DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 352 103 JC 930 034

AUTHOR Snouffer, Nancy Kendall; And OthersTITLE Measuring and Facilitating Vocabulary Acquisition of

Basic Skills Reading Students.PUB DATE 25 May 92NOTE 35p.; Paper presented at the National Institute for

Staff and Organizational Development's AnnualInternational Conference on Teaching Excellence(14th, Austin, TX, May 24-27, 1992).

PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143)Tests /Evaluation Instruments (160)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Community Colleges; History Instruction;

Instructional Materials; *Mathematical Vocabulary;Nursing Education; Reading Ability; *Reading Skills;Reading Tests; *Remedial Reading; Teaching Methods;Two Year Colleges; Two Year College Students;*Vocabulary; *Vocabulary Development; Word Lists

IDENTIFIERS *Del Mar College TX

ABSTRACTA vocabulary improvement project, comprised of three

components, was initiated at Del Mar College (DMC) in Corpus Christi,Texas, in spring 1991. Component 1 consisted of a baseline study ofvocabulary knowledge among students in two levels of remedial readingclasses. The test instrument measured content-specific vocabulary inEnglish/literature, mathematics, science, and social studies.Component 2 of the project involved a search o.f print and computersources for content-based reading assignments and vocabulary practiceexercises. In the final component of the project, beginning-levelinstructors in remedial English, remedial math, Vocational Nursing,and American History were asked to provide lists of 50 or more basicvocabulary words that students would need to begin the first coursein their disciplines. These lists will be used in designing learningpackets for vocabulary reinforcement and reading. Included in thisreport on the project are data tables showing results from thevocabulary testing in Component 1 of the study; the completed listsof subject-specific vocabulary terms provided to instructors inComponent 3; a list of criteria used for evaluating materials inComponent 2; a bibliography of materials examined, includinginformation on costs and ordering procedures; and two sampleinstructional units emerging from the project, covering math andreading vocabulary. (PAA)

***********************************************************************

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

***********************************************************************

Measuring and FacilitatingVocabulary Acquisition

of Basic SkillsReading Students

1992 NISOD International Conferenceon Teaching Excellence

Austin, TexasMay 25, 1992

-PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

N. K. Snouffer

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER IERICI

khis document has been reproduced asreceived born the person or organizationongmating rt

L Moor changes have been made to improvereproduction Quality

Ramis of new or opinions stated m this docu'menl do not necessably represent officialOERI postbon or poky

Nancy Kendall SnoufferJoy-Ellen PittermanMary Ann Williams

O Department of English, Philosophy and Readingo

hCOLLEGEDEL MAR

Corpus Christi, TX 78404-3897

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY

This project (made up of 3 components) was initially

supported by a Del Mar College Instructional Improvement Grant.

Component 1 was a baseline study of student vocabulary knowledge.

The Diagnostic Reading Teat, Section_ I, Form A, for 7th Grade

through College Freshman Year, Triggs, Spache, et. al., Committee

on Diagnostic Reading Tests, Inc., Mountain Home, N.C., 1978

reprinted edition, was utilized. This assessment has 200

vocabulary items -- 50 each in the areas of English/Litereture,

mathematics, science, and social studies. Vocabulary knowledge

was measured early in the spring 1991 semester for 2 levels of

reading classes Reading 305 (lowest level remedial class),

and Reading 306 (intermediate level remedial class). An analysis

of variance (repeated measures design) revealed that the overall

mean score of class 2 (306) was significantly higher than the

overall mean score of class 1 (305) at the .001 level

(F(1,129)=91.23; mean of class 1=88.34; mean of class 2=104.11).

The differences within both classes on the four subtests were not

significant, nor was the interaction significant.

Once overall and content specific needs were measured, the

second component of our project was to search print and computer

materials for content based readings and vocabulary practices

suitable for our lab. Our criteria for selection of these

materials and a bibliography of materials researched is included

in this packet.

2

The third and final part of our study was to elicit 4

content lists from beginning level course instructors in English,

math, Vocational Nursing, and History. Teachers were instructed

to supply us with 50 or more basic vocabulary words that students

would need to begin the first course in their disciplines.

However, one can see that several instructors provided more

content specific terms from their textbooks rather than the more

generalized vocabulary we requested. Nevertheless, these will be

useful to us in designing learning packets for vocabulary

reinforcement and reading in their specific courses. In our

packet, we are sharing two short learning exercises from the

content areas of math and history just to illustrate the kinds of

material we are in the process of developing. Ideally, we may

end up with several one hour mini-courses in vocabulary and

reading in specific content areas, available to students through

our Reading Center. Using these materials, students could

reinforce their class needs in specific content courses in our

reading environment.

3

TotalsA B Summary Table

13, b2 b3 b4

a1(n=77)

Rdg 305

a2(n=54)

Rdg 306

N =131

1743 1534 1745 1780

1369 1323 1530 1400

6802

5622

I3112 2857 3275 3180 12424

.24.:?3:MV,*opc4,

MeansA B1 Summary Table

b1 b2 b3 b4(English) (Math) (Science) (SS)

al 22.636 19.922 22.662 23.117 88.338(n=77)

a2 25.352 24.500 28.333 25.926(n=54)

104.111

N 131 23 756 21.809 25.000 24.275 94.840

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Means ,..*

b1 b2(Eng./Lit) (Math)

a2= Reading 306 groupal= Reading 305 group

/

b3 b4(Science) (Social

studies)

a significantb not significant

5

Source SS df MS F p<

Between sub.I

A 224490.51 1 224490.51 91.23 .001

Sub w. gr. 317435.64 129 2460.7414

Within sub.

B 177.7211 3 59.2404 .04 n.s.

AB 739.6609 3 246.5536 .15 n.s.

B x sub.w. gr.

640221.39 387 1654.3188

7

SELECTED VOCABULARY LISTS

Necessary terms for

1st level Vocational Nursing

1st level Remedial English

1st level Remedial Math

American History(lst course)College Level

8from Lois White

Del Mar VocationalNursing Dept.

NURSING EDUCATION

VOCABULARY

1. Abduction - Movement of a limb away from the body.

2. Afebrile Without fever.

3. Alignment Maintaining of body structures in theirappropriate anatomical positions.

4. Apnea Absence of spontaneous respiration.

5. Asepsis Absence of germs. Surgical asepsis protectsagainst infection before, during or after surgery byuse of sterile techniques.

6. Atelectasis - Collapse of lung tissue, preventingrespiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

7. Ascultation Act of listening for sounds within thebody to evaluate the condition of various organs.

8. Bradycardia Heart rate of less than 60 beats perminute.

9. Bronchoscopy Visual examination of thetracheobronchial tree, using the standard metalbronchoscope or the narrower, flexible fiberopticbronchoscope.

10. Canthus Angle at the medial (inner) and lateral(outer) margins of the eyelids.

11. Catabolism - Complex, metabolic process in which energyis liberated for use in work, energy storage, or heatproduction by the destruction of complex substances toform simple compounds.

12. Crepitus Crackling sound heard as a result of bonefragments rubbing together or air in the subcutaneoustissue.

13. Cyanois - Blue discoloration of the skin and mucousmembrane cause by inadequate oxygen in the blood.

14. Debridement - Removal of dirt, foreign objects, damagedtissue, and cellular debris from a wound or burn toprevent infection and to promote healing.

15. Dehiscence Separation of a surgical incision or therupture of a wound closure.

16. Disinfection Destruction of disease-causingmicroorganisms.

17. Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

18. Edema - Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue.

19. Endocrine gland - Ductless gland that delivers hormonesto specific groups in the body.

20. Erythema Redness or inflammation of the skin ormucous membranes.

21. Flatus - Air or gas in the intestine that is passedthrough the rectum.

22. Fomite Nonliving material, such as bed linens, thatmay convey pathogenic microorganisms.

23. Glycoger. Polysaccharide that is the majorcarbohydrate stored in animal cells.

24. Hematemesis Vomiting of bright red blood.

25. Hematuria Blood in the urine.

26. Hypotension Abnormal condition in which the bloodpressure is not adequate for tissue perfusion andoxygenation.

27. Interstitial.- Of or pertaining to the space betweenthe tissues, as interstitial fluid.

28. Intracellular Located within the cell.

29. Ischemia Deficiency of blood supply caused bycirculatory obstruction.

30. Kernicterus Abnormal toxic accumulation of bilirubinin central nervous system tissues.

31. Labile Unstable; characterized by a tendency tochange or to be altered.

32. Lochia Discharge that flows from the vagina afterchildbirth.

33. Miotic Causing constriction of the pupil of the eye.

34. Muscle tone Muscle strength; the normal state ofbalanced tension in muscles.

35. Nephrotoxin - Substance destructive to the kidney.

36. Nosocomial infection Infection acquired duringhospitalization.

10

37. Objective data - Data that are both observable andmeasurable. Vital signs and laboratory reports areexamples of objective data.

38. Oliguria - Diminished capacity to form and pass urine,less than 240 ml. in 8 hours.

39. Patent - Condition of being open and unblockea, such asa patent airway.

40. Polyuria Excretion of abnormally large amounts ofurine.

41. Postprandial - After a meal.

42. Ptosis - Drooping of the eyelids.

43. Referred pain - Pain felt at a site other than itsorigin.

44. Residual urine Urine left in the bladder after thepatient has voided.

45. Sanguineous - Pertaining to blood.

46. Sphygmomanometer - Device for measuring arterial bloodpressure.

47. Stasis Disorder in which the normal flow of a fluidthrough a vessel of the body is slowed or halted.

48. Syncope Brief lapse of consciousness; fainting.

49. Tachypnea Abnormal rate of breathing, greater than 26breaths per minute.

50. Turgor Normal resiliency of the skin caused byoutward pressure of cells and interstitial fluid.Decreased turgor indicates dehydration; increasedturgor indicates edema.

51. Vertigo Dizziness; a sensation of faintness or aninability to maintain normal balance in a standing orseated position.

52. Vital signs Measurements of temperature, pulse,respirations, and blood pressure.

11

November 26, 1991

Nancy,

Here's a list of terms that I use in English 606 classes. I've divided

them into categories. Is this the kind of thing that you were looking for?

Please let me know how all this comes out.

Campus Lifecampusresidentgrievanceprerequisites

Libraryre FFice librarianstackscatalog

Dictionarysynonymentry wordabbreviationsuffix

Grammarcomma splicefragmentagreementplural

clausepronounpossessive

Compositionassignmentbodyparagraphproofreaddescribecontrasttopic sentencedemonstratesettingreviewspecificgeneralvaguelecture

dialogue

semestersemester hourEducation Plangrade point average

call numberperiodical

syllablehyphenateprefix

run-on sentenceverb tensesingulardependentprepositionapostrophecontraction

introductionconclusionessayappropriatecompareoutlineillustrateplagiarismcontentsrevisedetailedtransitionoriginalbackgroundnarration

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m

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rm w

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1,

HISTORY 605A SELECTED LIST

15

from R. BridwellDel Mar History Dept.

ratify electorate

orthodox assumption

autocratic nullification

public domain abolition

utopian suffrage

deference impeachment

monotheism caucus

hierarchy injunction

nobility ante-bellum

gentry bureaucracy

capitalism polygamy

predestination rebellion/r2volt

yeoman stereotypes

tithes allegiance

heresy insurgents

confederation manifest destiny

monarchy naturalization

democracy referendum

egalitarian conspiracy

sovereignty conscription

peers bigotry

primogeniture dissent

secession martial law

tariff feminist

demogogue emancipation

libel due process of law

slander vigilantes

16

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING MATERIALS

'OR THE CONTENT VOCABULARY ACQUISITION PROJECT

Materials for the project were evaluated with the followingcontent and form criteria. Materials considered should:

1. Teach vocabulary needed for entry into first-year collegecourses.

2. Present vocabulary in context.

3. Provide numerous practices.

4. Emphasize essential words.

5. Engage the reader's attention.

6. Follow a clear, regular format

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF VOCABULARY MATERIALS

EXAMINED FOR THE CONTENT AREA VOCABULARY ACQUISITION PROJECT

EDLP.O. BOX 210726Columbia, South Carolina 29221

EDL Core VocabulariesCatalog # 346510Price $5.95

Contain EDL's core vocabularies in reading, math, science andsocial studies. It contains word lists from readiness throughreading level 13.

FOCUS MEDIA, INC.839 Stewart AvenueP.O. Box 865Garden City, New York. 11530

Earth Science KeywordCatalog # Apple CP2310APrice $65

Software for using deductive reasoning skills and knowledge ofearth science to identify important vocabulary and scienceconcepts. Covers astronomy, rocks and minerals. Grades 8-12.

. 17

Vocabulary of Computer ScienceCatalog # Apple C4005A-BPrice $45

Students try to identify mystery words related to computerscience. Grades 7-1C.

Vocabulary of Social Studies-American History SeriesCatalog # Apple SS6831A-BPrice $85

Software helps students learn and remember the meanings ofimportant vocabulary words and concepts from a traditionalU.S.history curriculum.

JAMESTOWN PUBLISHERSPost Office Box 9168Providence, Rhode Island 02940(401) 331-7257

Reading The Content Fields-Middle Level (4-8)English-Catalog # 551M

ISBN 125-4Price $4.95

Social Studies-Catalog # 552MISBN 127-0Price $4.95

Mathematics-Catalog # 553MISSN 129-7Price $4.95

Science-Catalog # 554MISBN 1311-9Price $4.95

Practical Arts-Catalog # 555MISBN 133-5Price $4.95

Reading The Content Fields-Advanced Level (8-12)English: Catalog #551A

ISBN 135-1Price $5.25

Social Studies: Catalog #552AISBN 137-8Price $5.25

Mathematics Catalog: #553AISBN 139-4Price $5.25

Science Catalog: #554AISBN 141-6Price $5.25

(--)

4,,,,

18

Practical Arts Catalog * 555AISBN 143-2Price $5.25

Twenty-five practice exercises which consists of a shortreading passage followed by four questions that concentrate onfour areas of comprehension: literal, interpretive, applied,vocabulary.

MACMILLAN PUBLISHING COMPANYCollege Sales DepartmentFront and Brown StreetRiverside, New Jersey 08075-1197

Palumbo, Linda and Frank J. Gaik. Vocabulary For a New World. NewYork: Macmillan, 1992.

ISBN 0-02 390567-0

A text for building college-level vocabulary through context-based language acquisition. Words were selected on the basis ofthe frequency of use in college texts and major periodicals aswell as for their conceptual depth. Builds vocabulary in areasof business, computers, law, economics, philosophy, history,sciences and the arts.

STECK VAUGHN CO.P.O. Box 26015Austin, Texas 78755

Vocabulary Connections: A Content Area ApproachLevel G (7)ISBN 62-2209-7Price $4.92Level H (8)ISBN 62-2211-0Price $4.92

Lessons address specific content areas--social studies,science, literature, math, health and fine arts. Exercisesinclude cloz paragraphs, semantic maps, base words, wordpuzzles, dictionary skills, composition pages.

4,6

19

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OTHER VOCABULARY MATERIALS EXAMINED

The following materials were examined for project but did riotmeet the criteria established. In most cases the materials did notteach vocabulary from content areas.

EDUCULTURE, INC689 West Schapville Rd.Scales Mound, Illinois 61075

Analogies ICatalog # Apple IS60APPrice $65.00Catalog # IBM IS6OPCPrice $85.00

Students analyze and solve analogies. Includes tutorial andremediation on all wrong answers.

Analogies IICatalog # Apple IS61APPrice $65.00Catalog # IBM IS61PCPrice $65.00

More practice in solving analogies. Designed to help preparestudents for the analogies section of college aptitude tests.

AntonymsCatalog # Apple IS62APCatalog Price $34.95Catalog # IBM IS62PCCatalog Price $34. 95

Practice exercises identifying antonyms.

Challenging AnalogiesCatalog # Apple ML12APPrice $44.95Catalog # IBM ML12PCPrice $44.95

Program presents five kinds of analogies with twenty exercisesof each. Feedback responses given with each answer choice.

The Con of RathCatalog # Apple IS107APPrice $49.95Catalog # IBM IS107PCPrice $49.95

An adventure story in which students attempt to expose an

20

international conspiracy by supplying missing vocabularywords.

Lucky 7 Vocabulary GamesCatalog # Apple IS133APPrice 39.95Catalog # IBM IS133PCPrice 39.95

Two person vocabulary games, including hangman, fill in themissing letters, unscramble, synonym match, tic-tac-toe, andword search help students learn new words. Word listsincluded.

Marauders of the Lost ArkCatalog # Apple IS134APPrice $49.95Catalog # IBM 15134 PCPrice $49.95

An adventure story in which students acquire treasuresthroughout the ark by supply missing vocabulary words. Wronganswers branch to definitions. Hints are available but theycost points.

Misadventures of CoopermanCatalog # Apple IS135APPrice 49.95Catalog # IBM IS135PCPrice $49.95Catalog # IBM 3.5 IS135PC3Price $49.95

Software presents a story in which students travel to aforeign city and become involved in a series of misadventures.Students must choose correct vocabulary words to proceed withstory.

Wordwise: AnalogiesCatalog # Apple PDO4APPrice $49.95

Six lessons which gives practice with all types of analogies.

HARTLEY COURSEWARE, INC.133 Bridge StreetDimondale, Michigan 48821

Analogies AdvancedCatalog # 14-12 ApplePrice $49.95

Advanced work in analogies using content area words supplied by

21

eighth to tenth grade level teachers.

Analogies College BoundCatalog # 14-13 ApplePrice $49.95

Prepares students for analogy questions on college entrancetests. Hints are given to help students understand the

relationships.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY LEARNING SKILLS CENTERBloomington, Indiana

Textbook Marking ?trategies

Using Your Biology Textbook Efficiently

Using Your Psychology Textbook EffectivelyNo Catalog #Price each $40

Students try strategies for studying texts but not vocabularyinstruction is included.

JAMESTOWN PUBLISHERSP.O. Box 9168Providence, Rhode Island 02940(401) 331-7257

Comprehension Skills-Understanding VocabularyReading Level 4-8Catalog # CB1OMISBN 241-2Price $5.25Reading Level 8-12Catalog # CB10AISBN 242-0Price $5.50

Students read a short selection and then answer questionsabout several words used in the text. Students choose wordmeanings and answer questions about word parts.

Single Skills Series-Vocabulary in ContextReading Levels 3-12 (10 booklets)Catalog # Varies per bookISBN Varies per bookPrice $3.50

Students read a short selection, complete the last word of theselection, and then choose the meaning of vocabulary word used

in the selection.

22

Vocabulary Drills-Intermediate Level for grades 6-8Catalog # 770ISBN 448-2Price $8.75

Vocabulary Drills-Advanced Level for grades 9-12Catalog # 771ISBN 447-4Price $8.75

Each book is divided into ten units. Each unit is then dividedinto five sections. Sections one and three of each unit arebased on reading selections which contain the vocabularywords. The selections represent types of reading material thatpeople encounter on a regular basis: newspapers, magazines,general fiction and nonfiction, textbooks and referencematerials. Sections two and four teach Latin and Greek rootsin the words being studied. Section five inclades fivedifferent kinds of exercises which look at mull:iple meanings,roots review, choosing the right word, recognizing root formsand putting vocabulary to use in a game.

MACMILLAN PUBLISHING COMPANYCollege Sales DepartmentFront and Brown StreetRiverside, New Jersey 08075-1197

Rubin, Dorothy. Vocabulary Expansion. New York: MacmillanPublishing Co., 2nd ed., 1991.

A combined text and workbook which presents words in contextand emphasizes overlearning with numerous practices. End-of-chapter reviews and tests included.

TOWNSEND PRESSPavillions at Greentree #408Marlton, New Jersey 85053

Building Vocabulary Skills (7-9)ISBN 0-944210-79-1Price $7.30

Improving Vocabulary Skills (9-11)ISBN 0-944210-81-3Price $7.30

Advancing Vocabulary Skills (11-12)ISBN 0-944210-83-XPrice $7.30

Each book teaches 300 words or word parts through words-in-context approach. Comes with computer disks.

2 r

Pages 23-27 have been removed from this documentprior to being reproduced by the ERIC system

The removed pages can be found in thePublication "Vocabulary for a New World"

Macmillan Publishing CompanyNew York

authorsLinda J. PalumbaCerritos College

and

Frank J. GaikCerritos College

Pages 296-299

28

READING CENTER DEL MAR COLLEGE

MATH VOCABULARY DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

This unit teaches the words used in doing division with wholenumbers. Read the unit and complete the activities on thissheet. The answers are listed at the end of the unit packetso you can correct your own work. Four definitions providedby the Math Department follow:

DIVISION = is used to separate objects into equal groups

DIVISOR = If a and b are any numbers, and if b does not equalzero (0), then in the division a 4 b, b is thedivisor (or the number doing the dividing).

DIVIDEND = If a and b are any numbers, and if b does notequal zero (0), then in the division a b, a isthe dividend (or the number being divided).

QUOTIENT = The answer received from dividing

************************************************************

Following are the three ways a division problem usuallyappears:

Quotient

Divisor Dividend Dividend 2; Divisor = Quotient

Dividend

Divisor = Quotient************************************************************

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A store manager wants to distribute 25 newobjects equally on 5 shelves. The manager's divisionproblem would be written:

QUOTIENT5 Number on each shelf

Number of Shelves 5 yTs-- f-- Total Number of ObjectsDIVISOR DIVIDEND

************************************************************

1. Now you try one: In another part of the store, themanager wants to distribute 20 new objects equally on 4Shelves.

29

MATH VOCABULARY - DIVISION

2. Your problem should have looked like this:

5 In this problem

4 20 The divisor is

The dividend is

The quotient is*************************************************************

REMAINDER = the number left over when it is impossible toseparate objects into a whole number of equalgroups.

PROBLEM A warehouse clerk must place 14 objects into 3boxes.

4 Number in each boxQUOTIENT

Number of bows 3 14 Total number ofDIVISOR =12 objects

DIVIDEND2 4-- Number left over

REMAINDERSOLUTION: The clerk can place 4 objects in each box and have

2 objects left over.************************************************************The answer to a division problem with a remainder is

frequently written: 4 r 2

3) 14************************************************************

3. Now you try one: In this problem:The divisor is

2 r 1The dividend is

4) 9The quotient is

The remainder is************************************************************

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A wheat farmer ships 192,800 bushels of wheatin in 9 railroad cars. Find the amount ofwheat shipped in each car.

STRATEGY: To find the amount of wheat shipped in each car,divide the number of bushels (192,600) by the number of cars

(9).

You try to set up the problem here:

30

MATH VOCABULARY - DIVISION

4. SOLUTION:

21405 r 5 In this problem:

9 Tr.92650 The divisor is=la

12 The dividend is

36 The quotient is-36

050 The remainder is-45

5

**************************************************************************************************************************

31

READING CENTER DEL MAR COLLEGE

REAL WORDS IN HISTORY VOLUME I

Slides and Tape prepared by Vicky Roth************************************************************

Word L orthodox

Sentence: People of this time could be jailed for speakingagainst the orthodox beliefs of the Church.

ORTHODOX = Traditional beliefs and practices oftenestablished religious beliefs and practices

1.

Word Parts:

ortho = straight, or to make straight or standard

dox = opinion or thinking

orthodox = straight or standard opinions or beliefs************************************************************

Word autocratic

Sentence: The citizens of the region had no choice but toobey the autocratic ruler.

AUTOCRATIC = a system of government in which one person orgroup has total power

2.

Word Parts:

auto = self or run by one's self

cratic or cracy = government or type of rule

autocratic = rule by one person or a group of people

************************************************************

it si

32

REAL WORDS IN HISTORY VOLUME I PAGE 2

Word fl; public domain

Sentence: Revenue was generated by offering blocks of thepublic firunain to developers.

PUBLIC DOMAIN = land that belongs to the people, to everybody

PUBLIC DOMAIN = things that are no longer protected bycopyright laws

Word Parts:

DOMAIN = area or region of rule or control

PUBLIC DOMAIN = those areas over which no one person hasauthority. The' authority belongs to thepublic.

3_

************************************************************

Word A_ ratify

Sentence: The amendment needed to be ratified before itwould become part of the Constitution.

To RATIFY = To approve formally

4_************************************************************

Word 51 utopian

UTOPIAN = LITERALLY = no place

UTOPIAN = Now used to describe beautiful but impracticalvisions of a perfect life.

Sentence: The Society's dreams of building a utrazdan colonywere destroyed by the realities of the cruel NewEngland winters.

5.

*************************************************************

33

HISTORY WORDS VOLUME I SELF-CHECK TEST

Directions; Write the letter of the word that matches eachdefinition on the line in front of the correctdefinition. Note that some words have more thanone definition.

************************************************************

A. autocratic D. ratifiedB. orthodox E. utopianC. public domain************************************************************

1. traditional beliefs and practices oftenestablished religious beliefs and practices

2. things that are no longer protected by copyrightlaws

3. to approve formally

4. no place

5. a system of government in which one person or onegroup has tJtal power

6. land that belongs to the people, to everybody

7. beautiful but impractical visions of a peaceful life

34

HISTORY WORDS VOLUME I - WORDS IN CONTEXT

Directions: Using the five vocabulary words listed below,fill in the blanks in the selection below to best fit themeaning in the context of the whole selection.

autocratic orthodox public domain ratified utopian

In 1830, Joseph Smith founded the Church of the Latter-day Saints,also called Mormons. In addition to Smith'sdivine revelations, a Council of Church Eldersmost of the rules Smith decreed for the close-knit community.The Homan practice of polygamy (being married to more thanone person at a time) was not generally accepted by membersof more Christian groups and caused thesect many problems with their neighbors. In 1846, afterSmith's murder, Brigham Young led the Saints to the GreatSalt Lake area which was then in Mexican Territory to escapethe American community and legal pressures which warred onthe practice of polygamy. Young established a(n)

community where he controlled all land,economic, and religious policy. The community establishedsmall intensely cultivated farms on previously desert landand prospered. In 1848, the United States acquired the greatSalt Lake Basin and two years later Congress organized it asUtah Territory with Brigham Young as the territorialgovernor. As Americans moved west, land that had been in the

was bought by individuals and settled.Dozens of Mormon communities were scattered over the region.By the use of irrigation, the early Mormon settlers createdtheir dream out of the dry desert sand.