Near the end of the day heexchanges the sweeper for a self-containedLo-Dal loader to clean up the piles previouslydumped onto the street. This systemeliminated two trucks, a loader, and fourmen. However, this method is somewhat slowerand needs supplementing during the earlypart of spring cleanup and for leaf pickuplate in the fall. The driver covers about20 curbmiles during each 8-hr shift, andthe bass-filled brooms run about 175 milesbefore they need replenishing.

64-0925

Ministry of Housing and Local Government.Public cleansing refuse collection anddisposal; street cleansing costing returns1961-62. London, Her Majesty's StationeryOffice, 1967. 58 p.

Public cleansing costing returns covering theyear 1961-62 are compiled from returnssubmitted by local authorities of large urbanareas and a number of selected rural areas inEngland and Wales. Collection and Disposalof House and Trade Refuse, and Street andGully Cleansing are the two main areasdiscussed. Tables compiled on house andtrade refuse cover: Amounts Collectedper 1,000 of population; Collection andDisposal-Unit Costs; Range of Costs; Costsper Ton-Collection; Couts per Ton-Disposal;Costs per Ton-Labour and Transport; Salvage;and Figures for Individual Authorities. One

table on Figures for Individual Authoritiesis presented for Street and Gully Cleansing.

64.0926

Modern vehicles and equipment in Germany.Public Cleansing, 54(6):945, June 1964.

Papers on refuse collection vehicles inFrankfurt, Germany, and street cleaning vehiclesin Hanover are reviewed. Frankfurt heavilyemploys mechanical and dustless loading.The Hanover paper discusses large mechanicalsweepers which can be converted for otheruses.

64.0927

Municipal. techniques--'Sanitary Sam' inChula Vista. Western City, 40(3):44,

Mar. 1964.

In addition to their regular street cleaners,the people of Chula Vista, California, have

`Sanitary Sam'. He is a unique figure, whotravels through the business and residentialdistricts, picking up trash and debristhat has accumulated since the regular streetcleaner made his rounds. 'Sanitary Sam'wears a white uniform and travels on awhite three -wheel scooter which houses anextra large trash can, broom and shovel. AtChula Vista, 'Sam' is part of the freecivic betterment program and is accepted warmlyby the people. There has been no copyrightplaced on 'Sam', since it is hoped thatmore cities will take advantage of the idea.

64.0928

New development in gully emptying. PublicCleansing, 54(2):724-725, Feb. 1964.

Some features of a new gully emptier, theDennis, developed in England, are a scientificmethod to test range of vision, optionalleft-hand steering for better control ofcurbside cleanup, optional power jets forwashing beneath parked vehicles and flushingdebris into the gutter, and pressure sprayingeauipment at the front end of the vehicle.

64.0929

New vacuum train cleans New York transitsystem. Refuse Removal Journal, 7(4):18,Apr. 1964.

New York City has acquired a three-carvacuum cleaner, more than 150 ft long, toclean its subway tracks. It cleans fromthree to 10 miles of track per hr, dependingupon the amount of debris present. A majorfeature of the new cleaner is that it willbe completely protected against fires.

64.0930

Patrick, P. K. Mechanical street cleansing.London, Temple. Press Books, 1964. 48 p.

Information and data on mechanical streetcleaning was obtained from local authorities;different types and the machines availablein England at the present time were surveyed.An effort was made to foresee future trends ordevelopments. Subject headings include:Introduction, Types of Mechanical Sweepers,Selection and Operation of Mechanical Sweepers,Mechanical Sweeping of Footways, Economics ofMechanical Street Cleansing, Maintenance,and Conclusion. Two appendices give aclassified summary of mechanical sweepers andsuction cleaners and a record of brush wearon mechanical sweepers.

MT COPY 1011.1011 0921-0935

64-0931

Power sweeper cuts uneven broom wear. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(1):33, Jan. 1964.

A 4'.i -yd power sweeper for municipal use whichis capable of highway speeds to 25 mph isdescribed. Three brooms and conveyor speedsare provided and an improved broom suspensionsystem is incorporated within the machine.

64.0932

Rheinfrank, W. J. Solving street cleaningstoughest problem. American City, 79(4):94,Apr. 1964.

The Vacuum truck method of collection ofstreet sweepings dumped along Sweeper routesin Milwaukee, Wisconsin is described. Heretwo vacuum cleaner 16-yd closed collectiontrucks replaced crews hand-loading dumpedsweepings into open trucks at 1/3 the costof hand-loading.

64.0933

Rossi, R. M. A clean sweep costs more.American City, 79(6):114, June 1964.

The street cleaning procedures of Riverside,California, are described, including the useof night sweeping. Dust, palm fronds, andlimbs resulting from high winds necessitatemodification of manual cleaning systems.

64-0934

Stenman, A. Men and machines cut one thirdoff sweeping bill. American City, 79(3):111,Mar. 1964.

Street cleaning procedures which cut costsfrom $4.68 per curb mile to $3 per curb milein Fresno, California, are described.Route-and-procedure analysis with the helpof drivers accounted for the savings. Aservice-rating system has improved the workof the men.

64-6335

Tope, O. Modern street cleaning vehiclesand equipment of German Public CleansingDepartment. Presented at Eighth.International Congress of Public Cleansing,Vienna (Austria), Apr. 14-17, 1964. 28 p.

The objectives of and hindrances of publiccleansing are discussed. Because of financial

231

Lister

reasons, the shortage of labor, the high laborcost, and the need for obtaining maximumcleaning performance, mechanization of streetcleaning has not yet achieved its fullpotential. For economy and sanitation,Heidelberg and Hannover 30 years ago,introduced system-bins for the reception ofstreet sweepings. The sweepings are pickedup by hand only once and are taken to acollecting point where the filled bins areemptied into special refuse collectingvehicles and exchanged for empty ones. Anincrease of sweeping performance and easingof working conditions was effected byintroducing tricycles which were ridden likebicycles or driven by auxiliary engines, andwhich carry either two refuse bins of 60 litercapacity or one 110 liter bin. Vehiclescarrying a crew of three and the number ofbins required are also used. The developmentof light and efficient small engines resultedin a number of small sweeping machines whichserve for sprinkling and sweeping as wellas for gritting and snow plowing. Sweepingmachines now in use feature disc-shapedside brushes which feed the sweepings to thebrush equipped pick-up belt. A supply ofwater for sprinkling is available. Some ofthe machines are equipped with blowers tosuck up the dust, and today, most of thepick-up sweeping machines use a suctiondevice. The general requirements of sweepingmachines are discussed. Special modelsdeveloped for salt spreading are described.The removal of snow is becoming increasinglymechanized, using rotary snow plows, blower-typeloaders, and shovel loaders. Thirty-sevenillustrations of street cleaning vehicleswith specifications are included.

64-0936

A truck-loading street sweeper. American City,79(1):33, Jan. 1964.

Australian-designed street sweepers whichcan empty their hoppers directly into atruck were to be used in crowded Tokyo duringthe 1964 Olympics. At least 20 of theton machines would be used. Hopper capacitywas three cu yd, and sweeping widths were 71/2 '

ft and 101/2 ft with one and two side brooms,

respectively. The machine can also dischargedebris onto the ground if required. Designfeatures include dual controls, broomadjustment from the cab, and simplifiedmaintenance.

64-0937

Vacuum cleaner supplants brooms. AmericanCity, 79(7):14, July 1964.

232

WilIZABLE

A new vacuum cleaner with a yard-wide snoutcleans the streets and gutters of Kitchener,Ontario, Canada more efficiently than wasformerly done by brooms and carts. Poweredby a 6 hp Briggs and Stratton engine, theGiant Vac costs $470.25, plus extra bags at$32.50 each. Each bag holds 1112 cu ft andone night's work in Kitchener fills about11 bags. Thu vacuum cleaner picks upeverything, including bottles, withoutstirring up any dust. The steel impellersmashes the bottles to bits as it draws themin and a deflector prevents the resultingsharp slivers from piercing the bag.

64-0938

'We'll try anything...' Public Works,95(9):118, Sept. 1964.

Since the Los Angeles County Highway MaintenanceDepartment cleans close to 165,000 miles ayear at a cost of $550,000 and wears out$50;000 worth of brooms, constant surveillance,record-keeping and experimentation isessential for good economy. A tachographis mounted in each of the 47 sweepers operatedby the county. This device records howfar a sweeper traveled in a day, how fast itwas driven, and how long the broom wasfunctioning. These data permit analysis ofthe life of not only the machine and itscomponents, but of the various brooms mountedupon it for experimental purposes. In addition,the operator files a daily report, explainingdowntime, and reporting water consumptionand contacts with property owners. Thenecessity for cost-keeping stems from thehigh increase in the cost of broom materials,which has risen from 8 cents per lb to asmuch as $3.50.

LITTER

64.0939

Circus clown aids cleaner city drive. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(6):35, June 1964.

A 13-ft circus clown (on stilts) tossinglitter into an oversized basket is anotherpublicity gimmick for New York City's cleanupcampaign. The Sanitation Department alsoplans to install 60,000 litter basketsthroughout the city. The approach of theWorld's Fair prompted the drive.

qt.T, CT1 AgiUDS.

64-0940

Kentucky fights litterbugs. Public Works,95(10):103, Oct. 1964.

Kentucky's fight against litter along itshighways is described. One of the state'sweapons is a public relations program whichincludes meetings with clubs and serviceand civic groups.

6441941

Land usage and litter. Public Cleansing,54(6):970, June 1964.

On a recent train journey, it was possibleto see how householders discard their unwantedbelongings on another person's property.These actions suggest that those concernedare not utilizing their education. Thecommon attitude seems to be that discardsmust be disposed of no matter what theeventual resting place. All people shouldeducate themselves to keep tidy at all times.This would bring a silent revolution in theappearance of Great Britain.

64-0942

Litter clean-up out of the ordinary. AmericanCity, 79(4):34, Apr. 1964.

Two cities have different youth projects toaid general clean up. Portsmouth, Virginia,employed forty otherwise unemployed boys ona 40-hr week for the summer at $.50 per hrplus a $.25 per hr performance bonus. Thiscut down summer mischief and cleaned up thecity. Pleasant Hill, California, letsjuvenile traffic offenders work 6 hr onSaturday per $5 fine on roadside cleanupwork. This allows the youth to pay for theoffense instead of the parents.

64.0943

Litter left-and right. Engineering, 198:65,July 17, 1964.

A complaint against the indifferent attitudeof the public toward the litter problem isdiscussed. An example is given to show someidea of the extent of the situation. in thecity, and indicates that it is worse In thecountry. Major offenders are paper rtfuseand unwanted cars abandoned on the street.The one suggested solution is to reduce layersof paper and cardboard packaging to a simpleplastic wrapping.

0936-0946

64.0944

Littering of Jersey beaches is growing.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(8):12, Aug. 1964.

Problems New Jersey has in keeping itsbeaches clean are discussed. Some of thebeach rubbish results from illegal dumping atsea.

64-0946

Paper sacks for holiday litter. Waste TradeWorld, 105(22):22, Nov. 28, 1964.

Holiday litter at caravan sites can beminimized by the substitution of a paper-sacksystem of refuse disposal for over-flowingdustbins. At the Crystal Palace (London),site of one of the largest caravan groups,the staff was unsuccessful in disposing ofrubbish by burning, storing in 40-gal drums,and trampling in the dustbins. Their experimentswith the Palfrey 'Refusacks' were sosuccessful that the system was adopted allover Britain. The proprietors of severalother caravan sites prefer the useof the 'Refusacks' because of the ease ofhandling compared to the heavier dustbins.It is possible to give each new arrival afresh container regardless of the collectionfrequency and one sack holder will replaceseveral dustbins that would only be usedduring peak holiday periods. The 'Refusack'system is suitable for all weather and isideal for rush periods during Bank Holidayswhen the litter is the greatest and thecollections are restricted because oflimited staff.

64.0946

Polyethylene litter baskets. Plastics World,22(8):19, Aug. 1964.

The City of Chicago has been usingbrightly-colored polyethylene litter basketsto clear the Loop area of unsightly trash.Citizens have given excellent acceptanceand cooperation resulting in a cleaner cityand substantial cost reduction in maintenanceof old metal baskets. The baskets cost $10.50each in comparison to $14.00 each for metalunits. The baskets are 27 lb lighter thantheir counterparts, and there is an advantagein handling and storage, but there was apotential problem in considering Chicago'swind and cold. The problem was solved byriveting two 8-in. strips of metal, oneon the inside and one on the outside bottomof each unit. Tests show the units towithstand wind forces of 35 mph. The units

233

Health and Safety

were clamped with a quick release clamp toutility poles.

64-0947

Tons of rubbish from the tinker district.Public Cleansing, 54(3):815, Mar. 1964.

Sanitation news from Birmingham, England,which includes a report on a clean-up campaigndirected at the excessive litter in yardsand gardens of a certain area of the cityis reported. The litter was caused byovercrowding resulting from the immigrationof Irish tinkers.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

64-0948

Aaherg, H. C. Farmers and ranchers interestin zoonotic diseases. Continued EducationSeries 124. In Proceedings; Institute onOccupational Diseases Acquired from Animals,Ann Arbor, Mich., Jan. 7-9, 1964.

Farmers and ranchers have a two-fold interestin the control and eradication of zoonoticdiseases: the tremendous economic loss fromdiseased animals; and the well-being of theirfamilies and the consumers of animal products.Tuberculosis, although of greatly diminishedimportance in the United States, requiresrigorous attention to prevent complacencywhich would allow the disease to spread.Brucellosis eradication has been highlysuccessful in the United States due to arigorous eradication program. Leptospirosis,a widely distributed disease occurring incattle, swine, and dogs as well as rodents, thecoon, beaver, and the muskrat, is a confusingdisease and its control is far from adequaterequiring further research. Trichinosis hasbeen reduced by the cooking of garbage fed toswine thus reducing its incidence in humans.Psittacosis is transmitted by parrots andparakeets, and poultry are known to heinfected. The sharp reduction of incidencein the preceding diseases in animals hasresulted in a corresponding decrease inincidence in humans. The programs which haveeffected this result deserve widespread support.

64.0949

Anderson, R. J. Public health aspects of thesolid waste problem. In Proceedings; National

234

BES1 coin Mi AltABLE

Conference on Solid Waste Research, Chicago,Dec. 2-4, 1963. American Public WorksAssociation, 1964. p.8-11.

The movements of the explosive expansion ofthe chemical industry, the surging trendtoward living in cities or metropolitan areas,and the continued growth of the wholeindustrial complex, with its accompanyingeffect on the general environment haveaggravated in increasing measure, the problemsof water pollution, air pollution, radiationhazards, the need for additional work inoccupational health safe guards, restaurantsanitation and general milk and food purityactivities, and research into the dangersof the use of pesticides, among others. Themost prevalent disposal system of seriousdanger to health is the open dump, with itsflies and rats. Poor refuse handlingcommonly provides food for flies, cockroaches,awl domestic rodents. Open cans and bottlescatch and hold water in which mosquitoes canbreed, so that many individual citizensunknowingly but actively encourage theproliferation of these disease-carrying pests.The fly infested refuse that is ordinarilycollected during warm weather must becarefully handled to prevent fly production.In order to prevent fly emergence bycompacting the cover material at sanitarylandfills, a California study showed thatthere were four essential factors toconsider: soil that can be compacted,suitable equipment for compacting the soil,adequate range of soil moisture, and adequatethickness of cover.

64.0950

Beaver, P. C. Cutaneous larva migrans.Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 33(5):319-321,May 1964.

Cutaneous larva migrans is a form ofdermatitis characterized by linear lesionsmarking the migratory paths of larvalparasites. The infective stage occurs mostcommonly in damp, shaded soil. Hookworm eggsreach the soil in feces, so the infectivestage larvae tend to he concentratedat the defecation site. The most importantcause of cutaneous larva migrans in thiscountry is believed to be one of the cathookworms. Since cats bury their feces,they ordinarily select easily excavateddefecation sites. Besides the hookworms, thereis a group of intestinal nematodes whoselarvae develop directly in the fecal mass, orin water. The lesions of these worms arerelatively wide and progress remarkably fast,and the worm tends to be inactive for periods

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

of several days or weeks. The skin migrationphase of these infections is self-terminating,and is usually followed by larval migrationto the lungs or other organs. Freezing orchemical blistering of the epidermis is theonly effective means of treatment. Asan occupational disease, cutaneous larvamigrans is most frequently seen in plumbers,electricians, and construction workers who arerequired to be in contact with damp or wetsoil contaminated with feces of cats or dogs.The only practical preventive measure isavoiding contact with infective soil or water.

64.0951

Bonus plan lowers accidents, downtime forCalifornia firm. Refuse Removal Journal,7(1):15, Jan. 1964.

ABCO Disposal Corp. of Gadena, California,has a strict safety program, which hasgreatly reduced accidents. Some featuresof the program are monthly bonuses to safedrivers, automatic transmission to relieve thejerking and swinging of the truck containersand drivers' fatigue, and regular inspectionof vehicles and personnel to make sure theyhave donned their safety equipment. Thisplus a modern efficient accounting system hasincreased the size of the clientele.

64-N52

Clarke, N. A., and P. W. Kabler. Humanenteric viruses in sewage. Health LaboratoryScience, 1(1):44-50, Jan. 1964.

Viruses causing poliomyletis, hepatitis,meningitis, and diarrhea are excreted in thefeces, A hepatitis epidemic was due tosewage contamination of water supply in NewDelhi, India. Although any type of entericvirus can be found in sewage, fluctuations inthe predominant type of virus detected insewage apparently occur. Expected densitywas 700 virus units per 100 ml raw untreatedsewage. A maximum density of 20 units per 100ml during cold and 400 units per 100 ml duringwarm months were reported. The entericvirus-coliform ratio in sewage is about oneto 100,000. The gauze pad sampling techniqueis superior to grab sampling. Tables showthat viruses survived longer at 4 C than at28 C. Sedimentation in an Imhoff tank fortwo hours had no destructive action on virus.Sewage treatment does not necessarily destroyCoxsackie virus. Filter effluent containedvirus as often as raw sewage. Data indicatesthat 90 to 98 percent removal or inactivationof virus by activated sludge, an adsorption

0947-0954

phenomenon, involves aeration and settling ofthe floc. Number of viruses increased assewage passed through the plant. Chlorinationreduces the number.

64-0953

Clarke, N. A., G. Berg, P. W. Kabler, et al.Human enteric viruses in water: source,survival, and removability. Advances inWater Pollution Research, "...:523-541, 1964.

A survey investigated the problem posed byhuman enteric viruses in water and sewage.The efficacy of current water and sewagetreatment processes in removing or destroyingthese agents was examined, data was presented,and recommendations were made. The virusesoccur at relatively low densities in sewage.Survival times of enteric viruses andindicator bacteria in water depend largely onthe nature of the water. Viruses appear tosurvive longer in water that is relativelyunpolluted or grossly polluted. Indicatorbacteria survival periods in surface watersappear to he directly related to the water'spollution. The activated sludge processremoves 90 to 98 percent of enteric virusesin raw sewage. The flocculation process,using either alum or ferric salts, can remove95 to 99.percent of Coxsackie A2 virusesfrom water in single-stage flocculation, ormore than 99 percent in double-stageoperations. Virus removal parallels removalof bacteria and turbidity. Hypochlorous acidinactivates viruses in water highly affectively.The rate of inactivation depends on thespecific virus, pH, temperature, and contacttime. Iodine and hypoiodous acid are highlyefficient in destroying enteric viruses. Adiscussion followed presentation of the paperand made three points. Viruses which hardlymultiply at all in surface water are relatedto a faecal contamination of the water. Thecorrelation between the presence of virusesin water and epidemiology is not yet definitelyestablished. Our conception of artificialwater purification needs reassessment. The

amount of nitrogenous matter dischargedinto rivers above catchments of waterdestined for consumption should he reduced.

64-0954

Control of external parasites of chickensand pigeons. University of California,Agriculture Extension Service, Feb. 1964.9 p.

Effective and safe chemical control of thecommon ectoparasites of chickens and pigeons

235

Health and Safety

presents a vital problem. The residues ofinsecticides could affect the meat and eggsat the time of marketing. To prevent this,several measures have to be taken. Allprecautions on the insecticide label should befollowed for use and storage. Read and followthe label instructions. Avoid inhalationof the insecticide. Do not smoke or eatduring application of the insecticide. Changeclothing and wash thoroughly immediately afterapplication. Dispose of all mixed unusedinsecticide sprays and empty containerssafely. Burning of combustible containersand washing and destroying the noncombustibleones is recommended. All insecticidesshould be kept in their original containersand placed in a storage area that can belocked. Do not store them near food, feed,or medication of any kind. Insectiedecontamination of eggs, feed, and water shouldhe avoided. Additional data on how to treatchicken and pigeons for mites, ticks, andfleas is given in the report.

64-0955

Cutler, J. C., E. C. Chamberlayne, and B.D. Blood. Occupational disease problems withreference to agriculture in Latin America.Continued Education Series No. 124. In

Proceedings; Institute on OccupationalDiseases Acquired from Animals, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Jan. 7 -9, 1964. p.394-430.

A review of the information on acquireddiseases of the agriculture industry inLatin America is presented. Anthrax,Brucellosis, Hydatidosis, Leptospirosis,Q fever, Tuberculosis as well as several otherdiseases of much smaller incidence areconsidered. Information concerning theirincidence in workers in various South Americancountries is presented by specific location,animals involved, and work carried out bythe humans found to be infected. Muchstatistical information on these topics istabulated and examined along with mapsindicating occurrence. A high health risk isstill present for the agriculture industryemployees due to the zoonoses which exist inthe environment, even where safe water supplies,good sewage disposal, and even mechanizedfarming exist.

64.0956

Dixon, F. R., and L. J. McCabe. Health aspectsof wastewater treatment. Journal of theWater Pollution Control Federation, 36(8):984-98Aug. 1964.

236

135 4,13?: OOLERecent data shows that the explosivemanufacturing industry ranks far morefavorably than the wastewater industry ininjuries from on-the-job accidents. It seemsthat disease hazards in wastewater treatmentplants are of the type that are not clearlyrecognized as such until disabilities resultfrom them. Fungi potentially pathogenic forman have been isolated from sewage andpolluted water. Salmonella infect their hoststhrough the alimentary tract and are dischargedin the feces. Food processing wastes addSalmonella to sewage. Shigella organismscausing leptospirosis, mycobacteriumtuberculosis, endamoeba histolytical, andhepatitis virus may be present. Sludge spreadon soil may spread infection. Personsoccasionally fall into aeration tanks, gritremoval basins, or major sewer outfalls. Theactual incidence of infectious and parasiticdiseases acquired from sewage work is probablynot very high. More data is needed on illnessamong sewage workers and waste treatmentplant operators.

64-0957

Douse the fire without dumping the load.American City, 79(2):38, Feb. 1964.

Two 21/2-in. fire-hose couplings installed ontop of refuse truck bodies provide aninexpensive solution to fire problems,according to Edward H. Stelle, Supervisorin the Washington Suburban SanitaryCommission's Refuse Division. In the past,refuse truck drivers promptly dumped the loadin the street and called the fire departmentwhen they noticed signs of fire coming fromthe packer unit. This resulted in a messysituation requiring extensive cleanup work.Also, if the fire had already damaged thehydraulic equipment, the load could not bedumped. With hose couplings installed on thetop of the bodies, all the firemen have to dois attach their hoses and flood the interiorwith water. This extinguishes the fire andthe truck can proceed to the disposal site withlittle mess or loss of time.

64.0958

Eagen, J. H. Environmental health implications

of solid waste disposal. Presented at WesternBranch Meeting of the American Public HealthAssociation, Salt Lake City, May 20, 1964.

14 p.

The storage, collection, and disposal of solid

9, wastes is one of the major environmental healthproblems which presently face urbanized

Health and Safety BEST WI Mt AIME

mankind. There are three basic areas in whichthe environmental health profession can attackthe solid waste problem: urban environmentalhealth planning, encouragement of acomprehensive research effort, and applicationof technical knowledge. This can beaccomplished by exhorting local government torecognize and assume its responsibilities toprovide adequate collection and disposal bypromulgating appropriate statutues,ordinances, and regulations to permit amulti-jurisdictional approach to the problem andformal control over the operational practices.At the present time, only $200,000 per yearof public money is going toward research inar, area where the annual expenditures foroperation approach $3 billion. Theapplication of technical knowledge that isnow available to upgrade existingunsatisfactory operations by converting dumpsto sanitary landfills and to train operators,particularly in incineration plants, isneeded.

64-0959

Fire engine at dump site upsets budget.Refuse Removal Journal, 7(11):29, Nov. 1964.

Flash fires and the inability to properlyhandle the amount of debris delivered to thecity dump have caused the authorities ofBayonne, New Jersey to reexamine theirentire system of refuse collection anddisposal. Since the town is an industrialarea and manufacturing waste is sometimesinflammable, the dump would have to becontinued in operation if only as a place todispose of the incinerator residue. The costof maintaining a fire department unit atthe dump site for 12 to 14 hr every dayhas made the dump too costly for themunicipality to run. A suggested solutionby the Bayonne City Council president isto hire a private contractor to operate thedump. At present, the Public WorksDepartment is making a study of the futuredisposal needs of the city.

64.0960

Creenburg, B. Experimental transmission ofsalmonella typhimurium by houseflies to man.American Journal of Hygiene, 80(2):149-156,Sept. 1964.

For this study, a dog drank milk containing210 x 10 to the eighth power S. typhimurium.Flies were colonized and left unfed immediatelybefore exposure to the dog's feces. Atole, aMexican drink, was placed in the flies' cages

0955-0962

for seven hours. Ten volunteers drank theAtole. Stool specimens were tested. Thedegree of contamination per fly was low. Fiveof 20 flies were positive with counts between43 and 635 S. typhimurium.. Eight of the 10Atole specimens contained S. typhimuriumranging from 5 x 1,000 to 64 x 10,000.S. typhimurium was recovered from the fecesof six volunteers. Extension of theexperimental standing period for the Atoleto 24 hr could have produced a significantinfection dose. Virus cannot multiply infood. Bacterial infections can occur throughfly contamination of food. Tables show mouseinfection-rate and housefly transmission ofS. typhimurium.

64.0961

Harrell, R. E. The known and unknown of theoccupational mycoses. Industrial Medicine andSurgery, 33(5):306-307, May 1964.

Six different glycoses are discussed withrespect to their role as occupational hazards.The diseases mentioned are: (1) Histoplasmosis;(2) North American blastomycosis;(3) Coccidioidomycosis; (4) Cryptococcosis;(5) Sporotrichosis; and (6) Candidiasis.Histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasmacapsulatum, can be contracted most readilyby contact with chicken feces. For thisreason, farmers are among the most susceptiblepersons. North American blastomycosis, asystemic fungus infection, seems to have nooccupational aspect. Most reports indicatethat the disease has come from dog bites.Coccidioidomycosis is carried by theCoccidioides immitis spore and is foundmainly in the Southwest. Any outdoorprofession is therefore vulnerable. AlsoNegroes have been found to be extremelysusceptible. Cryptococcosis, a fungus diseasecarried in pigeon feces, has littleoccupational aspects except for people whomay clean out areas rich in pigeon manure.Sporotrichosis, which enters the body throughopen wounds, had its largest outbreak in amining operation in South Africa where workerswere picking it up from splinters iii mineshafts.Also susceptible are occupations where minorwounds are frequent. The last of the diseasesmentioned, Candidiasis, is most harmful tothose whose occupations require an increasedexposure of their hands to water.

64.0962

Kelly, S., and W. W. Sanderson. Attenuatedpolioviruses in sewage. journal of the WaterPollution Control Federation, 36(7):905-913,July 1964.

237

Health and Safety

Twenty-four strains of poliovirus type-1, andnine of type-3 were isolated from sewagecollected in the pre-oral vaccine period inAlbany, New York and nearby communities.They were examined for temperature (rct) andelution (E) markers for neurovirulence traits.The rct marker was examined by end pointtitration and limited thermal exposure method.The E market was examined by elution fromalumina gel. The rct- designated the strainthat was less complete at 40 C than at 37 C.The rct+ was the strain which grew well ateither temperature. The rct-markers werepresent in strain from sewage collectedbefore the oral vaccine. Six type-1 and onetype-3 strains were rct- by both methods. Onetype-3 strain was rct+ by both methods. Theremaining strains were rct+ or- by one or bothmethods or rct+ or ret- by one method only.The rcti- and rct- markers were found in strainsfrom the same sewage sample. There was noevidence that sewage treatment affected thedistribution of the rct or E markers. E+

markers indicate attentuation and E- indicatesneurovirulence. E+ markers were present in92 percent of the type-1 and 66 percent ofthe type-3 strains. They paralleled rctmarkers determined by EP method in 32 percentof type-1 strains and by LTE method in 89Percent of type-3 strains. Data and tablessupport conclusions given in this paper.

640963Lamb, C. A., D. Y. Chin, and L. E. Scarce.isolations of enteric viruses from sewageand river water in a metropolitan area.American Journal of Hygiene, 80:320-327,1964.

The prevalence of enteric viruses in sewagefrom Chicago and in water samples from theUpper Illinois River was investigated. From164 sewage and water samples, 122 viruseswere recovered. Many of these viruses werepolioviruses and coxsackieviruses. Specimenswere taken from 12 locations, situated inrelation to Chicago's three major sewagetreatment plants. Sewage treatment byactivated sludge is employed in all. theplants. In each plant, four sample areas wereselected river water both one mile above andbelow the plant and raw and treated sewage.Samples were collected by the modified gauzepad metnod. Specimens were identified and theninoculated into suckling mice. Viruses werecontained in 49 percent of the samples. As

data demonstrates, virus was detected in 80percent of raw sewage samples, 52 percent oftreated sewage, 6 percent of river waterabove the plant, and 13 percent of riverwater below the plant. Samples collected in

238

BET;MMIABLE

July and August had the highest frequency ofvirus recovery month while October had thelowest. Higher raw sewage virus isolationpercentages were reported by this study asopposed to others. This may be due topopulation density, seasonal. or yearlyvariation, prevalence of enterovirus infectionin the population, or collection methods. Thestudy also demonstrates that dischargingeffluent into the river contributes tosurface water pollution below the outfall.Besides viruses mentioned earlier, echovirustype 7 was found, probably the cause ofmuch minor illness and subclinical infectionin the population. Type 1 reovirus was alsodiscovered.

64.CM64

Liebmann, H. Parasites in sewage and thepossibilities of their extinction. Journalof the Water Pollution Control Federation,36(3):304, Mar. 1964.

Worm carriers of the human population anddomestic animals determine the types andnumber of parasitic worms and eggs found insewage. They are introduced through domesticsewage and wastewaters by slaughter houses andmeat and fish packing industries into bodiesof water. According to the Munich studies,approximately 1 billion worms and/or-eggsper day enter cities with one million pluspopulation by means of raw sewage into sewagetreatment plants (at least 10 percentoriginating with humans). Chemical extinctionand biological purification of parasites areeither unpractical or ineffective. Worms andeggs must be allowed to settle out; then theyare removed from the sewage and deposited insludge where eithp heating or long-termoxygen deprivation must take place.Sedimentation of sewage and sludge digestiontherefore offers the best parasite extinctionmethod.

64-0965

McLean, D. M. Contamination of water byviruses. Journal of the American WaterWorks Association, 56(5):585-591, May 1964.

A recent study has shown that opportunitiesfor the spread of waterborne infections mayhe provided either by recreational bathingfacilities or by public or private drinkingwater supplies, Swimming pools are operatedeither as 'overflow-refill' pools in which5 to 15 percent of pool. volume runs to wastedaily, or as recirculating pools where wateris filtered and then returned to circulation

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

daily. Wading pools are operated as'fill and draw'- each day the entire volumeis removed and replaced with fresh water.As data demonstrates, overflow-refill poolswere found to contain more enteric bacteriaper day in a low socioeconomic district, butless yearly amassed concentration than arecirculating pool in a higher socioeconomicdistrict. Free chlorine residuals in eachpool eliminated all viruses. The disinfectantproperties of bromine were examined, andfound most satisfactory. Another studyrevealed higher concentrations of organismson swimming pools' surfaces than in water1 ft below the surface. Wading pools showedhigh indexes of coliform organisms untilcompounds giving chlorine residuals wereadded. Though no viruses were recovered,lakeshore studies revealed gross bacterialcontamination, containing high coliform -organism indexes. Drinking watercontamination appears to significantlycorrespond to infectious hepatitis outbreaks.Following pollution with human sewage, threetypes of water supply were found to containthe virus, They are: groundwater from springsand wells, cross connections betweenreticulated services, and river water. Clearlyall possible contamination sources of waterby sewage should be eliminated. Chlorinationis a necessity.

64.0966

Mann, U. T., and G. E. Griffin. Cost ofsafety. Jobrnal of the Water Pollution ControlFederation, 36(2):168-175, Feb. 1964.

The cost of setting up a safety program isdifficult to evaluate, for neither theexpenditure of time and energy, nor theresults of such a program, can be measuredeasily in monetary terms. Good safetyprograms are essential in reducing theaccident-frequency rate, which is considerablyhigher for sewer departments than for theexplosives manufacturing industry. Too oftenloss of life results from disregarding safetyprocedures and equipment. The County ofWestchester, New York, provides sewagemaintenance crews with inexpensive buteffective equipment for testing sewer manholesand pump suction wells for hydrogensulfide, air deficiency. and flammable gas.Deaths are most often duc'to asphyxiation. .

Pumping stations or treatment plants can beequipped with safety features at nominalcosts. Providing explosion-proof equipment,however, may increase an item's cost by asmuch as $1,200. Such costs may be minimizedby arranging plant units so that hazardouslocations are kept to a minimum.

0963-0969

64-0967

Ravenholt, R. T. History, epidemiology, andcontrol of typhoid fever in Seattle. MedicalTimes, 92(4):342-352, Apr. 1964.

Seattle grew rapidly during its first centuryof existence. This growth overloaded thecommunity's water supplies and waste disposalmeans, resulting in much morbidity andmortality from enteric diseases, especiallytyphoid fever. Seattle suffered its worstepidemics in 1889, 1890, 1907, and 1909.Thousands became ill and hundreds died. Thegreatest mortality rate, 166 per 100,000population, occurred in 1889 due to a watershortage. The city then received its watersupply from various private companies. In 1890,when Seattle established its own WaterDepartment, the major water source alsoserved as an important receptacle for sewage.The ramifications of this system are obvious.Changes were made, but they generally wereinsufficient to meet the needs. Aggravatingthis situation, water shortages were makingfires a real threat. Seattle thus beganvigorous preventive measures in 1911- -explaining to citizens the necessity ofboiling their water or treating it withchlorine. A new water system was constructed,employing rigorous supervision and chlorination.Due to such planning and vigilance, there hasbeen a dearth of water and milk-borne outbreaksof typhoid during the past 50 years. Similaradvances have been made regarding milk,plumbing, sewerage, and immunization. Manyadvances, for example, have occurred inproduction methods, processing, anddistribution of milk, leading to decreaseddeaths from diarrhea and enteritis. A PublicHealth Laboratory has operated since 1901and stands as an excellent check against futureepidemics. Included data provide statisticson disease deaths.

64.0968

Sanitation work is most dangerous. In 1964Sanitation Industry Yearbook. New York, R4WPublishing Corporation, [19641. p.28

A year-long study of New York City'ssanitation workers reveals that the onlyoccupational category that had a higherpercentage of injuries was that of loggers.According to the report, a sanitation workerwalks 14 miles and lifts 6 tons every workingday."

64.0969

Sheppard, P. E. Safety survey analysis.(Chicago] American Public Works Association

239

Health and Safety

and the Association Division of the NationalSafety Council, Sept. 1964. 11 p.

The purpose of this survey was to determinethe present status of safety programs andaccident prevention efforts in the area ofpublic employees. A total of 1,872 surveyforms were mailed to the mayor or city managerof all U.S. cities with more than 10,000population. Two hundred and forty (13 %)returns containing usable '.reformation werereceived. Cumulative statistics are given.There is much data on accident experience,insurance costs, safety programs, methodsused in reporting accidents, etc. Thereis a breakdown of the injuries within givencity-operated departments, i.e. police, fire,hospitals, sanitation. Several tables givethe frequency, severity of work injuries,for refuse collection specifically. Alsoincluded is the accident record of a samplecity (one year experience), listing locationof injuries, types of accidents, employee'sactions, and paid time lost (workdays).

64.0970

Soil-transmitted Helminths. Report of a WHOExpert Committee on Helminthiases. TechnicalReport Series No. 277. Geneva, World HealthOrganization, 1964. 70 p.

The public health importance of allhelminthic infections is discussed.Geographical distribution, factors influencingtransmission, and pathogenesis of diseasescaused by these intestinal parasites arereviewed. Interrelations between the hostand the parasitic worm arc. considered, andtechniques of study are reviewed. Naturalimmunity to such infections can be acquired,but research for control of these diseases isrecommended. Disposal of night-soil hasproven quite successful in preventing thecontamination of the soil and the developmentof the infective stages of the parasites.Control measures are directed towards effectivedisposal and treatment of feces. In directdisposal methods, it is vitally importantthat contamination of soil, groundwater,and surface water, does not occur. Excretashould be inaccessiole to pests, and shouldnot be handled. The conservancy method ofdisposal (utilizing human feces as fertilizer)can be dangerous if certain precautions arenot taken. Composting ensures aerobicdecomposition, a process which hastens thekilling of helminth eggs. However, odorsproduced and disposal of undigested materialare serious disadvantages. Sewage disposalmethods should be studied for their safety, foragricultural use of sludge is considered by

240

BES1 tfir FtV1111.101.f.

some to be a factor in the transmission ofhelminths. Techniques for heating of sludgeto kill Ascaris and Trichuris eggs maybe applicable.

640971

Strauch, D. Requirements of veterinary hygienein the removal of urban refuse. InternationalResearch Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD).Information Bulletin No. 20. Washington, U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,May 1964. 5 p.

All refuse coming from residences, stores,and commercial and industrial plants isdesignated as urban refuse. The amount ofurban refuse varies widely. Laws almosttotally prohibit the dumping of it.Incinerators are one answer to the refuseproblem, but their great expense makes themprohibitive. Smaller communities turnincreasingly to composting their refuse.Pathogens which endanger the health of manand animals are found in refuse and sewagesludge. The greatest danger lies in animalswhich are fed infected domestic refuse.Trichinosis is the outstanding example ofthis. Sewage sludge contains pathogensharmful to man and animal. They settle inthe sludge during sewage treatment. It isemphasized that sludge be treated the same assewage when viewed from the disease standpoint.Tubercle bacillus have been found in driedsewage sludge after two years. It was foundthrough experimentation that it was possibleto destroy pathogens by using certaincomposting methods. Composting of undergroundrefuse with sewage sludge, of ground refusewithout sludge, and of refuse with sludgefrom a stabilizer were the three methods.Composting will be used increasingly in thefuture.

640972 .

Terry, L. L. Health and psychological aspectsof the city. Public Health Service PublicationNo. 1249. Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, June 1964. 11 p.

Urban planning for health is immensely complex.It involves all the traditional healthprotective measures--collection and disposalof wastes, control of water and air pollution,protection of food, control of insects androdents, hygiene of housing--in a constantlychanging environment. It is related toproblems of topography, traffic flow, zoning,and other matters of urban planning. It callsfor cooperative effort among numerous interests,

RF5 FITY 41,11.,RLE

professions, and groups. Technicalconsiderations must be balanced againsteconomic, legal, sociological, and politicalfactors. Above all, urban planning for healthcalls for widespread public understandingand support. The U.S. Public Health Servicehas established a Metropolitan Planning andDevelopment Branch which has developed an'Environmental Health Planning Guide'designed to help communities to evaluatehealth-related services and facilities from aplanning standpoint. The Guide emphasizeslong-range planning and deals primarily withair and water pollution, sewerage, refusecollection and disposal, and housing. Theprofessions of architecture and public healthhave many problems to solve in the future thatwill involve joint planning and action.(Excerpts from a speech delivered, 96th AnnualConvention of the American Institute ofArchitects, St. Louis, Mo., June 17, 1964.)

64-0973

Time to tackle health problems. AmericanCity, 79(8):34, Aug. 1964.

At a conference on 'Environmental HealthProblems' at the University of MichiganSchool of Public Health, the problems of watersupply sewage, air pollution, and wastedisposal were discussed. Since the typicalcity dweller creates one ton of solid wasteannually, and since our expanding populationwill cause an increase in the total volumeof solid wastes, the nation's metropolitanareas will be paralyzed by uncontrollablehealth problems unless they take immediatemeasures to cope with trends in the environment.Control measures at the highest practicallevel of government, and a definite platformon environmental health by each politicalparty are recommended.

64-0974

U.S. Public Health Service. Environmentalhealth survey Wayne Township, New Jersey.Cincinnati, July 1964. 66 p.

A course on Urban Planning for EnvironmentalHealth was conducted cooperatively with. theState of New Jersey Department of Health andthe Township of Wayne and brought togetherhealth, planning, public works, and industrialpersonnel and lay citizens. The classconducted an environmental health survey ofWayne Township on June 2 to 4 and 9 to 11,1964, as a training exercise. The studentsspent many hours ihterviewing local peopleand preparing recommendations. The group

0970-0977

reports cover: water services, sewerage'services, refuse collection and disposal,housing, air pollution, shore and lakesanitation, general sanitation, and planning.A student roster and a list of staffparticipants is appended.

640975

U.S. Public Health Service. Food-bornedisease investigation: analysis of fielddata. Washington, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1964. 34 p.

Diarrhea and abdominal cramps are the dominantsymptoms in Salmonella gastroenteritis. Theyare usually accompanied by vomiting, chills,and fever. Salmonella bacteria are found inthe intestines of almost all poultry andhogs. They are, therefore, transmitted inanimal food products, or by certain otherfoods that come in contact with them.Salmonellae may also be transmitted byinfected humans who do not wash their handswell after a bowel movement, and who thenhandle food. Salmonellosis is rarely fatalexcept in elderly people. When propersanitary operating procedures are applied,outbreaks can be controlled.

64-0976

Wastes endanger country's health. RefuseRemoval Journal, 7(5):14, May 1964.

Norman E. Tucker of the U.S. Public HealthService in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Prof. MortonS. Helbert of the University of Michigan Schoolof Public Health said that the nation'smetropolitan areas will paralyze themselveswith uncontrollable health problems unlessthey take immediate measures to cope withtrends in the environment. They spoke at aconference on 'Environmental Health Problems'at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

64 -0977

Weibel, S. R., F. R. Dixon, R. B. Weider, etal. Waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1946-1960.Journal of the American Water Works Association,56(8):947-958, Aug. 1964.

During the period 1946 to 1960, there were228 disease outbreaks or poisonings attributedto drinking water. It appears, despiteincomplete reporting, that there has beena consistent downward trend in the number ofwaterborne-disease outbreaks. Infectioushepatitis is definitely accepted as a.

241

waterborne disease. A 7 to 9 year, besidesa seasonal, cycle can be recognized. Mostepidemics and cases of waterborne diseaseswere classififJ as gastroenteritis. Thiscategory and "diarrhea' are not specificdiseases. TfOclid, being a recognized,severe disease was well reported. It caused39 outbreaks with 506 cases. Water utilitiesin America do a tremendous job in producingsafe water and preventing waterborne disease.The annual rates of illnesses are nearly thesame for public and private supplies. Withinthe periods 1920 to 36 and 1938 to 45,untreated groundwater most frequently causedoutbreaks. During this study period, publicsupplies caused 31 percent of outbreaks and

242

BEM COPY RVIIIIABLE

77 percent of cases; private 69 percent and23 percent. In private supplies sourcepollution and untreated water produced themajor harm, the biggest problem being wellpollution. Inadequate treatment controlcreated the majority of public supplies'diseases. Peaking of outbreaks for privatesupplies occurred during summermonths, probably resulting from increasednumbers of susceptible individuals utilizingnormally polluted water. Facilities servingmore than 100,000 people accounted for lessthan 1 percent of cases, but 10 percent ofoutbreaks. Untreated water, employed by 8.6percent of the population, cause 35 percentof disease among these people.

RESTtogN oUBLE

ADDRESSES OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS CITED

Advances in Water Pollution Research, Pergamon Press, Inc., 44-07 21st St.,Long Island City, N.Y. 11101.

Agricultural Engineering, American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, Mich. 49085.

Agriculture, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, LondonW. C. 1, England.

Air Engineering, Business News Publishing Co., 450 W. Fort St., Detroit,Mich. 48226.

American City, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, 757 Third Ave., NewYork, N.Y. 10017.

American Journal of Hygiene (was changed to American Journal ofEpidemiology), Williams & Wilkins Company, E. Preston St.,Baltimore, Md. 21202.

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health, AmericanPublic Health Association, Inc., 1740 Broadway, New York,.N.Y. 10019.

American Public Works Association Reporter, American Public WorksAssociation, 1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, Ill. 60637.

American Public Works Association Yearbook, American Public WorksAssociation, 1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, Ill. 60637:

American Society of Agronomy, 677 South Segoe Rd., Madison, Wis. 53711.

American Society of Civil Engineering Proceedings, 345 E. 47th St.,New York, N.Y. 10017.

Annual Review of Entomology, 231 Grant Ave., Palo Alto, Calif. 94306.

Applied Microbiology, Williams & Wilkins Company, E. Preston St.Baltimore, Md. 21202.

Battelle Technical Review, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave.,Columbus, Ohio, 43201.

Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, VDI-Verlag GmbH, Postfacli 1139, 4 Dusseldorf,Germany.

British Chemical Engineering, Heywood-Temple Industrial Publications,Ltd., 33-39 Bowling Green Lane, London EC1, England.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Columbia University Press,2960 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10027.

California Vector Views, State Department of Public Health, Bureau ofVector Control, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, Calif. 94704

Canadian Municipal. Utilities, Monetary Times Publication Ltd., 341Church St.,Toronto 2, Canada.

Chartered Municipal Engineer, (Was changed to .Journal of the Institutionof Municipal Engineers), 25 Eccleston Sq., London, England.

The Chemical Engineer, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, 16Belgrave Sq., London, England.

243

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited

Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York,N.Y. 10036.

Chemical and Engineering News, American Chemical Society, 1155 16thSt., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036.

Chemical Engineering Progress, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017.

Chemical Week, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.

Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, Verlag Chemie, Papellale 3, GmbH, 6940Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany.

Chemistry and Industry, Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq.,London SW1, England.

Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47thSt., New York, N.Y. 10017.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, C. V. Mosby Company, 3207Washington Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 63103.

Coal, Gold and Base Minerals of Southern Africa, Pitheah Press, Ltd.,Fourth Floor, Wynrop House, 91 Mooi St., Johannesburg. South Africa.

Compost Journal, New Zealand Organic Compost Society, 875 Ferry Rd.Christchurch, New Zealand.

Compost Science, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor St., Emmaus, Pa. 18049.

DECHEMA--Monographien, Verlag Chemie GmBH, Pappelalle 3, 6940Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany.

Electrical World, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y.10036.

Elektrizitaetswirtschaft, Stresemannalle 23, 600 Frankfurt am Main,Germany.

Engineer, Morgan Brothers Ltd., 28 Essex St., Strand, London, England.

Engineering, Engineering, Ltd., 36 Bedford St., London, England.

Engineering and Boiler House Review, Engineering Review PublishingCompany, Ltd., Braywick House, Maidenhead, Berks, England.

Engineering News-Record, Fulfillment Mgr., Engineering News Record,PO Box 430, Hightstown, N.J. 08520.

Factory, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.

Fluid Power International, Grampian Press Ltd., The Tower, 229-243Shepherds Bush Rd., Hammersmith, London W. 6, England.

Food Manufacture, Grampian or Media Sales and Service, 20 Vessey St., NewYork, N.Y. 10007.

Food Processing, Putman Publishing Company, 111 E. Delaware Place,Chicago, Ill. 60611.

Food Processing Industry, NTP Business Journals Ltd., 33-39 BowlingGreen Lane, London, E.C. 4, England.

244

rTST cAPY NAOMI Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited

Food Technology, Institute of Food Technologists, Suite 2120, 211 N.LaSalle St. Chicago, Ill. 60601.

Gas and Wasserfach, Verlag R. Oldenbourg, Rosenheimer Str. 145, 8000Munich, 80, Germany.

Gas, Wasser, Waerme, Gusstraussteasse 30, Vienna 1041, Austria.

Good Health for South Australia, Department of Public Health of SouthAustralia, Adelaide, Australia.

Ground Water, Water Well Journal Publishing Company, 811 No. LincolnAve., Box 222, Urbana, Ill. 61801.

Health Laboratory Science, Q Corp., 49 Sheridan Ave Albany, N.Y.12210.

Heating and Ventilating Engineer and Journal of Air Conditioning,Technitrade Journals, Ltd., 11/13 Southampton Row, London W.C. 1,England.

Heating, Piping, & Air Conditioning, Van - Nostrand- Reinhold Co., Inc.,120 Alexander St., Princeton, N.J. 08540.

Hospitals, American Hospital Association, 840 N. Lake Shore Dr.,Chicago, Ill. 60611.

Industrial Medicine and Surgery, Box 546, Kendall Station, Miami,Fla. 33156.

Industrial Water and Wastes (Was changed to: Water and Sewage Works),Scranton Publishing Company, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago, Ill. 60601.

, Institute of Sewage Purification, Journal and Proceedings, (Was changedto Water Pollution Control), Institute of Water Pollution Control, 49-55Victoria St., London, England.

International Journal of Air and Water Pollution (Was changed toAtmospheric Environment), Pargamon Pr, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford,

England.

Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 440 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh,Pa. 14213

Journal of the American Water Works Association, American Water WorksAssoc., 2 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.

Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society ofCivil Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47thSt., New York, N.Y. 10017.

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hillside Rd., New Delhi,India.

Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 3900 Wisconsin Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016.

Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Hearst Corp., 1111 South Broadway, LosAngeles, Calif. 90054.

Medical Times, Romaine Pierson Publishers, 80 Shore Rd., PortWashington,N.Y. 11050.

245

Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited

246

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Quarterly Bulletin, AgriculturalExperiment Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.48823.

Modern Hospital, McGraw-HillChicago, Ill. 60654.

Modern Power and Engineering,481 University Ave., Toronto,

Publishing Company, 1050 Merchandise Mart,

Maclean-Hunter Publishing Company, Ltd.,Ontario, Canada.

Modern Refrigeration and Air Control, (Was changed to Modern Refrigerationand Air Conditioning, Davis House, 64/77 High St., Box 109, Croydon,Surrey, England.

Modern Sanitation and Building Maintenance, Powell Magazines, Inc.,855 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10001.

Nation's Agriculture, American Farm Bureau Federation, Box 628,Lawrence, Kans. 66044.

Nation's Cities, National League of Cities, 1612 K St., N. W.,Washington, D.C. 20006.

1964 Sanitation Industry Yearbook, RRJ Publishing Corporation, 210 E.53rd St., New York, N.Y. 10022.

Pacific Poultryman, Watt Publishing Company, P. O. Box 950, Redlands,Calif. 92373.

Paper Trade Journal, Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc., 551 Fifth Ave.,New York, N.Y. 10017.

Plastics World, Rogers Publishing Co., Inc., 3375 S. Bannock St.Englewood, Colo. 80110

Power, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, N.J. 08520.

Public Cleansing, The Institute of Public Cleansing, 28 Portland Place,London, England.

Public Health Reports, HSMHA, Room 4B-44, Parklawn Building, 5600Fishers Lane, Rockville, Md. 20852:

Public Works, Public Works Journal Corporation, 200 S. Broad St.,Ridgewood, N.J. 07450.

Refuse Removal Journal, (Was changed to Solid Waste Management/Refuse Removal Journal), RRJ Publishing Corporation, 150F. 52nd St.,New York, N.J. 10022.

Research and Industry, Publications and Information Directorate, Councilof Scientific and Industrial Research, Hillside Rd., New Delhi, India.

Roads and Road Construction,.Carriers Publishing Company, Ltd., 147Victoria St., London, England.

Rock Products, Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corporation, 300 W. AdamsSt., Chicago, Ill. 60606.

Royal Society of Health Journal, 90 Buckingham Palace Rd., LondonEngland.

Rubber Age, Palmerton Publishing Company, Inc., 101 W. 31st St., NewYork, N.Y. 10001.

BEST Chni AVAILABLEAddresses of Periodical Publications Cited

Rural and Urban Roads, Reuben H. Donnelley Corporation, MagazinePublishing Division, 209 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ill. 60606.

Safl,ty Maintenance, (Was changedManagement), A. M. Best Company,

Saturday Review, Saturday Review,380 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y.

to Environmental Control and SafetyPark Ave., Morristown, N.J. 07960.

Inc., Division of McCall Corporation,10017.

Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Zuerich-Giesshuebel, Staffelstr 12, 8021Zurich, Switzerland.

Smokeless Air, Field House, Breams Buildings, London E. C. 4, England.

Staedtehygiene, Nuer Hygiene-Verlag in Medizinisch-Literaris ChenVerlag, Dr. Blume and Co. Ringstr 4, 3110 Uelzen, Germany.

Staub, VDT-Verlag GmbH, Graf-Recke Str 84, 4 Dusseldorf, Germany.

Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer, (Was changed to Surveyor andMunicipal Engineer), 40 Bowling Green Lane, London E. C. 1, England.

Tappi, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 360Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.

Techische Ueberwachung, (Was changed to Waerme), Technischer Verlag HeinzResch KG, Postfach 60, Munich, Germany.

Tonindustrie-Zeitungund Keramische Rundschau, Hermann Heubener VerlagKG, Postfach 68, 3380 Goslar, Germany.

Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 420Main St., St. Joseph, Mich. 49085.

VDT (Verein Deutscher Ingeniewe) Zeitschrift, VDI-Verlag GmbH,Postfache 1139, 4 Dusseldorf, Germany.

Wasser und Abwasser, Gas und Wasserfach (GWF), Rosenheimer Str. 145,Munich 8, Germany.

Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, KG Kiauss Kopt-Verlag Fuer Wirtschaft GmbH,Lessingstri 12-14, Mainz, Germany.

Waste Trade World and Iron and Steel Scrap Review, McLaren and Sons,Ltd., Davis House, 69/77 High. St., Croydon, Surrey, England.

Water and Sewage Works, Scranton Publishing Co.. Inc., 35 E. WackerDr., Chicago, Ill. 60601.

Water and Waste Treatment, Dale Reynolds & Co., Ltd., Craven House,121 Kingsway, London, England.

Water Works and Wastes Engineering, (Was changed to Water andWastes Engineering), Rueben H. Donnelley, Corp., 466 Lexington Ave.,New York, N.Y. 10017.

Western City, League of California Cfties, 702 Statler Center, LosAngeles, Calif. 90017.

Westinghouse Engineer, P.O. Box 2278, 3 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.

World's Poultry Science Journal, World's Poultry Science, Assoc.,Agriculture House, Kniglithridge, London, England.

247

AUTHOR INDEX

AAuERGv N.C.64-.0948

ABLIRNATHY. A.R.64-.0618

AD63ACKER, K.M.640767

ADAMS. J.L.64 -0344

ADBRNOLDT, A.A.64-0834

ANttENS, E.64 -0404

ALuRI6NT.b4 -0733

ALTENBURG, C.J.o4 -0287. 64...0288, b4 -0289

ALTER, A.J.64 -U084

ALYAMOVSKIY, V.64...0619

AMLRO, C.L.64-0621

ANUER5ENt J.R.64-0645

ANDERSON. R.J.64 -0949

ANDERSON. R.L64-0169

ANURITZKY0 M.'64-0562

ANI.,UNZIATA, A.64 -0911

ASLE, F.64 -0084

ATKINS, P.F.64 -0622

AUST., A.64 -0345

bAttEkt J.S.64...0086r 64-0067, 64.-0088.64-0089r 64.0090

BALL, A.64 -0563

bAiOILBEY, 0.L.64 -0346

BAriNESP J.M.64...0689

BArcTON, A.E.64...U091

BA1Z, M.E064 -0623

BAUMAN. L.64-0861

BAUMGARTNER, D.J.64.-0255, 64-0624

248

BEST MI Pi AVAILABLE

BEARDON P.64 -0731, 64 -0732

BEAVER, P.C.64 -0950

BELL. O.64 -0347

8ELL, J.M.64 -0092. 64...0256

BELOKON A.64 -0625

UENLINL, A.J.64-0494

BENOIT. R.J.64-0309

BEVAN, R.E.64 -0040. 64 -0041

BNAT, J.V.64-0643

BHATTACHARYYAr D.64-0663

DIEHL, J.A.64-0541

BILLINGS. C.N.64 -0897

BILLINGS. G.D.64-0912

BJORNSON, 6.F.64-0881

BLACK, P.J.64-0042e 64-0093t 640094,64-0348. 64 -0349. 64 -0405.64 -0406, 64 -0626, 64.-0863

BLACKMAN, W.C.64-0370

BLAISDELL. J.L.64 -0376

BLOOD. B.O.64...0955

BLOODGOOD. D.E.64=0350

BOGUE M.D.64-0151r 64 -0195

BORIS. H.64.-0768

BORNE, 3.J.64 -0402

BORNSTEIN, A.A.64 -0662

8OTTENFIELL, We64-0769

bOVIER. R.M.64-0770

BOWERMAN, F.R.64 -0173. 64.-0174

BRAMERP N.D.

BEST COPY AVAILMF

64-0627likAUN. R.

64-0257, 64 -0258. 64-0407,64-0408

bRLDLLLP R.G.b4 -0913

bRLMSER. L.W.64 -0498

EALNUER. M.64-6352

BRLTZKEr D.J.64-0485

BRINK, R.J.o4-0628

bP1SIOW, A.K.64 -0353

BRi,FFLEr R.W.64-.0864

EIMONEGORO, S.64-0411

BROWN, C.64...0771. 64-U772

'BROWN. W.G.64,-.0151

81/01N, M.64-0836

6HER,b4-0095

BURDANK, N.C.64-0629, 64-0699, 64-0769

8UmINGHr P.o4-0409

8UkTON. H.N.64 -0693

bUSCH. A.W.64-0690

BUTLER, J.64-0630

8UATON, D.h.64-0631

BU42ELLy J.C.64 -0632, 64-0633

8TkDr J.F.64-0634

CALLAHAN. J.M.64 -0837

CALMON, C.64-0743

CAMPBELL, h.J.64 -0500

CAKLYLEr R.E.o4 -0411

CAkrICHAELF w.64 -0261, 64-6262

CAKONr A.L.

Author Index

64-0021. 64-0635CAkPENTERr W.L.

64-0635CARSWELL J.

64-0052CAkTER, R.C.

64.-031UCASPARIr F.

64-0412CEFINIGLIA, V.J.

64-0500CHAMBERLAYNEr E.C.

64-0955CHAMBERS, C.W.

64-0355CHAPMAN. D.D.

64-0317. 64-0318CHAPKANe J.

64-0389CHESAREK. K.F.

64-0501CHIN, T.D.Y.

64-096:5CLARK. H.F.

64-0290CLARK. J.W.

64-0414CLARKE. E.E.

64 -0313CLARKE, M.P..

64-0355r 64-0952, 64-0953COLRVEkt J.F.

64 -0637CONAN L.J.

64 -0503CONEW R.L.

64-0317, 64 -0318COOLEY, A..

64 -0638. 64-0654, 64.-0719COOPER, A.

64-0838COOPER, J.S.

64-0675COPELANOr C.G.

64-0640COPELAND, G.C.

64-0639CREISLLR. J.

64-0107o 64-0264CROSS. 9.

64-0775CULPIN, C.

64.-035oCUTLER, J.C.

64-0955

249

Author Index

DA470U1H, h.L.64..0185p 64..0166p 64-0915

DArIDSONP 5.64 -0121

DAVIES, A.G.64-0046. 64...01670 64..0186,64-.0265, 64-.0420P 64-0421,64.-0422P 64 -0746

DAvIS, H.W.64-0641

DEmINGP G.H.64-0111

DEI.15UNP R.E.64 -0916

DES ROSIERS, P.E.64-0267P 64.0268,

DEcStRRYP b.B.64-0776

DIAMANTP R.M.64 -0570

UIASt F.F.64-0643

DILTRICHP U.64-0112

LIjKSHOORN, R.64 -0571

DIXON' F.R.64 -0956

00650, J.64..0113

UCNIN1CKP64 -027b

CONALUSONP E.C.64 -0025, 64-.0273P 64..0274,64-0644

DOZEPOP N.C.64-0706

CORNbUSHP J.N.64-0645

COUGhLHTY, M.N.64-064u

001oE, L.A.64-0275

DRAPER, R.L64-0647

LRLILR0 U.E.64-0646

°ROO E.A.b4 -0649

EA(.,ENP J.H.64 -095b

EAST. E.W.64-002L

03Y. H.J.64-0357, 64-0358

64-0269

250

BESTCO M AVIVIIIBLE

EULLr.IAN, S.64-0004

EDhARDSr P.A.64-0917

ELLREDCEP P.W.64-0115P 64..0278

EMANUELPC.F.64 -0279

ENCEL5PECHI R.S.64-0359

EN6STRCM. P.J.64-0705

ERHARD, H.64-0027

ERNERP H.64-0581

ESSO, 7.64 -0916

ETHERTON. h.L.64-0427

ETTELIp G.A.64 -0651

EVANSON. A.E.64..0652

EwINGP B.L.64-0359

E'NlflS, A.64-0674

FA1RBANKr64-0363

FAIThr W.L.64- 02F.1. 64 -0360

FARKASOIr b.64 -0426

FAUST, S.C.64.-0282., 64 -0747

FEhN, C.F.64 -0194

FE1TCHINGehe C.64..02E3

FEk9ERp M.64-0284

FERGUSON, J.A.64-005u

FICKER, S.64-0779

FISCHER. F.64- 0429, 64-0575. 64-0576

FISKr64-0653

FLEMIN6r P.P.64-0919

FLETCHLR, J.G.64-0006

FLYNN. T.F.

64-06E06PCiAUP 6.

64-005kFC;NESTERp 0.F.

64-0285FOr.KERt 0.6.

64-0347FO5SLA'p G.U.

64-06360 64-0654,FOX. G.G.

64.-6054p 64 -0U55FRANCES. J.M.

64-.0784FRANG1PANE, E.

64-0430FRANK, b.

o4 -057L, 64-U579FRANZP p.

64-0431PRECHEN, 8.

64-0266FRLUN6p A.h.

64-6k87tFUta.0., H.6.

64-043k,6AhLANU, S.T.

64-0787GARRISON, .E.

64-0655bAlPlSONP 1, . T.

64-01956AUDY, A.F.

64-0656. 64-0657,64-0682

GAY. 0.1.64-0195

GE4NOPULOSP A.64-0677

6ELDRE1CHP E.E.64-029u

GE4TELLI E.J.64-0659

6E,4T1LE P.64-0788

GE.jRuLp J.64-0817

6EmHARUTP64...0581

bEI.STER, J.A.64*0660

61LESP J.W.64-0640

GLATHL, H.04-U43i

SOODLP C.S.

BES1COQ WORE

64-0739

64-0268, 64-0289

64-07(,6

64-0658,

64-0294P 64-0S76600D;V1AN, F.L.

64 -0b61601,CCNp M.

64-0119p 64 -0295GORNAVp B.

64.-0509GOSLIN6P V.

64-0026601AAS,

64-0434GRLEM, M.

64-08426PLENBERG. P.

64-0662, 64-0960GREENLEAF, J.W.

64-0296GRIEVES. P.P.

64-966:pGRIFFIN, G.E.

64.0966GRUFF, G.

64-0377GUCC1ONEP E.

64-06646ULPIN, F.

64.-06E6bACKET1P J.F.

64.-0332HALEY. J.V..

64-0920HALLER. R.

64-0562HALL OS, E.E.

64-0297HANWAPSTROMP

64-0665HANGENRAUCK, P.P.

614-n5lu

HANSEN, M.c..64-0679

HANSON, A.'e;.64-0666

HANWAY, J.L.64-0039

HARRELL, I.E.64-0961

HA)T. 5.A.64- 0363.640366,64.-0667

HAUG. A.64.-0121

HAYDEN, J.L.64-0511

64.-.0364.64-0367,

Author Index

64-0LA5p64-03()8.

251

Author Index

HAYWARD. S.G.64-0789

hE1NICKE. D.64-0666

HEIT. A.H.64-0743

HENDERSON. C.B.64 -0748

HERRING. F.W.64-0512

HETLING L.J.64-0740

HEUKELEKIAN. A.64-0659

HILKOK, R.64-0921

HILKENBAUMER, F.64-0435

HILLER. H.64 -0513

HOAK, R.D.64 -0627

HOuVER, R.L.64-0359

HOPE. M.C.64-0122

hOnES. C.E.64-0369

HU0PELL, G.E.64-0669

HUFF. C.b64-0290

HUGHES. K.S.64 -0123

HUGHES, 0.G.64-0056

HUB t5 r H.64 -0057

HUNKEN K.64-0319

HUNTER, J.H.04-.0663

IMHOFF. K.04-067U

IMHOFF. K.R.640670

ISOTALO, I.64 -0791

JAAC, O.64..0673

JACKET W.b4 -0524

JACOBSON, A.R.04-.0300

JAGOCKS. F.A.

252

64-0124JAIN. Nr,C.

64 -0792JAIN. R.K.

64 -0817JAY. G.T.

64 -0056JEFFREY, E.A.

64-0370JENKINS. S.H.

64-0674. 64 -0675JENSEN. H.P.

64- 0020, 64-0301JOHNSON. 8.P.

64 -0199JOHNSON. C.

64 -0371JOHNSON. H.C.

64 -0527JOHNSON. R.H.

64 -0735JOHNSON. R.L.

64 -0302JOHNSON. W.H.

64-0881JONES. P.H.

64-0676JOYCE. R.S.

64 -0303KAbLER P.W.

64-0952KACHIJLLE, C.

64 -0583. 64 -0584KAISER. E.R.

64 -0845KALLENBACH. K.

64-0585KAMPSCHULTEr J.

64 -0125, 64-0304. 64-05/6KANTAWALA. D.

64 -0793KATZ. W.J.

64 -0677KAUPERT. W.

64...0059,

64-0201.KALMIERCZAK

64.-0310KEHRBERGER, G.J.

64 -0676KEIGHT. D.G.

64 -0674KELLER. P.

64 -0436KELLY. S.

64 -0126. 64-02/0.64 -0587. 64-08/2E.

REST COPY AVIIILIRIT

64.0962KENNEDY. R.R.

64-.0679KETKAR, D.K.

64...0803

KICK. H.64-0439

KIcSS. F.64 -0680

KIi,GSTON. G.A.64-.00291 64-0794

KLLIN. G.64 -0231. 64-0232, b4-0233.64-.0234 64-0235. 0-0236

KLuCK. J.W.64 -0127

KM0,)CH, H.64-0588

KNuLL, K.H.64 -0440

KOL,NIG. L.644)681

KOmOLRIT. K.64 -0682

KRAMER. R.H.64-0726

KR085. R.O.64-0683

KRIE6ER, J.H.64-0008

KRIGt:. P.R.64.40441. 64-0442. 64-0443.64-0444

KRISHNAN. N.S.b4 -0767

KRuPPEr H.b4 -0061

KUOiNe O.64-0126

KUGELMAN, I.J.64-0311, 64-0604

KULESHOV, P.b4 -0685

KUmMER. F.64-0488

KUmPF. E.64-0129

KUNSCH, W.M.64-47202

LAMB. U.A.64 -0963

LANE). H.64-0086

LANDMAN, W.J.64 -0203

LANE. J.M.64 -0305. 64-0306

LAPAR. R.E.64-0073

LAURIA, D.T.64.-0687

LAWRENCE. A.W.64.40311r 64-.0688

LAWSON. S.P.64-0307

LEDBETTER, J.0.64-0308

LEONE. D.E.64-0309

LEVIN. G.B.64-0689

LEVINE. S.64.-0795

LEWIS. J.W.64-0690

LEWIS. W.A.64 -0204

LICHTI. E.64 -0736

LIEBMAN. H.64-0846

LIEf3MANN. H.64 -0964

LIGOURI. F.R.64 -0883

LI$7.0E. N.J.64 -0691

LOGAN. J.A.64 -0321. 64 -0322

LOSSIEr 8.64 -0030

LOWRY. is64-0692

LUCIA. F.J.64 -0923

LUDINGTON, D.64 -0372

LUOWIG, H.F.64 -0310

LYNN. W.R.64.4)031

MAAS. K.64 -0129

MAC DONALD. D.64-0797

F;XKOWSKI, L.64 -0513

MAGNESS. W.64.-0850

MAILEY, H.V.

Author Index

253

Author Index

64-0884MALINA. J.F.

64-069;:iMALLIKARJUhAN. R.

64 -0803MAMER, J.

64 -0347MANCHESTER. H.

64-0847MANGER. M.C.

64-0282MANN. U.T.

64-0966MARTIN. P.

64-0448MC ADAMS. 8.A.

64 -029bMC CABE. L.J.

64 -0956MC CARTY. P.L.

b4-0311. 64 -06b4. 64-0688MC ELWEE, W.

64-0924MC GAUHEY. P.M.

64-0366r 64-0667. 64-0796MC KEE J.E.

64 -0132MC LEAN. D.M.

64-0965MELKER. J.E.

64 -0510MENTA. C.T.

64-0767MEISSNER/ H.G.

04..0526, 64-0527MERCER. W.A.

64-.0389, 64-0694MERCIER. F.C.

64-0647MERZ. R.C.

64-0886, 64-0887. b4-0856.64-0889. 64..0890. 64-0891.64-0892

MEYER. K.F.64-0749

MICHAELS, A.64-0312

MICHAELSEN. G.S.64 -075C

MILLARD R.F.64-0012

MILLER, M.64...0133

MILLS. R.E.64-0695

254

BEST WY ANIIIIIABLE

MINER. J.R.64-0392

MITRO, A.A.64 -0210

MOLINA. J.F.64...0744

MOORE, N.C.64-0528

MORGAN. P.E.64-0313

MORRIS, G.L.64-0375

MORRIS. J.C.64-0314

MORTENSEN. L.64-0062

MOTAWIr K.E.H.64-037u

MUELLER, W.64 -0591

MUELLER. W.J.64 -0800

MULHERN.64 -0730

NAGEL C.A.64'..0655

NAIK, B.N.64 -0801

'NANCY. K.H.64 -0802

NATESON. K.64 -0803

MEWL. G.64 -0489

NET2SCW.LHNER, A.64 -0456

NEWTON, U.64 -0696

NICHOLAS. R.C.64 -0376

NIESE, G.64 -0455

NOWAK. W.64-.0456

OATES. E.T.64 -0490

OATES. J.T.64 -0805

OBRIST. W.64 -0457

OCHS, N.J.64 -0596

0/CONNLLL. R.L.64- 0763

OKEY. R.O.

8tS1 COM PRIBLE

64 -0317, 64 -0313OL'bON. 0.0.

64-0698O'ROURKE. J.T.

o4 -06990S0ORN, V.

64-0890OSIRANDER. C.E.

64-0376010. F.

64-0014PAGAN. A.R.

64-0897PAbANO. S.

64-0898PAILTHORP, R.E.

64-070UPALINCHAK. S.

64-080UPALM, R.

64 -0597PALMER, L.M.

64 -0379PARDUE. G.C.

64-0806PARK. J.

64-U072PARKHURST. J.U.

6470655r 64-0701PARTRIDGE. J.W.

64-0899PAbCUEe G.

b4 -0073PATRICK. P.K.

64-0930PAJL. R.C.

64 -0752PEARSON, A.S.

64-0807PELJO, D.J.

. 64-0215PEPPERL. H.

o4 -0702PERRY. C.A.

64-.0380PETERS. R.

64-0347PFIFFER. J.T.

64-0703PIPES. W.O.

b4-0321, 64-0322POLPEL, F.

64-0319POHLANO. F.G.

64-.0704. 64-0705

POLLOCK. K.To.64-0216

PORGES, R.640381. 64 -0382

POUND. C.E.64.-0900

PRAKASAM, T.B.S.64 -0706

PRATELLI. G.64 -0385

PROLER. I.64-0850

GUIRK. T.P.64-0709

OWN. J.E.64-0321. 64-0322

RAMANA1HAN. M.64-0656

RAU. S.S.64 -074u

RAPOPORT, F.64-0851

RASCH. R.64-0534. 64-0599.

RASmUSSEN. A.E.64 -071u

RAVENHULT.64-0967

REODY. K.R.64-0810

REEDER. N.64 -0387

REICHERT. u.64-0852

kELANOER, b.. 64-0220

RHEINFRANK. W.J.64-0932

RICKETTS. R.64-0370

RIELICL64-0713

RIHM, A.64-0530

RILEY. C.64-0388

ROULIN. O.A.64-0853

ROUALE. J.I.64-0462

ROE. S.S.64-0854

ROGUS. C.A.64-0328. 64-0534. 64 -0539.64-054G

Author Index

64-0600

255

Author Index

ROHE.64..0078

ROLAND. F.64-.0222

ROLLE. G.64 -0329

ROSE. W.W.64 -0389

ROSSI. R.M.64 -0933

ROTONDO, V.J.64-.0714

RUbIN, E.64 -0715

RUMBERGER. W.A.64 -0832

RUSSELL. R.A.64..0716

SACCA. G.64-0390

SA6ER. J.C.64 -0541

SALOTTO. B.V.64 -0717

SA, ANS. H.64 -0223

SANDERS. N.64 -0813

SANDERS, S.R.64 -0701

SANDERSON. W.W.64-0962

SANFORD. C.F.64 -0463

SATTAR. A.64 -0814

SAVAGE. E.P.64 -0151

SCARCE. L.E.64 -0963

SCHLEUSENER, P.E.64 -0391

SCIIRAUFNAGEL. F.H.64 -0718

SCOTT. M.64 -0331

SEIBOLD. L.64..0456

SEWN. M.J.64-0721

SENNiNG. J.A.64 -0816

SHANNON. E.S.64 -0722

SHAPIRO. I.D.

256

sty

64-0855.SHATZEL. L.R.

64-0464SHAYNE. P.E.

64-.0080, 64 -0081SHEAFFER J.R.

64 -0332SHLPPARD. P.E.

64-0969SHEQUINE. E.R.

64 -0543SHERBECK. J.M.

64-0723SHERRILL. R.C.

64 -0503SHIN. C.S.

64 -0225SHIRKSALKAR. M.M.

64-0817SHUVAL, H.I.

64 -0465SIMPSON. G.D.

64-0725SINGH. D.D.

64-0792SINGH. J.

64 -0792SKITT. J.

64-0333F 64 -0544.64 -0818

SMITH. E.L.64 -0820

SMITH. L.L.64-0728

SMITH. R.M.64 -0641

SMITH. S.M.64 -0392

SNYDER. M.J.64 -0821

SOBEL, A.T.64-0372

SOWERBY. A.64-0475

SPITZER, E.F.64 -0467. 64 -0608

SPOHN. E.64 -0468

SPROUL. 0.J.64 -0622

STABENOW. G.64 -0609

STAHL, R.W.64-0729

STEAD. F.M.

64..0545r

BEST co' 1.0/..\.!!;,';'It-i

64 -0154, 64 -0155. 64-0393STEMBURG, R.L.

64 -0547, 64-.0548STLNMAN. A.

64-0934STLPHENSON, J.W.

64-.0549, 64 -0550STICKELBERGER, Os

64 -0469STICKNEY, P.B.

64-.0800STIELER. A.

64 -0779STIRRUP, F.L.

64 -0229STONE. R.

64 -0887, 64-.0888, 64 -0889,64...0890, 64-.0891r o4 -0892

STURY. W.S.64 -0822

STRAGIER, M.64-.0230

STkAUB. C.P.640758, 64-0759. 64.-0760,64 -0761. 64-0762

STIAUCH, D.64-0470. 64-0971

STRUM, W.64-.0734

STUART, E.B.64 -0733

SUKENIK, V.A.64 -0303

SUMNER. is64...0157

SUNDQVIST. S.64 -0158

SURBER, E.64 -0471

SUSSMAN. V.H.64...0730

SUTTON. S.H.64 -0725

SYMONS, J.H.64 -0735

TAIGANIDES, E.P.64 -0394, 64 -0395, 64 -0396,64...0397, 64 -0398

TALBOT, U.S.64 -0731. 64 -0732

TASSONEY. J.P.64 -0733

TAUBER, F.64 -0159

TAYLOR, J.L.

Author Index

64 -0824TAYLOR. W.A.

64 -0877TCHOBANOGLOUS. G.

64 -0231. 64-0232. 64 -0233.64-0234. 64 -0235. 64 -0236

TELETZKEP G.H.64 -0337

TENNEY, M.W.64 -0734. 64 -0735

TERRY. L.L.64 -0972

THACKREY, T.O.64 -0472

THOMPSON, R.N.64-0736

TIETJEN, C.64 -0473

TOLCISS, J.64 -0845

TOMLINSON, H.D.64 -0699, 64 -0793

TOMPKINS, V.64-0238

TOPE, O.64-0935

TOTH. S.J.64 -0474

TRIGG, C.F.64 -0825

TWA, J.64...0241

TSIVOGLOUP E.C.64-0763

TURNER, B.G.64-0657

TURNER. W.A.640475

TYSON. C.8.64 -0242

UZZLE. A.B.64 -0036

VANDERVELD, J.64 -0907

VAN HEUVELEN, W.64 -0698

VAN KLEECK. L.W.64 -0738

VELZY, C.O.64 -0554

VELZY, C.R.64 -0554

VENNES, J.W.64 -0696

VOELKER, E.M.

257

Author Index

64-.0556VOGEL. H.E.

64..0037VON BOEHM. B.

64-0332VON KLOPOTEK. A.

64-0477VON LEHMDEN, D.J.

64..6510WAHL. E.D.

54.-0636. 64 -0654. 64-0739WALKER, A.E.

54..0557WALKER, J.D.

64 -0646WALLIS. H.F.

64 -0247WALLMAN, H.

64 -0113WALSH J.D.

64 -0401WALTER, C.W.

64.0764WALTER, J.H.

64 -0634WALTERS, C.F.

64 -0624WAsHiNGTON, D.R.

64 -0740WATSON, K.S.

64 -0492WEAVER, L.

64 -0910WEBER. E.

64 -0614WEBER. W.J.

64 -0314WECREN, H.O.

64..0765WEliMAN, L.S.

64 -0559WEIBEL. S.K.

64 -0977WEINSTEIN. A.

64 -0857

258

801 CO OUSE

WEISBURD, M.I.64 -0560

WESTSTRATE, W.A.G.64 -0481

WHALEY. H.P.64 -0741

WHEATLAND. A.B.64..040a

WHITE. J.E.64 -0703

WICKER. W.J.64 -0482

WILCOX, F.W.64 -0766

WILEY, J.S.64 -0483

WILLIAMSON. J.N.64..0743

WILLIS, C.A.64 -0687

WINNACKER, K.64 -0615

WINTON, is64 -0341

WIRT. R.L.64 -0832

WOLFSOHN, V.64 -0860

WOODS. C.E.64 -0744

WOTSCHKE J.64 -0617

WUNRMANN, K.64 -0342

WUHRMANN. K.A.64 -0038

WULF. H.64 -0745

WYLIE. E.M.64 -0721

XANTEN. W2A.64 -0249

ZAJIC, J.E.64 -0736

ZOLLINGER, H.A.64 -0786

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX

AEROSPACE rEDICAL RESEARCH LAD. (667uTH). aRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OHIO64-0113

AIR FORCE FLIGHT PEST CENTER, EDWARDS AFB, CALIF.64-0748

AMLLICAN PUBLIC 'CORKS ASSOC.. CHICAGO, ILL.b4 -0143. 64-0169 64-0549, 64-0907,64-0912r 64-0916, 64-9969

AMERICAN SUGAR CANE LEAGUE.64-0620

ARCTIC AEROMEDICAL LABOR4TORY, FORT aAINwRIGHT. ALASKA64-0255r 64 -0321' 64-0322. 64-D624

ARMY ENGINEER RESEARCh AND DEVELOPENT LAE.. FORT BELVOIR, VA.64-0267. 64-6268 u4-0e69

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, ;$ASHINGTON, D.C.64-0758, 64-0759. 64-0760. 64-0761,64-0762

URITISh HYDROMECHALICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, LONDON (ENGLAND).64-0631

bUREAU wASHINCouNt D.C.64-6025. 64-0O29, 64-373, 64-.274.64-0644, 64 -0729' 64-0794

CALIFCUNIA DEPT. OF PUr3LIC HEALTH. SACRA:4ENTO.64-0078, 64-0096 64-0097. 64-0u98.64-0099r 64-0100. 64-0101, 64-0102,64-0103. 64-0104

CALIFORNIA UNIV., UERKELEY.64-0231. 64-6232, 64-0233. 64-c,234.64-02:56. 64-0236, u4-0331. 64-j954

CITY OF MACON. GA.6.#-U149

CoLOAADC SCHuOL OF :AMES RESEARCH FODADATION, INC., GOLDEN.64-0181, 64-C182

COLUMW1A INTER-A3EHCY CO;4MIITEEG4-0135. 64 -0136. 64-0137, 64-0138

CORNELL, HOwLAND, HAYES MERRYFIELo, SEATTLE' ORE.64-0652

COUNCIL FOR SCIENIIFIC Ai4U INDDSTRIAL RESEARCH, PRETORIA(SODTH AFRICA)b4-0441. 64-O442. 64-0443. U4-0444

UE KAL6 COUNTY HOARD OF cW:AISSIONERS. GA.64-0110

DEPARL4EIJ OF AGRICULTURE, W.SHINGTON. D.C.o4-0123. 64-0358. 64-0756

DLPARTI1E,T OF HEALTH, EDuCATION, 111)0 WELFARE. WASHINGTON, D.C.64..13681. 64-0743

DETR011 0!ETROPOLIIAN AREA REGIONAL PLANNING COMM., MICH.64-0324. 64-C423

EAST OHIO GAS COMPANY, 0,11064-0506

FEDERAL HOUSING Awi-INISTRATION, hAsHI:,GTON, D.C.64-U663

61.18S iww COX, INC., r.Fu YC:RIN

64-0207. 64-1.28f:. 64-Ue69HOOS.. OF kLPRLSi:ATATIVES SU5C0-4ITTEE ON SCIENCE. RESEARCH' DEVELOP-

wASHINOIONt G.C.64-0342, 64-0437

INsTiTol, OF PUBLIC CLEAHSiNO, LONX)., (ENGLAND).04-6012

INSTITUTE OF SCPAP IRON AN .) STEEL, 'ASHIHGTON, D.C.64-612.3s, 64-C84.1,. 04-J644, u-Co49

259

Corporate Author Index

260

BE,SItort mmt.ABiE

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION. OF PUBLIC CLEANSING64-0201

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON REFUSE DISPOSAL.64-0129. 64 -0329' 64-0404t 64-044064-0448. 64-0457. 64-0477. 64-0488t

INTERNATIONAL WORK ORGANIZATION FOR REFUSE RESEARCH, ZURICH,SWIT4ERCAND.

64-0455KANSAS STATE DEPT. OF HEALTH, TOPEKA.

64-0392KENTUCKY DEPT. OF HEALTH, FRANKFORT.

64-0766MARYLAND UNIV.. COLLEGE PARK.

64-0086. 64-0067 64-i1U86, 64-0089.64-0090

HICHIGAi; UNIV.. AhN ARB0,0 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH.64-0621. 64-0661 64-0665, 64-0669,64-0677, 64-0679 64-0696. 64-.0709.64-0716, 64-0723 64-0725, 64-0726,64-0736

PIINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERHAENT, LONDON (ENGLAND).64-0693 64-0925

:IORRISTOHN CHAMBER OF COmHERCE, TENN.64-0134

NATIONAL CANNERS ASSOCIATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION. WASHINGTON. D.C.64-0449, 64 -0450' 64-0451, 640452r64-0453

NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, CHICAGO, ILL.64-.0969

NAVAL CI4IL ENGINEERING LAO.' PORT HUENEME, CALIF.64-0263

NEBRASKA UNIV.. LINCOLN.64-0399

NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS METROPOLITAN AREA PLANNING COMMISSION, CHICAGO.64-0332

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST INTER-AGECY COMMITTEE.64-0135, 64-0166r b4-0137, 64-3138

PRESIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, OSHINGTON, D.C.64-0754

PUOLIC HEALTH SERVICE. WASHINGTON, D.C.64-0093 64 -0111' 64-0115, 54-0122,64-0124r 64-0142. 04-0147. 64-3148,64-0151t 64-0152. t,4 -0160, 64-0162.64-0163. 64-0164. 64-0165, 64-0302.64-0303. 64 -0314' 64-0367. 64- 03.32,64-0400 64-0493 64-0553, 64-0560,64-0660 64-0715 u4 -0721, o4 -0755,64-0763, 64-0861 04-0972, 64-0974,64-0975

PURDUE UNIV., LAFAYETTE. IND.64-0092t 64-0145+ 04-0704 64--708

RICHOND COUNTY uEPT. OF NC.ALTH. GA.64-0150

SCHOOL oF AEROSPACE MEDILPiE ?ROOKS AFB. TEX.64-0317. 64-r318

STANFORD UNIV., CALIF.64-0311

UNIVERSITY OF SoUTHERN C,J_IFURNIAr LJ6 ANGELES.64-6886, 64-060. 64-0666 64-0089,614-0690. b4-06910 54-'0892

WISCONSIN UNIV.. iv.AGiSONG4-0718

wORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, GLNEVA (SITZERLAMO).04-11970

WEST COPY MIAMI"

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION INDEX

AFRICAEGYPT

CAIRO, 64-0410. 64 -0426KENYA

MOMBASA. 64 -0156SOUTH AFRICA. 64-0461

JOHANNESBURG, 64-0442PRETCRIA, 64-0441. 64..0443064-0444

Au1TAtACT1CA. 64-0252

ARCTIC, 64.-02630 64...0300. 64-0624ASIA

SOUTHEAST ASIAINDONESIA' 64 -0411

AUSTRALIA. 64-0271OAVERLY. 64-0170

CANADA, 64.-02240 64-0746CALGARY. 64-0870KITCHENER' 64-0937

UOMINICAN REPUBLICSANTO DOMINGO, 64 -0484

LUROPE 64-0053r 64-0056, 64 -0109,64...01110 64-.01250 64...0133. 64...0159r64-03040 64-0467. 64-0570, 64 -0574.64-.06000 64 -0605. b4 -0608. 640609

AUSTRIAVIENNA. 64 -0126. 64-0267064-0429, 64-05760 64-0598.64 -0611

FINLAND' 64 -0220GERMANY (WEST). 64-00140 64 -0019.

64-.0059r 64-0200. 64-0201.64-02180 64-0223. 64-0286064...0319. 64.0320, 64-0339064 -0477, 64-0572. 64.-0575064 -0579, 64-0583. 64-0584064-05870 64-0588. 64 -0597.64-0606. 64-06140 64-0617064-0642, 64 -0668, 64-0867064 -0935

BADEN- BADEN. 64-0435. 64 -0470BERLIN. 64-0612BLAUBEUREN, 64-0468BRAUNSCHWEIG. 64-00650 64-0076COLOGNE, 64-0061OARMSTADT. 64-0613DUESSELDORF' 64-0564EBINGEN. 64-0582ESSEN0.64-05730 64 -0616ESSLINGEN, 64 -0563FRANKFORT/MAIN, 64.4607FRANKFURT. 64 -0567, 64 -0926GANDERKESEE, 64-0057GIESSEN, 64 -0713HAGEN. 64-0585

HAMBURG, 64...058.60 64-0596LINDAU/BODENSEE, 64 -0027LUDWAGSBURG. 64-05e1LUDWIGSHAFEN, 64 -0578. 64 -0615MUNICH. 64 -0172. 64-0562,

64...0603

NEUSTADT. 64-0581SCHWEINFURT" 64-0027. 64-0468.

64 -0469STUTTGART. 64=.0153, 64-0280.

64 -0568. 64-0599WUPPERTAL' 64-0720

GREAT BRITAIN. 64 -0012, 64-0039064 -0069. 64 -0071. 64 -0091.64-0117. 64-0130. 64-0157,64 -0190, 64 -0214. 64-0226064 -0227. 64-0229. 64-0247.64-02960 64-03300 64 -0334.64-03400 64..0353i 64 -0356.64.-0373. 64-0413. 64-0416.64 -0420. 640421. 64 -0422.64-0459. 64-0592. 64 -0601.64-0602. 64 -0610, 64...0631064-06710 64-06720 64-0746.64-.07680 64 -0787. 64-0789.64-.08310 64-0839. 64 -0841.64-08560 64-0878. 64-0803,64-09020 64 -0908. 64-0925.64-0928. 64 -0930. 64-0941ALDERSHOT, 64-0894BERKSHIRE, 64-0351BIRMINGHAM, 64-0947BOLTON. 64 -0811BRISTOL' 64 -0901BURNLEY. 64"0260. 64...0293.

64 -0914CARLISLE. 64 -0868DAGENHAM' 64 -0577DUMFRIES. 64 -0212DUNDEE. 64...0050. 64-0204EDINBURGH, 64 -0139. 64 -0261,

64 -0262FALKIRK. 64 -0105FARNBOROUGH. 64 -0116FULHAM. 64...05800 64 -0593GLASGOW" 64...02850 64-0566.

64 -0594HARRUWGATE. 64 -0120HOVE. 64-0299LANCHASHIRE, 64 -0292LANARKSHIRE. 64-0245LEATHERHEAD, 64-0445LEICESTER. 64-0418. 64 -0436,

64 -0446. 64 -0447, 64-0454LEYLAND. 64-0131

261

Geographical Location Index

LONDON. 64...0205. 64-0945LYTHAM ST. ANNES. 64-.0589.

64 -0595MANCHESTER. 64-0040, 64-0041.

64.-0046, 64-0343, 64.-0628MARGATE. 64-0166MIDDLESBROUGIi' 64-0475MIDDLETON. 64-0032MIDLOTHIAN. 64-0415NEWBURN. 64-0066PRESTON. 64-0141. 64-0175SHEFFIELD. 64-0241SOUTHWARK, 64..0048STAFFORD. 64-0491STIRLING COUNTS'. 64-0872TOTTENHAM, 64- 0239WESTM/NSTER, 64-0858WORTHING. 64-0026. 64-0490

HUNGARYBUDAPEST. 64-.0799

ITALY, 64-0385VENICE. 64,..0216

NETHERLANDS. 64.-0405. 64-0406.64-0409. 64.-0604. 64-0836ROTTERDAM, 64-0571. 64-0598

SWEDEN. 64-.0130. 64-0158SWITZERLAND! 64..0037. 64-0471

BERNE. 64-0565' 64-0590ZURICH. 64-0488

INDIA. 64-0707. 64-0603JAMSHEDPURF.64-0627NEW DELHI. 64 -0711

ISRAEL. 64-0465HAIFA. 64-0478.TEL AVIV. 64-0460

JAMAICA. 64-0283KINGSTON, 6470464, 64-0479. 64-0482

JAPAN. 64-.0109. 64-0936MEXICO. 64-0662PAKI..TAN, 64 -0814PUERTO RICO

SAN JUAN. 64..0093SOUTH AMERICA. 64-0955TURKEY

ISTANBUL. 64-0161UNITED STATES. 64-0017. 64-0056,

64.-0121. 64 -0270, 64-0273. 64.-0274.64 -0295, 64 -0293, o4 -0403, 64-0553,64-0556. 64-0725, 64-0729. 64-0840.64 -0860, 64-.0919, 64-0969

ALABAMAMADISON COUNTY. 64-0195

ALASKA. 64-0084, 64-0255. 64-0300ANCHORAGE. 64 -0146

ARIZONA. 64-0001, 64-0892

262

asi Aitc11011,

PHOENIX. 64 -0472SCOTTSDALE. 64-0230TUCSON. 64 -0185. 64-0186r

64-0915ARKANSAS

CAMDEN. 64-.0054, 64-0055CALIFORVIA. 64-0331. 64-0347.

64-0360, 64 -0374, 64-0377.64.-0492, 64-.0621. 64-0875.64-0891. 64- 0692. 64 -0903,64-0949

bUTTE COUNTY, 64-0101. 64 -0102.64-0103r 64-0104

CHULA VISTA. 64-0927CLAREMONT. 64 -0171COMPTON, 64 -0078CRESCENT CITY. 64-0107DE NORTE COUNTY. 64-0264DIXON 64-0879FRESNO. 64-'0934GADENA, 64-0951LAKE TAHOE. 64 -0310LOS ANGELES. 64-0173,

64-0527. 64 -0560, 64 -0655LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 64-0701.64-0873. 64-0938

PLEASANT HILL. 64-0942RIVERSIDE. 64.-0864, 64 -0933SAN BUENAVENTURA. 64 -0148,

64 -0160, 64 -0400SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 64 -0294.

64-0876SAN FERNANDO. 64-0417. 64 -045e,

64 -0476. 64 -0830SAN FRANCISCO. 64 -0742SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. 64 -0401SANTA BARnARA, 64-0183SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, 64 -0099,

64...0100

SANTA MONICA. 64 -0189SONOMA COUNTY, 64 -0096,

64.-0097r 64 -0098WALNUT. 64 -0887, 64 -0888,

64 -0889, 64 -0890COLORADO

AURORA. 64 -0492DENVER. 64 -0492, 64 -0869THORNTON. 64-0485

CONNECTICUTMILFORD. 64.-0045, 64-0067NEN HAVEN. 64 -0535WATERBURY. 64- 0202. 64 -0210

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 64-0266r64 -0834. 64 -0957

FLORIDA. 64-0646. 64-0907

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

CLEARWATER. 640533MERRITT ISLAND. 64-0297MIAMI. 64-02aNORTH MIAMI BEACH. 64-0296PENSACOLA. 64.-0623PINELLAS COUNTY. 64-0006ST. PETERSnURG, 64-0323

GEORGIAATLANTA, 64...0859AUGUSTA. 64-.0150DE KALB COUNTY. 64..0110MACON, 64-0149SAVANNAH, 64...0194VALDOSTA. 64-0180. 6411194.

64-0242HAWAII

HONOLULU. 64-0224, 64-0880IDAHO, 64-0029, 64-.0794ILLINOIS. 64-0111. 64-0222p64-0332, 64-0359. 64-0523

Geographical Location Index

B3STON. 64-.0151, 64-0496964-0497, 64-0507, 64 -0542.64-0920

LOWELL. 64-0511MICHIGAN

UETROTP 64-.0034. 64-0140r64 -0324, 64-0421. 64-0837

OAK PARK. 64-0028RIVER ROUGE. 64-0797

MINNESOTA. 64-0541r 64 -0638HOYT LAKES. 64-.0741

MISSISSIPPI. 64-0775PASCAGOULA, 64-.0697

MISSOURISPRINGFIELD. 64-0896

MONTANA, 64 -0029. 64 -0794MISSOULA, 64-0877

NEBRASKALINCOLN. 64 -0399SCOTTSBLUFF, 64-0062

CHICAGO, 64°0002. 64-0020r64.-0177, 64-0178 64 -0502.64-0561. 64-0651. 64"0664,64-0823, 64-0859. 64-0922,64 -0946. 64-0963

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 640250NEW JERSEY, 64-0009. 64-0254,

64 -0906. 64-0944ATLANTIC CITY. 64 -0106. 64-0184bAYONNE, 64-0959

ROBINSON. 64-0641wAUKEGAN. 64-0907WINNEBAGO COUNTY, 64.-0276

INDIANABLOOMINGTON. 64-0145CARTHAGE. 64-0640INDIANAPOLIS. 64-0913ST. JOSEPH COUNTY. 64-0115

10AAAMES, 64-0313MUSCATINE. 64-J-'!SIOUX CITY. //4-.0V:

KANSAS. 64-0392KENTUCKY, 64-09,

LEXINGTON. 64-0166,64-0164

ELIZAPETH, 64 -0866METUCHEN, 64 -0918MONTCLAIR, 64-0063NEWARK. 64-0551r 64-09419RUTHERFORD. 64 -0897kAYNE. 64 -0147, 64-0493,

64-0974NEW YORK. 64...0529. 64-0530,

64 -053b. 64-0836, 64-0803.64 -0898

ALBANY. 64-0666, 64 -0962BATAVIA, 64-0865ELMIRA, 640463GARDEN CITY. 64-0509HEMPSTEAD. 64-0203. 64-0508r

64-0525. 64 -0543. 64 -0554LOUISIANA. 64-06..,7

NEW ORLEANS. 64 -0776olARYLAND, 64-0039, 64-0357

BALTIMORE. 64-0916

IRONDEQUOTT. 64 -0283MERRICK. 64...0514MOUNT VERNON. 64-0911NEW YORK CITY. 64-'0033.

CHEVERLY, 64-0917 64-0118r 64-0213. 64-0291,COLLEGE PARK. 64-0917 64 -0316. 64-0527, 64-0557.PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY. 64-0086. 64-0790. 64-0807, 64-0846.64-0087. 64-000, 84-0089. 64-0871r 64 -0023, 64-0929,64-0090 64-0939. 64-0968.

RIVERDALE. 64 -0052. 64-0064. 0CEANSIDE. 64-051864-0079

MASSACHUSETTS. AMHERST. 64-.0621

ARLINGTON. 64-0801

OYSTER RAY. 64-0500POUGHKEEPSIE. 64-0073GUECNS. 64-0861STATEN ISLAND. 64-0197

263

Geographical Location Index

264

WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 64-0636,64 -0966

NORTH CAROLINADUNN, 64 -0036VALDESE. 64-0688

NORTH DAKOTA, 64- 0638. 64-0654.64 -0698

uHiOr 64-0108CHILLICOTHE, 64-0769CLEVELAND. 64-0237, 64 -0506DAYTON, 64-0521GIRARD, 64 -0253

OKLAHOMA, 64 -0656. 64-0736MUSKOGEE. 64-0862STILLWATER, 64-0682

OMAHA. 64U532OREGON. 64 -0029, 64-0794r 64 -0796

KING COUNTY. 64-.0165LEBANON, 64-0427SEATTLE COUNTY. 0-0165

PENNSYLVANIA, 64 -0015. 64-0712,64 -0730LEBANON, 64U784PHILADELPHIA, 64-0007READING, 64-0558WILKES-.BARREr 64-0884

SOUTH DAKOTA, 64 -0645TENNESSEE

MEMPHIS. 64-0813MORRISTOWN, 64-0134

LARAMIE, 64-0023U.S.S.R., 64 -0431, 64.0619, 64 -0625,

64-0685MOSCOW. 64-0133

TEXASABILENE. 64-0022r 64 -0240EL PASO. 64 -0921FORT WORTH. 64 -0425SAN MARCOS. 64 -0693TEXARKANA. 64-0003

VIRGINIAFALLS CHURCH. 64 -0689PORTSMOUTH, 64 -0942RICHMOND. 64...0805. 64-0819

WASHINGTON. 64-0029. 64-0383.64-0794 .

EPHRATA, 64 -0112EVERETT. 64-0647LYNNEWOOD, 64-0691RICHLAND. 64...0829SEATTLE. 64 -0217, 64-.0785,

64-0967WALLA WALLA. 64 -0238. 64 -0246

HEST VIRGINIA, 64-0338WISCONSIN. 64 -0013

LAKE GENEVA. 64-0072MILWAUKEE, 64-0144, 64 -0215,64-0932

WYOMING

7F5T fIjicltt

SUBJECT INDEX

ACCIDENT PREVENTIONSEE SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

ADMINISTRATIONSEE MANAGEMENT

AEROSPACE RESEARCHSEE SPACE CRAFT

AGRICULTURAL WASTESCHEMICAL RESIDUES. 64-0366COMPOSTING. 64-0449r 64-0450.

64-0451, 64-'0452. 64-0694CONFERENCE. 64..0399CROP RESIDUES. 64-0366. 64-.0366.

64-0427, 64...0667. 64.-0694DAIRY FARM. 64-0290. 64 -0367DISPOSAL' 64-0365. 64-0368. 64-0369,

64..'0394. 64-0398EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, 64 -0402H1DRAULIC DISPOSAL SYSTEM' 64-0344.

64...0372, 64-0378ODORS. 64-0346. 64-0380PuULTRY, 64 -0344. 64-0346. 64-0347.64-0348r 64-0349. 64-0363.64m0364. 64 -0371, 64-0395

SOBEAN. 64 -0359UTILIZATION. 64 -0353. 64-0356.

64-0358t 64 -0367, 64-0391,64"0393. 64....0772. 64-0817

AIR POLLUTIONBURNING WASTES. 64-0494. 64 -0512.

64"0796r 64..0844. 64-0645CuNTROL EQUIPMENT. 64-0504. 64.-0560,64-0577t 640596, 64-0601. 64-0609

DUMPS. 64 -0730LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -04 °3. 64 -0553.

64-0560OuORS, 64-0346SMOKE CONTROL. 64-0334. 64 -0553SuURCES OF. 64-0261, 64.-0462,64-0494, 64-051Ur 64-0512.64-0553

AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT' 64..0308STANDARDS, 64-0527, 64-0536.64-0556, 64-0560

SURVEYS. 64-0160ANALYSIS

SEE REFUSE. COMPOSITIONANIMALS

DEAU 64.".0123. 64-0189. 64-.0264,64-'0363, 64-0366, 64 -0369, 64 -0545COLLECTION METHODS. 64-0118

DISEASE CARRIERS. 64 -0003. 64 -0749,64-0950, 64 -0954, 64-0955.64 -0960. 64-0961. 64-0975

FLED. 64 -0653. 64"0775t 64-0776.64-'0814, 64.-09470 64-0971

FROM CATTLE MANURE. 64 -0361FROM POULTRY LITTER. 64"0354,64-0386

FEED LOTS, 64-.03600 64-0369.64 -0380, 64-0392. 64-0396,64-0401

LITTER 64..0833AREA-WIDE APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMPOSTING PLANT. 64 -0413GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64-0152r

64-0275GROUND WATER POLLUTION, 64 -0008INCINERATION PLANT. 64 -0530. 64 -0535PARTICULAR AREA. 64..0006, 640292,

64-0324RESEARCH STUDIES. 64-0122SANITARY LANDFILLS. 64-0086,

64."0087, 64.-0089. 64 -0090.64 -0884. 64-.0900

AUTOMOBILES, SCRAPABANDONED, 64 -0209. 64 -0846,

64-0858. 64 -0859. 64-0943LAWS CONCERNING. 64-0834.

64 -0836. 64-0838. 64-.0852.64.-0860

CONFERENCE. 6100849COSTS. 64 -0858ECONOMICS. 64-0838. 64-0840

64 -0851. 64-0856EQUIPMENT. 64 -0850' 64 -0851.

64 -0855, 64 -0859BALERS. 640841, 64-0847CRUSHERS. 64 -0841. 64-0847DUMPSTER. 64 -0839FRAGMENTIZERS, 64-0848, 64 -0857TOWING. 64 -0839

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64 -0835.64..0854

GORATOR SYSTEM. 64-.0489INCINERATION' 640844, 64 -0845,

64-0851INSURANCE ASPECTS, 64-0856JUNK YARDS. 64 -0836. 64.-0840,

64-0842, 64".0857. 64 -0859.64 -0860

SANITARY LANDFILL. 64 -0871STRIPPING, 64-.0843UTILIZATION. 64-0847. 64..0053WRECKERS. 64-0837. 64-0855

BALINGINDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64-0287. 64-0289

BONUSSEE INCENTIVE BONUS SCHEMES

BUDGETSEE COSTS. MANAGEMENT

265

Subject Index

NO0,015.

BES1

BULKY WASTES PAPER SACK SYSTEMS. 64-0040,COLLECTION. 64-0210 64-0042. 64-0045, 64- 0052,INCINERATION, 64 -0545, 64-0b54,64-0566, 64-0587

64-0053r64-0063,

64-0054.64-0064.

64-0055,64-0066.

SANITARY LANDFILL. 64-0871SHREDDING, 64-0486

64 -0067, 64-0069.64-0079

64-0077,

SEE ALSO GRINDING; REuUCTION OF PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64-0109,REFUSE 64 -0133, 64-0153. 64-0157r

CALORIFIC VALUE 64-0161. 64-0201r 64-0220,SEE REFUSE 64-0247, 64-0926

CARCASSES PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY ANn REGION.SEE ANIMALS, DEAD 64 -0096. 64-0097r 64-0099,

CELLULOSE 64-0100r 64 -0101, 64..011n.DISPOSAL. 64-0317 64 -0112, 64 -0116. 64-012n,

CHUTE SYSTEM 64-0131, 64-0134. 64-0144rSLE COLLECTION OF OASTES 64-0147, 64 -0148, 64-0149,

CLEANUP PROGRAMS, 64-0197, 64-026U. 64-.0150. 64-0156r 64 -0170,6.4-.0913. 64-0939. 64 -0942. 64 -0947 64 -0171, 64 -0204. 64 -0205,

CLIMATE 64-0210r 64-n216, 64-0224,EFFECTS ON DISPOSAL METHODS,64-0084r 64-0252

64"0230,64-0240,

64-0237r64-0241

64-0239,

COLLECTION OF WASTES PARTICULAR STATE (U.S.), 64-0108BuLK CONTAINERS, 64-0046, 64 -0082,64-0065. 64-0076, 64-0060r 64-0195

PERSONNEL,SALARIES.

64.-017864 -0026. 64-0012

COTE SYSTEM. 64-0048, 64-0056r64-0239

PRIVATE COLLECTION FIRMS, 64-0001.64 -0005, 64 -0007. 64-0024.

CuSTS, 64-0034, 64 -0054, 64 -0094. 64-0028, 64-0030, 64-0049r64-0169, 64-0925 64 -0097. 64-0103r 64- 0183.BACKYARD VERSUS CURB PICKUP. 64-0222, 64-0250

64-0036DETERMINATION OF, 64-0023,64-0030. 64-0231, 64-0248

MUNICIPAL VERSUS CONTRACTCOLLECTION, 64..u024r 64...0026

64-0203TRAIN SYSTEM. 64-0180

CLAD ANIMALS. 64-U118r 64-0169DUSTLESS SYSTEM, 64-0190. 64-0205EQUIPMENT. 64-0137, 64 -0169.64-0200, 64-0244, 64-024864- 0924, 64-0926, 64 -0932

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FACILITY64-0231, 64-0232. 64 -0233.64-0236

FuLIAGE 64.-0238r 84-0246. 64-0933GARCHEY SYSTEM. 64-0117GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64-0129#64-0132, 64-0209 64-0249

HISTORY, 64-4091LAWS CONCERNING, 64-0L'O3. 64-0007,

64 -0016, 64- 0215, 64-.4247LuADING DEVICES, u4-0206MuTION PICTURES AUOUT, 64-0167MuLTI-STORY BUILDINGS, 64-0117,64-0204, 64-0915

266

PUBLIC GATHERINGS, 64 -0184RECREATIONAL APEAS. 64 -0135, 64 -0137REFUSE, APIOUNTS OF. 64-0168RURAL, 64-0057. 64 -0195SCOOTER SYSTEM. 64-0171, 64-0199,

64-0237SCRAP METAL. 64-0207SURVEYS. 64-0121. 64 -0124. 64 -0164.

64-0165TOURIST CENTERS, 64-0037, 64-0106TRAIN SYSTEM, 64 -0180, 64-0185.

64-0186. 64 -0230. 64-0242TRUCKS, 64 -0076' 64-0125. 64-0170.

64.-0206r 64 -0219COMPACTION. 64-0069. 64-0128.

64-0193. 64 -0194UNDERGROUND CONVEYORS, 64-0223URBAN PROULEMS. 64 -0119

COMmEKCIAL WASTESRESTAURANT, 64 -0070. 64-01%14SPORTS FACILITY. 64 -0194STORAGE. 64-0050. 64-0062. 64 -0075

COMPACTIONEQUIPMENT, 64-0044, 64 -0179.

64-0196. 64-0198. 64-0200,64-0221r 64-0226. 64 -0234,

Subject Index

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

64-0272MLTALS, 64-0207TRAILER. 64-0022t 64-'1,174

COMPOSITION OF REFUSESEE REFUSE

COPOsTCOMPOSITION, 64-0445 4-0473

ANALYSIS. 64-0258, 64-0329p64-0411, 64-0438, 64-0474

64-0452, 64-0453, 64-0694GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64-0430r

'64-0673HARDBOARD, 64-0474HYGIENIC ASPECTS' 64-0407p 64-0440r

64-0448r 64 -0470. 64 -0477,64-0481r 64-0970

INSTALLATIONS. 64-0434FOREIGN. 64 -0105, 64 -0406,

EFFECTS ON MICROORGANISMS, 64 -0456 64 -0413, 64 -0429, 64-0436,EFFECTS ON PLANTS AND SOIL' 64 -0326,

64-040864-0441r 64-0443,64 -0447, 64 -0454.

64-0446,64-0461r

MARKETING. 64.-0400.64"-0418, 64-0420t

64 -0405.64- 0429'

64-0464r 64 -0468,64-0475. 64-0478.

64 -0469.64-0479t

64-0445p 64.-0464, 64-0465r 64 -0482, 64 -0484. 64-057664-0484 SIZE. 64-0342

STORAGE. 64-0424 UNITED STATES. 64-0417, 64-0424,UTILIZATION, 64 -0408. 64-6410r

64 -0427, 64 -0432. 64-.0473r6464

-0458, 64-0463. 64'-0480

U472.

64-0474t 64 -0481 MANURE, 64--0347. 64 -0358. 64 -0474,SOIL IMPROVEMENT, 64-0409.

64-0431. 64 -0435. 64 -0439,64-0456. 64.-0468, 64-0471

COMPOsTINGBIN METHOD, 64-0450r 64-0451BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION, 64-U407r

64-0430r 64'..0433p 64-0455t64 -0466, 64-0472

BRIKOLLARE PROCESS, 64-0027. 64-0469

64 -0483MICROORGANISMS, 64.-0404, 64-0433,

64-0437t 64 -0440. 64-0448r64 -0455. 64-.0457, 64 -0477,64-0479

MOISTURE CONTENT, 64-0404NORCO PROCESS. 64-0283. 64-0464.

64-0466, 64-0484ODORS, 64 -0450. 64-0453

CASPARI PROCESS. 84 -0412. 64-U469COMPARED WITH INCINERATION, 64-0462

PARTICULAR COUNTRY.64-0304r 64-0319.

64-0137r64 -0405.

GUSTS, 64"-0027, 64 -0266, 640441. 64-0406. 64 -0410. 64-0411r.64-0444, 64-0465, 64 -0472'64-0478t 64.-0484

64.*.0416,64-0431.

64 -0420.64 -0441,

640426.64-.0461r.

CROP RESIOUES. 64-0427. 64-0449r 64 -0465, 64-0467, 64-.047864 -0694 PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY ANP REGION.

DANO SYSTEM, 64-.0406t 64 -0435,64-0446. 64-0447. 64-0481

64-0413, 64-0415.64-0445, 64-0463

64 -0423

ECONOMICS,64-0419,64-.0422,64-0463

64 -0403.64 -0420.64-0429r

64-0405t64-0421.64 -0461.

RASPING SYSTEM, 64 -0481REFUSE AKALYSIS FOR. 64 -0257

64 -0438SALVAGES 64 -0419. 64 -0423. 64.-0424p

EQUIPMENT,64 -0430r

64-0406.64 -0434

64-0427 64 -0432, 64-0436.64-0458r 64 -0459,

64-0446,64 -0460.

GRINDER, 64 -0432. 64- 0458. 64-047564-0459. 64-0464. 64-.0466,64-0480r 64-0491

HAMMERmILLt 64-0461

SLUDGE. 64-.0439t 64 -0439. 64 -0457,64- 04c,2, 64 -0470. 64-0626t 64-06A0

SLUDGE AND REFUSE, 64-0027. 64 -0286,HOME UNIT. 64-0414 64 -0408, 64 -0412. 64-.0415,ROTARY DRUM, 64-0436. 64-0443.64-0458r 64-0461r 64-0483

64 -0418, 64 -0419.64-0434r 64-0436.

64-042A,64-0446r

FLRMASCREEN SYSTEmr 64-0421' 64-0459 64-0447r 64-0454, 64-0456rFORCED AERATION, b4 -0453 64 -0468, 64 -0481. 64-0812FRUIT AND VEGETA6LE 4ASTES0.64-0389, SMALL SCALE' 64 -0411, 64-0414

64-'0449, 64 -0450, 64-0451. TEMPERATURE, 64- 040t4, 64-0407p

267

Subject Index

64...0428, 64-0433. 64-0440.64 -0455. 64-0477

VAN MAANEN SYSTEM, 64-0481WESTINGHOUSE SYSTEM. 64-0277,

64-.0417, 64-0424. 64-0432.64-0476. 64-0480. 64-0786.64-0830

WINDROW METHOD. 64-.0428. 64 -0449,64-0452, 64-0457 64-0464.64-0473, 64 -0483

WoOD CHIPS. 64 -0805COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMS

SEE SYSTEMS ANALYSISCONSTRUCTION WASTES

DISPOSAL. 64-0270p 64-0871CONTAINERS

SEE STORAGE OF WASTESCOSTS

CENTRAL BUYING, 64-0187COLLECTION OF WASTES. 64-0023r

64-0024. 64-0028, 64-003064-0033. 64-0034, 64-003664 -0037, 64-0040 64-0203.64-0240,'64-0925

COMPOSTING, 64-0263. 64-0444.64 -0465

DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 64-002764 -0030, 64-0031. 64-.0033p64-0034. 64-0035 64-003864-0086. 64-0093 64-0259,64 -0324, 64-0925RURAL AREAS. 64-0342

INCINERATION. 64-0524INDUSTRIAL WASTES TREATMENT.64-'0021r .64-00n. 64-0762

PAPER SACK SYSTEMS, 64-0054.64-0055r 64-0066

PERSONNELSALARIES. 64-0026

SANITARY LANDFILLS. 64-0088i 64 -0089SEWAGE TREATMENT. 64-0660STREET CLEANING. 64-0925VEHICLES. 64-0176

COURT CASESSEE LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

CROP YIELD AND POTENTIALSEE AGRICULTURAL wASTES; COMPOSTING;

FERTILIZERS; MANUREckusH1Ne

SEE REDUCTION OF REFUSEDEEP iNELLS

COSTS, 64 -0025, 64-.0623p! 64 -0681EoUIPMENT, 64-0274 64-0644GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS, 64-0644

64 -0731. 64-0732

268

LIQUID WASTES. 64-0336r 64-0712WATER POLLUTION. 64 -0273

DEMoLITION WASTESSEE BULKY WASTES; INCINERATORS.SPECIAL PURPOSE; SANITARY LANDFILL

DETERGENTSDISPOSAL. 64-0318

DISASTER WASTES, 64 -0107, 64-0146DISEASES. 64-0003

COMPOSTING EFFECTS. 64-0440.64.-0448r 64 -0470

DUE TO ANIMALS, 64-0749DUE TO HUMAN WASTES. 64 -0952.

64 -0953. 64-0956DUE TO POULTRY WASTES. 64-0355.

64 -0369HOSPITAL WASTES. 64-0750SEWAGE. 64 -0962. 64...09651 64-0967TRANSMISSION, 640470, 64 -0721.

64 -0948. 64-0950, 64-0955.64 -0960. 64-0961. 64 -0970.64-0971. 64-0975, 64-0977

TRANSMITTED BY INSECTS. 64-0390DISPOSAL OF WASTES

AIR POLLUTION FROM. 64 -0281. 64-0308AREA-WIDE APPROACH TO WASTE

MANAGEMENT. 64 -0094, 64-.0275.64-0292

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 64-0309r64-0370

CLIMATE EFFECTS. 64-0084. 64-0252,64-0263

COMMERCIAL AND TRADE. 64-0259CONFERENCE, 64-0126e 64-.0437.

64 -0599CONSTRUCTION OF TREATMENT FACILITIES

64-0315CONTRACT. 64-0323COSTS, 64-0031. 64-0034,

64-0925DETERMINATION OF. 64 -0038COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS,

64 -0283, 64-0310, 64-0319.64..-0324, 64-0540 64-0786,64 -0863

DEAD ANIMALS. 64.-0264, 64-0363p64-0366r 64-0369

DETERGENTS. 64-0341DISASTER DEBRIS. 64-0107GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64 -0132.

64-0251. 64-0262. 64 -0265.64-0284r 64-0291.. 64-0305.64-0312. 64-0340

GOVERNMENT FACILITY. 64 -025564-0263. 64 -0267. 64-0264r

HEST;m ili)ActE4, 1,11

64-0269r 64.-0297HISTORY. 64-0583HOG FEEDING. 64 -0305. 64-0948LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0003. 64 -0014.

64-0017r 64-0016MOTION PICTURES ABOUT, 64-0167MuLTI -STORY BUILDINGS, 64-0316ORGANIC, 64-0393PAPER SACK SYSTEMS. 64-0041r 64-0071PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64-0109064-0153r 64-0157, 64-0266r64-'0271. 64 -0304. 64-.031964-0325, 64.-03300 64-0442.64-0467

PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY-AND REG'ION.'64 -0086. 64-.0087r 64 -0096.64-0099, 64-0101. 64-0110,64..0116. 64-0131, 64-0144.64-0146, 64.-02830 64-0293.64..0296, 64-0323.64 -0324, 64-03310 64-0332.64-0334. 64-0343

PARTICULAR STATE (U.S.).. 64-0106064-0255, 64-0278

PLANTS, 64-0333PRIVATE FIRMS' 64-0002r 64-0301RECREATIONAL AREAS. 64-.01350 64-0138RESEARCH: 64 -0327RESEARCH NEEDS, 64-0298, 64...0312.

64 -0335RURAL AREAS. 64-01230 64 -0342.

64 -0391SEWAGE SOLIDS, 64-0282. 64 -0302.64-0303. 64-0311

SMALL COMMUNITIES. 64 -0307SURVEYS. 64 -0124, 64-'01620 64 -0165.

64.'0270URBAN PROBLEMS. 64 -0119. 64 -0295.

64 -0972VECTOR CONTROL. 64 -0400

DISPOSERS. 64-0056EFFECTS UPON SEWAGE SYSTEM. 64-0492GARCHEY SYSTEM, 64 -0117LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0465. 64 -0492.

64-0506SEE ALSO GARBAGE GRINDING

DUMPSCLEANUP CAMPAIGNS, 64-0260FIRES. 64-0959LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0011. 64-0013,

64-0015. 64 -0115PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS. 64-0097,

64-0103. 64 -0164. 64-0949STANDARDS, 64 -0294. 640883URBAN. 64-0295

Subject Index

VECTOR CONTROL. 64 -0098, 64-0104.64-0390

DUSTSEE AIR POLLUTION; INCINERATION,CENTRAL

ECOLOGY, 64 -0154. 64 -0155ECONOMICS

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64-0152INDUSTRIAL WASTES TREATMENT.

64-002Ir 64 -0025SCRAP METAL-RECLAMATION, 64 -0029TRANSFER SYSTEMS. 64 -0022. 64.-0174

EDUCATIONSEE PERSONNEL. TRAINING

EGUIPMENT-COSTS, 64 -0023, 64 -0187EXHIBITION. 64-01250 64-0166.

64 -0172. 64-02010 64-0226,64-0243. 64-0244

MAINTENANCE. 64-0192, 64 -0202.64 -0212, 64-02130 64-0217

MOVABLE. 64-0280. 64 -0320. 64 -0339PLASTIC IN. 64 -0226RENTAL.': 64-0251

FEEL LOTSSEE ANIMALS

FEESCOLLECTION AND DISPOSAL. 64-0023r

64 -0057FERTILIZERS

COMPARISON OF MANURE AND COMPOST.64-0456

COMPOST AS. 64 -0409, 64-0409.64 -0410. 64 -0416. 64...0419064-0426. 64 -0435, 64-0473.64-0474

FOOD WASTES AS. 64-.0776FROM INCINERATOR RESIDUES, 64 -0575LEATHER WASTE CONVERSION, 64 -0801MANURE AS, 64 -0351, 64-0353.

64-0367. 64...03830 64-'0384,64 -0387, 64 -0425

FINANCING, 64 -0002FIRES

DUMPS. 64-0013r 64-0729. 64 -0730.64 -0959 ;

REFUSE TRUCKS. 64 -0957STORAGE CONTAINERS. 64-0051

FLY ASHDISPOSAL. 64 -0631, 64-0770, 64-0795TRANSPORT; 64-0181UTILIZATION. 64 -0780. 64 -0902.

64.-0808. 64-0815. 64-0825.64-0828, 64-0832L/GHTWEIGHV AGGREGATE. 64-0781.

269

Subject Index

64-0782. 64 -0783. 64-0795,64.-07970 b4 -0807. 64-0821

FOOD PROCESSING WASTES. 64-0662BACTERIA. 64-0629BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 64-0622r

64 -0632, 64 -0633. 64 -0646COMPOSTING, 64-0389. 64-0449t

64*0450, 64 -0451. 64-0452.64-'0694

DISEASES. 64-0749EFFECT ON SEWAGE. 64-0649FRUIT, 64 -0362. 64-0376r 64 -0389,

64 -0646INCINERATION. 64-0551IRRIGATION WITH. 64-.06530 64-0667r

64.'0718LAGOONS. 64-0637. 64-0654MICROORGANISMS. 64-0964POTATO. 64-0074. 64-0622. 64 -0632.

64 -0633, 64-06360 64-0654r64 -0698. 64-0700, 64 -0739

POULTRY, 64-0345, 64-0382SOYBEAN. 64-0359SUGARr.64-0620UTILIZATION. 64- 0368. 64-0362.

64."0653. 64- 0814. 64-0816GARBAGE GRINDING

EFFECTS UPONFLY AND RODENT POPULATION. 64..0076

HAMMERMILL, 64-0223REGULATIONS. 64-0485SEE ALSO DISPOSERS

GARBAX UISPOSAL SYSTE. 64-0054, 64 -0055GARCHEY SYSTEM. 64-0056. 64-0117GASES

ANALYSIS. 64 -0886GLASS

BOTTLESCRUSHING. 64-0487. 64-0593

RECOVERY. 64-0799REMOVAL FROM COMPOST. 64-0460

GOVERNMENT CONTROLS AND SUPPORTCOMPOSTING. 64-0421COUNTY LAwSt 64-0006GROUND WATER POLLUTION. 64-0008NATIONAL LAWS. 64-00120 64-0017.

64-'0298

INCINERATION PREPARATION, 64-0515.64-06100 64-0648

ROTAR1 DRUM, 64-0491SANITARY LANDFILL PREPARATION,

64-0490SEE ALSO GARBAGE GRINDING

GROUNDWATERLAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0008, 64-0014POLLUTION, 64-0297

HAZARDOUS WASTESDISPOSAL. 64 -0748, 64-0755. 64-0758.

64 -0759. 64-07610 64-.0762,64 -0763. 64-.0764. 64-0954

LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0004, 64 -0754STORAGE, 64-0760

HEALTHSEE PUBLIC HEALTH

HISTORYCOURT CASES. 64-0005

HOG FEEDINGSEE DISPOSAL OF WASTES

HOSPITALSDISPOSAL OF WASTES. 64-'00480

64.-0750, 64-07520 64-0764INCINERATORS. 64-0521, 64-0537.64-0555. 64-0752

STORAGE OF WASTES, 64-0048. 64-0082.64.-0750

HUMAN WASTESANALYSIS, 64 -0321, 64-0322t 64-0666BACTERIA. 64-0290BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 64 -0309,

64 -0624CHEMICAL TREATMENT. 64-0267

64-.02680 64 -0269COMBUSTION, 64-.03210 64-0322DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT. 64-0300DISPOSAL ON SPACE CRAFT. 64-0113.

64-02790 64 -0317. 64-0318MICROORGANISMS. 64 -0952, 64- 0953,

64-0970CJORS, 64 -0267, 64 -0269

INCENTIVE BONUS SCHEMES, 64-0026064-01300 64-0343r 64 -0951

INCINERATION. CENTRALAIR FOR COMBUSTION, 64-0503. 64-0526.AIR POLLUTION CONTROE.-64-0494r

SCRAP AUTOMOBILES, 64-0838 640495, 64 -0526. 64-0527.STATE LAWS. 64-0006 64 -0544, 64-05470 64-05480

GRINDING 64.-0557, 64-0564. 64-056AtBULKY WASTES. 64-0437, 64-0489 64 -0568. 64-0591COMPOSTING PREPARATION. 64 -0417,

64-0422, 64-04320 64 -0450. 64-045964-U466

HOSPITAL WASTES, 64-0752

270

HYDROCARBONS. 64-0510AREA-AIDE APPROACHES TO WASTE

MANAGEtENT. 64 -0530, 64 -0535BULKY WASTES, 64 -0554

BEST ePl'i AVAILABLE

CAPACITY. 64-0503r 64-0523CENTRAL CONTROL. 64-0128. 64 -0568CHARGING. 64-0605COMBINED WITH SEWAGE TREATMENT.

64-'0533COMPARED WITH COMPOSTING, 64 -0462,

64-'0475COMPARED WITH SANITARY LANDFILLS,

64-0881CoNFERENCEr 64-0528CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACE

WALLS. 64-050UWATER-COOLED, 64-0574

CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT, 64-0549,64-0581, 64-0583, 64 -0586'64-U5d8r 64-0608FLOORS. 64-0514

COSTS, 64-0027. 64-006P, 640497,64-0524, 64-0539. 64-0540.64-0547, 64-0549. 64-058164-0602

COMPARISON, WITH AND WITHOUTHEAT UTILIZATION. 64-0584

DESIGN OF PLANT. u4-0538. 64 -0539,64-0549

DUST CONTROL. 64-0505. 64-0580p64."0586, 64 -0593, 64-0594r64-0595, 64-0596

ENISSIONS FROM, 64-0510. 64...0548EuUIPAENT, 64-0544p 64!.0581.

64-0593p 64 -0597BLOWERS. 64-0495BOILERS, 64-0543. 64-0613CONVEYORS, 64-0333, 64 -0495CRANES, 64 -0501ELECTROSTATIC PREC) 1TATORS,

64-11557t. 64-0571EXHIBITION. 64-0159p 64'11607FILTERS, 64- 0505.'64 -0585,64-0596. 64-0605, 64-0613

GRAbS, 64-0563GRAPPLES, 64 -0501GRATES. 64-0522. 64-0564,

64-0587. 64-0600, 64-0605.64-0609

HOPPERS. 64-0333RAM FEEDER, 64-0533

FINANCING. 64-049br 64-0535FLAME CHAtI3ER PROCESS, 64-0617FLUE CLEANING. 640611FLY ASH. 64-.0495. 64-010. 64-0557FIAANKFURT SYSTEM. 64-'0570FURNACES. 64-0333, 64-0534, 64-0544,

64-0597, 64-0617GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64-0499.

Subject Index

64-0534p 64-0538, 64-'053P.64-0540, 64-.0559, 64-0599.64-0673

GREASE. 64-0648HEENAN TROUGH GRATE. 64-0589HISTORY, 64-.0498. 64-.0540r 64-05724

64-0576r 64-0516INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64-0027, 64-0181,

64-0582LAWS CONCERNING, 64-0493, 64 -0550MAINTENANCE. 64-0333. 64-0498,

64-U500MARTIN SYSTEM. 64-0609MORSE BOULGER SYSTEM. 64-0544,

64-0610MULTIPLE HEARTH SYSTEM. 64-0723ODORLESS. 64-0563OPERATION OF PLANT, 64-'0548. 64-0597PARTICULAR COUNTRY, 64 -0304,

64-0319, 64-0571, 64 -0604PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.

64 -0106, 64-0110, 64-0141r64 -0158. 64-0164, 64-0202,64-0224. 64-0253, 64 -0261,64-0299r 64-03324 64-0509,64-0511, 64-0573. 64 -0880

PAUNCH MANURE DISPOSAL, 64-0532PLANTS, 64'0333

SI2E, 64 -0342PRESSURIZED CANS. 64-0531REFUSE ANALYSIS FOR, 64 -0257.

64-0515RESIDUES. 64 -0306. 64-0575

ANALYSIS. 64-0258, 64-0515DISPOSAL, 64-0221r 64-0258r

64 -0261. 64-.0266, 64 -0495,64-0496, 64 -0502, 64-0511.610-6533. 64-.0585, 64-0591,64-0600r 64-0723. 64-0900,64 -0904

ROTATING CONE. 64 -0520, 64-0522ROTATING bRUM, 64 -0570SALVAGE. 64-0495. 64-0502. 64 -0524.

64-0566. 64 -0575, 64".0588,64- 0582. 64-0585. 64-0580,64-0593. 64-0594. 64-0599.64-0605p 64-0612

SEPARATION SYSTEMS, 64."0333, 64-0818SLUDGE. 64-0541, 64-0709, 64-0716.

64-0727SLUDGE AND REFUSE. 64-0286. 64-0306,

64-0582SMALL SCALE. 64 -0587, 64-0611SPECIFICATIONS. 64-.0085p 64 -0550STANDARDS. 64-0527. 64-0536.

271

Subject Index TjfkilABLE

64 -0550. 64-0556, 64-0583STORAGE OF WASTES. 64 -0073SURVEY. 64-0523. 64-0583TEMPERATURE, 64-0503

ROTATING DPUM, 640615SALVAGE. 64 -0577SLUDGE. 64-0546. 64-0668, 64 -0702,

64 -0745TESTING. 64 -0610 SMOKELESS. 64 -0494. 64-0517rVuLUND SYSTEM. 64-0570, 64 -0597. 64-0537. 64 -0552. 64-0569,

64 -0609 64-.0592, 64 -0844VON ROLL SYSTEM, 64-0576. 64-0586, STANDARDS. 64 -0527. 64 -0536.64-0590. 64-0597. 64-0609,64 -0611, 64-0613

WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION. 64-0126.64-0306, 64 -0333. 64-0498.64-0524, 64.-0543. 64-0564.64-0566, 64 -0570, 64-0574.64-0575. 64.-0576. 64-0584.64.-0585, 64 -0591. 64-0602.64-0604, 64-0608, 64-0609,64-0611

DESALINIZATION OF WATER,64-0508, 64-0515. 64-0525r64-0554

DOMESTIC HEATING. 64-0562POWER GENERATION. 64-0518

64-.0565. 64-0566. 64 -0571640572. 64 -058b. 64..0591.64 -0603, 64-0616. 64-0652

WOOUr 64 -0519. 64 -0652INCINERATION. ON SITE

APARTMENT. 64-0506, 64 -0567,640601, 64 -0614

CONFIUENTIAL DOCUMENT DISPOSAL.64 -0516

CuNVEYOR SYSTEM. 64-0316CORROSION. 64 -0578. 64 -0579COSTS, 64-0506. 64-0546, 64-0578EuUIPMENT

CHUTE, 64 -0601GRATES. 64 -0522SCRUBbERS.'64-0577, 64 -0614

EAHU3ITION. 64 -0592. 64-0607FLAME CHAMBER PROCESS. 64-0606FOLIAGE DISPOSAL. 64 -u516HOSPITALS. 64-0048. 64-0521.

64..0537, 64 -0555, 64-0750.64 -0752

INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64-0287. 64-0537.6v)..0551. 64-.0558. 64-0577,64..0578, 64 -0579, 64-0606.64 -0615, 64-0702. 64-0761,64..0820

MANURE. 64 -0379ODORLESS. 64..0552. 64 -0614PLASTIC DISPOSAL, 64 -0558RECREATIONAL AREAS. 64-0138RESIDENTIAL. 64-0506

272

64 -0550. 64-0556WIRE INSULATION STRIPPING. 64-0813

INCINERATOR INSTITUTE OF AMERICACRITERIA, 64.<527, 64 -0556

INCINERATORS. SPECIAL PURPOSEBULKY WASTES. 64 -0545DEMOLITION DEBRIS DISPOSAL. 64 -0519.

64 -0561HARBOR DEbRIS DISPOSAL. 64-0519

. PAPER MONEY DISPOSAL. 64 -0529SCRAP AUTOMOBILE DISPOSAL. 64 -0844.

64-0845. 64-0851SHIP. 64-0288. 64 -0289. 64-0497.

64 -0507, 64 -0542TESTING. 64-0513

INDUSTRIAL WASTESANAEROBIC TREATMENT. 64 -0311ANALYSIS. 64 -0666. 64-0686. 64 -0690BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 64-0622.

64 -0632, 64-0633r 64-0668,64-0697. 64 -0706, 64 -0708,64-0722, 64 -0734. 64..0739

8.0.0.. 64-0690BULK CONTAINER SYSTEMS. 64 -0672CENTRIFUGING. 64 -0621CHEMICAL. 64-0625. 64-0668, 64-0685.

64....0711, 64..0722. 64 -0733,64 -0748, 64-0829

COMBINED WITH MUNICIPAL WASTES.64 -0163, 64 -0634. 64 -0671. 64 -0737

COMPOSTING, 64 -0257CONFERENCE. 64 -0642. 64-0658.

64 -0708, 64 -0711COST OF TREATMENT, 64 -0021. 64-.0025,

64-0027, 64-0628. 64 -0639,64-0658, 64-0687. 64 -0695.64 -0732, 64-0762

DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. 64 -0025,64-0273, 64..0274, 64-0336,64 -0623, 64 -0644. 64 -0712,64-.0731, 64-0732

DIGESTION. ANAEROBIC. 64 -0703.64 -0705

DISSOLVED-.AIR FLOTATION. 64-0677ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY. 64-0702FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSING. 64 -0639.

64-0640

nrtri ePPI MOUSE

FOAM SEPARATION PROCESS. 64.-0663FOOD PROCESSING. 64-0362. 64 -0382,64-0620, 64-0622. 64-0632.64-0633. 64-0638, 64-.0646,64 -0649. 64-0653. 64-0654.64..0662, 64'.0667, 64-0694.64-0698, 64...0700, 64-0718.64-0739. 64.'0776

GENERAL'DISCUSSION OF. 64-0345GROUND WATER POLLUTION. 64 -0008HAZARDOUS, 64..0671, 64 -0755.

64 -0758. 64.-07590 64 -0760.64 -0761. 64.-0763

HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT. 64 -0181FLY ASH. 64-0631

INCINERATION, 64-0537. 64-.0551.64-.0558. 64 -0745CHEMICALS. 64-0615. 64-0695

INCINERATION PLANTSFOREIGN. 64-0578. 64-0579,

64-0615LUMBER INDUSTRY. 640647. 64-0652MEASUREMENTS, 64 -0627. 64 -0656.

64 -0699MEAT PACKING PLANT. 64-0629.

64 -0637. 64-0662METAL HYDROXIDES, 64 -0675METAL TOXICITY. 64-.0666METALS. 64 -0793MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRAt.:ATION.

64 -0618, 64-0678. 64-0706MINING. 64 -0181. 64-.0729, 64-.0730.

64 -0741, 64 -0784. 64-0827NYLON WASTE WATER. 64-0623PAPER AND PULP MILL. 64-0630t

64 -0635. 64-0639. 64-0640.64-0712, 64 -0719, 64 -0769,64 -0775

RECOVERY, 64 -0619, 64-0625, 64-0685,64-0700i 64 -0769. 64-0775r 64-0776

REDUCTION, 64-0486. 64 -0489REFINERY. 64-0641, 64-0697, 64.-0722,

64 -0733SEDIMENTATION, 64-0627. 64 -0719SEPARATING EQUIPMENT. 64-.0647,64-0707. 64-0724

STORAGE, 64-0061SUGAR MANUFACTURE, 64-0620TEXTILE MILL. 64-0687TREATMENT, 64-0340WET OXIDATION. 64-0337

INJURIESSEE SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

INSECTSiDISEASE CARRIERS, 64 -0003

Subject Index

INSfECTION 64-0004. 64 -0951IRRIGATION

SEE FOOD PROCESSING WASTES,IRRIGATION WITH

LABOR RELATIONSSEE PERSONNEL. EMPLOYEE.-MANAGEMENT

RELATIONSLAGOONS

ALGAE GROWTH. 64 -0689FOOD PROCESSING WASTES. 64-0637,

64-0654, 64-0698INCINERATOR RESIDUE. 64-0723MANURE TREATMENT. 64-0350. 64 -0352,

64.-0357, 64...0358. 64-0364.64-0381, 64-0397. 64 -0645

ODORS. 64 -0352POLLUTION INDICATORS, 64-0290

LAND RECLAMATION. 64..0218COMPOST USE. 64.-0408, 64-0409.

64 -0439, 64 -0471FLY ASH USE. 64 -0808. 64 -0815MINE WASTE AREAS. 64...0784. 64-0884,

64-0893RECREATION FACILITY. 64-0271SANITARY LANDFILLS. 64 -0866.

64-0873, 64-.0877, 64-0878LANDFILLS

SEE SANITARY LANDFILLSLAWS

COLLECTION OF WASTES, 64 -0005,64-0007t 64-0019. 64- 0057, 64 -0247

DUMPS. 64 -0011, 64 -0015GARBAGE DISPOSERS, 64- 0485,.64 -0492GROUND WATER POLLUTION. 64-0014INCINERATION PLANTS. 64-0550PUBLIC HEALTH. 64-0003, 64 -0004,

64-0012..64-0016RURAL AND SEMIRURAL AREAS. 64-0006SANITARY LANDFILLS, 64 -0002. 64-D010SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. 64-0017.

64-0018LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

COLLECTION OF WASTES. 64-0001.64-0004, 64 -0005. 640007,64-0019, 64-0178

DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 64-0004DUMPS, 64 -0013FINES. 64-0009GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64-0152GROUND WATER POLLUTION. 64-0008HANDBOOK, 64-0129INCINERATION, 64.'0567MANURE ODORS. 64 -0380SANITARY LANDFILLS, 64-0010,64-0020. 64-0906

273

Subject Index

SCRAP AUTOMOBILES, 64-0834. 64-0836.64-0852. 64-0860

WATER POLLUTION, 04-0254LICENSES. 64-0002LITTER

BEACHES, 64-0944CAUSES OF. 64-0943CONTAINERS. 64-0072. 64...0330,

64-0922, 64-0939r 64-.0945.640946

HIGHWAY. 64 -0940LAWS CONCERNING, b4-0009PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64 -0941PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.64-0939. 64-0940. 64-0942. 64-0947

LuADINGHOPPER. 64-0259POWER DEVICES, 64-0208

MAINTENANCESEE LOUIPMENT; TRUCKS

MANAGEMENTCONFERENCE, 64-0142 64-0143EIUIPMENT PURCHASING, 64 -0187GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64 -0154.

64 -0155MUNICIPAL SANITATION DEPARTMENT.

64-0033. 64 -0036ORGANIC WASTES, 64-0393PLANNING, 64-0122, 64-0294TRAINING FOR. 64.-0111URBAN PROBLEMS. 64 -0119

MANURE.ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, 64-0395CATTLE. 64-0360, 64 -0361, 64-0401.

64-0402, 64 -0483COMPOSITION, 64-0394. 64 -0396COMPOSTING, 64 -0347, 64 -0483CONFERENCE. 64 -0399DISPOSAL. 64-'0123, 64.0365 64-0366,

64-'0370. 64-0375. 64.-0379,64-.0394, 64 -0396

DRYING, 64-.0388 64.-0425EQUIPMENT FOR DISPOSAL OF. 64-0396,

64.'0383HEALTH ASPECTS. 64 -0348. 64 -0355,

60-0374, 64-0390 64 -0400.64..0950, 64-.0960. 64 -0961.64 -0975

INCINERATION, 64-0532LACNS, 64..0350, 64 -0357. 64 -0645LIOUW HAWLING-PhOCESS, 64.-0371r

64-.0372r 64".076. 64 -0385Ou0RS. 64-0346r 64-0360r 64..0680POULTRY, 64 -0344. 64-0345r 64 -0348.

64 -0349, 64 -0350, 64-0351.

274 '1

Cal WALE

64".0352 64-0354. 64-'0359.64-0358, 64-0364. 64-0371,64-0372r 64-0373. 64 -0374.64-0375. 64-0377. 64 -037'.64 -0379. 64 -0381. 64".038364...0384, 64-0386, 64 -0389,64...0395, 64 -0397. 64 -0483.64 -0645

QUANTITY, 64-0394SWINE. 64-0357. 64 -0385. 64-0387.

64 -0398, 64 -0402. 64 -0645UTILIZATION. 64 -0351, 64.-0353,

64 -0354. 64-0367. 64-036864-0373 64-0383. 64-0384.64-0386, 64-0387. 64-0396,64-0425F 64 -0814

M.P.L. (MAXIMUM PAY LOAD)SEE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES.MAXIMUM PAYLOAD SYSTEM

METALSCRUSHING. 64 -0487, 64-0841MAGNETIC SEPARATION. 64 -0223.

64-0299, 64-0594 64."0818.64-0348

QUANTITY IN REFUSE. 64-0285RECOVERY. 64-0793 64-0799 64-0803.

64-.0811, 64-0827SCRAP, 64 -0794. 64-0835, 64 -0840,

64 -0841. 64-0843COLLECTION SYSTEMS. 64-0207.COSTS. 64-0029RECOVERY, 64 -0778. 64 -0809.

64-0813, 64-0822. 64 -0823,64-0824. 64-0837. 64-0847.64-0850. 64-0853. 64...0855

MINERALSRECOVERY. 64 -0767, 64-0769. 64-0774,

64-0826MUNICIPAL SERVICES

SEE PLLECTION OF WASTES; DISPOSALOF WASTES

OCEAN DISPOSALBALED REFUSE. 64-0093 64 -0287.

64-0289FROZEN WASTES, 64...0252.HAZARDOUS WASTES, 64-0758. 64-0761ILLEGAL DUMPING, 64 -0944INCINERATOR SHIP. 64-.0497 64-0507.

64.'0542MUNICIPAL WASTES. 64 -0093, 64-0216SEWAGE. 64.-0296SEWAGE SLUDGE. 64-0636SHIP WASTES. 64 -0009, 64-0254

OUORSSEE HUMAN WASTES* MANURE

BEST COPY AVAILARIE

OILDISPOSAL, 64-0270. 64-0641. 64-0697.

64.-0722, 64-0733UTILIZATION, 64-0611. 64-0628

OPEN BURNINGAIR POLLUTION FROM. 64-0281.64-0493. 640512. 64-0536,64-0871

OXIDATION PONDSSEE LAGOONS

PACKAGING WASTESQUANTITY. 64 -0168

PACKERS. 64-0179r 64..0188. 64-0230.64-u238, 64-0241. 64...0242r 64."0246SEE ALSO TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES;

TRUCKSPAPER

INCINERATION. 64 -0529QUANTITY IN REFUSE. 64 -02135RECOVERY, 64-0777. 64-0787, 64-0789,64-0790, 64-0799, 64-0831

SEPARATION FROM DOMESTIC REFUSE.64-0204. 64 -0594

SPECIAL COLLECTION METHODS. 64 -0220PAPER INDUSTRY WASTES

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, 64-0630CuST OF TREATMENT. 64-0021DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. 64-0712FLUIDIZED BED. 64-0640LIGNIN, 64-0618RECOVERY. 64-0769. 64-0775, 64 -0820SEDIMENTATION. 64-0719WATER POLLUTION. 64-0728

PAPER SACKSSEE STORAGE OF REFUSE

PERSONNELACCIDENTS. 64-0178r 64-0291.

64..0951, 64-0966. 64-0968.64.'0969.

COSTS, 64 -0023. 64 -0169EmPLOYEE-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS,

64 -0091. 64-0130, 64-0158GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64-0139r

64-0192SALARIES, 64 -0026, 64-0032TESTING, 64-0291TRAINING, 64-0111r 64-0127. 64 -0142,

64 -0152. 64-0191..64-0338PESTICIDES

CONTAINER DISPOSAL. 64-0756STORAGE. 64-0756TOXICITY 64-0747, 64 -0753. 64-0754TREATMENT. 64-0747. 64-0954

PIPELINESINDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64-0181

Subject Index

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 64-0182r64-0225

PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64..021APNEUMATIC TRANSPORT. 64-0182

PLASTICINCINERATION, 64-0521. 64-0558.64-0578

RECOVERY. 64-0779SANITARY LANDFILL. 64-0901

PLASTIC CONTAINERSSEE STORAGE OF REFUSE

PNEUMATIC TRANSPORTSEE PIPELINES

POLLUTIONSEE AIR POLLUTION; WATER POLLUTION

POULTRYSEE AGRICULTURAL WASTES; FOODPROCESSING WASTES; MANURE

PUBLIC HEALTHAGRICULTURAL WASTES. 64-0355,

64-0386CLIMATE EFFECTS ON DISPOSAL METHODS.

64 -0084CONFERENCE, 64 -3973, 64 -0976GENERAL DISCUSSION OFr 64 -0152.

64 -0958. 64-0972LAWS CONCERNIN.0 64-0001, 64-0004.

64 -0006, 64-0012OPEN DUMPS. 64-0949SEWAGE TREATMENT. 64-0952. 64-0953.

64-0956, 64-0962. 64 -0963.64 -0964, 64 -0965

SURVEYS. 64-0096. 64 -0099, 64-0101.64-0124. 64-0160, 64 -0162.64 -0165, 64-0974

PUBLIC RELATIONS. 64 -0010EDUCATION OF PUBLIC. 64 -0276LITTER PROBLEMS. 64-0072, 64 -0940PAMPHLET ON NEW LAWS, 64 -0215SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION, 64-0789.64-0842, 64-0858

SANITARY LANDFILLS. 64-0907PULVERIZED FLY ASH

SEE FLY ASHPULVERIZING

SEE GRINDING; REDUCTION OF REFUSERADIOACTIVE WASTES

DISPOSAL. 64-0746, 64-0755, 64-0758.64-0759. 64-0761. 64-0762,64-0763, 64-0765, 64-.;0766

FREEZING. 64-0751STORAGE. 64-0757. 64-0758. 64-0760URANIUM, 64-0755. 64-0763

RECLAMATIONSEE SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION

275

Subject Index

RECOVERYSEE SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION

RECREATIONAL AREASSEE COLLECTION OF WASIES1 DISPOSALOF WASTES; STORAGE OF WASTES

REDUCTION OF REFUSEBOTTLE AND CAN CRUSHER, 64-0487BULKY WASTES SHREDDING, 64-0488FuR COMPOSTING, 64-0471GORATOR. 64-0496. 64-0489PULVERIZATION FOR SANITARY LANDFILL,

64-0490RjTARY DRUM. 64-0491SEE ALSO GARBAGE GRINDING; GRINDING

REFUSECALORIFIC VALUE, 64-0513CLASSIFICATIONS, 64-0145, 64 -0232,64-0249. 64-0288

COMPOSITION. 64-0133, 64 -0145,64-0168, 64-0261t 64-0328.64-0498t 64-0590, 64-0600,64-0602t 64-0889

ANALYSIS, 64-0092, 64-0126,64-0256p 64-0257, 64 -0262,64-0280. 64-0285. 64-0313,64-0320. 64-0321, 64-0322,64-0326. 64-0327, 64-0329.64-0339. 64-0438t 64-0441r64-0515

DEFINITIONS. 64-0301QUANTITY, 64-0168. 64-0232, 64-0328.

64-0759REGIONAL APPROACHES

SEE AREA-WIDE APPROACHES TO WASTEMANAGEMENT

RESEAFCHCONFERENCE, 64-0143CoSTS, 64-0114EuUIPMENT DEVELOPKENT, 64-0128NEEDS IN SOLID WASTE HANDLING.64-0095, 64-0127, 64-0152.64-'0771, 64- 077'2. 64-0958

ROUTESCOST ANALYSIS. 64-0183

RUBBERDISPOSAL, 64-0270INCINERATION, 64-0521RECOVERY. 64-0619, 64-0768. 64-0779.

64-0806TIRES, 64-0768, 64-0806

RURAL AND SEMIRURAL AF;EASLAWS CONCERNING, 64-0006

SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTIONFIRE PRECAUTIONS, 64-0957FLAMMABILITY OF, STORAGE CONTAINERS.

276

64-0051, 64-0059INCINERATION PLANT. 64-0531INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 64-0729. 64-0730PARTICULAR COUNTRY, 64-0286PROGRAMS, 64-0951SANITARY LANDFILLS, 64-0861SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, 64-0956,

64-0966SURVEYS. 64-0968. 64-0969

SALVAGE e,ATERIALS

SEE FLY ASH; GLASS; METALS;MINERALS; PAPER; RUBBER; WOOD

SALVAGE AND RECLAMATIONCHEMICAL PRECIPITATION. 64-0793COAL FINES. 64 -0800COCONUT PITH. 64 -0817COMPOSTING PLANT. 64-0423. 64-0424,

64-0432, 64-0436. 64-0442.64-0446, 64-0458. 64-0460,64-0786. 64-0830

CONFERENCE. 64 -0849CONVERTING WASTES TO CHARCOAL,

64-0816CONVERTING WASTES TO LIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATE. 64-0781, 64-0782,

64-0783p 64 -0795. 64-0797,64-0807

COSTS. 64-0029. 64-0781DROSS DUST FROM METALPROCESSINGt

64-0903ECONOMICS. 64-0768r 6110785,64-0787, 64-0788r 64-0789.64-0794, 64-0798, 64-0799.64-0806, 64-0822. 64-0824.64-0831

ELECTROLYSIS. 64-0809ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION, 64-0779EQUIPMENT, 64-0442. 64-0788

BALERS. 64-0777. 64-0790BALL MILLS. 64-0774CHIPPERS. 64-0773CONVEYORS, 64-0804HOPPERS. 64 -0778

FISH WASTES. 64-0814GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64-0129.

64 -0154, 64-0155GERMANIUM DIOXIDE. 64-0767INCINERATION PLANT. 64 -0253.

64 -0502, 64-0577. 64-0580,64-0589t.64-0593. 64-0594,64-0818

LEATHER WASTES. 64-0801LIGNITE TAR, 64-0810LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTES, 64-0792LIMESTONE, 64-0826LUMBER MILL WASTES. 64-0796. 64-0833

MACHINE PARTS. 64-0811MINING WASTES. 64-0784. 64-0827MuLCH FROM WOOD CHIPS, 64-0805PAPER AND PULP MILL WASTES. 64 -0769.64-0775p 6470620

PARTICULAR COUNTR/, 64 -0220. 64 -0442PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY, 64-0131p64-02120 64702930 64-0299

PLUTONIUM. 6470829.POWER PLANT WASTES. 64-0770,

64-0780. 64 -0795. 64-0797r6470802p 64-0807r 64-0808.64-0815. 64 -0821. 64-082864 -0832

RAILROAD CARS' 64-0823RESEARCH' 64 -0028, 64-0114, 64-0335.

64-0771, 64 -0772. 64-0788.6470798r 64 -0822

ROAD FOUNDATION MATERIALS, 64-0810.64 -0825

-SAWDUST. b4 -0791SLUDGE, 64-0812. 64-0619SULFUR. 64-0770TRANSFER STATIONS, 64-0229WIRES AND CABLES, 6470813SEE ALSO AUTOMOBILES, SCRAP

SAMPLING METHODS. 647.0092, 64-0145.6470256t 64 -0280. 64 -0313. 64 -0339

SANITARY ENGINEERSEE PERSONNEL

SANITARY LANDFILLS. ANIMAL WASTES. 64 -0349

AREA METHOD. 64-0905BUILDING ON. 64706770 64-0878BuLKY WASTES. 6470871CANYONS, 64- 0294 s!'

COMPACTION. 64 -0864, 64-0682,64-0890. 64708990 6470909

CuNPARED WITH INCINERATION, 64 -0881CoSTS, 64700880 64-0870. 64-0884,

64708960 64 -0897, 64-0898CoVER, 64 -0868, 64-0872. 64 -0882,6470883p 6470689. 64-0890.64-08940 64 -0899

CRITERIA, 64 -0882, 64-0949DECOMPOSITION OF REFUSE. 6470886.

64 -0887E6UIPMENT. 64 -0867, 64-0884. 64-0899

COMPACTORS. 64 -0864EARTH-MOVING MACHINE TIRE.

64 -0895LOADER. 64-0896PACKER WITH BULLDOZER BLADE.

6470908TRACTOR WITH BULLDOZER BLADE.

Subject Index

64-0862TRACTOR LOADER. 64 -0865

GAS FORMATION. 64 -0861. 64-0875.64708850 64-0886. 6470887.64-0891, 64 -0899

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64 -0301.64 -0305. 64 -0573, 64-0874.6470576p 64 -0881. 64 -0904,64 -0907

GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS, 64 -0910INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64-0761. 64-0901LAWS CONCERNING. 64 -0002. 6470010r

64-0020. 64 -0898LEACHING, 64-0891PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64 -0867PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.

6470086r 64 -0090. 64-0100r6470106, 64 -0112. 64 -0115.64 -0120, 64-01340 6470141r64-0147. 64701480 64 -0149.64 -0150, 64 -0156. 64 -0175.64-0202, 64704780 64 -0869,64 -0870, 64708720 6470876064703790 64708800 647089264 -0896. 64- 0901. 64 -0909

PARTICULAR STATE (U.S.), 64 -0898PRETREATMENT, 6470868r 64 -0900RECLAMATION OF LAND. 64 -0120,

6470271p 64703240 6470331064 -0866, 64 -0873. 64-0877064708840 64708930 6470899064 -0901. 64 -0902. 64 -0909

RECREATIONAL AREAS. 64 -0135, 64-0138RESEARCH. 64 -0863, 64-0887. 6470888,

6470589r 64 -0890, 64 -0891,64 -0892

SAFETY. 64-08610 64-0873SETTLEMENT. 64 -0878. 64 -0891SITES, 64-0088, 64 -0332. 64-0881,

64-0888ACCESSIBILITY. 6470140t 64 -0897ACQUISITION. 64-0228, 6470266'

64-0276. 64 -0277. 6470869064 -0906, 64 -0909

SURVEYS. 64 -0086. 64-00870 64 -0088.64 -0115. 64 -0270, 6470892064 -0898. 64 -0903

TEMPERATURE. 64 -0875. 6470591TRENCH METHOD, 64 -0866. 64 -0879,

64 -0905WATER POLLUTION. 64 -0278, 64-09010

64 -0910SCOcTERS, 64 -0171, 64 -0237SEASONS

SEE CLIMATE

277

Subject Index

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

SEWAGE 64 -0650, 64 -0680.ANALYSIS, 64 -0656, 64-0686 COMPOSITION. 64 -0744COST OF TREATMENT, 64-0660 ANALYSIS. 64 -0329DISTILLATION. 64-0660 CONFERENCE. 64-0720

64 -0701

EFFECTS OF GARBAGE GRINDING. CONVEYOR. 64-0692, 64-071364-02230 64-0492 COST OF TREATMENT, 64-0021r 64403950

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.64-06340 64406490 64-06540

64 -0628,64-0681r

64-.0664.64-0701.

64 -0670.64-.07090

64 -0658, 64-06660 64-0675. 64-0710. 64 -0713. 64..0725064-0687. 64 -0699. 64-0737 64-0726

FuAMING, PROCESS. 6440563. 64-0715 DLWATERING. 64-0021. 64-0102.GROUND WATER POLLUTION. 64-0008r

64 -068364 -0412,64 -0636.

6440418064.-06500

64-0621.64 -0651.

METAL HYDROXIDES, 64-0674, b4 -0675 64-0661. 64 -0665. 6440668.MICROORGANISMS, 644.0952r 64-0953.

64-.0956t 64-09620 64-0963.64-.0964. 64-09650 64-0967

64 -0669,6440679064 -0701,

64 -0670.64 -0680,64-07240

64 -0677,64...0696064-0726.

ORGANIC MATTER. 64-0302. 64 -0303.64 -0717, 64-0735. 64-0740

64 -0736,DIGESTION.

64-073864-0395o 64-06290

OUTFALL, 64-0296 64406550 64 -0704. 64 -0710.PARTICULATE MATTER. 64-0282. 64-0308 64-0744PLANT COMBINED wITH COMPOSTING DISPOSAL. 64-0719PLANT. 6440447p 64-0454 DORR-.,LIVER FS DISPOSAL. 64-.069

PLANT COMBINED WITH INCINERATION 64 -0727PLANT. 64-05330 64-6541, 64-05620 DUMPING, 64 -0102. 64 -0628

64-0648SOIL EVALUATION FOR DISPOSAL SYSTEM,

64 -0683TREATMENT, 64-0102. 64-0163.

FILTRATION. 64-0661. 64.-0665054-.05690 64-06800 64-0725.64-07264 64-07380 64-0742

FLOCCULANTS. 64-0635. 64-0561064-.03140 64-06240 64 -0659. 64-0679. 64 -0734. 64-0735.64".0660, 64-06780 64 -0689. 64-0741, 64-074364 -0704, 64 -0715. 64-0743 GAS UTILIZATION, 64 -0710

METAL TOXICITY, 64 -0684. GRAVITY THICKENING. 64 -069664-0686. 64-0717

SHOCK LOADING. 64-06570 64-0682SULFIDE TOXICITY. 64 -0688

USE OF IRON IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.64 -0703

SEWAGE SLUDGESEE SLUDGE

SHIPSDISPOSAL OF WASTES FRUM, 64 -0009

SHREDDINGSEE REDUCTION OF REFUSE

SLAGUTILIZATION. 64-06000 64 -0612.

64.-0825p 64 -082bSLUDGE

AuSORBENTS, 64-07430 64-0802ANAEROBIC TREATMENT. 64-0311

640'0704p 64-0744ANALYSIS, 64 -0657, 64-0693. 64-0735BACTERIA' 64-0643BULKING. 64-0659. 64-0676CENTRIFUGING. 64-0621, 6440636.

278

INCINERATION. 6440541p 64-0626.64 -0691. 64-07020 64-0709.64407164 64-0723. 64-0725064 -0745

LAGOONS. 64 -0630. 64 -0735LAND SPREADING, 64405260 64 -0681METAL HYDROXIDFS, 64...0674. 64 -0675.

64 -0702MICROORGANISMS, 64 -0317, 64 -0318.

64 -0676, 64-0734. 64-0740,64-0956o 64 -0964, 64 -0970,64-0971

SETTLING. 64 -0714SEWAGE. BACTERIA. 64 -0629STABILIZATION, 64-0693STORAGE. 6440742TREATMENT. 64-0668. 64-0670TREATMENT PLANTS. 64-0297. 64-03070

6440375, 64-0687, 64-0714, 64-0736UNDERGROU0,0 DISPOSAL. 64 -0681UTILIZATION. 64-0619WET OXIDATION. 64-0337, 64-0664

qFcT MPY RIMICARIF

SPACE CRAFTWASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, 64 -0113,

64 -0279STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS

GENERAL. DISCUSSION OF, 64-0152REFUSE ANALYSIS, 64-.0328

STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEMSSEE STORAGE OF WASTES, SYSTEMS. BULKCONTAINER; TRUCKS. SELF-LOADING

STORAGE OF WASTESCuNTAINERS, 64 -0072. 64-0100,

64-0136. 64-01510 64 -0159'64-0204r 64.-02090 64 -0233.64-0259. 64 -0760. 64-0935bEATTIE SYSTEM. 64-0046CLEANING. 64 -0080, 64-0081FLAMMABILITY, 64-0051. 64-0059FLY PRODUCTION. 64-0078LITTER. 64-0922. 64-0939PLASTIC. 64-00500 64 -0059,64-0075. 64-0190r 64-0268064-0946

COSTS, 64-0946PAPER SACK SYSTEMS. 64-0040.64.-0041, 64-0054. 64-.0066

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64 -0249INCINERATION PLANT. 64-0073INDUSTRIAL, 64-00610 64-0672LAWS CONCERNING, 64.-0016. 64 -0215MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS, 64-0044,

64 -0056NuISE PROBLEM. 64-0040PAPER SACK SYSTEMS. 64-00530 64-0054PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64-0157r

64-0201r 64 -0325PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION,

64-U164PESTICIDES, 64 -0756PLASTIC SACKS, 64-0074PubLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS. 64-U042RECREATIONAL AREAS. 64-0136SURVEYS, 64-0121SYSTEMS. 64-00500 64-00560 b4 -0075,

64-0125BULK CONTAINER, 64-0046064-0049. 64-0062. 64-006564-0076, 64-0083r 64 -0194,64-01950'64-0206p 64-0231,64-02330 64-0234. 64-0672

DUSTBINS, 64-0077. 64-0105.64 -0131, 64-0190, 64-0205

PAPER SACK LINED CONTAINER.64-0045. 64-0047. 640067

PAPERSACKS, 64-.00390 64.-0040,64 -0041, 64-0042r 64-0043.

Subject Index

64 -0044, 64-0048. 64-0052064-0055. 64-00570 64 -0060,64-00630 64-00640 64-0066.64- 0068, 64 -0069. 64 -0070.64700710 64-00770 64...0079064 -0082, 64-0343. 64 -0945

TURNTAPLEr 64 -0044. 64-0058STRt.ET CLEANING

AFTER REFUSE COLLECTION. 64-0210CLIMATE EFFECTS. 64-0918COSTS, 640925, 64-0934, 64-0938EFFECTS OF VEHICLE PARKING. 64-0916.

64 -0923EOUIPMENT. 64-0109. 64 -0125,

64 -0158, 64.-01590 64 -0166,'64-0213r-64-0244r 64-0919064-0921r 64 -0926. 64-0927,64 -0928, 64 -0929' 64 -0932

BRUSHES. 64 -0914, 64-0923064-0938

JOINT PURCHASE. 64-0917SWEEPER. 64 -0105, 64-09220

64-0923. 64 -0924. 64...0930/64 -0931, 64-09350 64-0938

MANUAL, 64 -0915TESTING. 64-0912TRUCK LOADING. 64-0936VACUUM, 64 -0085, 64-.09120

64 -0915, 64-09200 64-0937EVALUATION, 64-0916FLUSHING, 64 -0911. 64-0917r 64-0928NIGHT SWEEPING, 64 -0933PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64 -0926, 64-0935PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.

64-0913p 64.-1916r 64-0918,64 -0920, 64-09210 64 -0922,64-09230 64-..0924. 64-0927064-09320 64 -0934

SURVEYS. 64-0919UNDER6ROUND, 64-0929

SURvEYSCOLLECTION ANO DISPOSAL OF WASTES'

64 -0115, 64-01210 64 -0147,64 -U148, 64-.01490 64-0150.64 -0160, 64-0162. 64-0163.64 -0165, 64 -0270, 64 -0506

INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 64 -0719PAPER SACK SYSTEM. 64 -0040, 64-0045.

64-.0067r 64-0079SwELPERS

SLE STREET CLEANING. EQUIPMENTSYSTEMS ANALYSIS

COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES.64-0035

INCENTIVE BONUS SCHEMES. 64-0026

279

Subject Index

LEAST COST DETERMINATION, 64..0031.64-0035 64-008b, 64 -0089'64"0183. 64.-0186, 64-0231.64-0234 64-0236

TAXESSANITARY LANDFILLS. 64-.0010 64-0020

TRAIN SYSTEMSSEE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES

TRAININ6SEE PERSONNEL

TRANSFER SYSTEMSBuLK TRANSPORT TRUCKS. 64-0141.64-0177. 64-0185. 64-0227

COST OF OPERATING. 64-0022. 64--0088,64-0165. 64-0186. 64-0229.64-0235p 64-0240. 64-0902

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64-0174.64-0235

INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 64-0671:'ARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.

64-0175. 64 -0229. 64-0230RAILROAD. 64-0140, 64 -0229SCOOTER. 64 -0171. 64 -0199. 64-0237.

64.-0927SHIP TO SHORE. 64-0235SPECIALIZED VEHICLES. 64-0221TRAILER. 64-J173. 64 -0240TRUCK TO BARGE, 64-0214

TRANSPORTATION OF WASTESBULK TRANSPORT TRUCKS. 64-0076.

64-01400 64-0173. 64- 0206' 64-0227CENTRALIZED,. 64-0245GENERAL DISCUSSION OF, 64-0236.

61P-0249INCINERATOR RESIDUE. 64-0228MAXIMUM PAYLOAD SYSTEM, 64-0196,

64-0198. 64-0221MODERN TRENDS. 64-0174PACKERS. 64 -0121. 64 -0188PIPELINE. 64.-0182, 64.-0218. 64 -0225RAILROAD. 64-0029. 64 -0140RENTAL OF EQUIPMENT. 64,-0176,

64-0211SHIP. 64.-0214. 64-0216TRAILER, 64-0220 610.0233TRAIN SYSTEM. 64-L180. 64 -0185.

64-0186. 64 -0230. 64-0242TRUCKS

CLOSED. 64-0205COSTS. 64-0176 64 -0248

280

5

'BLE

CYLINDRICAL BODY. 64-.0196. 64...0198-ExHIBITION. 64-0219. 64-0244HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED. 64-0193LARGE CAPACITY. 64-0206MAINTENANCE. 64-0183. 64-0192.

64...0211 64-0213 64 -0217,64-0245. 64.-.0250, 64 -0566

PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 64-0200=REAR LOW LOADING MECHANISM. 64 -0241RECREATIONAL AREAS, 64 -0137RENTAL. 64"0176. 64-.0211SELF - LOADING' 64-0194. 64-0231.

64-0233. 64-0234 64.-0239 64 -0932U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. 64-0142

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, 64 -0017VECTOR CONTROL

FLY, 64-0098. 64-0349, 64-.0374,64-0377, 64-0390, 64-0401r64-0662, 64 -0960PRODUCTION IN STORAGE CONTAINERS.

64 -0078PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND REGION.

64-0098r 64-0104. 64 -0400PARTICULAR STATE (U.S.). 64..0347RODENT, 64-0104. 64-0151

WASTE HEAT UTILIZATIONSEE INCINERATION. CENTRAL

WATER POLLUTIONDETERGENTS, 64-0341FEED LOT RUNOFF. 64-0392GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 64 -0721INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 64.0700. 64-0708.

64-0728PESTICIDES. 64-0747. 64-0753SANITARY LANDFILLS, 64-0867, 64"0910SEWAGE. 64-0963. 64.-0965. 64-0967STORAGE OF WASTES. 64-0061SURVEYS. 64-0160 64 -0315. 64-0331.64-0977

TOURIST CENTERS. 64-0037WIts,ROWS

SLE COMPOSTING. WINDROW METHODWOOD

RECOVERY. 64-0773 64 -0775. 64 -0792.64 -0805

UTILIZATION. 64-0647 64 -0785,64-0791, 64-0796. 64 -0816i 64-0833

ZIMMERMAN PROCESS. 64 -0337. 64-0651.64-0664

pp GO