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AUTHOR Budd, Kelly; Alexander, JayneTITLE Arthurian Legends and the Medieval Period for Grade 9 Study.PUB DATE 1997-00-00NOTE 64p.; Contains much' material reproduced from unidentified

sources, often of poor legibility.PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Class Activities; English Instruction; *Grade 9; High

Schools; Journal Writing; *Legends; Literature Appreciation;*Medieval Literature; Notetaking; Units of Study

IDENTIFIERS *King Arthur; Response to Literature

ABSTRACTDiscouraged and dissatisfied with their students' responses

to a compilation of Arthurian legends, two ninth-grade teachers developed anapproach to teaching the legends that exposes students to numerous versions(including those written and illustrated for children) of the legends andallows them to pick their own Arthurian legend for reading and study.Activities include reading and summarizing the stories in small groups;two-column notetaking; journal writing; creation of coats of arms; productionof a poster on a medieval period topic; viewing the film "Ladyhawke ";discussion of discrepancies among the retellings of the Arthurian legends;and a summary discussion. (Appendixes present numerous lists of books,reading materials, activity sheets, instructions for various activities, anda vocabulary list.) (RS)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

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ARTHURIAN LEGENDSAND

THE MEDIEVAL PERIODFOR GRADE 9 STUDY

KELLY BUDDJAYNE_ ALEXANDER

KEENE HIGH SCHOOLKEENE, NH

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement I

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For several years we have been discouraged and dissatisfied with the student'sresponse to Ma lory's compilation of the Arthurian legends. It seemed to us that thespontaneity, adventure uniqueness of the_ charanters, depth of relationships:_and themajesty of the quest were lost in the shadows of difficult language and religiousallusions_ from which students seem removed_ We_ halte_de_velopet an_approach toteaching the legends that exposes students to numerous versions (including thosebeautifully written and illustrated for children) of the legends and allows them to picktheir awn Arthurian legend_far reading_ and study.

I. Spend two full days in small groups reading children's Arthurian stories (seeAppendix A). For each story the group will summarize the plot in one paragraph anddevelop a list of the values conveyed. The group will also develop a list ofcharacteristics common to. all_of the_ stories_ (The_teacher should guide them indiscovering the characteristics of a medieval romance.)

II. Present students with the criteria for a medieval romance: narration,spontaneousfighting, supreme love, quest, aimless adventure/wandering, lighthearted tone,chivalric code, courtly love, fantasy and mystery. Medieval romances are tales ofadventure. in which knights, kings, or distressed ladies, acting_ under the_ impulse oflove, religious faith or the mere desire for adventure, are the chief figures. Structurallythe medieval romance follows the loose pattern of the quest. Usually the protagonistsets auton a_j_aurne_y to accomplish some goal - rescue a_maiden, meet a_challenge,obey a kingly command, seek the holy grail. On this journey he encounters numerousadventures,, many of them unrelated to his_ original_ quest_except that .they. impe_de_him.

III. Distribute Appendix B (Who was Arthur) for 2 column note taking ( Encouragestudents to highlight main ideas for the main idea column.) From their notes (in theirown words) students will write a one page summary - practice for research writing.Students_ wilt Ilse this information far selecting_ .and understanding_the novels_ theychoose to read and report on. (See appendix C and D for suggestions.)

IV. In their journals students will develop a list of rules that they believe an honorableperson follows. Distribute Appendices E & F Code of Chivalry and Rules. In theirfoumaLs_students will create a_Venn Diagram_ that_ c_ampares_ and contrast_their ruleswith those of Medieval times. In small groups students will share their modern daycode of chivalry and will develop a group list of 10 rules. Each group receives a largepiece of paper on which they write and post their rules.

V._ In the same_ groups_sturients_will write comments_ on each other's_lists__(c_alled"carousel brainstorming" activity).

VI. At the end of this activity, explain to the students that knights had to follow andenforce the rules that governed knightly behavior. Their coat of arms was a visualrepresentational_ their faith., family lo_y_alty,_ achievemerits,and personal_ character.

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To prepare students for creating their own coat of arms, have students outline each

other.

Each sturient_will decorate his/her awn bady in &manner thatdistinguisheseach student as an individual. This may include objects, background, and clothingchoices. The purpose of this activity is to show how clothing and accessories can bee.xpressions_of individuality as.a.coat of arms was ta_a knight_ Distribute coat of armsactivity - Appendix G.

VII. From the following list of medieval period topics ( musics and dance, daily life ofwomen, home, children, food, work, clothing, amusements, punishments, church andfaith, weapons). students, will work in pairs_ to research one topic and create aninformative poster. (See Appendix H for brief information on topics - appropriate forstudents who need research assistance.)

VIII. Class will view movie Ladyhawke. and complete activity Appendix I.

DC_ Teacher distributes_ &5X5. grid, each gridcantaining_questions_based an facts fromthe research posters. Students find answers by questioning their peers. Each grid willbe filled in with- the answer and-the-name- of-the-student- who knows-the-answer.Names cannot appear more than twice. Each pair will briefly present their poster tothe class. Each presentation will include the reason for the topic choice, how the topicwas researched, and The most interesting facts_ found.. Display coats_ of arms andposters for gallery viewing.

X. In their journals students will fill in with examples from their individual reading a 2column list with the headings - "Medieval Rules" and "Examples." This activity willserve to keep_ students facused on the values_of knightly behavior demonstrated in theactions of the characters in their books.

Xl. Collect book reports and games. In small groups students will read a one pagesummary of their novel and as a group create a list of discrepancies among the novelsin the retelling of the IegencL Class discussion follawata respond ta these questions:What is the purpose of a legend? (imparting cultural values and building nationalpride) Why are there differences in the stories? What does this convey about thelegend of King Arthur? (If appropriate, reflect on study of heroes and Odysseus.)

Mk "Here lies Arthur - king_ once and king that will be" - As &summary discussion -class will consider what problems Arthur would face should he return today and howhe would deal with these situations. To prepare for this discussion have studentscollect data from the news media for 5 days. For each entry students will record who,what, where, when, why and how. If time permits, these stories can be placed incategories_to make. the dismiRRion more focused and practical.

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Depending on what unit will follow, the class is now prepared to develop a list ofcharacteristics. that_describe_ the_ ideal leader.

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Carrick, Donald. Harald and the Giant Knight.Clarion, 1982. Grades 2-4.

Another side to the usual picture of chivalry and gallant deeds is seen in this story about a peasantfamily whose land is nearly rained by some marauding knights until they find an ingenious tooutwit them.

a Fradon, Dana. Harold the Herald: A Book about Heraldry.Dutton, 1990. Grades 2-7.

Once aoam, the author of Sir Dana--A Ketitt: As 17:L,7v uumor and fact:this time a talking suit of armor tells about the life and dunes of a herald.

a Gerrard. Roy. Sir Cedric.Farm-, 1984. Grades 1-5.

rAlthoueh Sir Cedric is not one of King Arthur's men, he ni ght have been. This amusing ballad of ins.1good deeds and rescue of the fair Matilda the Pure is extended impugn exquisiti). detailed illustrations.rich in pageantry.

a Hastings, Selina. illustrated by Juan Wijrigaard. Sir GaWalil and the Loathlv Lady.Lothrop, 1985. Grades 4-6.

The honor of King Arthur is preserved in this lavishly illustrated tale: the same author and artistfashioned an elegant rendition of Sir and the Green Knight.

a Hodges, Margaret dust -ated by Tina Scharr Hyman. The Kitchen Knioht: .4 Tale of King'A rthur.Holiday, 1990. Grades 3-6.

A retelling of the Arthurian legend in which Sir Garth rescues a lady imprisoned in a high fortressbythe dreaded Knight of the Red Plain. Hyman's exquisite illustrations dramatically portray this tale ofdisguise, bravery, and derring-do.

a Hodges. Margaret. Illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Saint George and the Dragon.'

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Little,-:BrOwn, 194:: GiradeS3.6.

In this 1985 CaldecottMedal,Winner, Hodges ..ticrH);iiiali create a splendid adaptation of the story ofGeorge. the'Red Cross Knight. and hiS quest to slay the dreadful dragon that has been terroiizing thecountryside.

a Hunt, Jonathan. Illuminations.Bradbury-, 1989. Grades 1-5.

Students doing research on the Middle Ages will Find this alphabet book informative. and its large sizewill make it useful for introducing younger children to the subject.

a King Arthur and the Magic Sword.Designed by Keith Morseley, illustrated by John James.Dial, 1990. Grades 1-4.

This three-dimensional adaptation of Howard Pyle's The Story of King Arthur and His Knightsreveals the pageantry of a tournament, Merlin's setting of the sword into the anvil. Arthur's drawing itforth. and three other exciting scenes.

e Lister, Robin. Illustrated by Alan Baker. The Legend of King Arthur.Doubleday, 1990. Grades 3-5.

Beginning with N,Ierlin's reminiscing, in his cave and CIOSiii.9, With Arthur's departure for Avalon.Lister relates 14 stones of the legendary king and the Knights of the Round Table. which Bakerevocatively illustrates.

a McCaughrean. Geraldine. Illustrated byh Nicki PaliA:Saint George and the Dragon.Doubleday/Zephyr. 1989. Grades 3-5.

A slightly different version of Hodges story of the same title. this could stimulate a worthwhilediscussion as to the differences in story and illustration.

a Mitgutsch. Al1..4 Knight's. Book. Translated from the German by Elizabeth D. Crawford.Chu-ion. 1991. Grades 2-6.

Young Squire Woiflieb narrates the adventures of his knight,light, Sir Frank von Fidelstein. Thecombination of lively storytelling, bright illustrations, and informative endpapers will interest childrenm learning about medieval times.

a San Souci. Robert D. Illustrated by Daniel Home. Young Merlin.Doubleday, 1990. Grades 2-4.

San Souci creates a childhood for Merlin in a story that follows the young man until he meets TitherPendragon and magically creates the circle at Stonehenge.

Also by Robert D. San Solid and illustrated by lamicliae l 11enterly is Young Guinevere.Doubieday, 1993.

a, Service. Pamela F. Illustrated by Laura Marshall. Wizard of Wind and Rock.Atheneum. 1990. Grades 1-4.

Merlin is born and comes into his powers in this picture story that ends when the maOcian is still achild; contrast this book with San Soucfs, above.

a Talbott. Hudson. King Arthur: The Sword in the Stone.

6 PCLre'r BaCt aicen.30-1.

The Historical ArthurWe can be fairly certain that, sometime around the late fifth to early sixth centuries, a powerful man namedArthur lived in what is now England. He was not, however, a king, much less a king of all Britain. Thehistorical Arthur, a Romanized Briton named Artorius, was a war general (dux bellorum) who lived around500 AD.

When the Roman troops pulled out of the British Isles in 449, they left behind a culture which had been, to asignificant degree, Romanized. Since the prominent power in the region was gone. the fate of Britain was upin the air--free for the taking.

The Danes began harrying the British countryside and the eastern shores. The native Britons invited theSaxons, a group from what is now northern France and Germany, to use the eastern shores for part of the yearfor fishing, etc. The Britons had hoped that an alliance with the Saxons, who were much stronger militarily.would protect them.

The first Saxons to enter Britain were lIorst and Ilengist in the 450-460's. They brought warriors to defendthe coast, and soon began to settle permanently. This brought about tensions between the Britons and theSaxons, and many small skirmishes were fought as the Saxons began spreading over the eastern part ofBritain.

The Britons and the Saxons sent their leaders to resolve the situation. They met in a large tent, and staggeredthemselves around the table so that every other person was a Briton, or a Saxon. On a signal, each Saxonpulled a dagger and killed the Briton to his left. With this slaughter of their leaders, the Britons were thowninto turmoil. The Saxons, on the other hand, continued to grow more powerful.

Then, sometime around 480, a cavalry leader named Artorius began to make raids on the Saxon villages.

At this time, neither the Britons nor the Saxons had a long bow, and armor, steel, and horses were scarce. Forthe first time, though, the cavalry of Artorius made use of a new invention- -the stirrup. Before the stirrup wasinvented, mounted soldiers were unable to brace themselves except by the force of their legs. Once a mountedman could brace his feet, he could put much more power and accuracy behind a blow. Mounted cavalry werenow able to rout far larger armies of foot soldiers. There is historical evidence of a battle. fought in Gaul, inwhich six mounted men with stirrups routed an army of two thousand foot soldiers.

Artorius' cavalry began to raid Saxon villages, camping a few miles from the village, then charging in withoutwarning in a lightning raid. They burned the Saxons' crops and houses, easily handled the defenders, and thenreturned to camp, safely out of reach of Saxon foot pursuit. These raids were unequivocably successful, andgreatly diminished Saxon power, although they were never driven off the island. A twenty-year peacefollowed, probably from about 500-520, which was known as the "Pax Arthuriana"--the Peace of Arthur. Thispeace led to the later conception of this period as a Golden Age, and gave rise to the legend of "King Arthur,king of all Britain."

One final bit of trivia: How can we be sure Arthur actually existed in this period? Sometimes answers comefrom the most common sources--before 520, according to baptismal records, hardly anyone was namedArthur, or a derivative of Arthur. After 520, a very large number of boys named Arthur suddenly appear in thebaptismal records. Circumstantial, you say? Certainly. But also convincing.

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There is an introduction to current theories about the Holy Grail written byChris Thornborrow. This is the abstract:

This article is a collection of theories concerning the Holy Grailand what it could be. The confusion arises because the word Grailis derived from the word graal which first appeared in turn of thefirst millenium (A.D.) prose and poetry. There is no confusionover the meaning of the word Graal, which was a dish or platterbrought to the table at various stages during a meal. However, thethings that the graal or grail has come to represent has changedfrom story to story throughout the words history. The first storyin which the word appears was written by Chretien de Troyes - "LeConte del Graal". Chretiens story was almost certainly based onan earlier one, but it is unknown what his actual source was or

his meaning of the word Graal. Chretien did not finish his storyand continuations and rewrites of the story are then free toembellish and invent as much as the authors saw fit. Now the Grailrepresents many different things to many different people. No onemeaning seems to explain all the strange events in the Grailstories. The reader will not find a definiti -ve answer. Nor will he

read all theories as some are obscure and not yet encountered inrlatail by the author_

'Who was Arthur ?

I This is a very complicated question. There is no known answer. The

O historical Arthur is shrouded in the mists of the Dark Ages. The best

description of what we know and do not know about Arthur is to be found in

'the introduction to:

The Encyclopaedia of Arthurian Legend , Ronan Coghlan (91)

What is certain is that Arthur was NOT a medieval King. The modern images of

Iknights in plate armour and a grand castle called Camelot are not historical

at all. We know very little historically speaking but Arthur was probably a

5th century warrior cheiftain who protected his peoples from invaders for a

time. The battle of Camlan is probably connected to Arthur. More than this

is pure conjecture, though there is an awful lot of conjecture.

A more modern approach to the question "Who was Arthur ?" might say that

history is irrelevant and that the mythology surrounding the legend is more

important. Even mythology is complex though and Arthur changes in stories

from a God-like Celtic King, through to a deflated early medieval monarch

and finally in modern times, to an ordinary man with an extra-ordinarily

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Camelot itself is, by some, believed to be at the site of Cadbury castle.

,This is a small village in Somerset some 15 or so miles south of

Glastonbury. All that remains today is a ringed hillfort with evidence of a

ilarge castle inside the outer walls. There have been some extensive

Illexcavations of the site, and there are detailed reports of thearchaeological dig available. This dig was undertaken by the Pendragon

'Society. From Cadbury you can see, on a clear day, the Glastonbury Tor. Once

again though, there is no definitive answer to this.

,What is Avalon ?

'Avalon is the place Arthur is said to have been taken to when he was dieing,

to be healed. There are lots of theories as to where Avalon might actually

have been. Some say it was not a geographical place, but a euphemism for the

111 otherworld. Of those that claim Avalon to have a modern geographicalequivalent, the most usual claim is Glastonbury.

Is the Grave at Glastonbury Genuine ?

In recent years the Arthurian legends have become very popular.One of the more intriguing aspects of the Arthurian legends dealswith the disappearance or death of King Arthur. In many accountsof the Arthurian legends, King Arthur was taken to the Isle of

Avalon to be healed, but what happened to him after reaching theisland remains a mystery. Some people say he lies in a caveawaiting the day he is once again needed. Others say King Arthurwas taken to Avalon and he died there. If this is true, surely hisremains were buried in or around the island of Avalon. Somescholars believe that Arthur was indeed buried at Avalon, which,according to these scholars, is now known as Glastonbury. In 1190monks at the Glastonbury abbey produced a tomb and a cross thatthey claimed belong to the late King Arthur. Since that time somedoubt has arisen about the validity of this claim.

Who was the Fisher King ?

IThe Fisher King is generally seen as the keeper of the Grail. He issometimes called the Rich Fisher/Angler. He might be an avatar of the Welsh

I hero/god Bran the Blessed. The Fisher king is the wounded occupant of theII Grail Castle in Chretien de Troyes's Perceval as well as in other works. The

nature of the Fisher King's wound varies, but is generally seen as some form

I of castration or other loss of fertility. In the various versions of thePerceval Saga, Perceval sees a procession while at the Grail Castle, but

I fails to ask questions despite his curiosity. P. later discovers that if heII had asked his questions, he would have discovered that the Fisher King was

rievi kMt /La 1.-tamett, frIrrarl trt nn nn the Grail Ouest.10

There may be one near contemporary Reference to Arthur in the poem Gododdin(AL. 600) which tells of a hero who although valiant was not as valiant asArthur. This may be a case of interpolation. The earliest undisputedreference to Arthur occurs in the Historia Brittonum by Nennius (A.D. 800)which left enough time for fact to mix with fancy.

Who are the main Characters and when Did they First Appear ?

ArthurGododdin epic, Attributed to Anerin (there is evidence of lateradditions), C. AD600 explicitly mentions Arthur. Geoffrey of Monmouthsets his reign at AD455 - 470.

GuinevereLife of Gildas, Caradoc, AD1130 mentions her simply as "Arthur's

Wife...", The Mabinogion names her ( and three other queens) asGwenhwyfar.

MerlinHistory of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth AD1136. Called"Myrddin" Geoffrey introduces Arthur's birth at Merlin's contrivance atTintagel. He also attributes Merlin with the feat of moving Stonehenge.

Mordredfirst called "Medraut" in the Anna les Cambriae attributed to Nenius

(10th C.)Morgan le Fey

History of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth AD1136. She is abenign healer who looks after Arthur.

ExcaliburMentioned only as "the sword in the stone" by de Boron c1200

Round TableMentioned by Wace in "Romance of Brutis" in 1155 in his Old French"translation" of Geoffrey of Monmouth.

CamelotChretien, 1160 - 80 first names Camelot. The site was thought to beCadbury Castle by Leyland 1542, modern thought has it at South Cadburywhere an archeological dig was held in 1966 67. See Alcock, L."Arthur's Britain" or "By South Cadbury, is that Camelot?" by the same

author.Avalon

Celtic myth in the 1st C AD has a banished god asleep in a cave on a

western isle. The Bretons introduced the concept of Arthur'simmortality and may be responsible for the name Avalon.

Galahad, Lancelot, etc (who named them all)Taliesin names the older companions in the 10th C. He forshadows theGrail Quest in "The Spoils of Annwfn". The Company of the Round Tablein snmathinn cInse to the nrpspnt form is fni Ind in HIP writinnc of rla

Append/ aKing Arthur Book

Idylls of the_ King_CamelotThe Crystal CaveThe_ Hollow. Hills_The Last EnchantmentThe Wicked DayA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's CourtMerlin- DreamsChild of the Northern SpringOliAen of the_Summer StarsGuinevere: The Legend in AutumnThe Acts of King Arthur and his KnightsTaliesin_Arthur

PendragonCamelot.Merlin and the DragonsBlack Horses for the KingA Broken Sword: A Novel of-the Return of King ArthurThe Forever KingThe Child Queen: The Tale of Guenever and King ArthurExcaliburLe Morte D' ArthurThe_ Road_to_CamlannThe Sword and the CircleThe Light Beyond the ForestSword at SunsetThe Lantern BearersThe Road to AvalonThe -Sword in the -StoneThe Book of MerlinThe_Hawk:s_Grey_FeatherGuinevereThe Chessboard Queen-Guinevere EvermoreThe_ FlixerThe Book of BrendanExcaliburThe Last PendragonWinter of Magic's ReturnTomorrow's MagicFirelordBeloved ExileThe_ ast RainbowInvitation to Camelot ( an anthology of stories)Hawk of MayKingdom of SummerIn. Winter's ShadowArther Rex

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TitlesTennysonTennysonMary StewartMary_ StewartMary StewartMary StewartMark TwainPeter DickinsonPersia WooleyPersia WooleyPersia WooleyJohn SteinbeckStephen. I awheadStephen LawheadStephen I awheadStephen LawheadJane - YolenJane YolenAnne McCaffreyMolly CochranMolly CochranNancy McKenzieCarol HeyerThomas MalloryRosemary St4cliffRosemary SutcliffRosemary SutcliffRosemary SutcliffRosemary SutcliffJoan WolfT.R_WhiteT. H. WhitePatricia_ KennealySharan NewmanShama NewmanSharan NewmanRobert NathanAnn CurrySanders_ Anne_ LaubenthalRobert RicePamela F. ServicePamela F. ServiceParke_ GodwinParke GodwinParke GodwinParke GodwinGillian BradshawGillian BradshawGillian BradshawThomas Berger

Kin 4Di Arthur novels Final Assignment

Complete both activities

1._ in a_ well de_velnped_five_ paragraph essay with specific examples_ancL referen ces,please prove that your novel is a medieval romance. Begin with a shortened version ofyour summary and_state your focus Then, with weldeveloped paragjaphs_and goodtransitions between these paragraphs, describe three of the categories of a medievalromance_withexarnples_from_th.e_naveLthat illustrate these three categnries,Thecategories are supreme love, chivalry, spontaneous fighting, aimless adventure, quest,hierarchy, magic_ and fantasy, narrali ion.

2.Create a board game which reflects the novel's plot. This board game needs to havethe_title_of your book on it, must provide clear instructions for the game_along.with theappropriate age level of those playing the game, and be housed in a board game boxsa that =ad_ tlae_ pieces_ will laecome_ Be_creative_and colorful!! We_wi I l spendtime_ in class playing. these_ games_

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Summary of King Arthur NovelPlease complete_ awe_ page_ summary of your navel's plot For all general statements,provide a specific reference or example from the novel. These summaries will be usedtwice.

I _You_ will use_the_ summary. for a_smail grcuip_antivity. in. class as_welao,k fordiscrepencies and differences among all of the novels read.

2Yau_ will use_the_ summary as_ partat your final essay on the navel that_you_read._

* Thou- shalt believe- all the- church- tcaches- and observe- all itsdirections

* Thou- shalt defend the church* Thou shalt respect all weaknesses and shalt constitute thyself thedefender of them

* Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast born* Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy* Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without cessation and withoutmercy

* Thou shalt perform scrupulosuly the feudal duties, if they be notcontrary to the laws of God

* Thou shalt never lie and remain faithful to thy pledged word* Thou shalt be generous and give largesse (?) to everyone* Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and Good

and the foe of Injustice and Evil

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110 7011 I I, 0 IN 401070 ill OM 11111414 44,144 4,1111111111111

Codes of Honor

Legends of Arthur( ,,,,, I ,,,

PP )(-Honor and loyalty were the ideals, and so-called courtly love the presiding geniusCourtly love required its disciple to be in achronically amorous condition, and largessewas the necessary accompaniment.

Prowess was not mere talk, for the functionof physical violence required real stamina. Tofight on horseback or foot wearing 55 poundsof plate armor, to give and receive blows withsword or battle-ax that could cleave a skull orslice off a limb at a stroke, to spend half of lifein the saddle through all weathers and fordays at a time, was not a weakling's work.

Loyalty, meaning the pledged word, waschivalry's fulcrum. The extreme emphasisgiven to it derived from the time when apledge between lord and vassal was the onlyform of government. A knight who broke his

SHumanitiesvarious legends.of*,

King Arthur and;his court became,cpsconnected Frith* new concept ofhc1*wary...Different

A.veisions),dgieloPeiediffeielit=N4'''narcanKtoliffittilVditliiltai

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by Barbara Tuchman

Chivalry was a moral system governingthe whole of noble life. It developedat the same time as the great cru-

sades of the 12th century as a code intendedto fuse the religious and martial spirits andsomehow bring the fighting man into accordwith Christian theory. A moral gloss was need-ed that would allow the Church to toleratethe warriors in good conscience and the war-riors to pursue their own values in spiritualcomfort. A code evolved that put the knight'ssword arm in the service of justice, right,piety, the Church, the widow, the orphan, andthe oppressed.

Chivalry developed its own principles.Prowess, that combination of courage,strength, and skill, was the prime essential.

88 UNIT ONE: MEDIEVAL LITERATURE

IVAI,oath was charged with "treason" for betrayingthe order of knighthood. The concept of loy-alty did not preclude treachery or the mostegregious trickery as long as no knightly oathwas broken.

Chivalry was regarded as a universal orderof all Christian knights, a trans-national classmoved by a single ideal, much as Marxismlater regarded all workers of the world. It wasa military guild in whichall knights weretheoreticallybrothers.

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HE REGAL KING ARTHUR

IS PORTRAYED IN

THIS DETAIL FROM A

FRENCH TAPESTRY.

ABOUT 1385.

In the performance of hisfunction, the knight must beprepared, as John of Salisburywrote, "to shed your blood foryour brethren and, if needsmust, to lay down your life."

Fighting filled the noble'sneed of something to do, a wayto exert himself. It was his substi-tute for work. His leisure timewas spent chiefly in hunting,otherwise in games of chess,backgammon, and dice, insongs, dances, pageants, andother entertainments. Longwinter evenings were occupiedlistening to the recital of inter-minable verse epics. The sword offered theworkless noble an activity with a purpose, onethat could bring him honor, status, and, if hewas lucky, gain. If no real conflict was at hand,he sought tournaments, the most exciting,expensive, ruinous, and delightful activity ofthe noble class.

Tournaments started without rules or listsas an agreed-upon clash of opposing units.Though justified as training exercises, theimpulse was the love of fighting.

If tournaments were an acting-out ofchivalry, courtly love was its dreamland. Courtlylove was understood by its contemporaries tobe love for its own sake, romantic love, truelove, physical love, unassociated with propertyor family, and consequently focused on anoth-er man's wife, since only such an illicit liaisoncould have no other aim but love alone.

As its justification, courtly love was con-sidered to ennoble a man, to improve him inevery way. It would make him concerned toshow an example of goodness, to do hisutmost to preserve honor, never letting dis-honor touch himself or the lady he loved.

If the fiction of chivalry molded outwardbehavior to some extent, it did not, any morethan other models that man has made forhimself, transform human nature. Yet, if thecode was but a veneer over violence, greed,and sensuality, it was nevertheless an ideal, asChristianity was an ideal, toward which man'sreach, as usual, exceeded his grasp.

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Interdisciplinary Study 89

1

Coat of Arms Protect

Nlaw that_you have_had_timeta view the. examples of coats of arms_from the_meciievaltime period, you are going to create your own. Please follow these steps to completethis-task.

Remember ,_ that themedieval knight_prouriof. his_heritage_hia ancLhis_cievation toduty, displayed his personal heraldic shield, a colorful coat of arms. This carefullyconstructed design immediately indicated taany_obsetver those elements_o_f his lifethat wer most important to him.

'I_ In class you_will trace yourself ancLcreate &visual thaLaccurately depicts who_youare and how you want to be viewed by others. To do this, make sure that the clothingyou_draw_for yourself and_the_ohjects and hackground_alLcontribute to_thapersona ofwho you are and how you want to be presented to others.

We will spend tim e_ discus.sing these_ vi suals_ and the purpose of a_co_at_of arms inclass.

3__Ta create your coat of arms,_ you may. use poster hoard, cloth_ material cardboard,hand drawn artwork, computer generated artwork, or cut outs from magazines.Please makethecnat of_ arms_AT LEASt_tt x_11 in_si7p and divide itinto_threecategories. Your coat of arms should reflect the following criteria:

three_words_that_descrihe your psrsonaLcharacteryour accomplishments/achievements

future_ goal or dream

18

Imm

Am

u_ a

m A

m. J

AN

KL

AIi

ii11

1111

1141

1111

11L

fillr

111

1rV

IE&

Vol

-re

a__ tr

ue m

anag

emen

t may

seem

to b

e a

20th

-cen

tury

conc

ept,

devi

sed

to h

elp

us c

ope

with

bus

y an

dof

ten

over

load

ed li

ves.

The

idea

, how

ever

, is

foun

d m

uch

earl

ier,

in a

dvic

e gi

ven

wom

en a

ndw

ives

in th

e B

ook

of H

usba

ndry

(c.

153

3): "

Itm

ay f

ortu

ne s

omet

imes

that

thou

sha

lt ha

ve s

om

any

thin

gs to

do,

that

thou

sha

lt no

t wel

lkn

ow w

here

to b

egin

." D

o no

t des

pair

, the

wom

an is

told

, but

"ta

ke h

eed

whi

ch th

ing

shou

ld b

e th

e gr

eate

st lo

ss if

' it w

ere

not d

one"

;th

at is

, pri

oriti

ze a

ccor

ding

to w

hich

task

ism

ost i

mpo

rtan

t. T

his

seem

s lik

e go

od, p

ract

i-ca

l adv

ice

for

med

ieva

l wom

en f

or w

hom

wor

kw

as p

lent

iful

and

tim

e sh

ort O

EM

xExa

mpl

es f

rom

ord

inar

y liv

esat

test

to th

e en

trep

rene

uria

lsk

ills

of m

edie

val w

oman

, to

her

tale

nt f

or m

anag

ing

man

y jo

bsbo

th w

ithin

and

out

side

the

hom

e.C

onsi

der

a fe

w o

f th

e du

ties

of th

em

edie

val f

arm

wif

e, a

s to

ld in

a c

on-

tem

pora

ry c

ondu

ct b

ook:

"It

is a

wyv

es o

ccup

atio

n to

win

now

all

man

er o

f co

rnes

(gr

ain)

, to

mak

em

alt,

to w

assh

e an

d w

ryng

e, to

mak

eha

y, to

she

ar c

orne

.... A

nd to

go

orry

de to

the

mar

ket t

o se

ll bu

tter,

che

ese,

myl

ke, e

gges

, chi

cken

s, c

apon

s, h

ens,

pigs

, gee

se &

al m

anne

r of

cor

nes.

And

als

o to

buy

e al

l man

ner

of n

eces

-sa

ry th

inge

s be

long

ynge

to th

e ho

use-

hold

, and

to m

ake

a tr

ue r

ecko

ning

and

acco

unt t

o he

r hu

sban

d w

hat s

heha

th r

ecei

ved

and

wha

t she

hat

h pa

id:'

From

this

sm

all b

ut d

etai

led

prof

ile,

we

can

glea

n th

at th

e fa

rm w

ife

was

prod

ucin

g go

ods

not o

nly

for

her

imm

edia

te f

amily

and

per

haps

for

the

man

or h

ouse

in th

e ar

ea, b

ut a

lso

for

sale

in th

e m

arke

tpla

ce, a

nd th

at s

hew

as e

duca

ted

enou

gh to

acc

ount

for

mon

ey s

pent

and

ear

ned.

edie

val w

omen

gen

eral

ly w

ere

enco

urag

ed to

und

erst

and

inco

me

and

fina

nces

: By

the

13th

cen

tury

,w

omen

wer

e in

volv

ed in

all

leve

ls o

f tr

ade,

as

inve

stor

s in

ove

rsea

s co

mm

erce

, as

tow

n sh

op-

keep

ers,

and

as

owne

rs o

f sm

all b

usin

esse

sru

nfr

om th

eir

hom

es. N

oble

wom

enw

ere

also

enco

urag

ed to

kee

p ca

refu

l fin

anci

al r

ecor

dsan

d to

und

erst

and

"how

to m

ake

use

of th

eir

reve

nues

and

pos

sess

ions

. Eve

ry la

dy o

f su

chra

nk...

oug

ht to

kno

w h

ow m

uch

her

annu

alin

com

e is

and

how

muc

h th

e re

venu

e fr

om h

erla

nd is

wor

th."

Thi

s co

unse

l com

es f

rom

the

Lim

. des

Tro

is V

edas

(c.

140

5), w

ritte

n by

Chr

is-

tine

de P

isan

as

a pr

actic

al h

andb

ook

for

wom

en. O

ne p

iece

of

advi

ce g

iven

by

Chr

istin

eto

the

prin

cess

rin

gs w

ith p

artic

ular

poi

gnan

cyin

toda

y's

econ

omy:

"Sh

e w

ill w

ish

toow

eno

thin

g; s

he w

ill p

refe

r to

man

age

with

less

and

to s

pend

her

mon

ey m

ore

mod

erat

ely:

'

in C

hauc

er's

Can

terb

ury

Titl

es, t

he W

ife

of B

ath

mak

es th

e po

int t

hat i

f w

omen

, not

mon

ks,

had

wri

tten

hist

ory,

the

text

wou

ld b

eve

rydi

ffer

ent.

It is

onl

y re

cent

ly th

at s

chol

ars

have

begu

n to

rec

over

and

res

tore

por

trai

ts o

f m

edie

-va

l wom

en th

at w

ere

form

erly

lost

or

obsc

ured

.G

limps

es o

f th

ese

wom

en m

ay b

e fo

und

in w

ills,

lette

rs, c

hron

icle

s, m

anor

and

cen

sus

reco

rds,

and

lega

l doc

umen

ts, a

s w

ell a

s in

lite

rary

and

relig

ious

text

s. I

llum

inat

ions

fro

m m

edie

val m

an-

uscr

ipts

are

als

o va

luab

le h

isto

rica

l sou

rces

, giv

-in

g in

form

atio

n ab

out w

omen

's o

ccup

atio

ns, t

heho

me,

tool

s an

d w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

, and

dre

ss.

The

pic

ture

s in

this

cal

enda

r ar

e ta

ken

from

a v

arie

ty o

f m

anus

crip

ts, e

ach

with

its

own

agen

da a

nd c

onte

xt. A

llw

ere

prod

uced

in th

e la

ter

Mid

dle

Age

s, f

rom

1310

thro

ugh

the

earl

y 16

th c

entu

ry. M

any

illus

trat

ions

hav

e be

en d

raw

n fr

om th

e pa

ges

ofB

ooks

of

Hou

rs, p

raye

rboo

ks f

or p

riva

tede

votio

n us

ed p

rim

arily

by

the

laity

. We

have

also

con

sulte

d on

e of

the

grea

t pic

tori

al tr

ea-

3ure

trov

es o

f th

e la

ter

Mid

dle

Age

s. T

his

is D

cm

ulie

ribu

s A

llis

("O

f Fa

mou

s W

omen

"), w

rit-

ten

by G

iova

nni B

occa

ccio

, whi

ch w

as w

idel

yill

ustr

ated

in m

anus

crip

ts o

f its

15t

h-ce

ntur

yFr

ench

tran

slat

ion,

Lc

&re

des

cle

rev

et n

oble

sfe

mm

es. A

lthou

gh B

occa

ccio

's te

xtfo

cuse

s on

cla

ssic

al w

omen

, the

illus

trat

ions

sho

w w

omen

in 1

5th-

cent

ury

setti

ngs

and

cost

umes

,re

flec

ting

late

med

ieva

l, ra

ther

than

cla

ssic

al, s

ensi

bilit

y; s

uch

pic-

ture

s he

lp to

re-

crea

te th

e re

aliti

esof

wom

en's

occ

upat

ions

. ME

The

rel

atio

nshi

p of

the

sour

ces,

whe

ther

pic

ture

or

text

, to

the

actu

al e

xper

i-en

ces

of m

edie

val w

omen

is c

ompl

i-ca

ted,

an

intr

icat

e da

nce

of f

act a

ndfi

ctio

n, p

erce

ptio

n an

d re

ality

.W

hile

muc

h ab

out h

er li

fe r

emai

nsto

be

unco

vere

d, th

e m

edie

val w

oman

is n

o lo

nger

an

abse

nt p

rese

nce

in o

urim

agin

atio

ns. S

he is

, ins

tead

, a li

v-in

g, v

ital p

erso

n, a

n ac

tive

and

pro-

duct

ive

mem

ber

of' h

er c

omm

unity

,w

ho is

mor

e fu

lly, i

f st

ill n

ot c

om-

plet

ely,

see

n. I

n th

e pa

ges

of th

is c

alen

-da

r, w

e br

ing

you

the

med

ieva

l wom

anat

wor

k an

d at

pla

y, a

nd w

e in

vite

you

to s

hare

in h

er m

any

acco

m-

plis

hmen

ts, w

hich

hel

ped

to s

hape

her

wor

ld a

nd o

ur o

wn.

WIN

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

M A

PI20

21

(PPE

. N.H A

four

teen

th-c

entu

ry c

otta

ge in

Hag

bour

ne, B

erks

hire

. with

acr

uck

stru

ctur

e. T

he li

ttle

shed

und

er th

e ea

ve a

t the

left

is a

muc

hla

ter

addi

tion.

1.

'

they

sen

d fo

r th

e lo

rd, t

he p

aris

h pr

iest

and

the

mos

t tru

st-

wor

thy

and

sens

ible

tena

nts

from

eac

h vi

llage

in it

and

que

s-tio

n th

em. T

hey

have

to s

wea

r so

lem

nly

to te

ll th

e tr

uth

and

can

be p

unis

hed

for

lyin

g or

for

conc

ealin

g us

eful

info

rmat

ion.

John

's h

ome

John

's c

otta

ge is

one

of t

he b

igge

st in

the

villa

ge, a

nd s

tand

sin

a la

rge

gard

en w

ith fr

uit t

rees

, a v

eget

able

pat

ch a

nd b

ee-

hive

s. A

lice

has

a sm

all f

low

er g

arde

n, w

here

she

gro

ws

swee

t-sm

ellin

g flo

wer

s, li

ke la

vend

er, a

nd h

erbs

to b

e us

edfo

r co

okin

g an

d pr

eser

ving

.

How

it w

as b

uilt

John

bui

lt th

e co

ttage

him

self,

with

the

help

of h

is k

insm

an,

the

villa

ge c

arpe

nter

, and

the

that

cher

from

the

next

vill

age.

As

ston

e is

exp

ensi

ve to

qua

rry,

cut

and

tran

spor

t, it

is m

ade

out o

f mat

eria

ls a

vaila

ble

loca

lly -

str

ong

bran

ches

and

trun

ks o

f tre

es o

n th

e as

sart

; tw

igs

and

thin

ner

bran

ches

from

the

near

by W

oods

-and

-com

mon

land

, and

cla

y fr

om a

cla

ypit

near

the

villa

ge.

8

The

fram

e at

eac

h en

d of

the

cotta

ge is

mad

e of

two

very

stro

ng th

ick

bran

ches

of b

ak p

ropp

ed in

a tr

iang

le-s

hape

.T

his

shap

e is

cal

led

a `c

ruck

' and

,so

the

cotta

ges

built

inth

is p

atte

rn a

re k

now

n as

`cr

uel c

otta

ges'

. The

bas

e of

eac

hbr

anch

is fi

xed

tight

ly in

to h

oles

in th

e gr

ound

and

ear

th a

ndst

ones

arc

pac

ked

tight

rou

nd th

em a

nd b

ange

d do

wn

hard

.T

wo

of th

ese

'cru

ck' f

ram

es a

re s

et fa

r en

ough

apa

rt to

form

the

two

end

wal

ls o

f the

cot

tage

and

two

mor

e ar

e pu

t up

betw

een

them

, so

that

the

build

ing

is m

ade

up o

f thr

ee `

bays

'or

spa

ces

betw

een

the

cruc

ks. E

ach

spac

e is

abo

ut 1

2 fe

et(4

met

res)

long

. Lon

g, s

trai

ght t

rimm

ed b

ranc

hes

are

laid

alon

g th

e to

p to

form

the

mai

n ra

fter

and

then

oth

er b

ranc

hes

used

to m

ake

the

side

fram

es.

Whe

n th

e fr

amew

ork

of th

e co

ttage

was

rea

dy, A

lice

and

the

two

boys

fille

d in

the

gaps

bet

wee

n th

e po

sts

and

beam

sw

ith `

wat

tle a

nd d

aub'

thin

ner

bran

ches

inte

rwov

en w

ithpl

iabl

e tw

igs

(like

will

ow),

ree

ds a

nd g

rass

, and

pla

ster

ed w

ithm

ud o

r cl

ay to

kee

p ou

t the

win

d. T

he w

hole

bui

ldin

g w

asth

atch

ed b

y th

e th

atch

er, w

ho c

ut r

eeds

from

the

river

side

and

mix

ed th

em w

ith s

traw

bef

ore

pegg

ing

and

tyin

g th

emfir

mly

to th

e ro

of.

In s

pite

of a

ll th

e fa

mily

's e

ffort

s, th

e co

ttage

is n

ot p

ar-

ticul

arly

-str

ong

or_w

eath

er r

oaan

d d-

eism

1,1s

antA

ari e

rof In

side

the

cotta

geIn

side

the

cotta

ge a

re tw

o ro

oms.

The

sm

alle

r ha

s on

ly o

neba

y an

d a

loft

abov

e. It

. is

used

for

a st

orer

oom

and

sta

ble,

whe

re J

ohn

keep

s hi

s ox

en, h

is w

ife's

chi

cken

s, a

nd o

cca-

sion

ally

his

pig

s. H

e st

ores

hay

, gra

in, a

nd fr

uit i

n th

e lo

ft.O

n th

e gr

ound

floo

r he

kee

ps b

arre

ls o

f bee

r, tu

bs o

f sal

ted

fish

(for

Len

t) a

nd s

alte

d m

eat,

a fe

w le

athe

r bu

cket

s, s

ome

smal

l woo

den

barr

els

or 't

uns'

and

all

his

farm

-too

ls, a

s w

ell

as s

ome

thic

k le

athe

r gl

oves

and

the

horn

he

wea

rs in

his

bel

tw

hen

he is

out

on

the

land

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

I11

MI

=I

MN

NM

22

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25

The

larg

er r

oom

is w

here

the

fam

ily li

ve, c

at a

nd s

leep

.It

is w

arm

ed b

y a

fire

in th

e ce

ntre

of t

he r

oom

; the

re is

noch

imne

y an

d th

e sm

oke

esca

pes

thro

ugh

a ho

le in

the

roof

.T

he fi

re is

als

o fo

r co

okin

g an

d fo

r lig

ht. T

here

isve

ry li

ttle

furn

iture

and

it is

ver

y pl

ain

and

sim

ple:

thre

e-le

gged

sto

ols,

a tr

estle

tabl

e (m

ade

up o

f fla

t top

and

two

sets

of l

egs,

whi

chca

n be

take

n do

wn

and

put a

way

afte

r m

eals

) an

d tw

o la

rge

woo

den

ches

ts. T

here

are

no

bcds

at n

ight

the

fam

ily b

ring

out m

attr

esse

s st

uffe

d w

ith s

traw

and

put

them

nea

r th

e fir

ean

d co

ver

thei

nsel

ves-

with

-co

arse

-line

n sh

eets

and

she

ep-

skin

s fo

r w

arm

th. T

he s

heet

s ar

e a

grea

t lux

ury;

mos

t poo

rfa

mili

es h

ave

only

ver

y ro

ugh

woo

llen

blan

kets

or

just

ani

mal

skin

s fo

r be

d-co

vers

.S

heet

s, s

kins

and

clo

thes

are

kep

t in

the

larg

er o

f the

two

ches

ts. T

he s

mal

ler

cont

ains

som

e of

Joh

n's

mos

t pre

ciou

spo

sses

sion

s -

six

pew

ter

plat

es a

nd s

poon

s an

d tw

o br

ass

pots

. The

se a

re b

roug

ht o

ut o

nly

on v

ery

spec

ial o

ccas

ions

.G

ener

ally

, Alic

e us

es w

oode

n sp

oons

and

pot

tery

bow

ls.

Her

pes

tle a

nd m

orta

r (f

or g

rindi

ng a

nd c

rush

ing

herb

s, e

tc.)

are

mad

e of

woo

d, a

nd h

er g

reat

ste

wpo

t or

caul

dron

is ir

on.

John

and

his

fam

ily c

at v

ery

sim

ple

food

. The

y ca

nnot

10

affo

rd to

buy

impo

rted

win

e an

d su

gar

and

spic

es, n

or c

anth

ey a

fford

mea

t ver

y of

ten.

The

few

ani

mal

s th

ey k

eep

are

used

mos

tly fo

r fa

rm w

ork

and

are

not b

red

For

mea

t. T

houg

ha

few

oxe

n, c

owS

and

shee

p ar

e ki

lled

off i

n th

e au

tum

n an

dth

e m

eat s

alte

d, it

is b

ecau

se th

ey c

ost t

oo m

uch

to fe

eddu

ring

the

win

ter.

The

mos

t usu

al m

eat f

or a

pea

sant

fam

ilyco

mes

from

. pig

s, a

s sm

oked

ham

.or

baco

n. E

ven

whe

n it

ispr

eser

ved

in s

alt,

the

mea

t doe

s no

t kee

p fr

esh

for

very

long

and

ofte

n th

e ba

d ta

ste

has

to b

e di

sgui

sed

by o

nion

or

garli

csa

uces

. Fis

h is

a r

are

trea

t, to

o, b

ecau

se th

e lo

rd d

oes

not

allo

W fi

shin

g in

the

river

, and

sea

fish

, als

o pr

eser

ved

in s

alt,

arc

expe

riSiv

e. J

ohn

does

som

etim

es b

uy s

alte

d he

rrin

gs o

ree

ls d

urin

g Le

nt b

ut g

ener

ally

he

and

Alic

e an

d th

e bo

ys li

veof

f rye

bre

ad a

nd v

eget

able

ste

ws

mad

e fr

om o

nion

s,ga

rlic,

peas

,be

ans,

leiil

ils a

nd c

abba

ge. T

heir

prot

ein

com

es fr

omgo

at's

or

ewe'

s m

ilk c

hose

. -T

hey

drin

k m

ilk, a

le m

ade

from

barle

y or

Mea

d fr

om h

oney

.Jo

hn g

row

s m

ost o

f his

ow

n fr

uit a

nd v

eget

able

s in

the

gard

en r

ound

the

cotta

ge a

nd h

e al

so k

eeps

bee

s th

ere.

lie

tend

s th

ere

very

car

eful

ly fo

r th

ey a

re v

alua

ble;

hon

ey is

the

com

mon

mea

ns o

f sw

eete

ning

food

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

26

MI

MI

MI

OM

MI

I=

27

Thi

s pi

ctur

e of

bee

s an

d hi

ves

was

pai

nted

in a

bout

120

0. in

a'b

estia

ry' o

r bo

ok a

bout

ani

mal

s, b

irds

and

inse

cts.

The

hiv

esar

e do

me-

shap

ed a

nd m

ade

of p

laite

d st

raw

. Joh

n ha

s fiv

e or

six

hive

s an

d is

ver

y pr

oud

of th

em. T

he b

ees

find

thei

r po

llen

in th

efr

uit-

tree

blo

ssom

and

in th

e he

athe

r an

d go

rse

on th

e co

mm

onla

nd.

In th

e bi

tterly

col

d w

inte

r, th

is m

an is

gla

d to

com

e ho

me

to h

isw

arm

cot

tage

and

thaw

his

toes

by

the

fire.

The

iron

pot

sta

nds

onth

e he

arth

-sto

nes

and

his

wife

has

hun

g up

the

carc

ass

of th

e pi

ghe

kill

ed to

sm

oke

over

the

fire.

She

has

als

o m

ade

saus

ages

,as

we

can

see.

An

iron

caul

dron

and

ear

then

war

e ju

gs (

belo

w).

The

cau

ldro

n w

ould

hang

ove

r th

e fir

e w

ith a

cha

in th

roug

h its

han

dles

or

stan

d on

its

legs

on

the

hear

th s

tone

. The

jugs

, pro

babl

y ho

me-

mad

e, w

ere

used

for

milk

, bee

r or

wat

er. T

he s

impl

e de

cora

tions

wer

e m

ade

by s

crat

chin

g pa

ttern

s on

with

a s

tick

or b

y m

akin

g th

umb-

prin

tsin

the

wet

cla

y. A

ll th

ese

uten

sils

wer

e m

ade

in th

e th

irtee

nth

cent

ury

in E

ast A

nglia

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE11

28

MO

I=M

N M

NM

N M

IM

O E

llE

llO

M

29

t The

pea

sant

s' s

trip

s ar

e st

ill c

lear

ly v

isib

le in

this

pho

togr

aph

of fi

elds

at S

outh

New

ingt

on, O

xfor

dshi

re.

Dai

ly w

ork

on th

e la

ndN

early

all

the

men

, bot

h fr

ee a

nd u

nfre

e, s

pend

mos

t of t

heir

time

wor

king

in th

e co

mm

on fi

elds

gro

win

g.. c

rops

-for

-foo

d:'

Eve

ry y

ear,

one

of t

he fi

elds

is s

own

with

whe

at o

r ry

e fo

rbr

ead,

ano

ther

with

bar

ley

for

beer

and

som

e oa

ts fo

r th

eho

rses

, whi

le th

e th

ird li

es fa

llow

. The

fallo

w fi

eld

is n

ot s

own

at a

ll, b

ut is

giv

en a

yea

r's r

est;

the

villa

ge a

nim

als

graz

e on

it an

d fe

rtili

se it

with

thei

r m

anur

e.T

he fi

elds

are

div

ided

into

long

nar

row

str

ips.

Eac

h on

e is

a fu

rlong

in le

ngth

(fo

r th

at is

the

dist

ance

an

ox te

am c

anpl

ough

bef

ore

rest

ing)

, but

they

are

usu

ally

onl

y ab

out 2

0-24

feet

(7

or 8

met

res)

wid

e. E

ach

tena

nt h

as h

is o

wn

strip

s, a

llse

para

te a

nd s

catte

red

over

the

field

s. H

is s

trip

s ar

e eq

ually

divi

ded

betw

een

the

thre

e fie

lds,

so

that

he

has

a th

ird o

fth

em g

row

ing

whe

at o

r ry

e, a

third

of t

hem

gro

win

g ba

rley

and

oats

, and

a th

ird o

f the

m fa

llow

eac

h ye

ar.

As

a fr

eem

an, J

ohn

wor

ks a

lmos

t ent

irely

on

his

own

strip

s,an

d is

gen

eral

ly v

ery

busy

bec

ause

he

has

mor

e la

nd th

an m

ost

12

of h

is n

eigh

bour

s. T

he w

ork

follo

ws

a re

gula

r pa

ttern

acc

ord-

ing

to th

e se

ason

s.

The

aut

umn

John

's w

orki

ng y

ear

begi

ns in

the

autu

mn,

afte

r al

l the

har

vest

has

been

car

ted

hom

e. I

lis fi

rst j

ob is

to p

loug

h hi

s st

rips

inth

e fie

ld w

hich

has

bee

n ly

ing

fallo

w. H

e ha

s pl

ough

ed th

emse

vera

l tim

es a

lread

y in

the

sum

mer

, to

get t

hem

wel

l cul

-tiv

ated

and

to k

ill th

e w

eeds

. Now

he

plou

ghs

them

aga

in, a

ndso

ws

them

with

whe

at o

r ry

e fo

r ne

xt y

ear's

har

vest

, so

that

the

youn

g co

rn p

lant

s w

ill c

onic

up

and

get w

ell r

oote

d be

fore

win

ter

sets

in.

I le

sow

s th

e se

ed c

orn

by h

and,

thro

win

g it

soth

at it

falls

into

the

furr

ows

whi

ch th

e pl

ough

has

mad

e. T

hen

he h

arro

ws

the

land

flat

to c

over

up

the

seed

.Jo

hn p

loug

hs w

ith a

team

of o

xen

beca

use

they

are

str

ong

and

toug

h an

d co

st le

ss to

feed

than

hor

ses,

thou

gh th

eyar

e sl

ower

. The

oxe

n ar

e yo

ked

toge

ther

with

woo

den

yoke

san

d ha

rnes

sed

to a

hea

vy p

loug

h. T

he p

loug

h ha

s an

iron

coul

ter,

like

a b

ig k

nife

stic

king

dow

n in

to th

e so

il, to

cut

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

30

MO

OM

NM

OM

MO

OM

MI M

IN

31

Ore

;

el

r

Thi

s m

odel

of a

ver

y si

mpl

e ki

nd o

f plo

ugh

is b

ased

on

ath

irtee

nth-

cent

ury

draw

ing.

Ano

ther

plo

ugh,

mor

e lik

e th

e on

ede

scrib

ed b

elow

, can

be

seen

on

the

fron

t of t

he b

ook.

abov

e rig

ht: T

hres

hing

with

a 'f

lair,

whi

ch h

as a

woo

den

hand

lean

d a

beat

er jo

ined

in th

e m

iddl

e w

ith a

thon

g.

the

furr

ow a

way

at t

he s

ide;

then

an

iron

shar

e, li

ke a

tri-

angu

lar

knife

, whi

ch c

uts

it aw

ay fr

om th

e so

il un

dern

eath

it; a

nd th

en a

cur

ved

woo

den

mou

ld-b

oard

or

brea

st b

ehin

dth

e sh

are,

whi

ch tu

rns

itrig

ht o

ver

so th

atit

lies

upsi

dedo

wn.

John

som

etim

es p

loug

hs w

ith a

team

of t

wo

beas

ts, b

utso

met

imes

he

need

s as

man

y as

six

or

eigh

t. T

hen

he h

as to

borr

ow s

ome

from

his

nei

ghbo

urs

or fr

om th

e lo

rd, f

or h

e on

lyha

s tw

o or

thre

e hi

mse

lf.N

ext J

ohn

plou

ghs

his

strip

s in

the

field

whi

ch g

rew

whe

atan

d ry

e la

st y

ear.

Thi

s w

ill g

row

bar

ley

and

oats

nex

t yea

r,bu

t he

does

not

sow

it y

et. I

nste

ad, h

e le

ts it

lie

roug

h,in

gre

atcl

ods,

as

the

plou

gh h

as le

ft it,

all

thro

ugh

the

win

ter,

so

that

the

fros

t can

free

ze it

rig

ht th

roug

h. T

hen

each

tiny

dro

p of

wat

er in

side

it w

ill tu

rn in

to ic

e an

d sw

ell,

so th

at it

cra

cks

up

the

hard

soi

l aro

und

it, a

nd a

s so

on a

s th

e th

aw c

omes

the

clod

s w

ill c

rum

ble

dow

n in

to a

sof

t lev

el s

eed

bed

for

sow

ing

with

cor

n. In

this

way

Joh

n m

akes

the

fros

t do

the

wor

k of

culti

vatin

g th

e so

il fo

r hi

m.

Rut

Joh

n do

es n

ot s

pend

all

his

time

plou

ghin

g. E

very

wee

k,al

l thr

ough

the

autu

mn

and

win

ter,

he

thre

shes

out

som

e of

his

grai

n fr

om la

st y

ear's

har

vest

. He

uses

a fl

ail,

whi

ch h

asa

heav

y w

oode

n st

rikin

g pi

ece

2 in

ches

(5

cent

imet

res)

thic

kan

d 2

or 3

feet

(80

-100

cen

timet

res)

long

, hin

ged

with

eel

-sk

in to

an

even

long

er h

andl

e. H

e sp

read

s ou

t the

she

aves

of"

corn

on

the

woo

den

floor

of t

he b

arn,

and

wha

cks

them

as h

ard

as h

e ca

n w

ith th

e na

il, to

kno

ck th

e gr

ain

out o

f the

cars

. The

n he

fork

s up

the

stra

w a

nd s

prea

ds it

in th

e ca

ttle

yard

. Afte

r th

at h

e op

ens

the

big

door

s on

bot

h si

des

of th

eba

rn to

let t

he w

ind

blow

thro

ugh.

He

gath

ers

up th

e co

rn a

ndhi

ts o

f hus

k in

a b

ig s

hallo

w b

aske

t, an

d w

inno

ws

it, th

row

ing

it up

in th

e ai

r so

that

the

bits

of h

usk

blow

aw

ay, a

nd th

eco

rn, b

ecau

se it

is h

eavi

er, f

alls

hac

k on

to th

e ba

rn fl

oor.

Thi

s is

how

he

gets

rid

of t

he r

ubbi

sh m

ixed

up

with

the

corn

.W

inno

win

g is

qui

te li

ght w

ork,

but

thre

shin

g is

terr

ibly

har

dan

d ex

haus

ting,

and

it ta

kes

a st

rong

man

to d

o it.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

13

32

OM

MO

I=O

M M

I

33

he s

heph

erd

carr

ies

a st

rong

woo

den

staf

f and

wea

rs w

arm

clot

hes

suita

ble

for

stay

ing

outs

ide

durin

g th

e co

ld n

ight

s.N

otic

e th

e be

ll w

orn

roun

dth

e ne

ck o

f one

of t

he s

heep

.

The

win

ter

In N

ovem

ber,

the

villa

gers

turn

thei

r pi

gs o

ut o

n to

the

com

mon

land

and

into

the

woo

ds to

fatte

n th

em u

p fo

r th

ew

inte

r. P

igs

love

aco

rns

and

enjo

y ro

otin

g ar

ound

for

them

inth

e un

derg

row

th. M

ost o

f the

m a

re k

illed

off

in D

ecem

ber

and

salte

d, th

ough

som

e ar

e ke

pt fo

r br

eedi

ng n

ext y

ear.

Alic

e fin

ds c

uttin

g an

d sa

lting

the

carc

asse

s a

mos

t unp

leas

-an

t tas

k so

Joh

n he

lps

her

whe

n he

has

tim

e. T

hey

stor

e th

esa

lted

join

ts in

bar

rels

and

han

g so

me

of th

e le

gs o

ver

the

cotta

ge fi

re to

mak

e sm

oked

ham

s. A

few

cow

s ar

e ki

lled

and

salte

d, to

o, b

ut s

ome

have

to b

e ke

pt a

live

for

bree

ding

in th

esp

ring.

By

Chr

istm

as m

ost o

f the

win

ter

food

is r

eady

and

stor

ed, a

nd, a

part

from

the

salt

-fis

h, th

ey s

houl

d ha

ve a

ll th

eyne

ed.

Afte

r C

hris

tmas

, Joh

n an

d hi

s el

der

son

spen

d a

lot o

f the

irtim

e in

rep

airin

g th

e fe

nces

rou

nd th

e as

sart

land

and

atte

nd-

ing

to th

e he

dges

whi

ch h

ave

grow

n to

o hi

gh, a

nd to

o th

inat

the

botto

m, s

o th

at a

nim

als

can

get t

hrou

gh. T

hey

cut o

uta

lot o

f the

hed

ge-w

ood,

and

lay

the

rest

flat

, but

still

join

edto

its

root

s, fi

xing

it w

ith s

take

s, s

o th

at th

e he

dge

is lo

wer

but m

uch

thic

ker;

and

in th

e sp

ring,

whe

n th

e br

anch

es w

hich

have

bee

n la

id fl

at s

end

out n

ew s

hoot

s, it

will

be

thic

ker

still

.W

ith th

e lo

rd's

per

mis

sion

, Joh

n ca

n ta

ke a

way

the

bran

ches

and

brus

hwoo

d w

hich

hav

e be

en c

ut o

ut to

use

for

firew

ood.

A li

ttle

late

r on

, Joh

n so

met

imes

hel

ps th

e lo

rd's

she

pher

dw

ith th

e la

mbi

ng, w

hen

the

Iam

bs a

re b

orn

in th

e gr

assl

ield

san

d br

ough

t bac

k w

ith th

eir

mot

hers

to b

e ke

pt w

arm

in th

elo

rd's

she

epfo

ld. F

or th

is, o

f cou

rse,

Joh

n ge

ts p

aid.

So

long

as

the

mild

wea

ther

con

tinue

s, a

s it

som

etim

esdo

es a

fter

Chr

istm

as, p

loug

hing

can

go

on, a

nd J

ohn

may

begi

n to

plo

ugh

his

strip

s in

the

third

fiel

d, w

hich

was

bar

ley

and

oats

last

sum

mer

and

will

be

fallo

w n

ext s

umm

er. B

utw

hen

the

fros

t and

sno

w s

et in

, no

mor

e pl

ough

ing

can

he

14

Som

e of

the

tool

s Jo

hn u

ses

and

stor

es in

his

sta

ble.

Mos

t of

them

wer

e pa

ssed

on

from

his

fath

er b

ut th

e sc

ythe

is n

ewly

mad

e by

the

villa

ge s

mith

.

done

. Joh

n ha

tes

the

cold

, bec

ause

\vor

k ou

tsid

e be

com

esar

duou

s an

d m

iser

abk,

and

he

is a

lway

s w

et a

nd s

hive

ring.

Som

etim

es in

Jan

uary

and

Feb

ruar

y he

can

not w

ork

outs

ide

at a

ll. T

hen

he s

tays

at h

ome

and

men

ds h

is to

ols

and

help

sA

lice

with

the

brew

ing

and

wea

ving

; and

of c

ours

e th

ere

isal

way

s pl

enty

of t

hres

hing

to b

e do

ne in

the

barn

.T

owar

ds th

e en

d of

win

ter

life

can

be v

ery

hard

, esp

e-ci

ally

if a

ll th

e sa

lt m

eat h

as b

een

used

up,

and

ther

e is

onl

ybr

ead

and

chee

se to

eat

. Bes

ides

, if l

ast y

ear's

har

vest

was

a ha

d on

e, e

ven

brea

d m

ay b

e sh

ort,

and

John

and

his

fam

ilyin

ust b

e ca

refu

l not

to b

ake

and

cat t

oo m

uch

of it

in c

ase

the

whe

at a

nd r

ye to

mak

e it

from

sho

uld

run

out b

efor

e th

ene

xt h

arve

st c

onie

s.

The

spr

ing

John

beg

ins

to fe

el h

appi

er w

hen

sprin

g ar

rives

and

the

wea

ther

get

s w

arm

er, a

nd h

e ca

n go

out

in th

e fie

lds

with

out

laye

rs o

f ext

ra c

loth

es a

nd a

she

epsk

in c

ape

to k

eep

out t

heco

ld. N

ow, t

oo, t

here

is m

ore

food

for

the

cattl

e to

eat

, bec

ause

the

fres

h gr

ass

begi

ns to

gro

w; a

nd b

y A

pril

ther

e is

mor

efo

od fo

r Jo

hn a

nd h

is fa

mily

as

wel

l, be

caus

e th

e co

ws

and

ewes

and

goa

ts, w

hich

hav

e ha

d a

hard

time

all t

he w

inte

r,ge

t mor

e fo

od a

nd g

row

str

onge

r, g

ivin

g m

uch

mor

em

ilk.

Fro

m th

is ti

me

on. a

ll th

roug

h th

e sp

ring

and

early

sum

mer

,A

lice

can

mak

e la

rge

supp

lies

of b

utte

r an

d ch

eese

for

her

fam

ily.

As

soon

as

the

fros

t goe

s an

d th

e la

nd d

ries

a bi

t, Jo

hn g

ets

on w

ith m

ore

plou

ghin

g. In

the

field

whi

ch is

to g

row

bar

ley

and

oats

he

plou

ghs

his

strip

s ag

ain,

and

then

in M

arch

or

Apr

il, a

ccor

ding

to w

heth

er s

prin

g ha

s co

nic

early

or

late

, lie

sow

s th

em a

nd h

arro

ws

the

seed

inju

st a

s he

did

with

his

whe

at a

nd r

ye. P

erha

ps, t

oo, h

e so

ws

one

or tw

o of

his

str

ips

in th

is fi

eld

with

pea

s an

d be

ans.

EST

CO

PY A

ITA

34

NM

OM

I111

MI

35

!JJo

hn's

tool

sT

hese

pic

ture

s co

me

from

a fo

urte

enth

-ce

ntur

y ca

lend

ar.

The

spa

de is

woo

den

and

has

an ir

on r

im a

llar

ound

the

blad

e pa

rtto

mak

e di

ggin

gea

sier

. It h

as o

nly

one

side

for

the

digg

er to

put h

is fo

ot o

n (s

eeal

so p

age

18).

A fl

ail f

or th

resh

ing

corn

.T

his

show

s th

e jo

int c

lear

ly.

cs--

De

For

a jo

b lik

e w

eedi

ng h

ene

eds

stro

ng le

athe

rgl

oves

.(

()

A 'r

iddl

e' fo

rsi

fting

gra

in a

ndch

aff.

The

wee

ding

cro

tch

and

hook

are

for

clea

ring

was

te a

nd o

verg

row

nla

nd, o

r na

sty

wee

ds1.

4,1

like

this

tles.

Joh

n ho

lds

the

plan

t with

the

fork

edor

'cro

tche

d' s

tick

and

Acu

ts it

with

the

othe

r../1

The

woo

den

buck

etha

s an

iron

han

dle,

and

poss

ibly

iron

ban

dsar

ound

it a

s w

ell.

John

use

s a

bill

hook

totr

im h

edge

s.

To

cut t

he c

orn

he sick

le.

For

hay

or

long

gra

ss,

a sc

ythe

.

tr

The

bill

hoo

k, s

ickl

e an

dsc

ythe

all

have

iron

bla

des

and

woo

den

hand

les.

The

man

car

ries

the

seed

ina

stra

w o

r w

icke

r ba

sket

rou

nd h

isne

ck o

n a

clot

h or

a le

athe

r st

rap,

and

scat

ters

the

seed

by

hand

.O

ften

he ta

kes

a bo

y w

ith h

im a

nda

dog

to s

care

aw

ay th

e bi

rds,

who

sw

oop

dow

n an

d tr

y to

eat

the

corn

.

The

sum

mer

All

thro

ugh

the

sum

mer

ther

e is

a lo

t of w

ork

to h

e do

ne in

the

field

s. W

hile

the

corn

is s

till y

oung

Joh

n sp

ends

a g

reat

deal

of h

is ti

me

in w

eedi

ng it

, and

Alic

ean

d La

mbe

rt h

elp

him

.W

hene

ver

he c

an fi

nd th

e tim

e, h

ege

ts o

n w

ith th

e su

mm

erpl

ough

ing

of h

is s

trip

s in

the

fallo

wfie

ld, p

loug

hing

in th

ew

eeds

and

kill

ing

them

. By

the

end

ofth

e su

mm

er h

e ho

pes

tobe

rid

of a

ll th

e w

eeds

.Ju

ne b

egin

s th

e bu

sies

tse

ason

of t

he y

ear.

Firs

t com

esha

y ha

rves

t. Jo

hn m

ows

the

long

juic

y gr

ass

in h

is s

trip

s of

mea

dow

by

the

river

with

a sc

ythe

(se

e ab

ove)

. He

has

tobe

car

eful

,The

caus

e he

kee

ps th

ebl

ade

of th

e sc

ythe

very

shar

p. W

hen

the

gras

s ha

s be

encu

t, Jo

hn g

ets

Alic

e an

d al

lth

e fa

mily

to h

elp.

The

y fo

rk it

up in

to li

ttle

hayc

ocks

, tur

n-..

ing

the

hayc

ocks

over

two

or th

ree

times

a d

ay, s

o th

at th

e

EST

CO

PY A

VA

ILO

ILE

MIN

NIM

EN

IIIIM

IIIIII

IIM11

1111

1111

==

15

36

gras

s dr

ies

quic

kly

in th

e su

n an

d tu

rns

into

hay

whi

le th

eno

uris

hmen

t for

cat

tle is

stil

l in

it.T

hen

they

load

it o

n to

a ca

rt a

nd ta

ke it

hom

e to

mak

e in

toa

hays

tack

, to

be u

sed

all t

hrou

gh n

ext w

inte

ras

the

cattl

e ne

ed it

.In

Jul

y an

d A

ugus

t con

ies

the

corn

har

vest

. Joh

n cu

ts h

isba

rley

and

oats

, and

whe

at a

ndry

e w

ith a

sic

kle,

whi

ch h

asa

curv

ed s

teel

bla

de o

n it

shor

t woo

den

hand

le.

The

bla

deha

s a

saw

-too

thed

edg

e. J

ohn

puts

his

left

arm

aro

und

asm

uch

stan

ding

cor

n as

he

can

man

age

and

sque

ezes

it u

pto

geth

er. I

n hi

s rig

ht h

and

he h

as h

issi

ckle

, and

he

puts

its

curv

ed b

lade

rou

nd th

e st

ems

of th

eco

rn, a

nd th

en d

raw

s it

shar

ply

tow

ards

him

so

that

the

saw

teet

h cu

t the

ste

ms

one

by o

ne ti

ll th

ey a

re a

ll cu

t thr

ough

.T

hen

Alic

e ta

kes

the

corn

and

hind

s it

up in

to a

she

af, w

itha

hand

whi

ch s

he tw

ists

out

of s

traw

. Afte

r th

at th

e bo

ys s

tand

the

shea

ves

up, l

eani

ngth

em to

geth

er in

sto

oks,

or 's

hock

s' a

s so

me

peop

le c

all t

hem

,to

dry

in th

e w

ind

and

sun

and

finis

h th

eir

ripen

ing.

Whe

nth

e co

rn is

all

dry

and

ripe

the

shea

ves

are

cart

ed h

ome

tobe

mad

e in

to a

sta

ck, a

nd th

e st

ack

is th

atch

ed w

ith s

traw

toke

ep o

ut th

e ra

in. L

ater

on, J

ohn

will

take

the

shea

ves

out o

fth

e st

ack,

a fe

w a

t a ti

me,

and

grad

ually

thre

sh o

ut h

isco

rnth

roug

h th

e ne

xt w

inte

r as

he

did

thro

ugh

the

last

one

.T

he c

orn

mus

t not

he

cart

ed h

ome

befo

re it

is th

orou

ghly

dry,

or

it w

ill g

o ba

d in

the

stac

k.If

the

wea

ther

is li

ne a

ndsu

nny

at h

arve

st ti

me,

Joh

n an

d al

l his

fam

ily w

illha

ve to

wor

k ve

ry h

ard

in th

e fie

lds,

from

six

o'cl

ock

in th

e m

orni

ngor

eve

n ea

rlier

, all

thro

ugh

the

day

as lo

ngas

the

dayl

ight

last

s. A

lice

will

brin

g ou

t bre

ad a

ndch

eese

and

bee

r at

noo

nan

d in

the

even

ing

for

them

to e

at in

the

harv

est f

ield

, so

that

they

can

get

all

the

corn

har

vest

edqu

ickl

y an

d st

acke

d in

good

con

ditio

n. B

ut th

ey w

illno

t min

d ho

w h

ard

they

wor

k,be

caus

e th

ey k

now

that

if th

e w

eath

eris

fine

and

the

harv

est

is g

ot in

qui

ckly

it is

goi

ngto

be

a go

od o

ne a

nd th

ere

will

he

plen

ty to

cat

all

thro

ugh

the

win

ter.

Wha

t the

y ha

te is

a w

etha

rves

t, w

hen

they

can

't ge

t the

corn

cut

and

sho

cked

, rip

ened

16

A m

an is

har

vest

ing

with

a s

ickl

e (y

ouca

n se

e th

e te

eth

on th

ebl

ade)

, whi

le h

is w

ife g

athe

rs th

e cu

tco

rn. T

he lo

rd's

bai

liff s

tand

sov

er th

em to

mak

e su

re th

ey a

re w

orki

ng p

rope

rly.

and

cart

ed h

ome

for

so lo

ng th

atso

met

imes

itis

stil

l out

inth

e fie

lds

late

in S

epte

mbe

r, a

nd s

omet

imes

muc

h ne

ver

gets

cart

ed h

ome

at a

ll. T

he w

hole

life

of t

he v

illag

ede

pend

s on

ago

od h

arve

st, a

nd a

bad

har

vest

issu

re to

mea

n no

t get

ting

enou

gh to

eat

nex

t win

ter.

Itm

ay m

ean

real

fam

ine,

and

perh

aps

fam

ine

sick

ness

with

it,

so th

at m

any

peop

le w

illdi

e of

hun

ger

and

dise

ase.

Wha

t Joh

n pa

rtic

ular

ly d

islik

es is

that

on tw

o or

thre

e da

ysat

hay

time

and

two

or th

ree

days

at h

arve

st h

e an

dal

l his

fam

ily, e

xcep

t Alic

e, h

ave

to s

top

wor

kon

thei

r ow

n la

nd to

help

Lor

d R

ober

t to

get i

n hi

s ha

y an

d hi

sco

rn. I

t is

the

sam

efo

r ev

ery

fam

ily in

the

villa

ge, s

erf

or fr

ee, a

nd J

ohn

rese

nts

it bi

tterly

. It i

s ha

d en

ough

hav

ing

to d

o co

mpu

lsor

y w

ork

for

the

lord

like

a c

omm

on s

erf.

It is

wor

se h

avin

g to

do

it ju

stw

hen

you

are

busi

est o

n yo

urow

n la

nd, a

nd it

is w

orst

or

all

in a

yea

r w

hen

the

wea

ther

is h

ad, b

ecau

seLo

rd R

ober

t has

38

37B

EST

CO

PY A

VA

ILA

BL

E

MN

OM

NM

IIIII

MO

MI M

I OM

- I=

NM

MI=

A w

oman

milk

ing

a co

w w

hich

is te

ther

ed b

y a

rope

to a

woo

den

post

. The

milk

goe

s in

to a

woo

den

buck

et w

hich

has

aha

ndle

to h

old

it st

eady

. The

cow

is li

ckin

g its

cal

f.

Wom

enW

hile

Joh

n is

at w

ork

on th

e la

nd, h

is w

ife s

pend

s m

ost o

fhe

r tim

e w

orki

ng h

ard

hers

elf.

Like

her

hus

band

, she

get

sup

and

goe

s to

bed

acc

ordi

ng to

the

sun.

In w

inte

r th

e da

ysar

e sh

ort a

nd th

e fa

mily

sle

ep lo

nger

, bec

ause

it is

exp

ensi

veto

bur

n la

mps

or

cand

les,

and

they

do

not g

ive

enou

gh li

ght

to s

ew o

r m

end

tool

s by

. In

sum

mer

, whe

n th

e da

ys a

rc lo

nger

and

war

mer

, the

who

le fa

mily

get

s up

muc

h ea

rlier

, not

long

afte

r su

nris

e, a

nd th

ey r

est a

t mid

day.

Alic

e gi

ves

John

and

her

son

s a

brea

kfas

t of b

read

and

ale

and

then

tidi

es a

way

the

inat

fres

ses,

whi

ch c

an h

e st

ored

inth

e ha

ylof

t, or

pile

d on

top

of th

e bi

gges

t che

st. S

he h

as v

ery

little

'hou

sew

ork'

, as

the

cotta

ge is

so

smal

l, bu

t she

mus

t

22

swee

p th

e flo

or to

cle

ar a

way

the

bone

s an

d hi

ts o

f foo

d fr

omth

e ni

ght b

efor

e an

d pu

t dow

n ru

shes

or

stra

w o

n th

e flo

orto

kee

p it

clea

n an

d dr

y. S

he lo

oks

afte

r th

e ch

icke

ns, t

oo,

and

feed

s th

e bi

rds

with

gra

in a

nd h

ouse

hold

scr

aps.

The

yge

nera

lly s

crat

ch a

bout

in th

e ga

rden

by

day,

but

at n

ight

they

are

shu

t aw

ay in

the

stor

eroo

m, t

o pr

otec

t the

m fr

omfo

xes

and

from

thie

ves.

Bak

ing

and

brew

ing

Whe

n Jo

hn h

as ta

ken

his

grai

n to

he

grou

nd a

t one

of t

helo

rd's

two

mill

s, h

e br

ings

hac

k th

e ba

rrel

s or

sac

ks o

f flo

urto

his

%vi

le a

nd s

he h

akes

it in

to c

oars

e, d

ark

rye

brea

d. I

ler

own

cotta

ge is

not

big

eno

ugh

to h

ave

a br

ead

oven

(th

ough

she

can

mak

e Ila

t cak

es o

n a

hot b

akin

g-st

one

by th

e lir

e) a

nd

9B

EST

CO

PY A

VA

IIA

BL

E

40

MN

MN

MN

MO

M=

t-k

1110

11 IJ

t0R

019

0 Ja

L.n.

vt 1

.pt1

111

grin

d at

the

lord

's w

ater

mill

. Am

ule

carr

ies

the

heav

y sa

ck to

the

mill

. whe

re th

e gr

indi

ng w

heel

isch

ives

by

the

swift

-flo

win

g st

ream

.

geni

is a

friv

ith)d

Ictil

f.g1

die

so, l

ike

all h

er n

eigh

bour

s, s

he m

ust u

se th

e lo

rd's

bak

ehou

seup

beh

ind

the

man

or h

ouse

, whe

re th

ere

is a

hug

e ov

en. T

hevi

llage

wom

en ta

ke tu

rns

to b

ake

larg

e ha

tche

s of

loav

es,

care

fully

wat

ched

by

one

of th

e lo

rd's

ser

vant

s w

ho m

akes

sure

that

eac

h w

oman

pay

s th

e pr

oper

fee

Lord

Rob

ert

dem

ands

six

loav

es o

r a

smal

l sum

of m

oney

eve

ry ti

me

(he

oven

is u

sed.

Alic

e an

d he

r fr

iend

s gr

umbl

e ab

out t

his

a lo

t,bu

t the

y kn

ow it

is im

poss

ible

to m

ake

brea

d at

hom

e so

they

have

to d

o as

the

lord

tells

them

.O

nce

ever

y tw

o or

thre

e w

eeks

Alic

e br

ews

beer

. She

use

dto

hav

e to

bre

w it

at t

he m

anor

hou

se a

nd g

ive

Lord

Rob

ert

som

e ne

w a

le a

s a

fee,

but

now

the

new

cot

tage

is b

uilt

ther

eis

roo

m fo

r Jo

hn a

nd A

lice

to b

rew

and

sto

re th

eir

own

beer

.B

ecau

se it

is w

ell k

now

n fo

r its

flav

our

and

qual

ity, L

ord

Rob

ert s

till a

sks

for

a ga

llon

or s

o at

eac

h br

ewin

g, a

nd m

ore

at C

hris

tmas

and

har

vest

tim

e, b

ut n

ow h

e pa

ys A

lice

for

itin

cas

h, o

r, if

she

pra

ers;

exc

hang

es it

for

a sm

all a

mou

nt o

fpe

pper

or

spic

e. M

ost p

eopl

e dr

ink

a lo

t of b

eer

as th

ere

isn'

tm

uch

else

exc

ept w

ater

and

milk

. Som

etim

es w

omen

are

allo

wed

to s

ell t

he b

eer

they

hav

e br

ewed

and

ann

ounc

e th

efa

ct b

y ty

ing

a br

anch

or

hush

out

side

thei

r ho

uses

. Bef

ore

they

are

giv

en p

erm

issi

on to

sel

l, th

e al

e ha

s to

he

sam

pled

by

the

lord

's r

eeve

, or

perh

aps

the

abbo

t's b

ailif

f, to

mak

e su

reit

is r

eally

goo

d en

ough

. The

y al

so d

ecid

e on

a fa

ir pr

ice.

Itis

a te

mpo

rary

priv

ilege

and

doe

s no

t giv

e th

e se

ller

the

right

41

to ta

ke g

uest

s or

ope

n he

r ho

use

as a

n in

n. E

very

so

ofte

nth

ere

are

'ass

izes

of B

read

and

Ale

' at t

he m

anor

cou

rt, w

here

both

pro

duct

s ar

e te

sted

and

peo

ple

who

dar

e to

sel

l inf

erio

ror

bad

stu

ff ar

e 'p

unis

hed,

usu

ally

with

a fi

ne o

r by

bei

ngba

nned

from

sel

ling.

Trip

s to

the

bake

ry a

nd h

rew

hous

e, th

ough

har

d w

ork,

are

quite

fun

beca

use

Alic

e ca

n se

e he

r ne

ighb

ours

and

gos

sip

with

them

. She

als

o se

es Il

ictu

whe

n th

ey g

o to

the

stre

am to

was

h cl

othe

s. W

ashi

ng is

ver

y di

fficu

lt fo

r th

e or

dina

ry w

omen

and

ofte

n co

ld a

nd u

nple

asan

t, be

caus

e th

e on

ly w

ay to

get

thin

gs c

lean

is to

han

g th

em o

n st

one

slab

s by

the

stre

am a

nddr

y th

em o

ver

bush

es a

nd lo

w b

ranc

hes.

Som

e of

the

wom

enha

ve to

get

all

thei

r w

ater

from

the

stre

am, t

oo, b

ut J

ohn

and

Alic

e ha

ve th

eir

own

smal

l wel

l, a

grea

t ble

ssin

g an

d pr

ivile

ge.

Spi

nnin

g an

d w

eavi

ngA

part

from

this

wor

k w

here

she

mee

ts h

er n

eigh

bour

s, A

lice

spen

ds m

ost o

f her

tim

e at

hom

e an

d is

ver

y bu

sy a

ll da

y.W

hen

she

has

finis

hed

tidyi

ng a

nd p

repa

ring

mea

ls, a

ndm

akin

g th

e ch

eese

and

but

ter,

ther

e is

alw

ays

plen

ty o

f spi

n-ni

ng a

nd w

eavi

ng a

nd s

ewin

g to

do.

Alic

e m

akes

all

her

fam

ily's

clo

thes

her

self

from

thei

r ho

me-

prod

uced

woo

l.Jo

hn h

as a

few

she

ep o

f his

ow

n an

d m

ost o

f the

woo

l is

sold

to th

e ab

bot,

but s

ome

com

es s

trai

ght f

rom

the

shea

ring

toA

lice,

who

pre

pare

s it

and

mak

es it

into

rou

gh 'h

omes

pun'

clot

hes.

Firs

t of a

ll, s

he c

lean

s th

e ra

w w

ool w

ith a

'car

d'a

piec

eof

leat

her

stuc

k w

ith th

orns

or

bits

of w

ire, a

bout

the

sam

esh

ape

and

sizt

_a

hand

le-le

ss h

air

brus

h. S

he c

ombs

it o

ver

and

over

to g

et o

ut a

ll th

e kn

ots

and

impu

ritie

s. T

hen

she

spin

s it,

not

on

a w

heel

, but

on

the

smal

ler,

old

-fas

hion

edsp

indl

e or

dis

taff,

whi

ch s

he c

an tu

ck u

nder

her

arm

and

car

ryab

out w

ith h

er w

hile

she

look

s af

ter

the

chic

kens

or

wat

ches

the

pots

on

the

lire

or ju

st g

ossi

ps w

ith h

er fr

iend

s.T

hen

she

wea

ves

the

thre

ad in

to c

loth

on

a sm

all l

oom

whi

ch

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

2342

MI I

NN

I=N

MM

INII=

Car

ding

the

woo

l by

hand

bef

ore

spin

ning

. At t

he w

oman

's fe

et is

a ba

sket

with

diff

eren

t car

ds.

A w

oman

spi

nnin

g w

itha

dist

aff,

from

an

early

sixt

eent

h-ce

ntur

y dr

awin

g.

How

to s

pin

'I P

ull o

ut a

nd tw

ist f

ibre

s.

1.

2 T

ie th

read

tosp

indl

e, lo

opin

gro

und

notc

hat

top.

31 w

ist s

pind

le.

so th

at tw

istin

gn

runs

bac

kh)

inte

itwin

efib

res

pulle

d tw

inba

ll of

flee

ce.

----

---

,

,___

____

____

j...1

,

4 K

eep

spin

ning

, str

etch

ing

arm

; see

the

pict

ure

on p

.27.

5 W

ind

yarn

on

spin

dle:

1,'"1

-'s:

tr

star

t aga

in.

re'

,: '

...9i

iA

pic

ture

from

a li

fe o

f Jes

us (

abou

t A.o

. 130

0). W

e ca

n se

e ho

wi.,

,r.

,t'

clot

h w

as d

yed

at h

ome.

The

pie

ce o

f clo

th is

hun

g ov

er a

bar

susp

ende

d fr

om th

e ce

iling

and

let d

own

into

a la

rge

vat o

ver

the

.fir

e. T

he d

yer

poke

s it

dow

n w

ith a

big

woo

den

stic

k./

2443

..(

....

44B

ES

T C

OP

Y A

VA

ILA

BLE

Me

MIN

MN

MN

I=

is k

ept i

n th

e st

orer

oom

and

bro

ught

out

into

the

mai

n ro

oman

d pu

t clo

se to

the

bigg

er w

indo

w. A

lice

is p

art-

owne

r of

the

loom

. She

sha

res

it w

ith h

er s

iste

r-in

-law

, bec

ause

it c

ost a

lot

and

is q

uite

com

plic

ated

to r

epai

r. A

fter

it ha

s be

en w

oven

,t he

clot

h is

tram

pled

in w

ater

to s

hrin

k it

and

thic

ken

it an

d m

ake

it w

arm

. The

n it

is fl

atte

ned

with

a h

ot ir

on a

nd tr

imm

ed w

ithhu

ge m

etal

she

ars

and

then

Alic

e dy

es it

with

wat

er a

nd v

ege-

tabl

e dy

es in

a la

rge

pot.

The

mos

t com

mon

col

ours

arc

rat

her

slud

gy g

reen

s an

d br

owns

and

yel

low

s. R

eally

brig

ht b

lues

,re

ds a

nd p

urpl

es c

ome

from

the

expe

nsiv

e im

port

ed d

yes

whi

ch h

ave

to b

e bo

ught

in th

e to

wn.

Alic

e's

clot

h is

war

m a

ndha

rdw

earin

g an

d qu

ite g

ood

enou

gh fo

r ev

eryd

ay c

loth

es a

ndcl

oaks

and

bla

nket

s, b

ut w

hen

John

has

had

a r

eally

goo

d ye

ar,

and

the

whe

at h

as s

old

wel

l, he

can

affo

rd to

buy

pie

ces

ofex

tra

line

clot

h, p

rofe

ssio

nally

mad

e, a

nd A

lice

can

mak

e a

gow

n fo

r he

rsel

f and

tuni

cs fo

r Jo

hn a

nd th

e bo

ys.

Alic

e is

a ki

nd a

nd h

elpf

ul w

oman

, and

whe

n sh

e ca

n sp

are

the

time

from

look

ing

afte

r he

r ow

n fa

mily

she

vis

its s

ome

of th

eol

d te

nant

s in

the

villa

ge, p

eopl

e w

ho a

re n

o lo

nger

abl

e to

wor

k an

d w

ho h

ave

to r

ely

on th

e gi

fts o

f the

ir ge

nero

usne

ighb

ours

to s

tay

aliv

e. O

ne o

f the

i;--e

-WO

PIL

Tk

Alli

tcd,

on

ofR

oger

, who

foug

ht in

the

Cru

sade

s an

d te

lls L

ambe

rt w

onde

r-fu

l sto

ries

of h

is a

dven

ture

s in

the

I lol

y La

nd, w

hile

Alic

e tid

ies

up h

is ti

ny c

otta

ge a

nd m

akes

him

som

e br

oth.

She

als

o vi

sits

sick

nei

ghbo

urs

and

help

s ou

t whe

n sh

e ca

n. In

suc

h a

smal

lvi

llage

eve

ryon

e kn

ows

ever

yone

els

e an

d m

ost p

eopl

e ar

cfr

iend

ly a

nd h

elpf

ul to

thos

e in

nee

d or

trou

ble.

Chi

ldre

nT

he c

hild

ren

arc

busy

mos

t of t

he ti

me,

too.

The

re is

no

villa

ge s

choo

l and

mos

t chi

ldre

n ha

ve n

o fo

rmal

edu

catio

n at

all,

thou

gh th

ey a

re ta

ught

thei

r pr

ayer

s an

d th

e ba

sic

Chr

ist-

ian

belie

fs b

y th

e pa

rish

prie

st. S

ome,

if th

ey a

rc r

eally

kee

n,

MO

-

and

thei

r pa

rent

s ca

n af

ford

it, c

an h

ave

less

ons

from

the

prie

st,_

eith

er in

the

chur

ch, o

r w

hen

itis

too

cold

, in

the

prie

st's

hou

se n

earb

y. B

oth

John

's s

ons

have

had

that

cha

nce.

You

ng J

ohn,

nea

rly g

row

n up

now

, lea

rned

to r

ead

and

writ

e,in

Eng

lish

and

very

eas

y La

tin, a

nd to

do

acco

unts

, but

he

was

not r

eally

inte

rest

ed a

nd m

uch

pref

ers

to h

elp

his

fath

er o

n th

ela

nd. J

ohn

is w

illin

g to

let h

im h

elp

as m

uch

as h

e ca

n so

that

he c

an le

arn

all a

bout

farm

ing

from

exp

erie

nce.

Alre

ady

hepl

ough

s an

d ha

rrow

s hi

s fa

ther

's s

trip

s, h

elps

to w

eed

the

field

s an

d sh

ear

and

stac

k th

e ha

y an

d co

rn a

t har

vest

. He

ises

peci

ally

ent

husi

astic

abo

ut c

lear

ing

the

assa

rt a

nd c

ultiv

at-

ing

new

cro

ps th

ere.

You

ng J

ohn

will

, he

hope

s, in

herit

his

fath

er's

land

s on

eda

y, b

ut h

e w

ould

pre

fer

Lord

Rob

ert t

o gr

ant h

im s

ome

land

of h

is o

wn,

whe

n he

is o

lder

. Thi

s co

uld

be d

one

eith

er b

y ta

k-in

g so

me

of h

is fa

ther

's la

nds

and

letti

ng y

oung

Joh

n be

com

eth

e te

nant

, dire

ctly

res

pons

ible

to th

e lo

rd a

nd p

ayin

g hi

s ow

ndu

es a

nd s

ervi

ces,

or

by a

ccep

ting

him

as

the

heir

of h

is c

hild

-le

ss u

ncle

. Lor

d R

ober

t cou

ld d

o ei

ther

of t

hese

thin

gs if

he

wis

hed.

But

all

this

is in

the

futu

re a

nd fo

r th

e m

omen

t you

ngJo

hn is

con

tent

to w

ork

with

his

fath

er a

nd le

arn

all h

e ca

n.La

mbe

rt, J

ohn'

s yo

unge

r so

n, d

oes

not s

hare

his

bro

ther

'sam

bitio

ns. H

e en

joys

his

less

ons

with

the

prie

st fa

r m

ore

and

som

etim

es th

inks

that

he

wou

ld li

ke to

he

a pr

iest

whe

n he

grow

s up

. Thi

s w

ould

not

be

impo

ssib

le a

s m

any

of th

eor

dina

ry p

aris

h cl

ergy

, inc

ludi

ng th

eir

own

prie

st, F

athe

rI I

ugh

, com

e fr

om p

easa

nt fa

mili

es a

nd b

egan

thei

r ed

ucat

ion

in th

e sa

me

way

. If L

ambe

rt w

ere

real

ly s

erio

us a

bout

ent

er-

ing

the

chur

ch h

e w

ould

firs

t hav

e to

pro

ve th

at h

e w

as fr

ee-

born

. The

n he

wou

ld g

o to

the

cath

edra

l sch

ool w

here

he

wou

ld s

tudy

Lat

in, T

heol

ogy,

the

Bib

le a

nd th

e w

ritin

gs o

ffa

mou

s C

hris

tian

auth

ors

like

St A

ugus

tine,

and

all

abou

t the

cere

mon

ies

and

serv

ices

of t

he c

hurc

h, in

clud

ing

sing

ing

and

chan

ting.

The

n he

wou

ld b

e ca

refu

lly e

xam

ined

by

the

bish

op

45B

EST

CO

PY A

VA

ILA

BL

E

MO

OM

MN

MO

2F46

and

if he

rea

ched

a s

atis

fact

ory

stan

dard

, and

wer

eol

den

ough

, he

wou

ld b

e al

low

ed to

take

hol

y or

ders

and

bec

ome

a pr

iest

. The

n a

lord

or

bish

op o

r ab

bot w

ho w

aspa

tron

of a

villa

ge c

hurc

h w

ould

pre

sent

him

to it

as

its p

riest

.La

mbe

rt k

now

s th

at a

ll th

is w

ould

he

very

har

d w

ork

and

that

he

wou

ld p

roba

bly

have

to s

tay

in th

e sa

me

paris

hfo

rth

e re

st o

f his

life

, for

ther

e is

not

muc

h ch

ance

for

a bo

yof

hum

ble

birt

h to

ris

e to

impo

rtan

t pos

ition

s in

the

chur

ch.

Stil

l,he

spe

nds

a lo

t of h

is ti

me

aski

ng F

athe

r H

ugh

ques

tions

abou

t his

life

and

som

etim

es g

oes

with

the

prie

st to

vis

it th

esi

ck a

nd p

oor

in th

e vi

llage

, to

sec

all a

spec

ts o

f the

prie

st's

dutie

s. Il

e ha

s no

t mak

e up

his

min

d de

finite

ly, a

s he

is s

till

very

you

ng.

Whe

n he

is n

ot w

ith F

athe

r H

ugh,

Lam

bert

wor

ks w

ith h

isfa

ther

and

bro

ther

and

run

s er

rand

s fo

r hi

s m

othe

r an

d he

lps

her

to c

arry

the

flour

to th

e ba

keho

use

and

the

was

hing

toth

e riv

er. I

le s

omet

imes

has

to h

elp

with

the

hens

,w

hich

he

hate

s. L

ambe

rt fa

r pr

efer

s to

wor

k w

ith h

is fa

ther

's k

insm

an th

ebl

acks

mith

, bec

ause

he

love

s ho

rses

. Som

etim

es h

e th

inks

he

wou

ld li

ke to

be

a bl

acks

mith

rat

her

than

a p

riest

.B

oth

youn

g Jo

hn a

nd L

ambe

rt lo

ve a

nim

als

and

they

hav

eal

l kin

ds o

f Eel

s, in

clud

ing

a pu

ppy

and

anor

phan

ed la

mb.

In s

prin

g th

ey li

ke to

hun

t for

bird

s' n

ests

, to

colle

ct th

e eg

gs,

and

they

hav

e br

ough

t hom

e se

vera

l you

ng b

irds

with

bro

ken

win

gs a

nd tr

ied

to lo

ok a

fter

them

. The

boy

s he

lp to

look

afte

rJo

hn's

two

dogs

and

the

othe

r an

imal

s, a

nd s

omet

imes

they

go

dow

n to

the

man

or h

ouse

whe

n Lo

rd R

ober

t and

his

frie

nds

are

goin

g hu

ntin

g, to

look

at t

hebe

autif

ul h

orse

s an

d do

gs a

ndth

e sp

ecia

lly tr

aine

d hu

ntin

g ha

wks

. The

y ar

e no

tal

low

ed to

hunt

for

them

selv

es, b

ut th

ey c

an tr

ap b

irds

inla

rge

nets

and

fish

in th

e vi

llage

str

eam

, with

the

lord

's p

erm

issi

on.

Sna

ring

rabb

its is

a fa

vour

ite p

astim

e, to

o, a

nd a

use

ful s

ourc

eof

extr

a fo

od fo

r th

e fa

mily

.Jo

hn a

nd A

lice

had

two

othe

r ch

ildre

n, a

boy

and

a gi

rlw

ho c

ame

betw

een

youn

g Jo

hn a

nd L

ambe

rt in

age

,bu

t the

y

26

died

you

ng. I

t is

very

com

mon

for

babi

es to

die

with

in a

few

wee

ks o

f birt

h be

caus

e th

ere.

ztr

e so

' man

y ep

idem

ics

and

ofte

n th

ere

is ju

st to

t eno

ugh

to c

at a

nd c

hild

ren

arc

born

wea

k an

d si

ckly

. Man

y ch

ildre

n w

ho d

o su

rviv

e in

fanc

y liv

eon

ly to

be

abou

t fou

r or

live

yea

rs o

ld, a

gain

bec

ause

they

are

open

to a

ll ki

nds

of d

isea

ses,

esp

ecia

lly w

hen

a gr

eat

sick

ness

follo

ws

a ha

rd w

inte

r or

a ti

me

of fa

min

e. J

ohn

and

Alic

e w

ere

natu

rally

sad

to lo

se th

eir

othe

r tw

o ch

ildre

n, b

ut th

ey a

ccep

-te

d it

as q

uite

a n

orm

al th

ing.

The

lord

's w

ife is

hun

ting

duck

with

a h

awk.

She

wea

rs s

tron

gle

athe

r gl

oves

to p

rote

ct h

er h

ands

and

wris

ts. T

he m

anan

d th

e

boy

carr

y sm

all d

rum

s.

4847

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

ML

E

I=M

INow

Ns

mi

'Clo

thes

John

's c

loth

es a

re m

ostly

mad

e lim

n w

oolle

n cl

oth.

I lis

hoo

d po

llsdo

wn

over

Iris

ear

sin

win

ter.

His

shi

rt m

ay b

em

ade

of w

ool o

r

His

tuni

c ca

nbe

tuck

ed u

pin

to h

is le

athe

rbe

lt w

hen

he is

wor

king

.

Alic

e w

ears

her

long

hair

in p

laits

and

cove

rs it

with

aco

if or

vei

l.

She

wea

rs a

gow

n or

kirt

leof

woo

l.

Und

er it

is a

shift

of l

inen

or

woo

l.

His

bre

eche

s, u

nder

his

tuni

c, a

repu

lled

tight

by

adr

aw c

ord

athi

s w

aist

.

His

sto

ckin

gs m

aybe

gar

tere

d at

the

knee

.

In th

e fie

lds

he m

ay w

ear

hoot

s.

49

Her

woo

llen

stoc

king

sar

e he

ld b

yga

rter

s.

She

wea

ls le

athe

rsh

oes.

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

27

50

MI M

I MI

MN

In M

Ial

l I=

INE

The

vill

awas

hav

e to

kill

mos

tof

thei

r ca

ttle

in th

e la

te a

utum

n,

beca

use

ther

e is

not

eno

ugh

tofe

ed th

e ca

ttle

all t

hrou

ghth

e

wild

er. T

he m

eat w

ill h

e sa

lted

and

stor

ed in

bar

rels

at h

ome.

Am

usem

ents

Apa

rt f

rom

chu

rch

and

chur

chfe

stiv

als

and

proc

essi

ons

the

only

rea

l ent

erta

inm

ent J

ohn

and.

Alic

eand

the

child

ren

get i

s

at C

hris

tmas

and

_har

vest

time,

whe

n th

e lo

rd g

ives

them

an

ente

rtai

nmen

t and

a f

east

. A v

isit

toth

e m

anor

hou

se is

alw

ays

inte

rest

ing.

At C

hris

tmas

time

the

grea

t hal

l is

deco

r-

ated

with

bra

nche

s of

eve

rgre

enfi

r, y

ew, h

olly

, ivy

and

mis

tleto

e. T

he f

ire

in th

e ce

ntra

lhe

arth

is p

iled

high

with

logs

and

the

smok

e sw

irls

rou

ndth

e hi

gh r

afte

rs b

efor

e go

ing

out

of th

e gr

eat r

ound

hol

ein

the

roof

. The

lire

giv

es s

ome

light

and

the

hall

is a

lso

lit b

yw

oode

n to

rche

s, v

ery

care

fully

fixe

d

in ir

on h

olde

rs o

n th

e si

debe

ams

of th

e w

alls

.O

n th

e ra

ised

pla

tfor

m a

tthe

far

end

of

the

hall

sit t

helo

rd,

his

fam

ily, t

he p

ries

t and

any

spec

ial g

uest

s. T

he r

est o

f th

e

hous

ehol

d an

d th

e vi

llage

rs s

it at

long

tres

tle ta

bles

dow

n th

e

hall.

Chr

istm

as f

ood.

is a

lway

sbe

tter

than

at o

ther

mea

lsfo

r

ther

e ar

e m

eat s

tew

s, h

aiii

and

baco

n an

d ch

eese

and

sw

eet-

mea

ts, a

nd p

lent

y of

ale

.The

atm

osph

ere

is w

arm

,che

erfu

l and

chao

tic w

ith e

very

one

eatin

gan

d sh

outin

g to

ser

vant

s, a

ndch

ildre

n an

d do

gs r

unni

ng a

bout

ever

ywhe

re.

28

The

lord

's c

ooks

aw

roa

stin

gdu

ck a

nd a

pig

on

a sp

it be

fore

the

fire.

One

turn

s th

e sp

it w

hile

the

othe

r pi

les

mor

e w

ood

on th

e

blaz

e. W

hene

ver

poss

ible

suc

hco

okin

g w

as d

one

out-

of-d

oors

to

less

en th

e da

nger

of s

ettin

g a

woo

den

build

ing

on fi

re.

cmiu

m.u

riti

tiUll

Whe

n th

e fe

astin

g is

ove

rth

e pe

ople

are

am

used

by

jugg

lers

and

sing

ers

and

som

etim

esby

mum

mer

s, a

nd-w

hen

they

are

tired

and

qui

eter

, the

yte

ll st

orie

s. M

ost o

f th

em a

reol

d

favo

urite

s .W

hich

they

all

know

and

love

stor

ies

of th

e sa

ints

and

thei

r m

irac

les;

Sax

onan

d N

orse

sto

ries

of

the

gods

and

hero

es; F

renc

h le

gend

s an

dth

e st

orie

s of

.Kin

g.A

rthu

r.Fa

ther

Hug

h kn

ows

som

e w

onde

rful

stor

ies

and

will

kee

p hi

sau

dien

ce

atte

ntiv

e an

d sp

ellb

ound

for

hour

s at

a ti

me.

The

old

er m

en

are

ofte

n w

illin

g to

tell

tale

s th

ey h

eard

fro

mth

eir

fath

ers

abou

t the

Cru

sade

s or

the

war

sin

Fra

nce

and

the

peop

le n

ever

get t

ired

of

hear

ing

the

adve

ntur

es o

f ol

dT

hom

as th

e pi

lgri

m,

who

wen

t all

the

way

toth

e sh

rine

of

St J

ames

atC

ompo

stel

la

in S

pain

and

was

ship

wre

cked

on

the

way

and

capt

ured

by

pira

tes.

No

one

min

ds if

the

num

ber

of d

espe

rate

pira

tes

he

kille

d in

crea

ses

at e

very

telli

ng; i

t is

still

a g

ood

stor

y.

Som

etim

esat

Chr

istm

asan

d ha

rves

t the

re is

danc

ing

and

sing

ing,

(oo

, and

eve

ryon

e ca

njo

in in

whe

n th

e pi

pes

(lik

e ou

r

reco

rder

s) a

nd d

rum

s ar

epl

ayed

. At h

arve

st ti

me

the

feas

t is

usua

lly o

utsi

de in

the

cour

tyar

d on

the

villa

ge g

reen

.O

n ot

her

51B

ES

T C

OP

Y A

VA

ILA

BLE

MIN

IIIIII

IIM

OIII

IIIM

N O

NM

I IN

S11

1111

111

1111

1

52

The

lord

at h

igh

tabl

e. N

otic

e th

e bo

ar's

hea

d an

d th

eel

abor

atel

y de

cora

ted

jug

and

drin

king

bow

l. H

e us

esa

shar

p kn

ife to

cut

his

mea

t, bu

t eat

s w

ith h

is fi

nger

s.(F

rom

a c

alen

dar

mad

e ab

out 1

370.

)

even

ings

ther

eis

little

ent

erta

inm

ent,

apar

t fro

m s

tory

-te

lling

and

pla

ying

dic

e, fo

r th

e pe

ople

hav

en't

the

time

and

skill

to p

lay

ches

s an

d dr

augh

ts li

ke th

e lo

rd a

nd h

is fa

mily

.W

hen

they

do

get t

ime

off,

they

are

gla

d ju

st to

res

t.T

he c

hild

ren

play

all

kind

s of

run

ning

and

cha

sing

gam

esan

d, if

they

arc

allo

wed

, hid

e an

d se

ek in

the

woo

ds. A

lthou

ghm

ost o

f the

m n

ever

go

to s

choo

l, th

ey d

o no

t rea

lly h

ave

very

muc

h fr

ee ti

me

and

wor

k ha

rd fo

r th

eir

pare

nts,

so

they

enj

oyth

e fe

asts

at t

he m

anor

hou

se, t

oo, a

nd a

re p

art i

cula

rly fo

nd o

fth

e st

orie

s.

53

A C

hris

tmas

feas

t. T

he lo

rd s

its a

t the

hig

h ta

ble,

the

mor

eim

port

ant g

uest

s si

t at t

he ta

ble

at h

is le

ft an

d th

e vi

llage

rs s

itcr

amm

ed to

geth

er a

t the

oth

er 'l

ow' t

able

.

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

I!:

;L

E

Dan

cing

at t

he C

hris

tmas

feas

t.

29

54

I= M

OB

MO

MI I

=IM

O M

IIIN

Nm

ilse

ms

2 C

HU

RC

H A

ND

PE

OP

LE

The

par

ish

prie

st a

nd h

isdu

ties

Nex

t to

Lord

Rob

ert t

he m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t and

wel

l-kno

wn

pers

on in

c is

the

paris

h pr

iest

, Fat

her

Hug

h. H

e is

of

peas

ant

stoc

khi

mse

ll7-li

rs fa

ther

was

iifiZ

eman

on o

ne o

f the

abbe

y's

esta

tes

and

the

last

abb

ot p

aid

for

his

educ

atio

nan

d th

en a

ppoi

nted

him

prie

st (

he h

as th

e rig

htto

cho

ose

the

prie

st fo

r al

l the

par

ishe

s ol

die

abbe

y's

esta

tes)

. Bef

ore

he c

ame

to th

e vi

llage

, Fat

her

I I u

gh h

ad to

pro

mis

e th

e bi

shop

and

the

abbo

t tha

t he

wou

ld li

ve in

the

villa

ge p

erm

anen

tlyan

d do

all

his

dutie

s pe

rson

ally

. He

is n

ota

scho

larly

man

, but

he

know

sen

ough

to te

ach

his

peop

le. B

ecau

se h

eco

mes

from

a fa

rmin

gfa

mily

him

self,

he

can

unde

rsta

nd th

e vi

llage

peop

le's

pro

b-le

ms. Fat

her

Hug

h liv

es in

a la

rge

cotta

ge, w

orth

4 m

arks

a ye

ar. I

tha

s se

vera

l roo

ms,

a lo

ft, a

gar

den

and

outb

uild

ings

.H

e liv

esw

ith h

is s

erva

nt a

nd a

hou

seke

eper

, his

wid

owed

sist

er. T

hepr

iest

's d

aily

food

com

es fr

om th

eco

mm

on fi

elds

, for

, lik

e th

eot

her

villa

gers

, he

has

his

strip

s al

thou

gh h

e do

esno

t wor

kth

em h

imse

lf. In

stea

d he

hire

s m

en to

do

the

wor

k fo

r him

. The

serv

ant s

omet

imes

hel

ps o

ut in

the

field

s at

har

vest

tim

e, b

ut h

eis

mai

nly

occu

pied

with

the

prie

st's

ani

mal

san

d be

es a

ndpo

ultr

y. T

he s

heep

are

pen

ned

with

Lor

d R

ober

t'san

d th

eir

woo

l is

used

for

Fat

her

Hug

h's

clot

hes.

righa

scan

take

one

tent

h of

all

the

villa

gers

' pro

duce

.T

his

-is-

calle

d a

'lith

e' a

nd is

gen

eral

ly o

ffere

d in

kin

d:w

heat

,ry

e, b

arle

y ai

id'O

at:C

eggs

., po

ultr

y, fl

our,

frui

t, br

ead

and

ale.

It is

sto

red

in a

spe

cial

bar

n, c

alle

da

'tith

e-ba

rn',

near

the

prie

st's

hou

se..t

le a

lso

keep

s th

em

oney

col

lect

ed in

chu

rch

on,c

erta

in_d

ays;

for

exam

ple,

he

may

. kee

p 2d

at A

ll S

aint

s,3d

at C

hris

tmas

, Id

for

each

bur

ial,

I d fo

r ea

chch

riste

ning

,an

d w

hatc

ver

the

peop

le c

are

to g

ive

whe

n th

eyco

me

toC

onfe

ssio

n.

30

VA

i

NS;

;

ir

ti

A ti

the

barn

(G

reat

Cox

wel

l. B

erks

hire

.) F

athe

r H

ugh'

s ba

rn w

ould

have

bee

n m

uch

smal

ler

than

this

one

, bui

lt fo

r th

e m

onks

of

Bea

ulie

ti.lh

e w

oode

n It

amew

otk

is v

ery

like

that

of

som

e m

anor

hous

es.

55B

EST

CO

PY A

NA

HA

BL

E

1111

1111

1111

IN11

11.1

1111

1111

0111

1=1=

1111

1

56

,,

to,

,

f-,i

)

6E-1

1,...

..ft'.

.-.7

..!'1

,..x.

""=

1&--

-11,

k 7-

7(=

"7ttf

..":

.4,.

0,...

...A

I%A

...-.

/...

.

II0

;01;

4 .'"

-. W

e(; F

r''''''

Er:

-...2

4p,..

..11,

-__

r....

_.--

,.....

.,....

_.

;1,

Fat

her

Hug

h's

hous

e

parlo

ur w

ithso

lar

(bed

room

)ab

ove

stai

rstip

toso

lar

win

dow

with

shu

tters

friz

5iiz

zz=

-

cn a

57

kitc

hen

firep

lace

PM.

r=11

6g-'7

,

The

chu

rch

build

ing

The

par

ish

chur

ch is

the

mos

t im

port

ant a

nal

solid

bui

ldin

gin

the

villa

ge, b

ecau

se it

is m

ade

of s

tone

. The

re h

as b

een

ach

urch

on

the

site

sin

ce b

efor

e th

e N

orm

an C

onqu

est.

The

old

chur

ch, b

uilt

in S

axon

tim

es, w

as m

ade

of w

ood

and

plas

ter,

but

as

it w

as to

o sm

all f

or th

e vi

llage

, the

peo

ple

pulle

d it

dow

n in

the

mid

dle

of th

e tw

elfth

cen

tury

and

re-

plac

ed it

with

a h

ands

ome

ston

e bu

ildin

g. T

he 'n

ew' c

hurc

his

in th

e N

orm

an o

r 'R

oman

esqu

e' s

tyle

, with

rou

nd a

rche

san

d so

lid p

illar

s.r

The

chu

rch

is q

uite

sm

all,

with

a s

quat

tow

er a

nd o

ne m

ain

door

. In

the

arch

ove

r th

e do

or, a

nd a

ll ro

und

the

win

dow

son

the

outs

ide,

are

car

ving

s of

ani

mal

s, fl

ower

s an

d st

rang

ebe

asts

, as

wel

l as

t he

com

mon

zig

zag

and

'dog

-too

th' p

atte

rns.

Insi

de, t

he c

hurc

h ha

s a

nave

and

two

side

ais

les,

div

ided

by

ston

e pi

llars

with

poi

ntiI

arch

es in

the

new

sty

le.

Insi

de, t

he a

rche

s an

d do

orw

ay a

re a

lso

deco

rate

d w

ith 31

BE

ST

(C

OP

Y A

VA

ILA

BLE

INN

I= I=

ME

NIN

N M

O E

N M

IN n

o I=

EN

Om

Ea

I= m

e

58

MI

I= O

M N

MI=

Kilp

eck

chur

ch, i

n H

eref

ords

hire

, was

bui

lt ab

out t

he s

ame

time

as th

at in

John

's v

illag

e. Y

ou c

an s

ee th

at it

has

rou

nd N

orm

an a

rche

s an

d so

me

late

r po

inte

d on

es. K

ilpec

k is

one

of t

he m

ost r

ichl

y de

cora

ted

chur

ches

inth

e co

untr

y, w

ith s

tran

ge b

east

s ca

rved

all

arou

nd th

e do

orw

ay.

carv

ings

. The

woo

den

ceili

ng is

pai

nted

in b

right

geo

met

ricpa

ttern

s an

d th

e pl

aste

red

wal

ls a

re p

aint

ed w

ith s

cene

s fr

omth

e lif

e of

Chr

ist a

nd th

e m

iracl

es o

f the

sai

nts.

The

mos

tin

tere

stin

g an

d im

pres

sive

pai

ntin

g of

all

is o

ver

the

mai

nch

ance

l arc

h, w

here

all

the

peop

le c

an s

ee it

a re

pres

enta

tion

of th

e La

st J

udge

men

t or

'Doo

m'.

It sh

ows

Jesu

s as

judg

e,si

tting

in th

e ce

ntre

; on

his

right

han

d an

gels

lead

the

soul

s of

the

good

up

ladd

ers

tole

aven

; on

his

left,

dev

ils p

ush

the

wic

ked

dow

n to

the

flam

es o

f I lo

ll. T

he v

illag

ers

all k

now

the

mea

ning

of t

his

pict

ure

and

the

fate

that

aw

aits

them

if th

eydo

not

live

a C

hris

tian

life.

The

re a

rc m

any

gild

ed a

nd p

aint

ed s

tatu

es in

the

chur

ch,

too;

the

mos

t bea

utifu

l (an

d A

lice'

s fa

vour

ite)

is th

e V

irgin

and

Chi

ld w

hich

sta

nds

on th

e La

dy a

ltar

in o

ne o

f the

ais

les.

Gen

eral

ly th

e se

rvic

es in

the

paris

h ch

urch

are

sim

ple,

but

on

spec

ial o

ccas

ions

, lik

e C

hris

tmas

and

the

feas

tday

of t

hepa

tron

sai

nt, t

here

arc

pro

cess

ions

and

mor

e ca

ndle

s an

dflo

wer

s an

d hy

mns

. For

a r

eal s

pect

acle

, the

peo

ple

mus

t go

toth

e ca

thed

ral o

r th

e ab

bey

chur

ch.

32

Fq

I

4

John

's fa

mily

and

the

chur

ch

Goi

ng to

chu

rch

The

chu

rch

and

the

paris

h pr

iest

ialfe

ct J

ohn'

s lif

e at

eve

ryst

age.

As

a ch

ild h

e w

as ta

ught

his

rel

igio

n by

t le

-pr

est a

nd,

like

all h

is n

eigh

bour

s, h

e w

as c

onfir

med

by

the

bish

op. H

ego

es to

Mas

s on

Sun

days

and

feas

t day

s, to

Con

fess

ion

and

Hol

y C

omm

unio

n on

ce a

yea

r at

leas

t, an

d sa

ys h

is p

raye

rs a

she

has

bee

n ta

ught

. He

was

mar

ried

in th

e ch

urch

por

ch a

ndhi

s w

eddi

ng M

ass

was

sun

g in

the

chan

cel;

his

two

sons

wer

eba

ptis

ed a

t the

font

and

he

know

s th

at h

e w

ill b

e bu

ried

in th

ech

urch

yard

nea

rby.

Ile

know

s, to

o, th

at if

he

brea

ks th

e la

ws

of th

e ch

urch

and

bla

sphe

mes

, com

mits

sac

rileg

e or

har

ms

a cl

eric

, he

will

he

puni

shed

now

and

her

eafte

r. T

he c

hurc

hal

so g

ives

him

ent

erta

inm

ent,

as h

is li

fe c

an h

e ra

ther

dul

l and

mon

oton

ous

whe

n th

ere

islit

tle a

mus

emen

t, es

peci

ally

inw

inte

r. J

ohn

finds

the

colo

ur a

nd b

eaut

y an

esc

ape

from

the

drab

ness

of h

is o

wn

surr

ound

ings

.

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

so

Lady Hawke Assign ent

You are_ ta complete the following_assignment_to ga along_ with_ the movi_e_I adyElawke.

1. Divide a large piece of poster board into five sections. (six if you want the visual tobe_ a. se parate_ section, five_ if th_e_visiial will be_ a_backgrauncL picture aver which_ yo_u willbe writing the information for the five sections)

afor thafirstsection, summarize_ thamovieS_plot.

3. For the second section, identify the main characters by creating a five line diamondpaem (simply center the_ lines_if_ creating_ this_ona_computer)

- the first line includes the character's namethe second line includes-an-event-or_ action- associated -with -the character

- the third line tells when the action or event from line two occurred- the fourth - line tells-where the-action-or-event-from-line two occurred-the fifth line explains why the action or event from line two occurred

Examples:Demeter

weeps for her childduring the_dark of winter

in lonely Olympuswaiting_for spring_to_return

Brutuskilled his_ best friendon the Ides of Marchthastatue of_Pampeyfor honor's sake

4_ Far the third, fourth, and fifth sections,_ define_ ane_categary of a_medieval_ romancefound in the movie and explain this category fully with examples from the movie. Besure_ to title_ each section. Lave_ is_ supreme, chivalry evidence. of hierarchy, aimlessadventure and wandering, etc.)

S._ The poster must be colorful, attractive+ neat, and have_avisual either hand drawn,a_cutaut from &magazine or computer generated artwork_

BEST COPY AMIABLE

61

Mixed Messageunscramble these words from Arthurian legend. When you are done, take all of the numbered letters, andarrange them in the order of the numbers. Those words will spell the answer to this riddle: When King Arthursubdues the Saxons, what does he avoid?

.LOMECAT I.

2.NEVERIGLJE

3.MRODDEZ 3

4.1.TNDOR BLEAT (2 words)4

5.CRABLEXIIT 5

6.IRS COLLETAN (2 words)

7.(_)V ALAS 7

8.NOGRAD

9.NIILERN 9

I 0. V ALICERP 10

11 .EURTI I PENDRAGON (2 words)

11

12.Y OLI I GIRLA (2 words)

12

13. R SI I LADAG AL (2 words)13

I 4.ENGER TIGNKII (2 words)

14

15.ISR WAGANI (2 words)15

A _1 2 _3 4 _5 6 _7 8 _9 10 11 _12 _13 _14 15

Answer

62Ie7.1 J-1 aA.LJ - ,...H.i

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

E9

Cfircullar

Anse` er:

41, gc

Sir Kay has the poisoned grog. Clockwise from Sir Kay, the knights are sitting in this order:

Sir Kay, King Arthur, Sir Galahad, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, and the Black Knight.

.13AASLIV

;oat. pauostod atp suit GLIM 1no ainf u ttup

-tnumeD .qs jo vat alp of samid si clit) pattoslod atl,T, t. 1cux its III0.1j SSO.I3t Aitaanp sllopatari .1!5 E ntp.ry f,tr!-)1 jo 1#1.1 atp of samid OMI s!ttifttrAlatui au z

..mtpav fur puts loppurl Tis uaampq in f;ttruls si prquit:D .qs T

%tat3'1Typ u! s! itpithq qpItim jn0 ama13 0j mopq sa-np gip asn 50.12, jo dn3 pauosIod jo luau tit Szttp.ps Si sitpul is atp Jo auo iaicpu patio-a atp jo s.taqutatu atp jo auo `D'utti.14 Si auoatuos

zopnailia

King Arthur Vocab List

1.The following words are found in the reading selections of the King Arthur story.2Please_ [oak_ up. each word and find its part of speech and definition.3.Create vocab cards on 3 x 5 index cards. On one side of the card write the vocabwordmith itapart_d_ speech and definition_ On the other side of the card write the_ vocabword and create a visual sketch/ clue to help you remember the vocab word'smeaning.

4. When we go to the Pleading_ Lab, you are to cies tf a crossword puzzle on themacintosh using these words in sentences and with definitions for the clues to thepuzzle. Later this week in class, you will be given someone else's crossword to takeas a vocab quiz.

I-. cessation2. errant3-. enchantress4. deft5. foe6. dissuade7. recoil8. infidel9_ scrupulous10. largesse1-1.fractricide12. succor12.. slay14. chivalry1-5. sorceress16. suitor47. formidable18. paramor19. languish20_ fidelity

Programs Used:

1. Creator, version_ 20, @ 4994 Central Software, inc.

2Worthearch Creator, @ 1993, Centron Software, Inc_

64

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I //

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