DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 043 827 AC 008 547

TITLE A Report on the Activities of the First Five Years,1963-1968.

INSTITUTION Thompson Foundation, London (England).PUB DATE [69]NOTE 34p.; photos

EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.80DESCRIPTORS Admission Criteria, Audiovisual Aids, Capital Outlay

(for Fixed Assets), Curriculum, Developing Nations,Expenditure Per Student, Foreign Nationals, Grants,*Inservice Education, Instructional Staff,*Journalism, Physical Facilities, *ProductionTechniques, Students, *Television

IDENTIFIERS Great Britain

ABSTRACTThe Thomson Foundation trains journalists and

television producers and engineers from developing nations in orderto help these nations use mass communication techniques in education.Applicants must be fluent in English; moreover, their employers mustcertify that the applicants merit overseas training and will returnto their work after training. Scholarships cover most expenses otherthan travel to and from the United Kingdom. Three 12-week coursescovering such topics as news editing, reporting, features,photography, agricultural journalism, management, and press freedoms,are held annually at the Thomson Foundation Editorial Study Centre inCardiff; two 16-week courses are held on various aspects ofengineering and program production at the Television College,Glasgow. During vacation periods, the centers offer workshops andother inservice training opportunities to outside groups. (Thedocument includes the evolution of the programs, trustee and staffrosters, Foundation grants, capital and per capita costs, overseasvisits and cumulative list of students from 68 countries.) (LY)

A REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST FIVE YEARS1963/1968

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATIONWELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCEDEXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES-SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

THOMSON,FOUNDATION

CONTENTS

Introduction

The Trustees(with obituaryThe Earl of Kilmuir)The DirectorThe Television CollegeBoard of GovernorsSyllabus Advisory CommitteeEditorial Study Centre

Advisory Board

Staff of the Foundation

Applying for a courseThe Editorial Study CentreSyllabusThe Television CoursesTelevision College Syllabus

Selection of Trainees

Training Television PersonnelThe Television Syllabus AdvisoryCommitteeTelevision College StaffDescription of DutiesGuest Lecturers at the TelevisionCollegeTraining TV News EditorsVacation Activities

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Training Overseas Journalists 16

Cardiff as a Training Centre

The CPU CoursesSports EditorsAgricultural JournalismAudio-Visual Aids in TrainingFilms for Training"Scope"

Overseas Training 21

TelevisionJournalismSierra Leone Research Project

Overseas VisitsThe DirectorThe Principal of the TV CollegeThe Director of Editorial Studies

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Training in United Kingdom 24

Dates of Courses at CardiffDates of Courses at KirkhillNewspaper Management Course

Miscellaneous Fellowships

Foundation Grants

AppendixMembers of Courses

Names, Countries, Coursesattended

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A memorable moment for Lina Alberti ofPeru. She was one of the Foundation studentspresented to Princess Margaret who openedInternational blouse, Penarth - wheresuccessive courses have been housed.

Lord Thomson in the News Room during avisit to Kirkhill House in October 1968.

INTRODUCTION

"Frequently it has been my privilege to entertain in thiscountry the trainee journalists and trainee pressadministrators who have come here fromCommonwealth countries, many of them very newemerging countries, under the aegis of the ThomsonFoundation"The Rt. Hon. Harold Wilson, O.B.E., the Prime Minister,at Lord Thomson's 75th Birthday Party on 5th June,1969.

"It might be fitting to say, that since the days whenCarnegie and Rockefeller pioneered large-scalephilanthropy in a big way, no man has used hismoney more intelligently than Mr. Roy Thomsonhas in giving D,000,000 to set up thisfoundation 9f

Mr. T. Dalyell, M.P. for West Lothian,in the House of Commons, November, 1962.

The Thomson Foundation, set up byMr. Roy Thomson (now LordThomson of Fleet) in 1962, has as itsmain purpose the training ofjournalists and television producersand engineers from developingcountries. The aim is to help thesecountries to harness and developmodern techniques of masscommunication in the service ofeducation.As a charitable trust, the Foundationcan have no financial interest in anycommercial enterprise. It has noconnection with the ThomsonOrganisation Ltd., or with any otherbusiness interests throughout theworld, except that it sometimes asksfor Thomson Organisation experts andfacilities to assist with training.The Foundation's policies are formedby a Board of Trustees. The firstChairman of the Trustees was LordKilmuir, a former Lord Chancellor,who died in January 1967. He wassucceeded on the Board by ViscountHead of Throope; as Anthony Head hewas formerly Minister for War in theBritish Government, then.Minister ofDefence. After leaving politics he was

British High Commissioner inNigeria, and later British HighCommissioner in Malaysia.Field Marshal the Earl Alexander ofTunis, former Governor-General ofCanada was Chairman from 1967 to1969. (Lord Alexander died in June1969 since thiS report was preparedand he has been succeeded asChairman by Mr. James M. Coltart,LL.D. Also since this report wasprepared the Hon. Gavin Astor,President of Times Newspapers andChairman of Council of theCommonwealth Press Union hasjoined the Board of Trustees). Theother members of the Board are LordWilliamson of Eccleston, a LabourLife Peer; the Hon. Kenneth Thomson,son of Lord Thomson; and JamesColtart, LL.D., Deputy Chairman ofthe Thomson Organisation.The chief executive, the Director ofthe Foundation, is Mr. Tom Neil, aformer senior civil servant with manyyears of experience in East Africa.The main part of U.K. training iscarried out at the ThomsonFoundation Editorial Study Centre,Cardiff, and at the Thomson

Foundation Television College, KirkhillHouse, Newton Mearns, Glasgow.At Cardiff, three 12-week courses ayear are given to working journalistsfrom all parts of the world. In addition,an intensive three-week course isgiven each year to holders ofCommonwealth Press Unionscholarships who are visiting Britain.At the Television College nearGlasgow the Foundation conducts two16 week courses each year in televisionproduction, engineering and relatedsubjects.But the work of the Foundation isnot limited to these training courses.It has sponsored a course inNewspaper Management, inco-operation with the University ofStathclyde, Glasgow, and has set upand participated in journalism trainingcourses and seminars in Cyprus, India,Thailand, the Philippines, Malawi andAfghanistan, Television trainingseminars have been conducted inCyprus, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lebanon,Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia.It is the policy of the Foundation toextend such overseas training infuture years.

THE TRUSTEES

The Trustees are, as their nameimplies, responsible for theexecution of the Trust Deedestablishing the ThomsonFoundation.They meet regularly, allocatefinances for projects, and determinethe policies of the Foundation.The Trustees are responsible forthe Trust Fund and the income of theFoundation, and it is theirresponsibility to see that the incnmeof the Foundation is spent inaccordance with the purposes laidout in the Trust Deed. They havewide powersas, indeed, do allTrustees of charitable fundsprovided they are in accordancewith the broad terms of the TrustDeed. In fact, they act very much asa Board in a public company, exceptthat they are appointed and notelected.

Chairman: (1967 -1969)Field Marshal the Rt. Hon. EarlAlexander of Tunis, KG., PC.,GCB., OM., GCMG., CSI., DSO.,MC., (deceased). Soldier.Born in 1891; he fought in Francethroughout the 1914-18 war, receivingthe DSO, MC and Legion of Honour. Inthe 1939-45 war he was, in succession,Commander-in-Chief of the SouthernCommand, then in Burma and subse-quently the Middle East. In 1944 he waspromoted Field-Marshal and SupremeAllied Commander, MediterraneanTheatre, in which capacity he serveduntil the end of the war. He served asGovernor-General of Canada (1946-52)and Minister of Defence (1952-54). Hebecame Lord Lieutenant of the Countyof London in 1957 and Constable of theTower of London in 1960, He was alsoChairman of Alcan Industries Ltd.

Mr. James M. Coltart, LL.D.,Director of Newspaper andTelevision Companies (NowChairman of the Board of Trustees)Born in 1903. Deputy Chairman of theThomson Organisation Limited since1959. Chairman, Scottish TelevisionLimited. Mr. Coltart has pioneered thedevelopment of overseas media,particularly in the new countries ofAfrica. He is a director of numerousnewspaper and television companies inBritain and overseas. Honorary LL.D.,Strathclyde University.

Viscount Head of Throope, PC.,GCMG., CBE., MC. Soldier andDiplomatBorn in 1906. He was educated at EtonAnd the Royal Military College,Sandhurst, was adjutant of the LifeGuards from 1934 to 1937, and afterattending the Staff College in 1939became Brigade Major of the 20thGuards Brigade in 1940. He served withthe Guards Armoured Division and

ended the war as a Brigadier. He waselected to Parliament in 1945 asConservative member for Carshalton,and was an MP until 1960, when he wascreated the first Viscount Head ofThroope. He was Secretary of State forWar from 1951 to 1956, and Minister ofDefence from October, 1956, to January1957. He was the first UK. HighCommissioner to the newly independentFederation of Nigeria, from 1960 to 1963,and was High Commissioner to theFederation of Malaysia from 1963 to1966.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Williamson, ofEccleston CBE., JP. TradeUnionistBorn in 1897. He served on theLiverpool City Council (1929-35) and theNational Executive of the Labour Party(1940-47). He was Labour Member ofParliament for Lincoln and Rutland(Brigg) between 1945 and 1948. In 1947he was elected to the General Councilof the Trades Union Congress and wasChairman for 1956-57. He was knightedin 1956 and early in 1962 he was createda life peer. He retired in 1962 after 15years as General Secretary of theNational Union of General and MunicipalWorkers. He was a director of the DailyHerald and was a member of theIndependent Television Authority(1961-64).

The Hon. K. R. ThomsonNewspaper and TelevisionProprietorBorn in 1923, the son of the Founder,Lord Thomson. He served in the war inthe Royal Canadian Air Force andafterwards gained his M.A. atCambridge. He became President ofThomson Newspapers (Canada)Limited in 1956 and of ThomsonNewspapers Incorporated (USA.) in1960. Chairman, Times NewspapersLimited and numerous other televisionand newspaper companies.

The Hon. Gavin Astor NewspaperProprietorPresident, Times Newspaper Limitedsince 1967. Chairman Times PublishingCompany 1959-1966. Director MonotypeCorporation Limited and other publish-ing companies. Chairman of Councilof the Commonwealth Press Unionsince 1959.

OBITUARYThe Rt. Hon. the Earl of Kilmuir, PC.,GCVO, DCL., LL.D., Lord Chancellorfrom 1954 to 1962, a former HomeSecretary, and the first chairman of theThomson Foundation, died on January27,1967, at the age of 66.David Maxwell Fyfe, who was calledto the Bar in 1922, and was appointed aKing's Counsel 12 years later, was oneof Britain's most outstanding lawyers.He entered politics in 1935, when

elected Conservative Member ofParliament for Liverpool (West Derby).He represented that constituency in theHouse of Commons for 19 years.In 1942 he was knighted and becameSolicitor-General in the CoalitionGovernment. From 1951 he was HomeSecretary until 1954, when he wascreated Earl of Kilmuir, and entered theHouse of Lords as Lord Chancellor. Heresigned from that position in 1962.Following the death of the Earl ofKilmuir, Field Marshal the Rt. Hon, EarlAlexander of Tunis became chairmanof the Foundation, and the vacancy onthe Board of Trustees was filled byViscount Head of Throope.

Director of the FoundationMr. Thomas Neil, CMG, TD.Born in 1913. He was educated at King'sCollege, University of Durham (BSc,NDA). He served in the war of 1939-45with the Devonshire Regiment (TA), asa Lieutenant-Colonel, in the UnitedKingdom, East Africa and the MiddleEast. He joined the Colonial Service,becoming District Officer, Kenya, in1947; Assistant Secretary 1952;Assistant Chie Secretary 1957; and in1959 was appointed PermanentSecretary in Kenya's Ministry ofState for Constitutional Affairs andAdministration. He took up hisappointment as Director of theThomson Foundation in 1963.

The main task of the Director of theFoundation, TD., is to see thatthe Foun-dation is administered in accordancewith the broad policies laid down by theTrustees. He is responsible for all theactivities of the Foundation, and hisduties include overseeing the correctand proper expenditure of money, theefficient conduct of the trainingcourses, the appointment of staff, andother related matters.To carry out these tasks, it isnecessary for him to maintain acontinuous liaison with a number ofGovernment departments, newspapers,press organisations, the BBC, andoverseas Ministries of Information.In order to keep overseas Ministries,newspapers and television stationsaware of the training facilities andprogrammes of the Foundation, Mr.Neil has made a number of overseastours.

flankers'the Royal Bank of ScotlandLimited60 & 62 Lombard Street London EC3

AuditorsCooper Brothers & Company33 Gutter Lane CheapsideLondon EC2

Legal AdvisersLinklaters & Paines59 Gresham Street London EC2

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Informal meeting between trustees andstudents. Field-marshal Earl Alexander(second from right) talks with ViscountHead, A. T. I. Lawal of Nigeria and DavidKraal of Singapore during a visit to Cardiff.

Members of the first NewspaperManagement Course, organised inconjunction with the University ofStrathclyde, with Mr. James Co/tart, whopresented them with diplomas on behalfof the truste&s.

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THE THOMSON FOUNDATIONBoard of GovernorsT. Neil, director, The ThomsonFoundation (chairman).A. Becker, technical director,Thomson Television (International)Limited.A. D. Beaty, Ministry of OverseasDevelopment.M. Glover, director, educationalaids dept., The British Council.T. Singleton, director, Centre forEducational Television Overseas(CETO).L Thirkell, controller ofappointments and staff training,British Broadcasting Corporation.

TELEVISION COLLEGESyllabus Advisory CommitteeD. O'Donovan McClory, D.F.C.,managing director, ThomsonTelevision (International) Limited.Hugh V. Sims, head ofengineering maintenance training,BBC Training Department,Wood Norton.T. Singleton, director, Centre forEducational Television Overseas.

Lord Thomson being interviewed in Studio B at the College duringthe shooting of the film "Never a Backward Step", by the NationalFilm Board of Canada.

THE THOMSON FOUNDATIONAdvisory BoardT. Neil, Director, The ThomsonFoundation (chairman).H. H. Hayman, Institute ofJournalists.K. Loveland, Newspaper Society.J. Clement Jones, Guild ofBritish Newspaper Editors.G. Viner, education and research

Former Board MembersCommander J. C. R. Proud, director,Centre for Educational TelevisionOverseas (1963-1965).C. J. Ritchie, The British Council(1963-1966).0. Whitley, British BroadcastingCorporation (1963-1964).N. Stevenson, managing director,Scottish Television Limited (1963-1966).0. H. Morris, Ministry ofOverseas Development (1963-1966).A. Hurrell, Ministry of OverseasDevelopment (1966-1967).

View from the Control Room into Studio B at Kirkhill House.

EDITORIAL STUDY CENTREofficer, National Union of Journalists.J. Dodge, director, NationalCouncil for the Training of Journalists.Brigadier L. L. Cross, C.B.E., secretary,Commonwealth Press Union.Professor L. J. Lewis, C.M.G.,University of London.R. Miles, head of information,Ministry of Overseas Development.

Politics is no part of the syllabus for the Editorial Study Centre.But members of this course enjoyed meeting the Right Hon. JamesCallaghan, Britain's Home Secretary - in whose constituencyInternational House lies.

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Former Board MembersB. Pook, National Union ofJournalists (1963-1965).0. H. Morris, Ministry ofOverseas Development (1963-1966).T. Lewis, National Union ofJournalists (1965-1967).A. Hurrell, Ministry of OverseasDevelopment (1966-1967).

Much of the Cardiff course calls for long hours in the lecture room,but the programme is broken with occasional visits outside. The mostpopular is an afternoon out at the Welsh Folk Museum, St. Fagans.Centre.s the late J. D. Hughes, first assistant director, who alsoguided the pilot course.

STAFF OF THE FOUNDATION

Staff employed by the ThomsonFoundation during the five yearsup to December, 1968, are asfollows:

London OfficeT. Neil, CMG, TD. (director),1963 -Dr. J. Kinany (deputy director),1963-1966.H. Bussell (accountant, deceased),1963-1965.N. O'Brien (accountant), 1966 -Mrs. R. Buchan (secretary), 1963-1964.Miss V. Henderson (secretary),1964-1966.Miss G. Hughes (secretary), 1965 -

Editorial Study CentreJ. Hughes (deputy director,deceased), 1963-1965.D. Rowlands (director), 1964-.A. Crook (deputy director),1965-1967.

J. Cardownie (lecturer), 1966 -.D. Connelly (lecturer), 1967.J. Lewis (lecturer), 1967-1968.R. Hollowood (assistant director),1967-.L. W. Riley (lecturer), 1968-.Miss P. Morgan (secretary), 1964-1967.Mrs. J. Palit (secretary), 1968 -.

Television CollegeKenneth Brown (principal), 1963.Guy Bloomer (principal), 1964-1969.W. J. C. Meikle (principal), 1969-.Miss Caryl Doncaster (productionlecturer), 1964.G. Le Grove (production lecturer,)(deceased), 1964-1967.H. Barron (production lecturer),1967-.Gavin Waddell (engineeringlecturer), 1964-1965.

APPLYING FOR A COURSE

Three courses a year, each of 12weeks, are held at the ThomsonFoundation Editorial Study Centre inCardiff, and two courses a year, eachof 16 weeks, are held at the ThomsonFoundation Television College,Newton Mearns, Glasgow.

For the Cardiff courses, scholarshipsare awarded to cover the full cost oftuition, board and lodging - atInternational House, Penarth, astudents' hostel about five miles fromCardiff - out-of-pocket expenses, andauthorised internal travel in Britain.Cost of passages to Britain is theresponsibility of the candidate, or hissponsor, though under certaincircumstances fares to and fromBritain are paid through GovernmentTechnical Assistance Funds.

Applicants for Cardiff must have atleast three years practical experiencein full-time journalism, arid asinstruction is given in English a goodknowledge of the language is essential.

Beginning in 1966, the summercourse at Cardiff has been a specialistone. in 1966, it dealt with sports writingand editing; in 1967 it was industrialand commercial journalism; and in1968 agricultural journalism. The othercourses, dealing with advancedjournalism, have covered a wide rangeof reporting and writing techniques,as well as instruction in sub-editing,news-editing, and design. The 1967autumn course was, however,designed for "Tomorrow's Editors",

and the 1968 autumn course was forChief Sub-editors.Details of courses for journalistsare available from British Counciloffices, or from Information Offices ofBritish High Commissions orEmbassies. Thousands of brochurescontaining full information about futurecourses are distributed each year, notonly to the above offices, but also tojournalists' associations and editorsof newspapers throughout the world.Also the newspaper, Scope,produced three times a year in Cardiffby members of each course, carriesadvance publicity of courses beingheld both at Cardiff and at theTelevision College at Glasgow.

The Editorial Study Centre SyllabusThe Editor: Functions andresponsibilities. The leading article.Quality and popular papers. Tie"entertainment" quotient. Political andeconomic policies.News Editor: Organising a news desk.Control of staff, district and headoffice. Future files. News sources andcontacts. Follow-up and investigativereporting.Reporting : News gathering and .

writing. Interviewing. News storyshapes and styles. The introduction.Specialist reporting. Use of library,reference books and style books.Sub-editing : News values. Writing forthe reader. Checking and condensing.The running story. Editionising andcopy control. Headline writing.

T. Heffernan (engineeringlecturer), 1965-1968.W. Kirkwood (engineeringlecturer), 1966 -.R. Pearson (engineering lecturer),1969-.J. McIntyre, 1964,J. McNairn, 1966-.T. Webster, 1967-.Miss Rae Knight (course assistant),1965.Milne Roberts, 1964-1965.C. Williams (film lecturer),1967-1968.C. Heath (film lecturer), 1968,D. Reynolds (presentationlecturer), 1967-.Miss Sheila MacDonald (graphics),1967-.T. Lockhart (administration),1967-1969.D. Anderson (accountant), 1969-.Miss A. Robbie (secretary), 1963-1964.Mrs. P. Entwistle (secretary), 1964 -.

Newsroom production. Stonesub-editing. Make-up and typography.Contents bill writing.Features : Feature sources. Writingfeatures. Gossip columnists. Women'spages. Lay-out and decoration.Cartoons. Letters to the Editor.Photography: Briefing thephotographer. Picture selection,cropping and scaling. Pictures fornews and feature stories. Picturepage s. Caption writing.Production: Relationship of editorialand works departments. Helping thecomposing room. Productivity andplanning. New methods of production- web-offset, computers, photo-setting.Photo-engraving, electronic andpowderless etching.Press freedoms: Liberty or licence?The need for responsibility. Presslaws, councils and codes. Pressureson freedom.Management: Conflicts betweenmanagement and editor. Sales andcirculation. Personnel selection andrecruitment. Marketing, profit and loss.Readership surveys. Space andclassified advertising. Promotion andpublicity.General topics Guest speakers coverspecialist topics and allied themes,such as radio and televisionjournalism, public relations, nationaland international news agencies, etc.Visits are made to places of interest,usually including the Houses ofParliament, the BBC, the PressAssociation, Reuters News Agency,Fleet Street newspapers, etc.

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The Television CoursesThe two regular courses each year atthe Television College each carryboth an Engineering and a Productionstream. Either of these streams maybe devoted to a specialist theme.

Details of courses are advertisedregularly in the quarterly journal

Educational Television International(formerly CETO News). Lists of thecourses available are publishedregularly by the British Council,UNESCO carries details in itsinternationally-circulated lists, and theAsian Broadcasting Union Newslettergives details. In addition, theFoundations own newspaper, Scope,carries advance publicity.

When new specialist courses areunder consideration Heads ofStations and their training officers arenotified directly from the College.

Applications for any course shouldbe received by the ThomsonFoundation (address below) threemonths before the starting date of thecourse.

Under certain circumstancessponsoring stations can apply for thepayment of their candidate's fare toand from Britain to be made out ofTechnical Assistance Funds. In thesecases the applications are channelledthrough local government Ministriesto the British Embassy or HighCommission and thence to theMinistry of Overseas Development inLondon.

Television College SyllabusProduction Training: Lectures,lecture/demonstrations and practicalexercises are carried out on thefollowing:Television terminology.Studio cameras (Vidicon and ImageOrthicon).Television sound.Lighting.Vision mixing.Studio control room operation.Master control room operation.Programme breakdown procedures.Graphics and basic design.Announcing and continuity.Discussion and interview techniques.Scripting.News presentation.News magazine programmes.Advertising magazines.Light entertainment.Drama.Programme planning.Programme budgeting.Station administration.Fire precautions.First Aid.Film Instruction Includes:The basic theory of film.Use of film in television.Practical exercises in:Shooting silent and sound 16 mm.Editing.Dubbing.Telecine loading.Basic elements of film processing.

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Preparation of commercials and slides.Film assembly.During each course, every member ofthe Production stream conductspractical exercises of increasingdifficulty and duration as programmedirector, film director and transmissioncontroller.Engineering Training : Theengineering training syllabus isconstantly being modified to meet thepresent -'!ay needs of overseasstations. Following is the outline for a1968 course:Week 1: Assessment tests; personalinterviews; revision lectures on basicelectronics; block schematic of smalltelevision stations.Week 2: 625/525 line scanningsystems; basic studio lightingtechniques; safety regulations (fire andfirst aid lectures).Week 3: Photographic theory; basicfilming and editing techniques usingsound and silent film cameras;transistor theory.Week 4: Transistor circuit theory;building practical transistor amplifiers;processing motion picture film ; filmequipment maintenance; 35 mm stillcamera, developing and printing;progress assessment test.Week 5: Television camera tubetheory Image Orthicon, Vidicon,Plumbicon; modern microphones andsound balancing techniques;transmission control exercises;detailed use of oscilloscopes; visit toScottish Television studios to seeMaster Control operations.Week 6: Video amplifier techniques;the D.C. component of a televisionwaveform; D.C. restorers; D.C. clamps;practical lighting exercises; C.C.U.vision control practice.Week 7: Camera channels Gammaand Aperture correction; telecineconsiderations when using positiveand negative film; line-up of 3" I.O.and Vidicon camera channels; tubetesting procedures using test card 52.Week 8: Vision mixers and effectsunits: stabilising amplifiers; line up of44." I.O. camera channels; tube testingand assessing using test cards anddiascopes; investigating the grey scaleand colour response of I.O. andVidicon tubes; visit to BBC Glasgowstudios; mid-term test.Week 9: Oscilloscopes and vision testequipment; television monitors andintercarrier receivers; equipmentperformance tests using sine pulse andbar methods.Week 10: Scan deflection systemsand E.H.T. generation; synchronisingpulse generators; fault-finding invideo amplifiers and televisionmonitors; visit to a nuclear powerstation.Week 11: V.H.F. televisiontransmitters; aerials and feeders;fault-finding on camera channels andstabilising amplifiers; televisionpresentation and administration.Week 12: U.H.F. transmitters,specifications for colour transmission;S.H.F. links; engineering duties onproduction course exercises; progressassessment test; introduction to wired

television distribution by carriersystems; visit to Glasgow CorporationEducational Television studios.Week 13: Introduction to videotaperecording; demonstration of BBCmethods of camera line-up;attachment to operational transmitterstation.Week 14: 2" and 1" videotaperecorders; fault-finding onmiscellaneous equipment; engineeringduties on production t , rcises;evening attachments k._ a localbroadcasting company's V.T.R. suite.

Week 15: Introduction to colourtelevision. Fault-finding onmiscellaneous vision equipment;engineering duties on productionexercises; final test paper.

SELECTION OF TRAINEES

Applications for Thomson FoundationFellowships are made by candidateson prescribed forms. These areprocessed in the first instance by theapplicant's employers whethertelevision or Press and a seniorexecutive must certify that theapplicant is worthy of overseastraining and that he will be taken backinto their employment on completionof training.

This is very important, because it isthe policy of the Foundation to train

only people who are actively engagedin the Press or television and who arereturning to their own countries aftertraining to apply their new skills.

The application forms are then sentto the Foundation, either direct by thenewspapers or television organisations,or, if it is more convenient or inaccordance with the policies of theircountries, they may be forwardedthrough government channels. Wherethe overseas sponsors are alsolooking for help from U.K. Technical

Assistance Funds, the applications arechannelled through British Embassiesoverseas to the Ministry of OverseasDevelopment in London.

Selection is made by a small panelwhich meets about three months beforeeach course. Applications should bewith the Foundation at least threemonths beforehand. Televisioncourses normally begin on March 1stand September 1st of each year.Journalism courses begin inJanuary, April and September.

Members of TV-7 putting on their newlypresented Thomson Foundation ties.

TRAINING TV PERSONNEL

The Thomson Foundation TelevisionCollege, at Kirkhill House, NewtonMearns, near Glasgow, providesfurther training in production andengineering for working televisionstaff from overseas stations.The training scheme includes freeboard and lodging at the College,out-of-pocket expenses and othermiscellaneous costs incurred duringthe courses. The only cost not borneby the Foundation is the fare to andfrom the United Kingdom. Undercertain circumstances aid with paymentof passages can be obtained fromBritish Technical Assistance funds,details of which are available fromEmbassies, High Commissions andBritish Council offices.Most countries setting up their owntelevision service find that the mainprJblem is the provision of trainedstaff. Usually there is no ready sourceof even semi-skilled personnel, sincefor the most part there is noestablished film industry from whichto draw people trained in visualcommunications. Practical training insitu is extremely difficult sinceequipment for the new stations isusually in the process of installationright up to the opening transmissionsand, thereafter, the day to day pressureof programme output limits any kind ofsystematised training.The Thomson Foundation TelevisionCollege was designed to meet thisneed and to provide a centre at whichoverseas production staff andtechnicians could receive furtherspecialised operational training.The first course (TV.1) began inFebruary, 1964, and ran for 12 weeks.It was followed after a very short breakby course TV.2, which ran until the endof July, 1964. Twelve participantsattended each of these two courses,which were to a certain degreeregarded as "pilot" courses. Bothcourses were confined to men andwomen destined for, or already workingin, television services. Eighteennationalities were represented in thetotal of 24 members 11 beingCommonwealth countries.There was no course from August1964 until March 1,1965. During thisperiod an extensive buildingprogramme was carried out whichincluded a new 2,000 sq. ft. studio withancillary control gallery; rooms forediting and dubbing films; afilmlibrary; and a readjustment of theentire technical layout of the originalMaster Control area.At the same time, a largeaccommodation block was built with20 study/bedrooms, bathrooms,showers and utility rooms for laundry,etc.After the end of Course TV.2 theCollege Board of Governorsrecommended to the Trustees of theThomson Foundation that a small

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committee be appointed to advise themon the training syllabus. (Names of theTrustees, Board of Governors andSyllabus Committee are on pages 4-6).The Syllabu Committee meetsregularly under the chairmanship ofthe Principal of the College, and amember of the committee visitsKirkhill House during the later stagesof each course to interview thetrainees individually so that thecurriculum can be kept under constantreview, to ensure that it meets theneeds of the overseas stations fromwhich the College draws itsparticipants.Course TV.3, which began onMarch 1, 1965, marked the beginning ofseveral new features which haveremained constant since then. Thesewere:a. The number of participants wasincreased from 12 to 20 for eachcourse.b. A television engineering streamwas added to run concurrently withthe production stream of training.c. The duration of each course wasincreased from 12 to 16 weeks, withtwo courses scheduled for eachyear, starting always on March 1and September 1.d. The College became residential.(Members of TV.1 and TV.2 hadbeen boarded out in Glasgowhotels).

Production TrainingCourses TV.3 to TV.6 inclusivefollowed much the same pattern, withthe production stream receivingtraining in general basic techniques.Then there began, on March 1, 1967,the first specialist course (TV.7), forTelevision News Editors. Such was thesuccess of this course that thesubsequent demand for places madethe Trustees decide that the secondspecialist course should again bedevoted to television news. This wasTV.10, which began on September 1,1968, with the production stream againdevoted to Television News Editors.For these news courses, the Collegereceived invaluable assistance fromthe Press Association, who installedteleprinter feeds into the speciallydesigned newsroom. This was alsoequipped with a CommunicationsReceiver, several combinations ofrecording devices, and an ex-directoryGPO telephone line over which aScottish national daily provided asimulated news service. One of thenews editors under training wasattached to the newspaper each day toprovide practice in selecting localnews stories and telephoning through"copy".Newsfilm, both national andinternational, was supplied by the twonational television newsfilm services,UPITN and Visnews, by air fromLondon each day. Bulletins prepared

by the course from these, and localfilm prodded by members of thecourse, were recorded and played backfor comparison with BBC and ITNnews bulletins.This illustrates the effort made at theTelevision College to provide facilitiesand conditions comparable to thesurroundings from which the courseparticipants are drawn.Television News was the first mainsubject for specialised study and twocomplete courses have been devotedto it. In addition, a four-week extensionto Course TV.9 in July, 1968, was madefor the study of television lighting anddesign. The participants wereselected from both engineering andproduction trainees on the maincourse, and in the limited timeavailable for study of such specialisedsubjects every effort was made toarouse the awareness of the membersto the very great improvement that canbe made in picture quality andcomposition with the use of evenlimited facilities and expertise.

Engineering TrainingThe main difference in terms ofpersonnel between the engineeringand production streams is perhaps thewide range of academic experienceamong the engineering participants.The need for further training intelevision engineering overseas is sogreat that it is difficult to insist oninflexible minimum qualifications.The difference in backgroundtraining creates an exacting task forour engineering lecturers, though withtwo permanent lecturers on the staffand an average engineering stream ofsix to eight trainees, a considerableamount of time can be given toindividual problems.The Foundation is very appreciativeof the co-operation that the Collegereceives in its engineering trainingfrom the BBC and Scottish Televisionin Glasgow, who readily agree to visitsby our trainees to their technical areas;to the Independent TelevisionAuthority, who accept groups on shortattachments to their transmitter atBlackhill; to Paisley College ofTechnology for occasional lectures inspecialist subjects; and to theGlasgow Education DepartmentTelevision Service for acceptinggroups to study the particular problemsof Aired relay.In the summer of 1966, at therequest of the Libyan Government, theFoundation accepted six youngtechnicians from the Arts and CraftsSchool, Tripoli, for a special course inbasic e!ectronics, with a view to theirbecoming junior technical operators inthe proposed Libyan television service.The average age of the group was 18years.The course was additional to thenormal engineering courses. A

temporary lecturer was engaged toassist the existing staff, and theLibyan Government contributed alarge proportion of the cost of thecourse, which lasted eight months. Itended in March, 1967. To the best ofour knowledge four of the six wereemployed in the Libyan RadioService on their return, and one on aclosed circuit television system atWheeler's Field airbase.The Libyan Television Service wasinaugurated at the end of 1968, and wehope to hear that all six of theseyoung trainees are now being engagedin the service.

Aims of TrainingThe College has all the necessaryoperational facilities to give itsstudents a concentrated course oftraining, uninterrupted by the dailydemands of an operational station.The aim is to provide the opportunityto practise television production,technical studio operations, studioengineering, sound and mute filming,the essentials of programme planningand station administration in aprofessionui atmosphere and underthe guidance of experiencedpractitioners.All production training given at theCollege depends on the members ofthe course acting in turn as membersof a standard studio crew. Thisprovides maximum all-roundexperience, with each individualworking in turn as programmedirector, cameraman, presenter,scriptwriter, floor manager, visionmixer, and so on. In the smaller studiosof the type found in most of thedeveloping television services a fullstudio crew usually numbers about 12.The training must therefore hesufficiently individual to cover all thedifferent job requirements.The early part of a course isoccupied by familiarising the memberswith the studio equipment and itsoperation. The group is then ready toprepare short programmes. Eachperson is given a subject on which tomount afive-minute programmeexercise; the trainee researches thesubject, writes the script, selects thevisuals and, with the rest of the groupas crew, directs the programme, whichis recorded on videotape and playedback for assessment.Throughout the course, emphasis ison improving each member's skill inthe planning, preparation, presentationand direction of programmes ofincreasingly higher standard thatinform and entertain the viewer.Members of the course areencouraged to watch the majordocumentary current affairsprogrammes transmitted by the BBCand ITV networks and to discuss theproduction techniques with theinstructors.The success of any televisionstation depends to a large extent ongood filming, and the college givescomprehensive training in shootingfilm, editing and dubbing, and the

projection of trainees' own material.The objective is to demonstrate basictechnical data and processes, and toget members to apply the principles inpractice. It is not intended to turn outqualified film technicians, but toprovide enough knowledge to enableprogramme directors and engineers totalk with qualified authority to theprofessional film man.Attachments, other than day visitsto STV and BBC in Glasgow and theITA's transmitter at Blackhill, are notnormally included in the syllabus forother than specialist courses. Therehave been occasions, however, when itwas felt that, after a course at theCollege, a particularly talentedindividual would benefit from a week ortwo spent as an observer in theatmosphere of a working station. TheITV companies and the BBCco-operate readily with these requests.At the end of a course eachparticipant receives a certificate, and aconfidential report is sent to the Headof his station the sponsor with acopy to the trainee. The confidentialreports are written by each of the mainlecturers with a summary by thePrincipal. The courses are notcompetitive in that there is no systemof pass or fail, but in every field ofhuman endeavour some individualsshow more aptitude than others. Themain thought in the minds of theCollege staff when assessing anindividual's performance is that he orshe is an employee a professionalwho is in television as a livelihood, andshort of gross incompetence ormisdemeanour on a course then thefinal report should not in any wayjeopardise the individual's job.This attitude places a very properonus upon the employer or sponsor tosee that the right type of individual isselected for training. Only a very smallproportion of the College intakeconsists of people with no previoustelevision broadcasting experience,and the time has now come when localTraining Officers should know theirstaff well enough to bear a large partof the responsibility for the potentialperformance of their candidates whileundergoing further training.One other important responsibilityof the sponsor is to ensure that hiscandidate is fully aware of the reasonwhy he has been selected for a course.There is a tendency for trainees toassume that promotion willautomatically follow completion of acourse. The College impresses uponparticipants that they are beingprovided with a training course which,if they take full advantage of it, willimprove their performance in whateverrole they filled before they left home.They are told that only by practicaldemonstration of their improved abilitycan they then expect advancement. Butit would help to prevent much dis-appointment among staff on their returnhome if this was made clear to thembefore they left to attend a course.Once a trainee has returned home,the Foundation makes considerable

effort to keep in contact. Variouspublications that are mailed regularlyinclude Educational TelevisionInternational (formerly CETO News),the journal of the ScottishEducational Film Association, articlesof interest from the trade press, theStrand Electric Company's booklet onLighting for Television, and theFoundation's own journalist trainees'paper, Scope.Every two years a questionnaire issent out to every former trainee askingfor word of their present job, whetherthey are receiving the periodicals thatare mailed to them, and otherinformation which helps the Collegeto assess the value of the course in thelight of the subsequent career of thetrainee. There was a response of justover 50 per cent to the lastquestionnaire, sent out in September,1968.

Cost of TrainingThe capital cost of setting up theCollege with its studios, technicalareas, lecture rooms andaccommodation has been about£135,000.The per capita cost of putting onetrainee through a 16-week coursewhich includes a final week inLondon is now £1,250.This finance is drawn from theoriginal endowment of the ThomsonFoundation. The figures would beconsiderably larger were it not for thegreat co-operation that the Foundationreceives in its training projects frommany quarters. Equipment and servicesof considerable value have beendonated or loaned by The MarconiCompany Limited, Chappell MusicPublishing Company, Agfa-Gaevert,Independent Television News,Mole-Richardson, Newman andGuardia Limited, Robert RigbyLimited and Scottish TelevisionLimited, and other firms.UPITN and Visnews regularlyprovide their syndicated film services,and the BBC and ITV companies areready sources of expertise.The Thomson Foundation's purposestated in the Trust Deed is "theadvancement of knowledge andspiritual enlightenment of all peoples,enabling them to achieve closerunderstanding and to play an informedand responsible role in the affairs oftheir nation and the world." To thisend, the Foundation's activities areprimarily concerned with education inemergent countries particularlythrough the development of moderntechniques of mass communication.The aim at the Television College is toprovide courses in the working oftelevision engineering and productionand to give staff from overseastelevision stations, who are normallytoo busy with their everyday problems,a chance to improve their techniquesby practice and observation insurroundings that are comfortable butnot lavish, and with equipment that iseffective but not beyond the means ofthe average television service.

The Television Syllabus AdvisoryCommitteeOn December 15, 1964, Mr. H. V. Sims,head of the Engineering MaintenanceSection, BBC Engineering TrainingDepartment, joined a specialcommittee set up by the Board ofTrustees of the Thomson Foundationto advise on the syllabus for courses atthe Televi; ion College.

He had further meetings with thecommittee, inspected facilities at theTelevision College, and in January,1965, submitted a lengthy reportcontaining his recommendations forboth the syllabus of training, and forthe special equipment needed fortraining in television.The expert knowledge Mr. Sims wasable to bring to the discussions playedno small part in enabling the college tostart its extended training coursesknowing it was properly equipped todeal with the many problems it wouldundoubtedly face.

But Mr. Sims' advice and help didnot end there. He has visited Kirkhillduring every course, and as anindependent expert has investigatedthe progress of the engineeringstudents, and the success orotherwise of the training methodsbeing used at Kirkhill.Typical of his visits to Kirkhill wasthe one made in June, 1968, whilecourse TV.9 was in progress. On thefirst day of his visit he had discussionswith the Principal, members of thestaff, and some students on thesyllabus of lectures and practical work,and on the progress and application ofthe students.On the following day he interviewedfour students two from Ghana, onefrom Ethiopia, and one from thePhilippines. In his report Mr. Simsstated: "I informed each student of thepurpose of the interview andexamined his course notes, checkingoccasionally by means of discussionwhether salient points had beenappreciated and understood. I askedmany questions concerning experienceand background; previous fundamentaland practical training; nature of workanticipated on return to station;relevance of the course material to pastand future work; progress made on thecourse; particular difficulties (e.g., useof mathematics, or unfamiliarsymbols); any possible lack ofcomprehension due to language,accent, or use of colloquialisms;note-taking; exercises and tutorials;practical work in the form of projects,maintenance and operations;co-operation with production studentsduring common working periods;syllabus and timetables; length of thecourse; general conditions of study,relaxation and accommodation."I encouraged the students to makeany suggestions they felt might bcnefitfuture courses and to speak withoutfear or favbur of their training and lifeat Kirkhill House."The purpose of these visits from a

12

BBC expert was to ensure that theTelevision College was giving the bestpossible training, and that itsstandards were maintained at thehighest possible level. Mr. Sims madefirm proposals for improving themethods of training greater use ofprepared slides or transparencies onan overhead projector, for instance,instead of blackboard drawings anddiscussed the general wish of thestudents that the course be madelonger than 16 weeks. If that were notpossible, then the syllabus shouldremain unaltered."The course was obviously a mostsuccessful one," was his finalcomment.**The members of the syllabusadvisory committee for the ThomsonFoundation Television College areMessrs. D. O'D. McClory, H. V. Sims,and T. Singleton.

Television College StaffThe principal of the ThomsonFoundation Television College has apermanent staff of instructors,consisting of two senior men one incharge of television production coursesand one in charge of televisionengineering training each beingassisted by a qualified engineer, oneof whom is responsible for instructingin technical operations, while the otheris responsible for the engineeringgroup of trainees.A qualified graphics artist looks afterthe visual aids department, and thereare two laboratory technicians whowork on first-line equipmentmaintenance, one on film and the otheron electronic equipment.Although the permanent teachingstaff has had a wide range of practicalexperience in television production andengineering, both in Britain andoverseas, nevertheless it is necessaryfrom time to time to call in specialiststo talk about their own fields ofoperation. The Foundation hasreceived extremely welcome assistancefrom the BBC and ITV, and expertsfrom both are regular guest speakers.Also, the trainees are readily acceptedfor occasional attachments tocommercial stations and the BBC.Also, there are many educationaltelevision systems operating inGlasgow, to provide sources ofexpertise and technical facilities for theKirkhill courses.During the period covered by thisreport, the Principal at the TelevisionCollege has been Mr. Guy Bloomer.His resignation, effective in January,1969, will end more than four yearsassociation with the Foundation,during which time he has played amajor part in building the TelevisionCollege to its present eminent positionas one of the best television trainingcolleges in the world.Mr. Bloomer, now with the filmproduction division of the RankOrganisation, was appointed principalof the Television College in October,1964, when the college was beingrebuilt and enlarged after its pilot

courses. Mr. Bloomer was thus incharge of the training of 158 of the 182men and women from developingcountries who took part in the tencourses held at the College up to theend of 1968.Replacing Mr. Bloomer is Mr.William Meikle, who served with theBBC in both sound radio andtelevision from 1935 to 1968 and his lastappointment was that of ExternalServices Producer.Another member of the TelevisionCollege staff during the past threeyears who has since left was theSenior Lecturer in Engineering,Mr. M. W. (Tim) Heffernan, who hasjoined the Mass Media Centre inAddis Ababa, Ethiopia, as chiefengineer.Replacing Mr. Heffernan as SeniorLecturer in Engineering is Mr. WilliamKirkwood, who was a lecturer underMr. Heffernan until the latter'sresignation. Mr. Kirkwood joined theFoundation in 1966 from the BBC inGlasgow, where he worked on theservicing of electronic sound andtelevision equipment. At the TelevisionCollege, he has specialised in trainingin television lighting, in addition toengineering lecturing.Other members of the staff are:Mr. Humphrey Barron, seniorproduction lecturer, on secondmentto the Thomson Foundation from theFurther Education Department of theBBC, where he was a televisionproducer. Previously he was producerof current affairs, news andagricultural features with the BBC inNorthern Ireland. A graduate inbiology of Queens University, Belfast,he lectured at the University for fiveyears before joining the BBC. Heconducted a three-month trainingcourse in television for All India Radiowhile with the BBC, and since joiningthe Thomson Foundation staff in 1967has spent four months training inPakistan.Mr. James McIntyre, productionlecturer, has been with the ThomsonFoundation since 1964. He spent twoyears with the Royal Air Forceservicing radar equipment, then threeyears in the design and developmentof electronic instruments for a largefirm of mechanical engineers inGlasgow, before joining the ThomsonFoundation. At Kirkhill he specialisesin the technical facilities used by theproduction stream of trainees. He hasalso conducted local television trainingfor the Cyprus BroadcastingCorporation and the EthiopianTelevision Service.Mr. Ritchie Pearson, Lecturer inEngineering joined the staff of theFoundation in February 1967 from theBBC. He had been with the BBC sincefinishing his National Service in theR.A.F. He specialises in transmitters.Miss Sheila MacDonald is in chargeof teaching graphic design at theTelevision College. She holds adiploma of art from the GlasgowSchool of Art and has been with theFoundation since 1967.

Guest Lecturers at the Television College. Guest lecturers, who have contributed greatly to the success of thetelevision training courses since 1964, were:Organisation Lecturer SubjectBritish Council, A. G. Hamer Introduction toGlasgow D. Chislett Glasgow

D. WaterhouseBBC Scotland A. Stewart The BBC

R. MacLean Organisation ofmagazineprogrammesLocal TV newsservicesPicture qualitycontrolVTR equipmentLighting fortelevision

J. Morrans Sync pulsegenerators

J. Laurie Graphic designin television

B. Meikle The U.S.A.BBC externalservicesLightingSound intelevision

D. Miller OB broadcastingbase

BBC TV G. del Strother Supply andEnterprises selection of

recordedprogrammesfrom Britain

Scottish D. Johnstone MagazineTelevision programmes

News and currentaffairsOutsidebroadcastsSetting up a newsdept.Special adviser toNews courseTV lightentertainmentPresentationtechniquesTransmissioncontrolTV networking inUKThe impact of TVSimple TV designAdvertising in TVTV DramaProductionTV sound andsound equipmentLighting for TVTV designTV camera workPresentationMakeup for TVVTR principlesand practiceVision linkprinciplesDesign in TVCommercial slideproductionVision linksTV scriptwritingProgrammebudgetingSports reportingon TVTV newsThe TV pressofficer's work

J. Kemp

A. Henderson

S. PoweJ. McQuillan

G. Ferguson1. Dunn

L. Hood

David Reynolds

Noel StevensonPeter AlexanderWalter HaywardPharic MacLaren

Jim Bulloch

Jim FyfeD. DuncanF. FordIan YatesBill CarsonS. McPhail

J. Potts

A. MacarthurPhil Johnson

R. J. PottsCampbell LennieLewis Hynd

Arthur Montford

George ReidRoderickMacLeod

Organisation LecturerI.T.A. Peter Firth

O.V.A.C.C.E.T.O.

I.T.N.

A. Graham

John Lindsey

Alan James

Blair ScottA. Skinner

D. LyfordK. Peace

Dan HarveyTorn Singleton

Laurie Lawler

Sir Geoffrey Cox

Patrick Ridett

David Nicholas

Hugh Whitcomb

Andrew Gardner

U.P.I.T.N. Norman Dickson

Glasgow Corpn. H. WylieETV Service

H. Schmiel

The Scotsman J. Wallace

T.T. (I)

GlasgowUniversityGrampian TV

Granada(London)

Western AreaFire BrigadeSt. AndrewsAmbulanceAssociation

Cedric WilliamsJohn Cordeaux

Abdul Khanu

RoderickMacLeanAlex Mair

P. Crookshank

Channel TV Brian Turner

SubjectTransmitteroperationsControl of TVadvertising inGreat BritainThe IndependentTelevisionAuthorityTV TransmitterstationsThe I.T.A.Combining unitsand diplexorsTV translatorsKlystrons anddiode modulationVisual aids for TVEducational TVThe facilities ofC. E.T.O.The works ofC. E.T.O.Theory andpractice of theTV interviewThe internationalnewsfilm agencyand its servicesTechniques ofTV interviewersCompiling newsbulletinsA day in the lifeof a newscasterThe iv:wly formednews serviceEducational TVin the USACarrierdistribution ofwired TVStillsphotographyFilm in TVSound in radioand TVAnnouncingtechniquesInterviewingSound equipmentATV engineeramong comoutersComputertechniquesClosed circuiteducational TVStationmanagement andadministrationSupply andselection ofrecorded TVprogrammesfrom BritainFirefighting andfire preventionFirst aid withparticularreference toelectric shocksTransmissioncontrol exercisesSmall stationoperations

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Organisation Lecturer Subject Organisation Lecturer SubjectPaisleyTechnical

A. Mackenzie Transistors -switching

T.T. (1) Ian McCulloch Good publicrelations

College currents Thomson Tony Crook News exercisesB. Henderson Electricity and Foundation

Magnetism Editorial StudyHysteresisexperiment

Centre Don RowlandsPat Ward

Press and publicScript writing

J. Evans Series of lecturesLloyd WilliamsAssociates

Lloyd Williams Planning anoutside

Visnews J. McConville Newsfilmicamerawork

BroadcastAdvertising

J. Hartley The Visnewsservice

magazine Tektronix W. Ness Oscilloscopesprogrammes Mole J. Price Luminaires

Rediffusion TV Jean Kemp- Drama Richardson (demonstration)Welch Productions Newman & Stanley Fitch Film processingDavid Boisseau Drama Guardia

Productions Autocue H. Garrett AutocueTelevision Mail Rod Allen International

commercialsequipment(demonstration)

Productiondevelopments infilmedcommercials

Pye T.V.T. Derek Enderby

K. Harris

Cameras(demonstration)Theory andpractice of

Rediffusion E. G. Derrington

Henry Federer

The organisedperformer andoverseasprogramme salesDesign

Ian Yates

televisioninterviewingPlanning anadvertisingmagazine

The specially equipped News Room atKithhill House.

Training TV News EditorsFor the first three years of theThomson Foundation TelevisionCollege, the training given in televisionproduction was of a general nature andcovered the basic grammar oftelevision studio and film techniques.By the end of each course a traineewould have handled cameras, soundand vision switching equipment; wouldhave researched, scripted andpresented and directed programmesof a straight-forward type interviews,discussions, magazine programmesthat are the backbone of any TVservice.Late in 1965, the Trustees of theThomson Foundation, on the adviceof the College Board of Governors,decided that a degree of furtherspecialisation was necessary and thatthe greatest need lay in the field of TVnews. As a result, on March 1, 1967,fourteen TV news editors fromBarbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Ghana,Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Nigeria,Trinidad, Turkey and Zambia, gatheredat the college for a 16-week course.It had been decided that one of thegreatest needs for editors working inTV newsrooms was to have theopportunity to become familiar withthe handling of the equipmentnecessary for mounting a TV newsbulletin. Many of the editors had hadseveral years of TV news work, butinitially they had gone direct from anewspaper and had never had time toget first-hand experience of thepossibilities and limitations of TVtechnical facilities. For this reason agreat deal of time was spent inshooting and editing film so that, onreturn to their home stations, theeditors would be better equipped totalk with authority to their news filmcameramen.In addition to the normal technicalfacilities, a news room was set upspecially for the course, containingteleprinter services kindly provided bythe Press Association, a short waveradio communication receiver, PostOffice telephones, recording devices,and the usual newsroom essentialssuch as typewriters, etc.During the early weeks of the course,each man was made familiar, throughtaking a turn at all the essential jobs,with the film and studio facilities.Lecture-room exercises in sub-editingtaught the course the process ofputting words and pictures together.By the end of the fourth week, shortnews bulletins were being produced,recorded on videotape, and played backfor assessment by the instructors andthe group.By the sixth week, the group wasproducing a daily bulletin and as thecourse progressed so the bulletinincreased in complexity.The average bulletin eventuallycontained local news items covered bystills and 16 mm film, shot by membersof the course; international and homenews service provided by a Glasgowevening newspaper, and professionallyshot news film supplied by Independent

Television News (now UPITN) andVisnews, which provided the latestnational and international film storiesby air daily from London. Both theseorganisations syndicate TV news filmon a world-wide coverage, and theeditors under training at the college allreceived film regularly from eitherVisnews or UPITN at their homestations.In addition to the large amount ofpractical work during the course,discussions were held with a numberof specialists who visited the collegeto talk about their work. Theseincluded the managing editor and acameraman from Visnews; themanaging director of Newman andGuardia (manufacturers of the Lawleyfilm processing machines), the sportseditor of Scottish Television and itspublic relations manager; and fromUPITN a news editor, one of its topnewscasters, and the sales director.With the course just over half way,the editors spent two weeks away fromthe College on attachment tooperational newsrooms of both theBBC and ITV. In several cases theywere absorbed into the news unit forthe period of their visit, and were thusable to work in the atmosphere of anewsroom under constant dailypressure. During the final weeks of thecourse the practical exercisescontained many examples of practicesthat had first been witnessed while theeditors were on attachment.There were, of course, problems inconducting a news course cateringfor editors of so many differentnationalities. It was not reasonable, forinstance, to expect a man from Turkeyor Brazil to do accurate sub-editing inEnglish, but careful allocation of workduties helped to circumvent thesedifficulties. There was also adifference of opinion on the length of anews item, or the overall length of anews bulletin differences that arosefrom individual station policy in theirown countries.But it was emphasised that, whethera news item was short or long,accuracy of the item was ofparamount importance. Accuracy,together with method of presentationand effective use of technicalfacilities, were therefore the mainpoints stressed throughout the course.The months following the end of thecourse brought encouraging evidenceof its success. Innovations andchanges in methods of newsproduction were made after the editorsreturned home. The two editors whocame from the Ghana BroadcastingCorporation were given theresponsibility of directing the eveningbulletin thefirst time that news staffwere given this duty. The assistanthead of news of the CyprusBroadcasting Corporation adoptedfeatures in the layout of a newnewsroom as a result of experience atthe College. The current affairsproducer with Trinidad and TobagoTelevision Ltd. started new programmeformats based on ideas tried out

initially at Kirkhill.The enthusiastic response from the

members of this course led to theThomson Foundation arranging asecond course for television newseditors, starting on September 1, 1968.The course was conducted on muchthe same lines as the first one, butwith greater concentration onpresenting news in depth. More timewas also spent on the methods ofresearch and the presentation of itemsfor news magazines anddocumentaries.The Editorial Study Centreco-operated in planning and staffingboth news courses. Mr. A. R. Crookand Mr. R. C. K. Hollowood acted aslecturers at Kirkhill for part of the time.

Vacation ActivitiesAs a general rule, there is no coursefor trainees from developing countriesat the Television College duringJanuary and February, nor frommid-June to the end of August. Duringthese periods the accommodation,lecture rooms and technical facilitiesat Kirkhill House are available for useby outside organisations.Jordanhill College of Education,acting as agent for other educationalestablishments in Scotland, has heldnine residential courses during theseperiods. The following is an extractfrom an article in Educational TVInternational, written by Mr. DavidButts, Principal Lecturer in Televisionat Jordanhill:"Our college is lucky in being able tomake occasional use of the excellenttraining facilities at the ThomsonFoundation College, near Glasgow.Twice a year, we run practicalworkshop courses on 'Television inEducation' for teachers, collegelecturers, LEA administrators and HMinspectors. In a week, we can do littlemore than stimulate enthusiasm, startdiscussion and teach the outlinegrammar of television production; butthese courses are attended by busymen and women who would find itdifficult to spare more than a weekaway from their own jobs. In thesummer, we also run a week's courseon educational film-making. Byworking more or less round the clock(the difficulty is to get people to go tobed) each 'film crew' manages toproduce a five-minute film, completewith commentary and effects. If thesecourses have been judged successful,much of the credit must go to theresidential environment of theTelevision College and to theunstinting co-operation of theThomson Foundation staff."In addition, the National Council forthe Training of Journalists held aone-week course, in February, 1968.Independent Television News heldone of their quarterly meetings ofregional news editors at the College in1967.Scottish Television held a one-dayseminar for drama scriptwriters inJanuary, 1968.

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TRAINING OVERSEAS JOURNALISTS

In the first five years of its life, theEditorial Study Centre in Cardiff hasgiven courses to nearly 200 journalistsfrom 57 different countries. The courseaims at providing, witho..:t political,ideological or financial "strings", aid tomen and women working in developingcountries who are trying to raiseprofessional standards. It gives thema chance for three months to standback from their daily routine to comparetheir work with that of theircounterparts in other countries and tore-examine all they do.The centre's main message is: Askyourself"Why do we do it this way?"If the only answer is "Because that'sthe way we have always done it", thenit is surely time to change.The basic syllabus, which is oftenvaried to take in courses for groups ofspecialists, looks partly at basicissues, but concentrates mainly ontechniques. It seeks to stimulate thosewho, often with no serious rival in theircity or country, tend to feel that justbecause their paper is the bestavailable it cannot be improved. It triesto teach some of the tricks of the tradewhich otherwise a good journalistmight take years to acquire by trial anderror.The staff in Cardiff try to suggestnew ideas, rather than to lay downrigid principles. They feel that theirgreatest contribution is to help to makenewspapers more interesting and moreviable, free yet responsible, so thatthey may play a full part instrengthening and reflecting thecommunities they represent.At the end of the first five yearsquestionnaires were sent to allCardiff "graduates". Replies revealedthat since their return home most hadbeen promoted, often to posts aseditor, news editor, chief sub-editor,or heads of sections. And mostclaimed that in small or large waysthey had been able to giVe their paperswhat one called "the Cardiff touch".Over the five years the main aim hasbeen the same to talk about problems,to organise a scheme of training togive practical help without paternalismor patronage. Even in this short timethe pattern of journalism training in thethird world has developed. The needsof "students" coming to Britain haschanged, and the staff have improvedtheir methods in the light of experience.Much of this evolution has beengradual, but it falls into four mainstages:

Stage One began in September 1963with the arrival in Cardiff of eleven menand one woman, from Africa and Asia,from the Arab world and theCaribbean. They were only a handfulof the hundreds of journalists fromoverseas who over the years havesought an attachment to British

16

newspapers, so that they could seehow others worked, learn from theirmethods, and go home with thequalification that they could claim tohave worked in Britain.The intention was that, after a periodof orientation and lectures, the pilotgroup should spend most of their 12weeks in Cardiff attached to the staffsof the Western Mail and South WalesEcho, the efficient morning andevening papers published under idealconditions in Thomson House. In fact,it soon became clear that this was notenough. Like newcomers everywhere,they had no local knowledge, andcould not go out of the office to chasenews stories, or even work onsomeone else's raw copy, withoutcareful supervision. For those normallyworking on English-language papersthe problems were less, but for thosewho spoke good idiomatic Englishwithout being used to writing it, a senseof remoteness crept in.Executives of the two papers gavetheir guests a warm welcome, but hadto carry on with their task ofproducing seven or eight editionsdaily. The visitors spent a lot of time,and learned something, by lookingover shoulders. But there was rarelyenough time to ask "Why?" Thestudents did not get in the way assome had feared but only becausethey realised how busy their hostswere.

By the end of the pilot course it wasobvious that while attachments hadbeen useful and had not dislocated theoffice seriously, (indeed the homestaffs enjoyed the novelty) they couldnot run smoothly year in year out.Stage Two began with the secondcourse. A director of studies and adeputy were appointed, and a setprogramme of nine weeks of lectures,discussions and exercises was laidout, with a final three weeks ofattachments. This worked muchbetter; about half the main sessionswere lectures given by guest speakers,mostly the very executives from thetwo papers who before had not hadtime to explain what they were doing.One afternoon each week was devotedto outside experts on politics, tradeunions, economic and social issues togive students a broader knowledge ofmodern life in Britain.On the early courses the range ofstudents' experience and professionalbackgrounds was very wide. Youngreporters and senior editors, radio andtelevision newsmen, informationofficers and magazine specialistsexchanged ideas and theories. Whilethey gained an all-round picture of thewhole field of communication,inevitably there were topics in thesyllabus with only limited appeal.The pattern began to change again,in the light of students'

recommendations and desires. TheEditorial Study Centre moved out ofThomson House into its own compactlecture room and library next door. Thenovel triangular main room not onlygave the place its own character itencouraged questions and discussionand made it harder for a speaker tolecture the group dogmatically andremotely.Stage Three: By now more contactwas being made with an ever-growingnumber of training institutes in thehome countries. Staff members visitingAsia and Africa and taking part ininternational conferences found manylocal experts insisting that theindiscriminate training of journalistsaway from their own countries couldbe wasteful, irrelevant andoccasionally even harmful.

As competing aid programmes werelaunched, in some countries potentialstudents were embarrassed by thenumber of opportunities available tothem to study at universities in theUnited States, Russia, Europe andelsewhere. Some editors complainedthat a young reporter with only asmattering of his craft returned with adiploma in mass communications, butwas still unable to write a simple newsstory.

Significantly, the "students"themselves knew what they wanted. Atevery end-of-course discussion inCardiff where utter frankness is askedfor, the verdict was the same: Keepthe courses as practical as possible,show us new ideas and techniques,and let us try them out.

So, extra lecturing staff were takenon, guest lecturers became rarer andrarer and more and more exerciseswere devised to test students' ability tocope with typical newspaper situationsunder conditions of pressure.Stage Four saw the seeds of thesepolicies come into bloom. Coursesnow were streamed much morecarefully into the more experienced andthe less. Minimum requirements wereraised and whenever possible a youngapplicant was referred to trainingcentres in his own country or continentbefore being considered for Cardiff.There must always be exceptions tothese rules in certain areas wherethere are as yet no other facilities. Butan experienced group of say tenprofessionals can usually carry twoless experienced, but keen, people whohave been handicapped by lack ofopportunity.Streaming led to a much higheraverage level of ability and position.Most "students" who come to Cardiffnow have at least one foot on thepromotion ladder; many are already

easier to initiate changesimprovements in his paper

obvious; a senior man findsand

when he

well up it. The fruits of this policy areit much

goes home. He is more receptive tonew techniques, as he is alreadymaster of his craft within his ownsphere. He gets more benefit fromcomparing his own paper with thoseof his course colleagues, and withstudying the British press closely. Heis better able to benefit from travel andless liable to the "culture shock"which may so damage a young man'ssense of values as to leave himrestless and unsettled on return home.The Cardiff syllabus has beenstrengthened to meet this challenge. Anew lecture room, library and officeswere opened in 1968, with a wide rangeof audio-visual equipment and what isclaimed to be Britain's best collectionof contemporary books on pressissues. The Foundation's first trainingfilm "The Art of the Interview" wascompleted part of the continuingprocess of assistance to traininginstitutes and centres overseas.Copies were sent to various countries;so were supplies of "The NewsMachine" a first edition of a boundcollection of lecture notes.In this year the lecturing staff wasincreased to four, with two secretaries,to cope with the work of organisingthree twelve-week courses and onethree-week seminar each year, theconstant updating of lecture andexercise material, and the ever-growingcontact with other countries,organisations and individuals.Organising and taking part inoverseas seminars gave the staff, andlecturers specially recruited for theventure, invaluable insight into thedifference between abstract talk aboutthe role of the press and the realitiesof often quite desperate struggles tokeep newspapers going against greatodds.Of the hundreds of newspapers theFoundation staff have visited in theirfirst five years' operations, some aresuperbly equipped; others areunbelievably crude. Some publishersin emerging countries can afford themost modern equipment. Others areproducing hand-written small sheetson presses almost a century old, yetstruggling always to raise standards.The staff has never thought it theirfunction to urge professionaljournalists to risk liberty, livelihood andeven life by making their newspapersmore outspoken in the face ofoppression. How far a journalist daresto speak and print the truth is a matterfor each man's own conscience; inCardiff many reveal in confidence howhard it is to resist pressures from thelaw, from politicians and fromcommercial sources, how hard it is toreconcile their instinct for free speechwith their knowledge of their own newcountry's need for stability andsolidarity.Some of Cardiff's "graduates" arenow in exile from their own lands,some now find it impossible to remainpractising journalists, others have hadtheir offices and homes the subject ofviolence. Many more struggle on,

trying to uphold high standards againstevery kind of attack, and working forthe day when freer speech may beallowed. We in Cardiff, whosenewspaper careers have beencomparatively free of such violentpressures, feel humble when enjoyingthe trust and friendship of such men ofintegrity, and privileged to be able tohelp them a little in their task.

Cardiff as a Training CentreBefore the first group of ThomsonFoundation journalism scholarsarrived in Britain in 1963, animportant decision had to be made.Where were they to be trained?The students were coming fromdeveloping countries, and mostly fromnewspapers with small circulations, byBritish standards. Was Fleet Street theright place for a school of journalism?Could the students learn much of valuefrom newspapers with multi-millioncirculations, when the problems oftheir own papers were so vastlydifferent?The Thomson Foundation set upan advisory committee to makepreliminary recommendations. Itdecided, first, that London was noplace in which to teach overseasjournalists.So the party of 12 pioneer students,from Africa, India, the Caribbean andthe Middle East, went to Cardiff. Forthere Lord (then Roy) Thomson hadtwo thriving daily papers beingproduced in a modern office.Also, Cardiff is a cosmopolitanuniversity city, capital of Wales,renowned for its hospitality tostrangers, with a milder climate thanmost of the rest of Britain, and lessthan 21 hours by train from London.A programme of lectures wasarranged. The group listened toeditors, news editors, chief sub-editors,leader writers, features editors andsports editors, talking about the waythey worked and answering questions.But the major part of the courseconsisted of attachment to the twonewspapers produced at ThomsonHouse, Cardiff.The course had only a limitedsuccess. Thomson House wasproducing 150,000 evening papers insix editions, and 100,000 morningpapers in eight editions daily. Thestaff just did not have the time to makeexplanations and for a student it wasnot enough to see something done;he also had to understand why.From that pilot course, certainlessons became obvious. A propercentre must be set up, working still inclose liaison with the newspapers, butwith its own staff and syllabus. Mr.D. G. H. Rowlands, Editor of theWestern Mail, was asked to take overas its director.By the end of 1968, the Director ofthe Editorial Study Centre had threestaff lecturers, two secretaries, filingcabinets full of records, lecture notes,visual aid material, press cuttings, andnewspapers from all over the world.

The Editorial Study Centre had madeone training film, "The Art of theInterview", and had nearly completeda second.The students live at InternationalHouse, Penarth, overlooking the seaabout five miles from Cardiff. It is apleasa,lt, modern hostel, occupied theyear round with doctors, teachers,engineers and university students frommany countries.From Penarth, the students commutedaily by bus to Cardiff, where thestudy centre, located on a busycross-roads right in the centre of thecity, is far removed from a remoteuniversity atmosphere.The courses follow a general pattern,but no two courses are exactly thesame, as adaptations are made to suitthe particular needs of each group.But the basic instruction is the samein each case lectures, demonstrations,analysis and discussion, practicalexercises and tests, all designed tocover the many aspects of gatheringnews and features, writing them,subbing them, writing headlines andmaking-up pages; learning how tohandle readers' letters, andillustrations; and how to cover sports,or politics, or Courts, or agriculture.They look at the editor's role and themanager's, the circulation manager'sand the advertising manager's andget some insight into the exciting newprinting and production methodssweeping the newspaper industry.Cardiff provides experts fromThomson House, next door to theStudy Centre, as guest speakers oneditorial, management, circulation andadvertising subjects; and towards theend of each course students areattached for a few days to variousdepartments of the Western Mail andEcho. But the centre is close enoughto London for occasional guestspeakers to visit Cardiff to talk aboutspecialised journalistic subjectsSunday newspaper production, thePress Council, typography,investigative reporting, theParliamentary Press Gallery, Reuters;etc.

But although the training centre is atCardiff, care is taken that thosevisiting Britain for the first time do geta balanced picture of what life is likein the whole country. Besides adetailed study of the British Presswhich at least gives them a picture ofthe events regarded as newsworthy inBritain the students are given afour-day break about the middle of thecourse, during which time they cango to any part of the country they likethe only condition being that theywrite an article on their return on someaspect of their visit. Those articles arelater published in the coursenewspaper Scope.Also, at the end of the course, thestudents are taken to London for abouta week, during which time they aretaken to places of interest they mightnot be able to visit as individuals atour of Parliament, for example, or a

17

visit to Reuters, the London docks, theStock Exchange, a national newspaper,the BBC television studios, or theSmithfield meat market.

Then a farewell party is held atThomson House, London, on the lastnight, and diplomas are presented tothe members of the course.

The Cardiff Editorial Study Centreseems oddly quiet for a few weeks.Then, one Friday afternoon twelvestrangers arrive for the new course.It is surprising how quickly theybecome converted from strangers intofriends.

The CPU CoursesThe Commonwealth Press Union in1960 established a scheme ofeducational travel fellowships withinthe British Commonwealth to enableyoung newspapermen to obtainfirst-hand knowledge and experienceof conditions of life and methods ofjournalism in some part of theCommonwealth other than the countryin which they normally live and work.

From the beginning of the ThomsonFoundation, the Commonwealth PressUnion had offered its advice andassistance in establishing theEditorial Study Centre in Cardiff, andthe opportunity came in 1965 to repaythe CPU for its co-operation.

In that year a Commonwealth ArtsFestival was held in Britain. Cardiff wasone of the centres, and the Director ofthe Editorial Study Centre suggestedthat the CPU fellowship holders of1965 spend two weeks at a seminarduring the festival.

The Foundation conducted theseminar, from September 13 to 24,1965. Ten journalists from eightcountries took part.

Each of the CPU Fellows submitteda report, prior to returning to their owncountries, on their six months' visit toBritain. Among their comments were:"Cardiff: Useful and interesting";"Cardiff seminar: Excellent. Best partof the whole programme"; "Cardiff:Best part of the course, mostenjoyable and valuable, a must for nextyear"; "The seminar on journalismprovided by the Thomson Foundationwas most rewarding. In a space often days, the journalists were able todiscuss almost all aspects ofnewspaper work. I would have wishedto have a longer seminar, say threeweeks, during which time a morethorough discussion of the problemsconfronth.g newspapers could bediscussed."The favourable reaction to theseminar by the first group of CPUFellows made it inevitable that it wouldbe repeated and extended to threeweeks. In 1966, it was held fromSeptember 3 to 16, in 1967 fromAugust 14 to September 2, and in 1968from July 15 to August 2.

During the time they are in Cardiff,the Fellows have what is, in effect, acourse in advanced journalism.

18

Subjects covered, both in formallectures by the staff and in groupdiscussion, include news evaluation,news writing, feature writing,investigation journalism, newspaperdesign, the editor's responsibilities,and Press Councils.

Sports EditorsThe year 1966 will long be rememberedas an outstanding one for sport inBritain. The crowded fixture lists inmany fields were reflected in the courseheld at the Editorial Study Centre inthe summer of that year.

For course J.9 was the first trainingcourse organised in Britainspecifically for overseas journalistsspecialising in writing about sport.

The programme, adapted from theregular advanced journalism syllabus,covered all aspects of sport and sportsreporting. It ranged from extending theparticipants' all-round knowledge ofmajor and minor sports, and of thetechniques involved in covering them,to the evaluation and production ofspecial issues for sports events.

The advance planning was in thehands of J. Cardownie, Senior Lecturerat the Editorial Study Centre, and metwith a tremendously warm responsefrom sports organisers and writersthroughout Britain, despite their veryheavy commitments.

The basic professional andproduction subjects - storyconstruction, sub-editing, headline-writing, interviewing, etc. - wereincluded in the syllabus, but most ofthe programme had a heavy sportsaccent. Much of the work was doneoutside the lecture room, as manyvisits were paid to sporting fixtures ofall kinds.Though some of the sports were newto some members of the course, thevisits were combined with exercises,and so the course was taught, for thefirst time, how to report cricket matchesor athletic events.

It was a very crowded three months,but those taking part in the courseagreed on its great value, indeveloping their all-round ability asjournalists, sharpening their skill assports specialists, and giving themideas on how to improve sporting andphysical recreation facilities in theirown countries.

Agricultural JournalismThe course held at the EditorialStudy Centre, Cardiff, in the summerof 1968 was for journalists specialisingin agriculture, and the allied subjectsof food and health. It was held fromApril 29 to July 18, 1968.

The course, for two women and tenmen, from ten countries, wasorganised by staff lecturer L. W. Riley,whose previous experience injournalism included several years ofagricultural journalism, and theassistant editorship of an agriculturalweekly published in Fleet Street. His

initial problem was to plan a syllabuswhich took into account the variedexperience of those taking part - somewere already engaged in agriculturaljournalism, while others were generalreporters.It was therefore decided to show thecourse the kinds of stories andfeatures that could be written onagricultural subjects, and also givethem some basic understanding ofagricultural subjects that had somerelevance to their own countries.

Visits were made to farms, researchstations, agricultural shows, andagricultural machinery and equipmentfirms; films on farming subjects werewidely used; guest speakers frommany firms and organisationsconcerned with agriculture or health inBritain were asked to assist; and alarge collection was made of books,brochures, and pamphlets dealing withagricultural subjects in manycountries.

The course was a very busy one forthe participants, for the basic syllabusof journalism training was stillcovered - news and feature writing,sub-editing, make-up, etc. - butexercises were given an agriculturalbias.

A typical approach was that given tomilk production. On Monday, May 6,the Welsh Regional Manager of theBritish Milk Marketing Board, Mr.David John, talked to the course onmarketing aspects of milk production.On the following day, Mr. RolandBrooks, agricultural correspondent ofthe Western Mail, Cardiff, talked aboutnational aspects of dairy farming inBritain.

Documentary films of dairy farmoperations and specialised feedingtechniques were shown to the courseon the morning of Wednesday, May 8,after which the regionalrepresentatives of Silcocks Ltd., a bigagricultural feedstuffs firm, MessrsD. H. Jones and W. H. Crossman,accompanied the course in a coach totwo dairy farms in South Wales.

The course talked to the farmers,discussed their production methods,obtained detailed figures on costs, andhad modern milking and sterilisingequipment demonstrated.

The articles written by each memberof the course on the farm operationswere discussed in tutorials, and thebest article kept for publication in thecourse's issue of Scope.

A similar approach was followedwith other aspects of agriculturaljournalism. Films or slides,accompanied by explanatory lectures,either by staff or guest lecturers,preceded visits to outsideorganisations or farms, so that thecourse would have a goodunderstanding of what they were goingto see - and write about.

Highlights of these visits were thosemade to Hereford, as guests of the

Hereford Breed Society, to seeHereford beef cattle; to theheadquarters of Wright Rain Ltd., nearSalisbury, to see irrigation equipmentin operation; to the Bath and WestAgricultural Show; to see intensiveturkey and chicken production by SunValley Poultry Ltd., Hereford; and as aclimax to the course, a two-day visitto the Royal Show at Kenilworth andthe nearby plant and training school ofMassey-Ferguson farm equipmentmanufacturers.

At the start of the course, eachparticipant was asked to make adetailed study of some aspect ofagriculture, pamphlets, books or otherinformation being made available bythe Editorial Study Centre. Again,articles on each subject had to bewritten either for class discussion orfor Scope. This detailed study was inaddition to the normal work of thecourse, and was intended to give eachparticipant experience in diggingdeeply into a particular subject,beyond what could be conveyed in thebroader syllabus of the course.The subjects covered in this projectwere:Dairy farm techniques of milkproduction; operation of agriculturalmarketing boards; intensiveproduction of poultry meat; eggproduction; use of fertilisers toincrease food production; breeding toproduce better animals and crops;control of disease and pests inlivestock and crops; irrigation;farmers' organisations; production ofconcentrates and compound feeds;mechanisation on the farm;agricultural training and colleges;agricultural shows; agriculturalresearch; food preservation (canning,freeze-drying, etc.); the threats totropical agriculture from substitutes(cotton, cane sugar, jute, etc.).The following guest lecturers playedan important part in making the coursea success:David John, regional manager,Milk Marketing Boardmilk marketing in Britain.Roland Brooks, agriculturalcorrespondent, Western Mail, Cardiff

dairy farming in Britain.

Top: "And what do you chaps do?" TheDuke of Edinburgh, a persistent butfriendly critic of the Press jokes withjournalists from Trinidad, Pakistan,Jamaica, Hong Kong and Ceylon. Theywere part of the first group of CPUFellows for whom the Foundation hasorganised short working seminars inCardiff.

Centre: Sports journalists discuss theback page with Britain's "Minister forSport" Mr. Denis Howell who is aqualified football referee as well as apolitician.

Right: Audio-visual aids are the specialityof senior lecturer John Cardownie (right!.He demonstrates a slide projector and theFoundation's adaptation of a flannelgraphwith lecturer Leslie Riley (centre( and thedirector of editorial studies before asession on newspaper layout. *

19

D. H. Jones and Mr. W. H.Crossman, Silcocks Ltd. dairyfarm production in South Wales.Robin Corbett, politicalcorrespondent, Farmers' Weeklyfarming news from governmentsources.David Lloyd, regional informationofficer of the National FarmersUnion the organisation of the NFU.Lloyd Lewis, county adviser,National Agricultural AdvisoryService helping the farmer tobetter production methods.T. G. G. Herbert, M.R.C.V.S.health on the farm.Donald Dougall, PRO, Pfizers Ltd.

news from the drug makers' pointof view.A. D. Bird, Compound AnimalFeedingstuffs ManufacturersNational Association concentratedfood production.Dr. Allan Davis, assistant countymedical officer, Glamorgan CountyCouncil public health.

Audio-Visual Aids in TrainingThough in some places, centuries-oldmethods of teaching are dying hard,enlightened educational bodies arerealising that modern methods areneeded if there is to be a closer linkbetween teaching and learning.In journalism, too, it is being realisedthat training calls for special skills. It isno longer enough for an instructor, nomatter how experienced he may be asa journalist, merely to talk to a classabout his experience.The Thomson Foundation EditorialStudy Centre is setting new standardsof training through its concentration onthe adaptation of modern teachingmethods to journalism. Increasing useis being made of audio-visual aids.

The lecture room, library, andadministration rooms are in newpremises occupied in April, 1968just around the corner from the originalsuite in St. David's House, Cardiff.

Loud-speakers and microphonesensure that anyone's words, no matterhow softly spoken, can be clearly heard.A tape-recorder is also linked to theamplification system, so that recordeditems can be played back clearly. Thetape-recorder plays a large part intraining. Interviews by students arerecorded and played back for classdiscussion and analysis, for example.

On the visual-aid side, an overheadprojector has been built into thelecturer's table, and with a growingcollection of home-madetransparencies, teaching time isreduced by the projection of visuals toa fixed -angle screen.

A retractable tine screen is alsofitted, primarily for use with theCentre's 16 mm sound film projector.It is also used in sessions whereinstruction is helped by the projectionof 35 mm slides. A few of the slideshave been obtained from British andAmerican commercial producers ofeducational slides, but the majority of

20

the hundreds of slides used wereproduced by the staff. They includethe front pages, and some featurepages, of hundreds of newspapersfrom all parts of the world, which areused for instruction on the design andmake-up of newspapers.

The most recent visual aid is anEpiscope. Though the overheadprojector has proved the most flexiblefor the Centre's purposes, theEpiscope fills a need by enablinghandwritten or typed exercises to bescreened immediately, without slidesor transparencies having to be made.Headlines, for example, can be takenfrom a student and immediately placedon the Episcope for projection on tothe screen for class discussion.

Other visual aids have beendeveloped at the Centre, under thedirection of Mr. John Cardownie,Senior Lecturer, who attended acourse at the Overseas Visual AidCentre in London. These include theflannelgraph (for showing in self-adhesive sections such subjects asnewspaper page design), flash-cards(for adding visual emphasis to keywords in a spoken session), wallcharts(for illustrating a range of subjectssimply and dramatically), and posters(carrying slogans whose constantviewing helps the students toremember them.)

As a step towards the production ofsynchronised tape-lectures involvingpre-recorded tapes and 35 mm slidesMr. L. W. Riley, Staff Lecturer, hasbeen compiling examples of pagelayout, etc., to be matched to tape-scripts. Already the Centre hastape-lecturing on news agencyoperations and on front-page design.

Films for TrainingJournalism instructors the world overhave complained for years of theshortage of audio-visual training aidsin their own specialised field. Films,particularly, have been sadly lacking.

Certainly, in the past, films havebecome available which illustrate howa newspaper of a news agencyoperates. But most of them were madefor general consumption, mainly withan eye fr publicity, and told little of thebasic operations.

As a step tcwards filling this gap, theThomson Foundation has producedthe first how-to-do-it film onjournalism.

Entitled "The Art of the Interview",the film provides about 25 minutes ofinstruction on interview techniquesand preparation for journalists. Theteaching points are made as thecamera follows a reporter on anassignment.

The film was written and narrated byMr. John Cardownie, Senior Lecturerat the Editorial Study Centre. Directorwas Mr. Stephen McCormack and thecameraman Mr. Cedric Williams.

A discussion guide is also available

so that the teaching points can beconsolidated after screening.Mr. Cardownie is currently producingthe Foundation's second training film.This will deal with news-storyconstruction, and should be availablesoon."The Art of the Interview" has beendistributed to several journalisminstitutes and training bodiesthroughout Britain and overseas. It isused regularly at the Study Centre andhas also proved most successful onoverseas training courses.Commercial distribution is handledby Sound-Services Ltd., of London.

"Scope"Members of the fourth journalismcourse held at Cardiff, from Septemberto December, 1964, began thepublication of the Thomson Foundationnewspaper, Scope.

Since then, each course hasproduced an issue of Scope. It hasvaried greatly in size, from the fourpages of the original issues, to asmany as sixteen. Its circulation hasalso increased, from an original printorder of 500 copies to 1,750 at the endof 1968, for copies are sent around theworld to former students of both theEditorial Study Centre and theTelevision College, as well as to editorsof newspapers and friends of theFoundation overseas.Each course is largely responsiblefor the writing, editing, and make-up ofits issue of Scope, with staff lecturersacting in an advisory capacity. Eachcourse elects its own editor andeditorial "executives"; assignmentsare planned at editorial conferences;and the lecture room is converted intoa news room for the sub-editing ofstories and the making up of pages.The first two issues consisted onlyof news about the journalism training,but with the third issue, produced bycourse J.6 in July, 1965, a large part ofthe paper featured the televisiontraining being carried out at Kirkhill.Since then, each issue has coveredin some detail the work at both trainingcentres. Two members of eachjournalism course spend a longweekend at Kirkhill, collectinginformation for Scope stories.As each year has passed, and thelist of former students grown longer,there has been a considerable"feedback" of information on theprogress made in their careers of menand women who received journalisticor television training with theFoundation. News of these "graduates"is featured in Scope, enabling them tokeep in touch with friends formerlymet, for the first time, at Cardiff andKirkhill.Scope has also proved of value as atraining medium for others besides themembers of the Cardiff courses. Byarrangement with the Western Mailand Echo Ltd., Cardiff, the stories areset, and the pages made up on thestone, by apprentices.

OVERSEAS TRAINING

There is no such thing as a typicaloverseas training assignment.Certainly, several of the administrativeand operational problems are commonto all. But the Thomson Foundation, asit continually strives to meet thedemand for courses overseas, believesthat each one must be tailored to suitthe conditions and needs of the hostnation.

Overseas courses have their originin a request for the Foundation'sassistance from a Government or aprofessional mass-media organisation.If a decision to hold a training courseis made, staff lecturers prepare a draftsyllabus usually after areconnaissance by one of the staffand agreed with the hosts.

The duration of each course isdecided, accommodation is booked,local transport organised wherenecessary, credit facilities arranged,health requirements met, Trainingliterature and teaching materialscompiled and dispatched.

As the best preparation for anyassignment in a foreign country isexperience, the lecturers provided bythe Editorial Study Centre have beenin the fortunate position of being ableto use their background knowledge ofPress problems in a wide variety ofdeveloping countries.

Not every course run by theThomson Foundation in an overseascountry has flowed smoothly; there areproblems, conditions can be difficult,but the fact that these have beenovercome is an indication of thegoodwill that has been so marked afeature of the training courses.

Every effort is made to combinemodern teaching techniques withpractical day-to-day guidance "on thejob". Much more than a series oflectures is required on such trainingcourses. The instructor must do morethan talk; he must also be well versedin the art of fighting the clock to getthe paper out on time. He must be ableto show local newsmen howadvanced production methods canhelp them to fulfil more readily theirresponsibilities.

After every assignment, the lecturersupplied by the Thomson Foundationsubmits a report since if the facts arerecorded frankly, the problems facedand overcome, by one instructor,will, if recorded faithfully, benefit hissuccessor.

There are many points of preparationand administration which have to bedealt with, during this period offamiliarisation. Many of the problemsarise because pledges made, withevery good intention, in the earlystages cannot be kept a promisedassistant teacher is posted, takes ill,goes on leave, for example.

But one of the great advantages forthe Thomson Foundation man in anoverseas country is that he has somany friends, eager to help. These arethe "graduates" of Cardiff andKirkhill, as well as other contacts madethrough the regular visits made by theexecutives of the Foundation.

Television TrainingLecturersfrom the Thomson FoundationTelevision College have conducted "inservice" training by invitation of thelocal authorities as follows:1965: Lebanon Tele-Orient, Cie.Libanaise de Television (C.L.T.);2-week course in Production Training.1966: Uganda Television Service;4-week course in Production Training.Voice of Kenya Television; 4-weekcourse in film training.1967: Cyprus BroadcastingCorporation; 4-week course inproduction, film and technicalfacilities training.1967/68: Pakistan TelevisionCorporation; 4-week course in filmtraining, 10-week course in presentationand programmation, and 16-weekcourse in production training (overstations at Rawalpindi, Dacca,Karachi, and Lahore).1968: Ethiopian Television Service;2-week course in technical facilitiestraining.Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation,Lagos; 8-week course in film training,and 6-week course in productiontraining.Zambia Information Services; 6-weekcourse in film training.

At the request of the reL.pectiveauthorities, arrangements were alsomade to conduct a training seminar inJamaica in 1967, for participants fromall the Caribbean television iNterests.This was cancelled by the Foundationdue to lack of candidates.

In 1968 All India Radio Televisionrequested through the AsianBroadcasting Union that "in service"training be conducted in camerawork,lighting and design. Arrangementswere made for the Foundation to sendlecturers to India, !nit the request wascancelled by A.I.R.TV due to lack ofprogress in the development of theirexpansion programme.

Journalism TrainingThe Thomson Foundation hasconducted a number of trainingcourses or taken part in seminars inoverseas countries, aimed atimproving journalism techniques. Insome cases, staff lecturers from theEditorial Study Centre have been sentfrom the U.K., while in othersspecialists in particular aspects ofnewspaper writing and productionhave been seconded.

The major assistance has been asfollows:

1965: Uganda: Lecturer in journalismprovided for Unesco news course.

1966: Afghanistan: Editorial seminarand workshop in Kabul.

Malawi: Seven-week course for juniorjournalists; eight-week course foradvanced journalists.

1967: Cyprus: Seminar for Cyprusjournalists.

India: Lecturer for three months tothe Indian Institute of MassCommunication, New Delhi, and forsix weeks with the Press Institute ofIndia in Ahmedabad, New Delhi andBangalore.

1968: Thailand: Courses innewspaper practice, and radio and TVjournalism, Bangkok.

Philippines: Discussion leaderprovided for economic writers trainingcourse, Manila.

India: Three months' tour byconsultant in news-editing, conductingseminars, workshops and shorttraining courses.

India, Ceylon, Malaysia,Philippines: Lecturer in pressphotography supplied to conduct photoworkshops and seminars.

Sierra Leone Research ProjectA research project in direct teachingby television, which was organised andmainly financed by the Ministry ofOverseas Development, was startedin Sierra Leone in 1966, incollaboration with the Government ofSierra Leone, Fourah Bay College, theCentre for Educational TelevisionOverseas, and the ThomsonFoundation.

The Foundation financed theassignment to Freetown of Miss CarylDoncaster, Production Lecturer atKirkhill, and of Mr. R. P. Hoare, physicsmaster at Shrewsbury School. Hisappointment, for two years, was to asenior research scholarship,educational television research, at theUniversity of Sierra Leone.

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OVERSEAS VISITS

The Director of the ThomsonFoundation, Mr. T. Neil, has visitedmany countries to discuss with peopleon the spot the work of theFoundation, and how its aims andobjectives could best be achieved. Thecountries visited were:1964: Malaysia, Brunei, India, Pakistan.1965: Caribbean countries (Jamaica,Barbados, St. Vincent, St. Lucia,Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad, BritishGuiana now (Guyana).1966: Mediterranean countries (Italy,Libya, United Arabs Republic, Cyprus,Greece).1967: MiJdle East countries(Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Iran).1968: West Africa (Senegal, TheGambia, Ghana, Nigeria).

The Principal of the TelevisionCollege, Mr. Guy Bloomer, made anumber of visits to overseas stationsduring his period at the College. Themain purposes of these visits were:a. To meet the heads of the televisionservices and appropriategovernment officials to makeknown to them the training facilitiesoffered by the ThomsonFoundation and the procedure forobtaining places on courses.b. To re-establish contact with pasttrainees and to seek their commentson the training course they attendedin the light of their workingexperience since.c. To make preliminary arrangementsfor possible future "on post" or "inservice" training courses.

The stations visited were:1964: Gibraltar.1965: ParisRome Telescuola.1966: Sudan TV, Khartoum.Ethiopian TV Service, Addis Ababa.Voice of Kenya, Nairobi.Uganda TV Service, Kampala.Zambia TV Service, Lusaka, Kitwe.1967: Sierra Leone TV, Freetown.Liberia TV, Monrovia.Ghana Broadcasting Corporation,Accra.Nigerian TV Service, Lagos.West Nigerian TV, Ibadan.East Nigerian BroadcastingCorporation, Enugu.Broadcasting Company of NorthernNigeria, Kaduna.Channel 9, Santiago, Chile.Channel 8, Valparaiso, Chile.Channel 3, Antofagasta, Chile.1958: Cyprus BroadcastingCorporation (brief unscheduled visit).Iran National TV, Tehran.Television Iran, Tehran.Educational TV Service, Tehran.Pakistan TV Corporation: Rawalpindi,Dacca, Karachi, Lahore.All India Radio TV, New Delhi.

The Director of Editorial Studies,Mr. Donald Rowlands, has visited a

22

number of countries to study press andtraining conditions, to take part inseminars, to make preliminaryarrangements for possible trainingventures, and to improve the flow ofgood candidates for courses. Indiscussions with publishers andeditors, ministers and officials,university and training administrators,he has been able to gauge local needs,to meet former students and see howthey have benefited from their training,and to ensure that the Cardiff syllabusis related to the problems andpossibilities of developing countries.

The visits Mr. Rowlands has madewere:1964: Afghanistan: Study of possibleways to develop Afghan press.Seminar recommended and laterstaged.Iran: Brief stop to meet publishersand editors.Lebanon: Brief stop to meetpublishers and editors.India: Took part in News Editors'seminar, New Delhi. Visited Jaipur,Patna, Calcutta.1965: Berlin: To see Berlin Instituteof Mass Communications, to exchangeideas and materials. Staff memberlater acted as guest lecturer.Paris: Brief stop to visit Unesco.Strasbourg: Attended, and gavepapers to, international conference ontraining of journalists to CIESJ. Briefvisit to Zurich to meet director ofInternational Press Institute.Nairobi: Visited International PressInstitute centre to study methods andsyllabus, and inspect local press. Guestlecturer.Nigeria: Visited IPI West Africancentre. Inspected press and met localeditors in Lagos and Ibadan.1966: Turkey: Participated inseminar organised by the TurkishPress Institute at Istanbul University,and presented two papers. Touredcities and towns of Anatolia to seeprovincial press.Italy: Took part in symposium atGenoa organised by the InternationalInstitute of Mass Communications.Strasbourg: Guest lecturer, CIESJcourse for information officers fromdeveloping countries.Malawi: Preliminary visit to arrangetraining course for information officers.Preliminary consultations with IPIcentre in Nairobi.1967: Cyprus: Conducted jointnine-week seminar for Cyprusnewspaper journalists, with concurrentradio seminar and weekly seniorjournalist discussions. Made privatevisits to Amman, Beirut and Athens tomeet local pressmen.Geneva: Attended IPI conference fordiscussions on co-ordination ofinternational training.1968: Malaysia: Took part ininternational seminar on thereporting of Social Change, at

South-East Asia Press Centre,Kuala Lumpur.Singapore: Brief inspection visit.Philippines: Took part in the"Baguio meeting" when representativesof various Asian countries agreed towork under the Press Foundation ofAsia to co-ordinate future trainingplans. Suggested ways in which theThomson Foundation couldcollaborate.Hong Kong: Stop-over informationvisit.Thailand: Discussed plans forforthcoming Thomson Foundationcourse in Bangkok. Visited universities,ministries, newspapers to fix details.Indonesia: Discussed ways tocollaborate with new Indonesian PressInstitute and to improve links withCardiff. Met editors and others whowanted advice with training.Ceylon: Visited main publishinggroups to find ways to increasenumber of applications for training inCardiff. Discussed problem of raisingfares.India: Talked with editors, publishersand leading journalists in many offices,including those in Madras, Kerala andBombay. Saw at first hand manyphysical, economic, linguistic andsocial problems facing Indian press.Met, as elsewhere on the tour, a largenumber of former students, now mostlyin senior positions.Pakistan: Set up lines ofcommunication to increase andprocess applications for training inCardiff. Discussed in Karachi andRawalpindi difficulties of public andprivate press under restrictions.Afghanistan: Enforced stop-over dueto weather gave chance to pay returnvisit to now much-improved newspaperoffices.Iran: Made arrangements for localcourse which had been requested byTehran newspapers. (This was laterpostponed.)

Vital reconnaissance trips have been madeby the Foundation staff to study informationproblems in many countries. Mr. T. Neil,director of the Foundation, meets ArchbishopMakarols in Cyprus.

TRAINING IN UNITED KINGDOM

By the end of 1968, the followingtraining courses had been conducted inthe United Kingdom by the ThomsonFoundation:

Editorial Study Centre, Cardiff

No. of Dates Nature of CourseCourse

1963J.1 October 1-December 20

1964J.2J.3J.4

1965J.5J.6CPU 1

January 31-April 27June 9-August 31September 28-December 18

January 18-April 8April 27-July 16September 13-September 24

J.7 September 24-December 16

1966J.8J.9

January 17-April 7May 2-July 20

Pilot journalism

JournalismJournalismJournalism

Advanced journalismAdvanced journalismCommonwealthPress Union SeminarAdvanced journalism

Advanced journalismSports writing andediting

Television College, Kirkhill House, Glasgow

No. of Dates Nature of CourseCourse

1964

TV.1TV.2

1965

February 18-April 17May 26-July 24

ProductionProduction

TV.3 March 3-June 17 Production andengineering

TV.4 September 1-December 15 Production andengineering

1966

TV.5 March 1-June 17

TV.5A

Production andengineeringSpecial course forLibyan juniortechnicians

Newspaper Management CourseTwelve fellows from 11 overseascountries and three from UKnewspapers took part in a Newspa;13rManagement Course from August r4to November 15, 1968. For the first a ridlast weeks of the course, In London,lectures were given by specialists fromleading UK newspapers. FromSeptember 2 to September 28 thecourse was conducted at the University

24

No. of DatesCourse

CPU 2 September 3-September 16

J.10 September 19-December 8

1967

J.11J.12

January 16-April 5May 1-July 20

CPU 3 August 14-September 2

J.13 September 18-December 7

1968

J.14J.15

January 12-April 1April 29-July 18

CPU 4 July 15-August 2

J.16 September 23-December 12

No. of DatesCourse

TV.6 September 1-December 17

1967TV.7 March 1-June 16

TV.8 September 1-December 21

1968TV.9 March 1-June 20

TV.9A Jane 15-July 20

TV.10 September 1-December 20

of Strathclyde's Department ofIndustrial Administration, Chesters,Bearsden, Glasgow. From October 1to November 9, members of the coursewere attached to UK newspapers.

Miscellaneous FellowshipsFellowships have been given by theThomson Foundation to enableindividuals to study particular subjects

Nature of Course

CommonwealthPress Union SeminarAdvanced journalism

Advanced journalismIndustrial and Com-mercial journalismCommonwealthPress Union SeminarTomorrow's Editors

Advanced journalismAgriculturaljournalismCommonwealthPress Union SeminarChief sub-editing

Nature of Course

Production andengineering

News editors andengineeringProduction andengineering

Production andengineeringExtension of TV.9 forstudents of lightingand designNews editors andengineering

in the UK, by attachment tonewspapers, book publishers, andtelevision studios. These subjects havebeen:

M F.1 : Newspaper Management.MF.2: Editorial.MF.3: Printing.MF.4: Book Production.MF.5: Television.

FOUNDATION GRANTS

-41

1,

Little chance of homesickness when journalists attending theCardiff course are never far from the smell of printing ink.Successive groups have enjoyed the hospitality and proximity ofThomson House, where 250,000 copies are printed daily of the"Western Mail" and the "South Miles Echo". D. G. H. Rowlands,director of Editorial Studies, discusses a technical point on the stonewith chief sub-editors from Nicaragua, India, Pakistan and thePhilippines.

Demonstration of equipment in the camera lab to students fromGibraltar and Ghana.

Since the formation of the ThomsonFoundation grants have been made toorganisations, both in the U.K. andoverseas, which are concerned withjournalism and television training. Thegrants include:

National Council for the Training ofJournalists, £10,000; InternationalHouse, Penarth, £8,000; RoyalCommonwealth Society, £7,500;Caribbean TV Union Conference,£1,000; Women Speakers for theCommonwealth, £1,000; EnglishSpeaking Union, £1,000; SwazilandEducational Broadcasting Service,£900; Adult Education Association ofEast and Central Africa, £800;University of Ghana educational TV,£500; seminar for journalists in WestAfrica, £500; InternationalFederation of Journalists (SierraLeone), £250; and others.

25

IAPPENDIX

Members of CoursesThose who have attended trainingcourses conrhicted in the UK by theThomson Foundation are listed below,with their country of origin.* A single asterisk marks the positionheld by each fellow in the televisionor newspaper industries when theyjoined the course.** A double asterisk markssubsequent promotions or changes;where known.Against each name are the letters:J: indicating that the student attendeda journalism course at Cardiff.TV: indicating that the studentattended a television course atKirkhill House, Glasgow.CPU: indicating that the studentattended a Commonwealth PressUnion seminar at Cardiff.NM: Indicating that the studentattended the first NewspaperManagement Course.MF: indicating that the student wasgranted a miscellaneous fellowshipfor special individual study in the UK.NUMBERS against any of the abovecode letters indicate the number of theparticular course attended by eachstudent.

AFGHANISTANMohammad Ibrahim*Translator/sub-editor, Kabul TimesJ.3Sayyed Khalil*Editor, Kabul Times J.3Mohammed Akbar Pardace*Director of cultural relations,Ministry of Information andCulture J.14

ADENHussein Safi*Director of Broadcasting, SouthArabian Broadcasting Service TV.6

AUSTRALIAJ. L. Armati*Macquarie Publications, Dubbo M F.1John R. Davies*Assistant chief of reporting staff,Daily News, Perth CPU.3Bruce Hinchliffe*Sub-editor, Toowoomba Chronicle J.3J. F. Kroeger*Political correspondent, the News,Adelaide CPU.1Frederick John Lunn*Sub-editor, the Courier-Mail,Brisbane CPU.4D. D. Mac Coll*Sub-editor, the Courier-Mail,Brisbane CPU.1Lloyd C. Turner*Assistant to the editor, NewcastleMorning Herald CPU.2Richard Willson*Assistant editor, Whyalla News j.5Don Winton*Editor, Whyalla News J.10

26

BAHAMASBasil Cooper*Editor, Bahama Life J.8Eric Leroy Wilmott*Chief reporter, Nassau Guardian J.11

BARBADOSD. Agard*Night editor, the Advocate,Bridgetown CPU.1Reuben Best*Senior reporter/scriptwriter,Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation,Bridgetown TV.7A. N. Forde*General Manager-designate, RadioBarbados, Caribbean BroadcastingCorporation, Bridgetown TV.4Gladstone Holder**Producer/director of TV programmesfor Government Information ServiceTV.2Harold F. Hoyte*Special assistant to the editor,The Advocate, Bridgetown CPU.2Eric Murray*Reporter/news reader, CaribbeanBroadcasting Corporation,Bridgetown J.5

BERMUDAArchibald Bernard Brown*TV cameraman, Capital BroadcastingCompany TVAAnthony Chamusco*Engineer, Bermuda Radio andTelevision Company TV.4Eugene Cockburn Ference Rayner*Announcer/newscaster, BermudaRadio Company.**Head of programming, BermudaRadio Company TV.3James Henry Sayer*Switcher/director, Bermuda Radioand TV Company TV.4Charles H. Webb*Feature writer, Mid-Ocean NewsPictorial.**TV newswriter/announcer,Bermuda Broadcasting Company J.1David L. White*Reporter, the Royal Gazette,Hamilton CPU.3

BOLIVIAJose Diamond*Technician, Government BroadcastingService TV.7

BRAZILLuiz Carlos Bomfin*Reporter, Correio da Man ha,Rio de Janeiro J.12Paulo Fernando Craveiro*Foreign news editor, Jornal deCommercio, Pernambuco.**Columnist and foreign news editor,Jornal de Commercio, PernambucoJ.10Luiz M. Dale*Programme editor/presenter, TV Rio,Copacabana.

**Newswriter and reader, TVinterviewer, TV Rio, Copacabana TV.8Fernando Paulo Gabeira*Assignments editor, Correio deMinas, Copacabana J.10Alexandre Gambirasio*City editor, Fe lha de Sao Paulo J.10Agostinho E. Correia Gaspar*News editor, Gazetta BroadcastingCo., Sao Paulo, and newscaster/scriptwriter, Record TelevisionCompany TV.7Odilon A. Lopez*Film cameraman, Gaucha Television**Newspaper reporter/film producerTV.7Reginaldo M. de Almeida Neves*Staff writer, Visao, Rio de Janeiro J.4Miss Tania G. Pacheco*Reporter, Radio Jornal de Brasil, Riode Janeiro J.14

BRITISH HONDURASLindbergh E. Goldson*Managing editor, The BelizeBillboard, Belize CPU.3

CEYLONHerbert Leonard Abeyaratne*Chief sub-editor Ceylon Daily NewsJ.16Mrs. Leila de Silva*Editor, Naveena Vignani J.15G. E. M. C. Gooneratne*Local news editor, AssociatedNewspapers, Colombo CPU.1Mrs. Sriya Ratnakara*Editor, SRI women's magazine,Colombo CPU.3Russell Cuthbert Raymond*Reporter/columnist, The Times ofCeylon J.13Eustace W. Rulach*Sports editor, Ceylon Observer**Sub-editor/feature writer J.2Ramsay F. Ziegelaar*Sports editor, The Times of CeylonCPU.2

CHILEMiss Oriele Campodonico*Teacher of English, University of theNorth, Antofagasta**Head of production, TV department,University of the North, and director ofeducational programmes TV.5Edmunde A. Favero*Director of educational TV, CatholicUniversity of Valparaiso TV.9Carlos Patricie Martinez*Manager, production division, TV,Catholic University of Valparaiso**President of production committee,TV, Catholic University of ValparaisoTV.9Vicente N. Perez*News editor, Catholic University ofSantiago TV service TV.10Carlos Rojas*Director of TV department, Universityof the North, Antofagasta; also directorof Channel 3 TV TV.9

1

Miss Florencia Varas*Feature writer, Diario El Illustrado,Santiago**TV producer, Santiago J.5Raoul Vitalic*Electronics technician, University ofthe North, Antofagasta TV.6

CYPRUSCostas Constantinides*Programme officer, CyprusBroadcasting Corporation TV.9Andreas Petrou Demiotis*Flinn editor, Cyprus BroadcastingCorporation TV.3George Kotsonis*Music officer, producer of classicalmusic programmes on radio, CyprusBroadcasting Corporation**Director of musical programmes,Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation TV.5Andreas Kyriacou*Assistant head of news divisionCyprus Broadcasting Corporation TV.7Mrs. Emilia Orphanidou*Assistant producer, Cyprus Broad-casting Corporation TV.6Peter PetridesAgon newspaper, Nicosia J.14Pericles S. Solomides*Assistant to news editor, CyprusMail, Nicosia NMCharalambee Taramides*Programme assistant, CyprusBroadcasting Corporation TV.8

ETHIOPIAMakuria Abate*Programme director, Ethiopian TVService TV.6Getachew Abebe*Chief engineer (technical) EthiopianTV Service TV.6Kiros Azariah*News editor, Ethiopian TV ServiceTV.10Sintayehu Berhanu*Chief engineer (administration)Ethiopian TV Service TV.5Adera Daniel*Training officer, Ethiopian TV ServiceTV.6Samuel Ferenji*Producer, Ethiopian TV Service**Director-general, Ethiopian TVService TV.4Demena Kassaye*Programme director, Ethiopian TVService TV.5Tewolde Berhan Tesfaye*Maintenance supervisor EthiopianTV Service TV.9

FIJISteven Yaciona*Public relations officer, Fiji Times J.2

GHANAMichael Adjare*TV news editor, Ghana BroadcastingCorporation TV.7Nii Nai Adjei*Programme assistant, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.9

Elishama Nathaniel Ani*Senior technician and technicalproducer (outside broadcasts),Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.**Technical training officer, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.9John Arhinful-Mensah*Actine news editor, Evening News,Accra J.16Daniel Amudulai Bayensi*Bureau chief (northern region),Ghana News Agency CPU.4Augusts Bennett-Eghan*Technical supervisor, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.10Eugene Annan Bentum*Senior technician and technicalproducer (studios), GhanaBroadcasting Corporation.**Technical supervisor (studios),Ghana Broadcasting Corporation TV.9Lawrence Fianyo*Programme assistant, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.9Cuthbert Kiaye*Senior reporter, Evening News,Accra J.14Abraham Kutin-Mensah*Night editor, Ghanaian Times, AccraNMDaniel Dadzie Nunoo*Programme assistant, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation.**Production assistant, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.8Thomas Nyaku*News editor, Ghana BroadcastingCorporation.**News editor/producer, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.7Kingsley William Obeng*London correspondent GhanaianTimes, Accra J.13Philip A. Owusu*Technical assistant, GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.3B. A. Holdbrook Smith**News editor, Ghana BroadcastingCorporation TV.2Joseph E. Solomon*TV engineer (transmitters), GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.7Wiafe-Ababio*Student in UK; sponsored by GhanaHigh Commission, London TV.5Fred Yeboah*Senior news assistant (TV) GhanaBroadcasting Corporation TV.10

GIBRALTARJoseph Brugada*Gibraltar Television TV.2Nicky Celecia*Engineering technician, GibraltarBroadcasting Corporation TV.8Cliv.: 7 ..,nningham*Director/presenter/interviewer (radioand TV), Gibraltar BroadcastingCorporation**Producer, external services, BBCTV.5Henry E. Llufrio*Technical assistant (TV), GibraltarBroadcasting Corporation TV.10

Manuel J. Mascarenhas*Producer/scriptwriter, RadioGibraltar TV.1

GREECENikelas A. Samaras*Reporter, Eleuteros Laos Thessaloniki**London correspondent, EleuterosThessaloniki (observer on TV.8) J.11Haralambos Tsirigotakis*Sports writer/sub-editor Vima,Athens J.9

GUYANAMaurice Neilson Dundas*Information officer (news) Ministry ofInformation, Georgetown**Senior information officer (press),Ministry of Information, GeorgetownJ.11Harold Jettoo*Senior reporter, the Daily Chronicle,Georgetown CPU.2

HONG KONGD. Chen*Sub-editor, South China MorningPost CPU.1Roland A. Winyard*Chief engineer, Radio Hong KongTV.7David E. L. Wong*Sub-editor, the China Mail CPU.4

INDIAKhalid Ansari*General manager/chief sub-editor;Inquilab, Bombay J.13P. G. Baruah*Senior sub-editor, Assam Tribune J.4Sourindranath Banerji*Chief sub-editor, HindusthanStandard, Calcutta J.10Sadhan Kumar Banerjee*Sub-editor, the Statesman, CalcuttaJ.14B. Bhattacharyya*Feature writer, the Statesman,Calcutta J.3Sunil Bose*Sports editor, Amrita, Calcutta J.9Mahendra Chakraborty*Political correspondent, Jungantar,Calcutta J.1Ramesh Chandra*Business manager, Times of India,New Delhi NMAbhay Chhajlani*Editor, Nai Dunia, Indore J.6Benedict Costa*Reporter, Free Press Group, Bombay**Sub-editor, Illustrated Weekly OfIndia (Times of India Group), BombayJ.6Sydney E. Friskin*Senior sports correspondent, theStatesman, Calcutta**Sub-editor, The Times, London J.9Madhaw Gadkari*Chief sub-editor, Maharashtra Times,Bombay**Editor, Gomantak, Panaji, Goa J.6Hasmukh C. Gandhi*Sub-editor, Janmabhoomi, BombayCPU.3

27

Suresh Chandra Gangrade*Managing editor, Krishak Jagat,Bhopal J.15Chandrakant Ramchandra Ghorpade*Chief sub-editor the Kesari, PoonaCPU.4G. F. Ghosh*Ananda Bazar Patrika, Calcutta J.2Om Kumar Joshee*Columnist, Times of India, BombayJ.14Amrit Kumar Kakaria*London representative, India News &Feature Alliance, New Delhi**Assistant editor, I.N.F.A., New DelhiJ.9'Han Ullah Khan*Chief reporter, the Patriot, NewDelhi J.8Yelandur N. Krishnamurthy*Deputy news editor, Prajavani,Bangalore J.11Swadesh Kumar*TV producer, All India Radio TV.8Uthama Kurup*Sub-editor, Mathrubhumi, Kerala J.5Subbier Lakshmipathi*Chief sub-editor, Financial Express,Bombay J.10Mukut Behari Lal*Special representative, theStatesman, New Delhi J.15M. Mal hotra*Assistant station director, All IndiaRadio**Deceased TV.2Anant Sadashiv Marathe*Senior sub-editor, MaharashtraTimes, Bombay J.13D. S. Mehta*Senior sub-editor, Navbharat Times,New Delhi CPU.2La lit Mohan*Managing editor, Vir Pratap, JullundurCity**Managing editor, Vir Pratap andDaily Pratap, Jullundur City J.8S. K. Mullick*Programme executive, All India RadioTelevision Centre TV.3S. V. Nagarkar*The Kesari, Poona MF.1Bangalore Nagaraja*Assistant editor, Madras Mail**Assistant editor, I.E.E., Stevenage,UK J.8V. K. Nair*Deputy chief sub-editor, Malaya laManorama, Kerala J.13Prabhakar Nulkar*Assistant editor, Sholapur Samachar,Maharashtra**Leader writer, Sholapur Samachar,Maharashtra J.6Rayaprol Chintamani Rajasekhar*Station director All India Radio TV.3Krishnamurthy Rajendran*Associate editor, Kalki, Madras J.4Srinivasa Ramakrishnan*Special correspondent, Press Trust ofIndia, Bombay J.12Srinivasa Rao*Chief sub-editor, Indian Express,Bombay J.7K. E. Sankaran*Chief publicity and public relationsofficer, Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, New Delhi J.15

28

Nikhil Sarkar*Columnist and feature writer, Ananda

I

Bazar Patrika, Calcutta CPU 2Prasanta Sarkar*Reporter, the Statesman, CalcuttaJ.11R. Shamanna*Chief sub-editor, Prajavani, BangaloreJ.16Mohammad Shamin*Reporter, Times of India, Bombay J.10Shiv Shankar Sharma*Programme executive, All India RadioTelevision Service TV.9L. P. S. Shrivastava*Special correspondent NavbharatTimes, New Delhi J.12Kunwar Bahadur Sinha*Freelance broadcaster with All IndiaRadio**Student at University of Lancaster,UK TV.9Sat Pal Soni*Sub-editor, Navbharat Times NewDelhi J.7Govind Shripad Talwalkar*Assistant editor, Maharashtra Times,Bombay**Editor, Maharashtra Times, BombayJ.4P. Tharyan*Chief assistant editor, the Pioneer,Lucknow CPU.1Mammen Varghese*General manager, MalayalaManorama, Kerala NMV. S. Walimbe*Chief sub-editor, Kesari, Poona J.5Leslie F. Wilson*Sports editor, the Deccan HeraldBangalore J.9

INDONESIARoestam Afandi*Sub-editor, Kompas, Djakarta J.16Sanjoto Sastromihardjo*Managing editor, Business News,Djakarta J.12Dr. Subrata*Head of news, Television Service ofthe Republic of Indonesia, DjakartaTV.10Agoes Sudirman*Manager, Indonesia Raya, DjakartaNM

IRAN[raj Amir-Arjomand*Business manager, Ettela'atpublications, Tehran NMDr. Yadollah Faze!*Freelance journalist, Meshed J.11Aziz Hatami*Agence P.N.P., Tehran TV.2M. Sayed Karnali*Foreign news editor, Keyhan Times,Tehran J.2Mohammed All Safarian*Head of media (public relationsdept.), Iranian Oil Refinery Co.,Abadan J.12Mrs. Parvin Sarlak*TV producer, Ministry of Art andCulture TV.9

IRAQAbdul Baki Ahmed*Chief technical supervisor, Audio-Visual Centre, Ministry of Education,Baghdad

**Maintenance engineer, Ministry ofEducation, Baghdad TV.6Miss Asia Al Turaihi*Editor, World News Bulletin, BaghdadJ.6

ISRAELJoshua Bitzur*Parliamentary correspondent, Ma'ariv,Jerusalem J.2Meir Harnik*Assistant director of lightprogrammes, Kol-lsrael TV.1Moshe Hovav*Head of operations and training(radio), Kai-Israel**Training Co-ordinator, IsraeliTelevision TV.6Avshalom Katz*Producer of documentaries, Kol-Israel**Producer/director, Kai-Israel TV.1Eli Kovo*Shift supervisor, Kai-Israel**In charge of outside broadcasts,Israeli Television TV.7Shimon Nehama*Sound (studio) engineer, Kai-Israel**Head of VTR dept.(maintenance and operations), IsraeliTelevision TV.7Yoram Ronnen*Senior editor (news division), Kol-Israel**Head of news, current affairsdivision, Israeli Television TV.7Chaim Yavin*Producer/director, scientific anddocumentary programmes, IsraelBroadcasting Service (Sound)**News presenter and editor in chieffor documentaries and current affairs,Israeli Television TV.3

JAMAICAK. L. Allen*Parliamentary reporter, the DailyGleaner, Kingston CPU.1Keith St. George Brown*Reporter/sub-editor, the DailyGleaner, Kingston**Public relations manager, AluminaPartners of Jamaica, Ltd J.4Patrick Jones*Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation**Senior films officer, producer anddirector, Jamaica BroadcastingCorporation TV.1Mrs. Sylvia Lee*Reporter, the Daily Gleaner, KingstonJ.15Oval Lue*Maintenance engineer, JamaicaBroadcasting Corporation TV.10Albert Stewart Miller*Film and TV scriptwriter JamaicaInformation Service TV.9Martin Mordecai*Reporter, the Daily Gleaner, KingstonJ.1Emsley F. Pearson*News editor (Grade II), JamaicaBroadcasting Corporation, Kingston**Programmefilm editor, New YorkCity Board of Education's schoolstelevision programmes TV.7Ian Kenneth Richards*Advertising sales manager, the DailyGleaner, Kingston NMMerrick Granville Robinson*Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation

TV.3Miss 0. Senior*Reporter, the Daily Gleaner, Kingston**Jamaica Information Service,Kingston J.3Raymond Sharpe*Assistant news editor, the DailyGleaner, Kingston J.6

JAPANYoshiaki Abe*Translator/reporter, Japan Times,Tokyo**Assistant to political editor, JapanTimes, Tokyo J.9Yoshihiko Miwa*European correspondent, SankeiShinbun, Tokyo**Specialist writer on internationaltrade, Economics dept., SankeiShinbun, Tokyo J.12Naotada Osaki*Reporter, Japan Times, Tokyo J.2Kazuo Terao*Feature writer, Japan Times, Tokyo**Editor, Japan Times Weekly, TokyoJ.5

JORDANMohammed Ihsan Amasheh*Commercial production manager,Hashemite Broadcasting Service/Amman**Also part-time TV drama directorTV.6Dr. Issa Massou*Freelance journalist MF.2Omar Qaffaf*Announcer and producer (Radio)Hashemite Broadcasting Service,Amman TV.6KENYAMoody Awori*Voice of Kenya, Nairobi MF.5James Jura*Daily Nation, Nairobi J.1Laban Kabiro*News editor, Voice of Kenya, NairobiTV.7Mathew Kiponi*Producer/director (television) KenyaBroadcasting Corporation TV.1Paul Josiah Kithome*Production assistant, Voice of Kenya**Acting producer/director, Voice ofKenya TV.8Simeon N. Macharia*Senior development engineer, Voiceof Kenya TV.6Anthony George Mbugguss*Editor, Nyota Africa, Nairobi J.7Freeborn Fillemon Muga-Okune*Senior producer in charge of TVoperations dept., Voice of Kenya TV.9John Nimrod Mwakitawa*Senior producer/director, Voice ofKenya**Head of operations, Voice of KenyaTV.5Nyeike F. Njoroge*Producer/director and head of TVservices, Voice of Kenya TV.4Jonathan Raba la OsanoMaintenance technician, Voice ofKenya TV.8Benson Thubei*Programme director, Voice of KenyaTV.6

KOREABang Kyesung

*Chief of the secretary section,Chosun Ilbo, Seoul NMChoi Jae-ho*Foreign sub-editor, Chosun Ilbo,Seoul J.14June Chul Kim*Director of production (Grade I)Munwha Broadcasting Corporation,Seoul TV.Yu II-Yon*Assistant news editor, Korea Times,Seoul J.13

KUWAITHussain Ali Baroon*Ministry of Guidance and Information(television), engineering division,Kuwait TV.4Mohammed Hanif*Ministry of Guidance and Information(television), engineering division,Kuwait TV.6Ali Ghulum Hussain*Ministry of Guidance and Information(television), engineering division,Kuwait TV.4

LAOSTcheng-Tse Choen*Editor, Lao Press, Laos J.6

LEBANONRoger Breidi*Maintenance engineer, Tele-Orient,Beirut TV.6R. El Rayyes*Freelance journalist, Beirut J.2Rafic Nicolas Habib*General manager, Lissan UI Hal,Beirut NMGeorge S. Hishmeh*Editor, Daily Star, Beirut**Assistant telegraph editor, ChicagoSun-Times, USA J1.George lonnides*Sound engineer/cameraman, CTLPOTV.1Abdul Gani Mroue*Cultural and features editor, Al-Hayat, Beirut J.11Claude Sawaya*Programme and production manager,Tele-Orient, Beirut TV.2Jacques Yaghdjian*Transmission controller, Tele-Orient,Beirut TV.8

LIBERIAJames Cassell*Sports reporter/sub-editor, DailyListener, Monrovia**Editor, Bong Mine News, Liberia J.9Michael Kunmeh*Reporter, Liberian Star, Monrovia**Assistant information officer,LAMCO J.V. Operating Company,Liberia J.8Bertram R. Walker*Senior reporter, Liberian Age,Monrovia J.4

LIBYAIbrahim Abdullah*Junior technician, Arts and CraftsSchool, Tripoli TV.5AMohammed Ali Haggi*Junior technician, Arts and CraftsSchool, Tripoli TVSAAhmeda al Jariaany*Junior technician, Arts and Crafts

School, Tripoli TV.5AAhmed Mohammed Salem*Junior technician, Arts and CraftsAbsalam al Haddi Sheikh*Junior technician, Arts and CraftsSchool, Tripoli TV.5ASaddik Sholak*Sub-editor/translator, LibyanBroadcasting Service, Tripoli J.7Mohammed Wahra*Junior technician, Arts and CraftsSchool, Tripoli TV.5A

MALAWIRowland Vimaso Manda*Information officer, GovernmentInformation Service, Zomba**Acting chief information officer,Government Information Service,Blantyre J.8George D. Matewere*Reporter, Malawi News, Lilongne J.14Mathews Ndovi*Deputy editor, Malawi News J.7A. A. Soka*Malawi Press Ltd. MF.3

MALAYSIALawrence Cheah*News editor, Television Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur TV.10Ibrahim Bin Mushiran*Personnel and public relationsofficer, Utusan Melayu Press, KualaLumpur NMM. Nagappan*The Tamil Nesan, Kuala Lumpur MF.1Conrad Ng*Sub-editor/sports writer, StraitsTimes, Kuala Lumpur J.9Muhamad Noh bin Padidin*Chief reporter, Utusan Melayu, KualaLumpur CPU.4

MALTAWilfrid Asciak*Assistant editor, Times of Malta J.13Frederick Barry*Features editor/night editor, Times ofMalta**Assistant editor, Times of Malta J.16Victor Formosa*Programme editor, Malta BroadcastingAuthority TV.8Laurence Vella'Features editor, Malta News J.7

MAURITIUSAyoob Abdool*Engineering shift leader in MasterControl, Mauritius BroadcastingCorporation TV.8J. R. Delaitre*Mauritius Broadcasting CorporationMF.5Mrs. Marie Therese Mortele*Owner/editor, Carrefour J.13Geerjapersad Ramloll*Assistant editor, Advance**Special correspondent in France forAdvance J.2Dawood Ramputh*Engineering shift leader, MauritiusBroadcasting Corporation TV.4

MEXICOEduardo Maldonado*TV trainee in USA, Eire, Germany andUK TV.4

29

NEPALBinaya Guru-Acharya*Associate editor, the Commoner,Katmandu J.11G. P. Pokhrel*National News Agency, Katmandu J.4

NEW ZEALANDEdward Clarke Isaacs*Chief reporter, Otago Daily Times,Dunedin CPU.4J. R. Pearce*Sub - editor. New Zealand Herald,Auckland CHU.2R. H. Stott*Chief reporter, Manawatu EveningStandard, Palmerston North CPU.1Michael F. Tubberty*Staff photographer, New ZealandHerald, Auckland CPU.3

NICARAGUAJorge A. Cardenas*General manager, La Prensa ManaguaNMAgustin Fuentes*Political, labour, and economicsEditor, La Prensa, Managua J.13

NIGERIAAlton Adedeji*Sub-editor, Western NigerianGovernment Broadcasting Corporation**Public relations officer J.6Folarin Moronkeji Adeeko*Assistant to production editor, DailyExpress, Lagos J.1Joseph Adegumji Adentan*Ministry of Information, Ibadan J.1Folorunso Olufurdso Adewale*Technical assistant, NigerianBroadcasting Corporation TV.3Miss N. Agu*Eastern Nigerian BroadcastingCorporation TV.4Mallam Shehu Aliyu*Assistant information officer, Ministryof Information, Kaduna**Acting chief information officer,Government of North-Western State,Sokoto J.7H. Babington Bakre*Sports editor, Nigerian TelevisionService, Lagos TV.7Stephen Adepoju Bamgbade*Technical director, NigerianBroadcasting Corporation, Lagos TV.10Clarkson de Majomi*Managing editor, the Globe, Lagos**Editor-in-chief, Group PublicationsLtd., Lagos J.4Emokpae Eguaibor*News assistant, news division,Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation,Lagos**Senior sub-editor, news division,Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation J.7Jerome Elaiho*Observer while on unpaid study leavefrom Nigerian BroadcastingCorporation TV.10Benjamin M. Elegbe*CCU and telecine operator, Broad-casting Company of Northern Nigeria**Engineering assistant (Grade I),Broadcasting Company of NorthernNigeria TV.4Moses Olajide*Head of news, Daily Sketch, IbadanJ.4

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Muhammed Gbajabiamila**Editor, Hermes Magazine, (A.G.Leventis and Co.), Lagos J.5Raimi Jin.oh*Engineering assistant (Grade I)Northern Nigerian Broadcasting Co.,Kaduna TV.7Oluyinka Johnson*Station librarian, Western NigeriaTelevision Service**Executive producer, Western NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation TV.8Sani Katsina**Head of Television, BroadcastingCompany of Northern Nigeria TV.2Miss Margaret Olufemi Kuboye*Producer/director, NigerianBroadcasting Corporation TV.8Ahmed Tijani Isola Lawal*Business editor, Morning Post/Sunday Post, Lagos**Assistant editor (publications)Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation J.12Miss Rita Ogremi Lori*Programme assistant, NigerianTelevision Service, Lagos TV.4Abdurralman Micika*Floor manager, BroadcastingCompany of Northern Nigeria**Senior producer, BroadcastingCompany of Northern Nigeria TV.3George Nnadi*Freelance journalist, Onitsha J.3Ukpong Joel Odunide*Maintenance engineer, NigerianBroadcasting Corporation TV.3Ayo Ojewumi*Editor, the Tribune, Lagos CPU.2Peter C. K. Okoro*Sub-editor (TV news), Eastern NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation Enugu TV.7Bernard Nwoke Onyeachonam*Regional representative, NigerianOutlook, Ibadan J.4A. 0. Osifowokan*Western News, Ibadan**Ministry of Home Affairs andInformation, Ibadan J.2Olusegun OsobaSenior staff reporter, Daily Times,Lagos CPU.3Isaac T. T. People*West African Pilot, Lagos J.1Henry 0. Robbin*Senior sub-editor, Western NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation* *News editor, Western NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation J.6Olusegun Smith*Head of news, Nigerian BroadcastingCorporation, Lagos TV.10Jacob Sotayo Sotunde*Assistant chief engineer, NigerianBroadcasting Corporation TV.3Alhaji Isa Ade Sowunmi*Head of film unit, BroadcastingCompany of Northern Nigeria TV.8Mohammed Suleiman*News editor, Broadcasting Companyof Northern Nigeria TV.10Jonathan Tobun*Sponsored by Nigerian BroadcastingCorporation while studying in BritainTV.6Samuel Udensi*News editor, Eastern NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation, Enugu J.7Okon Willie Udohindustrial and political correspondent,Nigerian Outlook, Enugu

Godwin Chukwuemeka Ugwu*Television engineer, Eastern NigeriaBroadcasting Corporation TV.3

NORWAYHerman Gran*Employed on cameras, lighting andsound, Norwegian BroadcastingService**Producer, Norwegian BroadcastingService TV.8

PAKISTANRaza All Abidi*Reporter/sub-editor, Daily Hurriyet,Karachi J.14Muhammad Uzair Ashir*Commercial correspondent, Dawn,Karachi J.12M. I. Butt*News editor, Daily Jang, RawalpindiCPU.1Hasan Akhtar Gardezi*Head of central desk, AssociatedPress of Pakistan J.13lkramu Haq*Staff reporter, Pakistan Times,Rawalpindi J.13Waheedul Hague*Night editor, Morning News, DaccaJ.16Wajid Shamsul Hasan*Chief sub-editor, Daily News, KarachiCPU.4Khalid Ijaz*Radio script writer, sponsored byPakistan Television Corporation,Lahore TV.5Miss Latifa Kabir*Television Promoters Company,Lahore TV.6Fauzul Karim*Chief sub-editor, Dainik Pakistan,Dacca J.16Amiruzzaman Khan**General manager, PakistanTelevision Corporation, Dacca TV.2Masreer Elahi Khan*Station engineer, TelevisionPromoters Company, Lahore TV.8Riaz Rasul Malik*Freelance journalist, Lahore J.3Sultan Beg Mirza*Bureau chief, Associated Press ofPakistan, Hyderabad J.14Mohammad Musitaque*Senior news editor, Asian TelevisionService (News Agency), Karachi TV.10M. Muslehuddin*Senior news producer, PakistanTelevision Corporation, Lahore TV.10G. M. Naqqash*Senior sub-editor, Lahore edition,Pakistan Times CPU.3A. H. Naqvi*News editor, the Leader, KarachiCPU.1M. A. Masud Qureshi**Director, educational broadcasts,Radio Pakistan, Rawalpindi TV.3Syed Irshad Hussain Raashed*Senior reporter, Pakistan Times,Lahore J.15Serajur Rahman**Producer, BBC Eastern Service TV.3Miss Abida Reasat Rizvi*Feature writer, the Daily Anjam,Karachi CPU.2Saleem Shahed**Relief staff of Pakistan Section,

BBC, London TV.4Abdul Aziz Ahmed Shaikh*Assistant editor, Daily !bratHyderabad J.16Maqbul Ahmen Shariff*Senior reporter, Pakistan Times(sponsored by Pakistan TelevisionService) TV.5Mahmoud Ali Sheikh*Student of radio electronics**University of Missouri, USA TV.3Miss Nasrin Siddiqui*Television Promoters Company,Lahore**Ministry of Information andBroadcasting, Rawalpindi TV,4Mofazzal Hussain Sircar*Manager, Bengali Daily Azad, DaccaNM

PERUMiss Lina Alberti*Feature writer, Latin AmericanTourism, Lima J.7Hugo Fernandez*Production manager, PanamericaTelevision, Lima TV.8Angel Santisteban*Assistant to director, Expresso,Lima J.2**UN Information Centre, Lima J.2

PHIUPPINESManuel Obias Benitez*Night news editor, Manila Times J.13Willie Chua Depositario*Correspondent, Philippine NewsService J.15Mrs. C. Navarro-Pedrosa*Reporter, Manila Chronicle J.5Benjamin Penaranda*Political correspondent, ManilaChronicle J.10Francisco Prospero*Master control supervisor,Associated Broadcasting Corporation,Manila TV.9Rudolpho Reyes*News director, ABS-CBN Broad-casting Corporation, Quezon CityTV.10

RHODESIAJob Gervasius Jonhera*Telecine operator, RhodesiaTelevision TV.4Edward M. N heta*Literary editor, Cou,icil of Churches,Salisbury J.11, MF.4Cornelius Dick Watyoka*Assistant editor, Murimi, SalisburyJ.15

RUMANIAHeini Brunstein*Feature writer, Viata Romaneasca J.16

SARAWAKAshari Manis*Government Information Service,Kuching J.8

SIERRA LEONEImram Obba Bright*Sub-editor, department of socialservices (information division),Freetown**Information attache, Embassy ofSierra Leone, Washington, U.S.A. J.11

B. A. A. Davies*Sierra Leone Television TV.2Samuel Rogers Faux*Maintenance technician, Sierra LeoneTelevision TV.8Julius Grey-Coker*Government Information Service J.6Archibald St. John*Junior producer, Sierra LeoneTelevision TV.6Thomas Tucker*Shift leader in Master Control, SierraLeone Television TV.6Miss Adeline Williams*Continuity announcer and presenter,Sierra Leone Television TV.8

SINGAPOREDavid Kraal*Sub-editor, Straits Times J.12

SOMALI REPUBLICSaed Aden Abdullahi*Chief reporter, Somali News Agency,Sonna, Mogadishu J.15Ebrahim Elmi*Features editor, Somali News,Ministry of Information, Mogadishu4.1,11

SOUTH AFRICABasil Bikitsha*Feature writer, World, Randfontein J.8Anthony Rider*Assistant editor, Rand Daily Mail,Johannesburg J.8Owen M. Vanqa*Reporter, Daily Despatch, Umtata,Transkei J.15

SOUTH VIETNAMDiep Luong-Thanh*In charge of radio engineeringtraining, National Broadcasting System,Saigon TV.8Huynh Chan Thinh*Rewriter, Vietnam Press news agency,Saigon J.8Le Van Hung*Managing editor, Saigon Daily NewsJ.13

SUDANOsmar Mohamed Ahmed*Studio equipment operator, SudanTelevision Service TV.5A. M. El Sawi*Alayam, Khartoum J.15Mohammed All Abdel Gadir*Maintenance technician, SudanTelevision Service TV.5Mohammed El M. Khalif a*El Ann, Khartoum MF.2Zakaria Gad Karim*Editor, Gezira, Barakat J.10K. H. Mahmoud*El Umma, Khartoum J.14Yahia Mutwakil*Head of news division, SudanTelevision Service J.4El Hadi Yousif*Press and information officer, Gezira,Barakat 11.7

SYRIAMarwan Babil*Director of advertising, Al Ayyam J.6**Daily News, Kuwait J.6Khaldoun Hakim*Assistant director, Syrian Arab

Television**Producer, education programmes,Syrian Arab Television TV.4

TAIWANAdam Chang*Director of news dept.,Broadcasting Company of China,Taipei TV.10Chen Shih-Chi*Chief editor, Vista, Yungho**Chief of editorial centre, GovernmentInformation Office, Taipei J.8

TANZANIAHubert Cheche*Assistant news editor, TanzanianBroadcasting Corporation, Dar-es-Salaam J.5Seth Kitange*Reporter, Tanzanian office, Targetand Lengo**Editor, Target and Lengo, NairobiJ.16Hadji S. Konde*Sub-editor, the Standard, Dar-es-Salaam CPU.4Mrs. R. Parekh*Freelance journalist, Dar-es-Salaam

THAILANDSurachart Kanchanavanit*News editor, Army Television inBangkok (with rank of Captain) TV.10Piyavongse Karnasuta*Attended courses as observer beforejoining Bangkok Broadcasting andTelevision Co. TV.9, TV.10Miss Suri Phancharoen*Producer/co-ordinator on cultural andeducational programmes, ThaiTelevision Company, Bangkok TV.6Kamthorn Suvanpiyasira**Producer-director, Thai TelevisionCompany, Bangkok TV.1Prakas Vacharaporn*Assistant editor, Sam Seri, BangkokJ.3

TRINIDADNizam All*Sub-editor, Trinidad Guardian, Portof Spain J.7Miss Eunice Blow°*Broadcasting officer, public relationsdivision, Prime Minister's Office**Now Mrs. Eunice Alleyne, Broadcast-ing officer, Government BroadcastingUnit TV.1McDonald Vernon AnthonyCanterbury*Assistant film technician, Govern.ment Film Unit TV.4John Myers*Trinidad Publishing Company, Portof Spain J.1Raoul Pantin*Industrial reporter, Trinidad Guardian,Port of Spain**Business editor, Trinidad Guardian,Port of Spain J.12Lloyd G. Rohlehr*Producer, Trinidad and TobagoTelevision Company**Producer, editor, current affairs,Trinidad and Tobago TelevisionCompany TV.7Mrs. Stella Seale*Producer, education programmes, forradio and TV, Ministry of EducationTV.1

31

Harry Sooklal**TV Producer, Ministry of EducationTV.2

TURKEYMrs. Zeynip Birsel-Oral*Reporter fart editor, Yeni Gazette**Assistant editor, Milliyet's Woman'sMagazine (weekly), Istanbul J.12Unlen Demiralp*Producer/director, Radio Ankara TV.1Teoman Ertan*Programme department, TurkishRadio and Television Corporation,Ankara**Head of features, Turkish Radio andTelevision Corporation TV.7Suleyman Soner Heplevent*Programme planning administrator,Radio Ankara**Self-employed, advertising agencyTV.3Miss Suheyla Ozdemir*Vision mixer, Turkish Radio andTelevision Corporation**Producer/director, Turkish Radioand Television Corporation TV.9Altan Santepe*Chief of sports service, Yeni Asir J.4Oguz Seren*Night editor, Cumhuriyet J.9Orhan Turel*Senior reporter, Mil lyet**Foreign affairs reporter, Millyet J.6

UGANDAJohn Nelson Bagenda-Mpima*Reporter/feature writer, the People,Kampala J.11Peter Lubswa Basajja*Senior information assistant,Ministry of Information, Kampala J.10Dome Okochi Budohi*Uganda Argus**Public relations officer, East AfricanPower and Lighting Company, NairobiJ.2Aloysius Ggala*Catholic Daily, Kampala**Press officer, U.S.I.S., Kampala J.1Dithan Edward Kavuma*Programme director, UgandaTelevision Service TV.9E. D. Kavuma**Senior programme producer/supervisor, Uganda Television ServiceTV.2Luke S. KazinjaInformation officer, Ministry ofInformation, Kampala J.5Roger Kivu le*Producer, Uganda Television Service:.TV.5Mark Kiwanuka-Zake*Editor, Taifa Empya J.10Henry Michael Lumu*Art director, Ministry of Informition,Kampala TV.4Louis Mabaraza*Senior technical assistant

1(outside broadcasts), UgandaTelevision Service TV.5Daniel Matovu*Senior reporter, The People, Kampala**Deceased J.15Elishama Wamala*Producer/presenter (light entertain-ment), Uganda Television Service**Student at Makerere UniversityCollege for Diploma in Drama TV.6

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UNITED ARAB REPUBLICEshan Bakr*Foreign correspondent, Al-Alf ram,Cairo J.1Rifaat N. Bedros*Editor, Hawaa, Cairo J.8Milad Bissada*U.A.R. Television Service, Cairo TV.2Osman Samie El-Ad!*Senior editor, News Department,U.A.R. Television, Cairo TV.10Ismail El Baquary*Deputy sports editor, AI-Ahram,Cairo J.9Mrs. Siham el Dib*Film director, U.A.R. TelevisionService, Cairo TV.5Miss Maha Abdel Fattah*Diplomatic correspondent Akbar elYom, Cairo**Diplomatic editor, Akbar el Yom,Cairo J.1Mrs. Z. Hassan Khalil*Reporter/women's editor, AlMossawar, Dar El Hilal, Cairo J.3Abdel-Aziz Mahmoud*Al-Ahram, Cairo J.10Mohammed M. Sallam*Studio cameraman, U.A.R. TelevisionService, Cairo TV.10

UNITED KINGDOMNigel Gerard Carling*Planning officer, Oxford Mail andTimes Ltd., Oxford NMAdrian Frank Dobson*Assistant to the editor, Evening Star,Burnley NMDavid Devene Fitzpatrick*Development manager, LancasterGuardian, Lancaster NM

URUGUAYGerardo Fernandez*Editor, drama section, Marcha J.5

VENEZUELAA. Bianchi*Political and diplomatic correspondent,Daily Journal, Caracas J.3Cesar Manzanares*Transmission controller, Venevision,Caracas TV.5N. L. Negron*Radio Nacional de Venezuela, CaracasTV.1Manuel Adrian Pantin*Foreign editor, the Daily Journal,Caracas J.16

ZAMBIAKenneth Chibesakunda*Producer (radio),ZambiaBroadcasting SerVice TV.5Ignatius Chileshe

,:;!eprogranyme director'? ZambiaBroadcasting Service TV.8NebuchadnezarJe4e!(*Nnr6i..ihterloperatoi-, Ministry ofInformation TV.5-Michael Mestitba-Kangote*Associate editor, The Miner, KitweJ.16Cuthbert Y. Katebe*Deputy chief sub-editor, the Miner,KitweAdrinn A. Koenderman*Lusaka representative of the Timesof Zambia CPU.2

Tasker B. Mulayantanda*Zambia Broadcasting Service (radio)TV.6Bernard Mwanza*Programme director, ZambiaTelevision Ltd., Lusaka TV.9Zora K. Siwale*Sub-editor, Zambia Television Ltd.,Lusaka TV.7

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