· document resume. ed 081 906 ce 000 133. title idtroduction to radiological monitor4g; a...

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 081 906 CE 000 133

TITLE IDtroduction to Radiological Monitor4g; A ProgrammedHome Study Course. Four Self-Study Units.

INSTITUTIOF Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DOD), BattleCreek, Mich.

PUB DATE Jun 72NOTE 279p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87DESCRIPTORS *Civil Defense; Fallout Shelters; Home Study;

Instrumentation; *Programed Instruction; ProgramedMaterials; *Radiation Effects; *RadiologicTechnologists; Radiology

IDEhTIFIERS *Radiological Monitoring

ABSTRACTThis progrmed course of study is designed to prepare

local government officials and individual citizens to act in nuclearemergencies or disasters. Each of the four units has two lessonsbeginning with a brief overview and proceeding with self studyframes. Line drawings are used to illustrate effects. Topics coveredare the radiological monitor in civil defense, fallout effects,exposure guidance, RADEF instruments, protective measures,decontamination procedures, dose and dose rate calculations, andradiological monitor tasks, procedures, responsibilities, andreporting. Aa additional information appendix follows the same formatbut is not provided with tests; it covers nomograns and peacetimenuclear hazards. (MS)

JUNE 1972

4 SEP27Copy 1972

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHEDUCATION & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONnnc 1...' I'. 4F Pte;)

U'i CE C) I );,( 7; 4.1 VI

PO. ' (i) F C',P.P.10%',C) NEC. E WE f'Pflc,F 1,7 of I NFL. ,,,,',,;1 nl

r) .< C.? ff0S,TION 0, f'ffl .1,

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A Programmed Nome Study Course

SELF.6STUDY 'UNITS

O.t

Dear Participant: June 1972

On May 5, 1972, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Lairdannounced the establishment of the Defense Civil Preparedness -Agency (DCPA) in the Department of Defense. Simultaneouslythe Office of Civil Defense within the Department of the'Army was disestablished and its functions transferred to thenew Defense Agency. All references to the Office of CivilDefense (OCD) in this text should be changed to DefenseCivil Preparedness Agency (DCPA).

The goals of the new agency are to provide an effectiveNational Civil Defense Program and planning guidance tostate and local governments in their achievement of totaldisaster preparedness. One step in achieving the goals isto train local government officials and individual citizensfor emergency or disaster activity that will save livesand protect property. This home self-study course will in-troduce you to the knowledge and activity required forradiological monitoring, which is a vital skill for nuclearpreparedness.

Sincerely,

John E. DavisDirector

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency

e

DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCYSTAFF COLLEGE

FEDERAL CENTERBATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN 49016

TO HOME STUDY PARTICIPANTS:

Welcome to the Staff College home study courseIntroduction To Radiological Monitorin4!

Through this self-teaching programmed instruction,you will receive an orientation to radiologicalmonitoring. The study materials accompany thisletter. These and a pencil are all you need toget started.

When you are ready to begin, read the "Table ofContents" and the "Introduction." They give back-ground in the subject matter. Carefully studythe section on "How to Use These Materials," inorder to get off to a good start in the programmedinstruction.

If you have any questions during study of thiscourse, write to us here at Staff College. We willbe glad to help you. The address is: Instructor,Introduction To Radiological Monitoring, HS-3,OCD Staff College, Federal Center, Battle Creek,Michigan 49016.

Good luck: We think you are going to enjoy thisnew method of learning.

iii

ENROLLEES STUDENT NUMBERS

YOUR STUDENT NUMBER IS ON THE UPPER LEFT CORNER OF

THE ADDRESS LABEL ON THE ENVELOPE IN WHICH YOU RECEIVED

THESE COURSE MATERIALS.-

x. EXAMPLE:002199 0400 122368

DOE: MR. JOHN C.

11 MAIN STREET

ANYCITY, ANYSTATE 49016

THE STUDENT NUMBER IN THIS EXAMPLE IS 002199. PLEASE

INCLUDE YOUR NAME AND STUDENT NUMBER ON ALL CORRESPONDENCE

REGARDING THIS HOME STUDY COURSE. (IF YOU DESTROY THE

MAILING ENVELOPE BEFORE GETTING YOUR STUDENT NUMBER, GO

AHEAD WITH YOUR LESSONS AND SEND IN THE ANSWER CARD WITH

YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS, OMITTING THE STUDENT NUMBER.)

NOTE:. DUE TO THE MUCH MORE RESTRICTIVE REGULATIONS OF THE

U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ON THE MAXIMUM ALLOW-

ABLE DOSE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION FOR YOUNG PEOPLE,

HOME STUDY COURSE STUDENTS UNDER THE AGE OF 18 WILL

NOT BE PERMITTED TO TAKE THE SPECIAL 8-HOUR CLASS-

ROOM COURSE.

iv

...JUNE 1972,

INTRODUCTION TO"RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING

HOME STUDY COURSE

PAGE7

GENERAL INFORMATION vii

RADIOLOGICAL-MONITORING QUALIFYING COURSE OUTLINE.. Ix/ .

UNIT 1, Lesson 1: The Radiological Monitor inCivil Defense 1

Lesson 2: Fallout Effects and ExposureGuidance 27

UNIT 2, Lesson 1: RADEF Instruments I 55Lesson 2: RADEF Instruments II 75

UNIT 3, Lesson 1: Protective Measures andDecontamination Procedures 107

Lesson 2: Dose and Dose Rate Calculations. 125

UNIT 4 Lesson 1.: Radiological Monitor Tasksand Procedures 157

Lesson 2: Radiological Monitor Respon-.sibilities and Reportingi .... 189

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 229

-ADDITIONAL INFORMATION APPENDIX.r r-,

231.

.Dose Rate Nomograms 233Entry Time-Stay Time - Total Dose. Nomograms 239Facts About Nomograms 245Peacetime Uses of Nuclear Energy . 255Peacetime. Nuclear .Hazards 259AccidentsInvolving Radioactive Materials. . 20

INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING

HOME STUDY COURSE

GENERAL INFORMATION

In the event of a nuclear attack on the United Statesthere would be millions of survivors, regardless ofpopular statements we often hear to the contrary. Inorder to do all that can be done to enhance their chancesfor continued survival, the U. S. Office of Civil Defense(OCD) must have a system for gathering, analyzing, anddeveloping countermeasures against the threats to survivalthat will exist during postattack timed.

One of the mcst significant parts of this system isthe kadiological Defense Program (RADEF). An extremelyimportant job in this program is that of Radiological.Monitor. He must be well enough trained to be able tohelp protect the citizens in his community from thehazards of radioactive fallout.

To become a fully qualified Radiological Monitor, ithas been necessary for students to be taught by and in thephysical presence of an especially trained RadiologicalMonitor Instructor (RMI) for the full 16 hours of theestablished OCD radiological monitors course.

To make radiological monitor training available tomany nore citizens, who may be willing to serve theircommuni "ties as monitors, but who cannot afford 16 fullhours in class, this home study course has li'een developed.

The Course consists of 4 Units of programmed instruct-ion and a final examination. All who successfully com-plete this course will be considered by OCD to havefulfilled the requirements of the equivalent of the first8 hours of the standard OCD 16-hour course and willreceive a Certificate of Completion. Then if a studentis interested in being certified as "a-Radiological Monitorhe must contact his local Civil Defense Director andarrange to take the additional 8 hours of practicaltraining in the use of the instruments.

INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING,

HOME STUDY COURSE

RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING QUALIFYING COURSE OUTLINE

This is.a general description of the major subject matterof the Special 8-hour classroom course graduates of theINTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING Home Study Coursemust successfully complete, in order to become fully/quali-fied Radiological Monitors.

Approximate.Sub ect Time

I. RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING PRACTICAL EXERCISES 4 Hours

OCD RADEF Instrument familiarization, andpractice in monitoring, techniques and pro-cedures; taught by and in the physicalpresence of a qualified RMI. OCD Radio-active Training sources will be utilized.

II. RECAPITULATION AND REVIEW OF HOME STUDYCOURSE UNITS 1 THROUGH 4. 2 Hours

Amplification by the instructor of conceptswhich were unclear or difficult for theindividual students of the particular class.being taught at the time.

III. NATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE SYSTEM 1-1/2 Hours

Description of nuclear postattack conditions;RADEF personnel requirements, i.e., howmany monitors are required, where, and why,as well as other trained RADEF personnel;Federal CiVil Defense Guide formula forestablishing monitoring stations, i.e.,how the location of monitoring stationsis decided; how instruments are obtained;how qualified monitors contribute topreattack preparedness.

ix

rt

IV. SUMMARY, AND PRESENTATION OF CERTIFICATES TO 1/2 HourFULLY QUALIFIED MONINRS.

.0:

Written assignmemt -to Monitoring Station orShelter, signed by the Local Civil DefenseDirector or Coordinator, to accompany eachgraduation Certificate.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This course is presented in a special format knownas programmed instruction, a learning technique basil onthe concept that you learn better when you take an e :Axepart in studying. Since this is a home study courc.,you don't have the benefit of a personal instructor.Instead, you should regard the text itself as your,in-structor and follow all the instructions you find in it.

In programmed instruction, information is presentedin small pieces called "frames." In a frame, you'regiven information, then asked to make a response based onwhat you've been told. You may be asked, for example, tofill in the blank, check a correct answer, or label adrawing. The correct answer is then provided so that youcan check on your progress through the material.

The answers will appear to the right of the frames,as shown below. Cover the correct answers with a blankpiece of paper, such as a 3 x 5card or a mask torn fromthe next page of this book, until after you've answeredthe frame an you think you should. Then move the papermask down and check your answer. Heavy lines betweenframes tell you how far to move your mask to reveal onlyone answer at a time. Here are a couple of sample frames.(If you have not yet obtained a mask, tear a strip ofpaper from the next page and cover the answers below.)

FRAME 1A person who collects radiological data andreports it performs a function called moni-toring. It follows that this person iscalled a radiological

ANSWER

monitor

FRAME 2When a,monitor has obtained radiologicaldata, he should (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. keep it hidden - -it's confi-dential.

B. report it as directed by hiscommunity's standing operatingprocedure. B is correc-...

. Now, you may be thinking that-kti-s° eyfully-ee-py to "cheat"by looking at the answer before writing your own. It is.But you won't learn as'well, of as easily, if you do so.

xi

After you complete each unit you will find a UnitTest. This, also, is handled on the "honor system."The correct answers for all unit tests are found on pagexxx in the back of the book. If you.find some of youranswers are incorrect you are to review the material untilyou understand it before beginning the next unit.

A

xii

USE THESE STRIPS TO

MASK THE ANSWERS ON T*E SIDE OF THE PAGES

AS YOU READ THRO GH THIS COURSE.:

CUT ALONG THE

EXTRAMASK

DOTTED LINES

EXTRAMASK

MASK

This isn't a test; it's a lealning method. If yo4 followthe instructions and pay attention, you'll be pleasantlysurprised It how much you can learn in a relatively shorttime.

Ready? Al right. Start witl Unit 1, which begi4s on,the page after next.

UNIT 1

THE RADIOLOGICALMONITOR INCIVIL DEFENSE

FALLOUT EFFECTS ANDEXPOSURE GUIDANCE

LESSON ONE

THE RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR.

IN

CIVIL DEFENSE

OVERVIEW

SELF-STUDY FRAMES FOLLOW

2

LESSON ONE

THE RADIOLOGICAL

MONITOR IN CIVIL DEFENSE

OVERVIEW

In this lesson, you'll learn what civil defense isand how radiological defense fits into the overall picture.You'll also learn what happens when a nuclear weapon isdetonated - -what blast and thermal effects are, and thetypes of radiation hazards that result.

Throughout the lesson, you'll see how the radiologicalmonitor functions in a typical radiological defense (RADEF)system. All set? Go to frame 1 and begin.

CIVIL DEFENSE DEFINED

1. We'd like to tell you that civil defensecan eliminate alldanger from nuclearattack, like a hugeumbrella over ournation. But we

our nation.

Ican't.our civil

Instead,civildefense

program is designedto minimize theeffects of an

onattack

2. Since it's called civil defense, whichof these two groups do you think civil

CIVILIANPOPULATION

MILITARY

civiliandefense is designed to protect? population

3

3. So, one part of the definition of civildefense is that it consists of thoseactivities and measures designed to:

A. minimize the effects upon ourpopulation....

B. caused by an on ournation.

A. civilianB. attack

4. If an attack occurs, we'll be thrown intoa state of emergency, to which civildefense must respond. That's anotherpart of our civil defense definition:Those measures and activities designedto deal, with (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. immediate emergency conditionsresulting from an attack.

B. normal conditions just priorto attack. A is correct.

5. In some phases of radiological moni-taring, you'll be: dealing with long-range activities. But in our defini-tion of civil defense, we'll statethat it involves conditions that are(immediate /long - range -- which ?)

immediate

6'. The third part of the .definition of_civil defense deals with the emergencyrepair to, or restoration of, vitalfacilities and utilities.. Check anyitems in the list that probably fallinto the vital category.

A. humane society facilities.B. hospitals.C. power plants.D. museums.

B & C are

7. GE?' Normally, civil defenseoperations don't include

I I I rebuilding our cities.Still, CD personnel maybecome involved in re-storing to use or re-pairing facilities thatare consideredsuch as hospitals.

vital (OR)essential

8. Civil defense, then, is defined asall those activities and measuresdesigned to (CHECK ANY CORRECTSTATEMENTS):

A. eliminate danger of attack.B. minimize the effects upon

our civilian populationcaused by an attack.

C. deal with immediate emer-gency conditions resultingfrom an attack.

D. permanently rebuild our cities.E. provide for emergency repair

to, or emergency restorationof, vital facilities andutilities.

B, C, & E arecorrect.

RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE (RADEF)

9. We're concerned here with CD operationsdealing with protection against nuclearradiation. Since our nation is so large,and because we already have local govern-mental units, CD responsibilities areconsidered a logical extension of thefunctions of these governments.

5

local

0. Our RADEF system is an organized effortto minimize the effects of nuclearattack on people and their resourcesthrough:

(1) detection of nuclear radiation;(2) warning of the presence of harm-

ful radiation; and...(3) preventive and remedial (corrective)

measures against harmful radiation.

Place the numbers of the above statementsbeside the appropriate descriptions below

A. Shelters are prepared to protectagainst radiation.

B. Using radiological instruments,monitors discover the presenceof radiation after a nuclearattack.

C. Presence of harmful radiation isreported to the proper authori-ties.

3 A.1 B.2 C.

11. Through these activities, RADEF is theorganized effort to minimize the effectsof nuclear radiation on both people andthe things they must have or use tolive. That is, RADEF is intended toprotect both people and their resources

(or equivalent)

12. Radiological defense is performedthrough:

A. determining if radiationis present, or radiation

B. warning the authorities when harmfulis present.

C. taking preventative and remedialagainst radiation hazards.

6

A. detectionB. radiationC. measures(0R) action

13. Radiological defense is (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. the organized effort to eliminate all danger from radioactivity to people and theirresources.

B. the organized effort, throughdetection, warning, and preventive or remedial action,to minimize the effects ofnuclear radiation on peopleand their resources. B is correct.

RADEF RESPONSIBILITIES

14. Keep in mind that RADEF is just onepart of CD. But RADEF is (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. relatively unimportant, sincenuclear attack is less andless likely.

B. moderately important, but notessential.

C. extremely important, becauseit deals with measures thatwill save lives. C is correct.

15. Civil defense functions are a logicalextension of normal government andcommunity activities. With communityinvolvement, costs are held downand lines of communication are moreeasily kept open. In short, thismethod of assigning CD functions isvery (efficient/inefficient--which?)

7

efficient

16. Civil defense functions are spreadaround in the most economicalfashion. These functions are theresponsibility of (CHECK TOE CORRECTANSWER):

A. community governments.B. Federal agencies only.C. state governments alone. A is correct.

17. Check any correct statements belowabout CD and RADEF operations.

A. CD is set up under one non-governmental agency.

B. RADEF is separate from CD.C. CD, including RADEF, is a

responsibility of existinggovernmental bodies.

D. The main responsibility isat the community level.

C & D arecorrect.

THE RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR

18. In RADEF, a key element to success istrained personnel. Community RADEFsystems nationwide need thousands ofpeople capable of detecting andreporting radiation.. The nation,therefore, needs trainedmonitors.

8

radiological

19. We must maintain a vast network ofmonitors to report radiological datafrom shortly after an attack unttl----such time as the radiological hazarddiminishes to the pcint that dailyactivities essential to survival canbe resumed. So, unless some specialsituation develops locally, the trainedmonitor will have no monitoring to dountil (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. after we have been attacked.B. we are ready to move out of

the shelters. A is correct.

20. Radioactive material (from which nuclearradiation comes) "decays" with time; --that is, as time passes, the intensityof the radiation decreases, and there-fore becomes less hazardous. Afterattack the monitor's services will herequired until outside activities canbe resumed. (CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. Because radiation intensitieshave decreased to acceptablelimits.

B. Because of the decay of radio-active material, which decreasesthe hazard; and any directmeasures, such as decontaminationtaken by local government.

C. Both A and B are correct.D. Neither A nor B is correct. C is correct.

21. The monitor's function will beginshortly after nuclear attack, butthere's no specific limit beyondwhich his job is no longer necessary.Monitoring will have to continue until(FINISH THIS SENTENCE)

9

radiationlevels havedropped to thepoint that itis permissibleto resume out-side activities(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

22. The monitor's primary function. inthe event of nuclear attack is toobtain and report information aboutlocal radiation that is essentialto the analysis and evaluation ofthe radiological hazard. To do this,he must know:

(1) local standing operating pro-cedures (SOP) for radiologicaldefense.

(2) types, operation, and uses ofall CD radiological instrumentsand equipment.

(3) techniques for monitoring areasand in support of emergencyoperations.

(4) protective measures necessaryto keep personnel exposure toa minimum.

Perhaps not all these terms mean agreat deal to you just now Butyou'll learn more about them later.NO RESPONSE REQUIRED: GO TO THENEXT FRAME.

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

23. As a part of his function, themonitor must know and follow hiscommunity's standing operating pro-cedures, abbreviated

10

SOP

24. To obtain and report radiation in-formation, the monitor will have to

be able to use what's pictured here- -radiological instruments

25. The monitor will also have to knowwhat techniques to use in areamonitoring, plus techniques to usewhen monitoring in support of(normal/emergency--which?)operations. emergency

26. Finally, the monitor must know pro-tective measures to hold personnelexposures to a minimum

27._ The primary duty of the radiologicalmonitor is to (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. lead everyone to a place ofsafety.

B. take over complete control ofall CD functions in the area.

C. obtain and report local radi-ation information essential tothe analysis and evaluation ofthe radiological hazard.

11

dC. is correct.

28. Monitors are named according to thefunction to which they're assigned.All are taught to perform the samefunctions and tasks, but:

A. if a monitor is assigned themain function of monitoringshelter conditions for the pro-tection of shelterees, he'scalled amonitor.

B. if he's assigned to a falloutstation for the function of moni-toring for emergency operationsin a locality, he's called a

monitor.

A. shelterB. fallout

station

29. Any monitor is operational--he canperform emergency operation monitor-ing if required. But assignments canvary.

A. Some are assigned to monitor forthe protection of shelterees ina

B. Others are assigned the functionof obtaining and reporting in-formation from a

30. Even if you were assigned to theloneliest fallout station, in theRADEF system, you wouldn't be alone.You wouldn't have to make decisions byyourself--provided communications arekept open with your community emergencyoperations center (EOC). You'd reportto, and obtain assistance from, yourorganizational radiological defenseofficer, abbreviated (also called)

12


monitoringstation

RADEFOfficer(OR) RDO

31. Suppose you've been ordered to performa mission outside your fallout station,but you know you've already seen exposedto radiation, and the task may causeoverexposure. You needn't make thefinal decision alone. A long as youcan communicate with him, you can gethelp from your community

RADEFOfficer(OR) RDO

ELEMENTS AND ATOMS

32. Let's discuss a few terms you'll runacross in dealing with radiation. The,first of these is "element".Elements are sometimes referred to asthe "fundamental building blocks ofnature".

ELEMENT `ELEMENT [ELEMENTINT I ELEMENT I ELEMENT I ELELEMENT I ELEMENT I ELEMENTSNT I ELEMENT I ELEMENT PrEELEMENT I ELEMENT I ELEMENT

Such things as hydrogen, nitrogen,iron and tin are

13

elements

33. Suppose you could take one of theseelements - -iron, for instance - -andbreak it into tiny pieces. Thetiniest piece you could break itinto and still have a chunk of ironis called an atom of iron. Atoms

Proton

Neutron

usually have all of the parts shownhere. Neutron& are neutral inelectrical charge, but, as indicatedby the signs:

'A. electrons have aelectrical charge.

B. protons have aelectrical charge.

A. negativeB. positive

34. We've said that:

A. Nature's fundamental buildingblocks are called

B. the smallest possible particleof such a material is calledan

C. the parts of the atom are

and

14

A. elementsB. atomC. electrons,

protons,neutrons

(IN ANY ORDER)

35. Most materials--elements--holdtogether quite 'tell. Therefore,we can state that the atoms ofmost elements are (stable /unstable --which?) . stable

36. Without going into further detail aboutelements and atoms, let's summarize bysaying:

A. elements are called Nature'sfundamental . A. building

blocksB. atomC. stable

B. the smallest possible particle ofan element is an

C. Most atoms are

RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR RADIATION

unstable

37. Most atoms are stable. But somenatural atoms, and several we'vebeen able to create, simply don'thold together well. These atomsare (stable /unstable -- which ?)

.

38. Unstable atoms tend to break down.Parts of them can fly off intosurrounding space in the form ofenergy. That's what radioactivityis...the spontaneous, uncontrollablebreakdown of atoms. unstable

39. The spontaneous, uncontrollablebreakdown of unstable atoms, with aresultant energy release, is called

. radioactivit

15

40. The particles of energy that goflying off unstable atoms have aname of their own. Since the energyis released from the nucleus, orcenter, of the atom, the energyparticles are calledradiation. nuclear

41. Once nuclear radiation starts, there'sno way to stop it. It lives up to thedefinition of being (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. controlled, g...adual energyrelease.

B. spontaneous, uncontrollablerelease of energy from an atom. B is correct.

42. We've said that:

A. radioactivity is the spontaneous,uncontrollable breakdown of

B. the energy particles thus releasedare called

A. unstableatoms

B. nuclearradiation

43. There are three types of nuclearradiation, and they're named after thefirst three letters of the Greek alpha-bet. The third one is gamma. Do youknow the first two letters of theGreek alphabet?

alpha, beta(If thesewere "Greek"to you, don'tworry--weasked you toguess).

44. Alpha and beta radiation consist ofactual particles that are electricallycharged. But the third type is pureenergy, similar to X-rays. So gammaradiation is often referred to asgamma

16

rays

45. Alpha rays can't penetrate unbroken skin.However, if radioactive materials thatemit alpha rays are taken into the body,the internal organs, which are not pro-tected by skin, can be seriouslydamaged. Nevertheless, alpha radiation(rays) still (is/is not--which?)as hazardous as beta and gamma radiation. is not

46. When left on the skin for long periods,beta-emitting particles can cause skinburns similar to heat burns. If they'rebrushed off in time, beta-emittingfallout particles won't even causeserious burns. So, as with alpha-emitting particles, beta particles(are/are notwhich?)considered as dangerous as gammaradiation. are not

47. Gamma rays resemble X-rays. They canpenetrate mostmaterials with ease.When they penetratethe body, gamma

GA M rAok rays can damageSWy47/7C9 vital organs. It's

obvious, then, thatgamma radiation isthe mostof the three types ofnuclear radiation.

dangerous(OR)harmful

48. Alpha-and beta-emitting particlesmust either be in or on the body,respectively, before they, are harm-ful. But gamma rays can harm anindividual (CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. because of the damaging effectson vital organs.

B. even when the gamma ray emittersare quite some distance fromhim.

C. Both A and B are correct.D. Neither A nor B is correct.

17

C is correct

'49. The radiological monitor will berequired to measure only the mostdangerous type of nuclear radia-tion-- radiation. gamma

RADIATION MEASUREMENT TERMS

50. Since radiation affects people, wemust be able to measure its presenceand relate the measurement to itsphysiological effect. The total amountof gamma radiation to which aperson is exposed is called the dose,and the unit of dose measurement isthe roentgen or milliroentgen (onethousandth of a roentgen). If a manis exposed to 5 roentgens of gamma onone occasion, and 6 more on another:

A. the total of the two figures ishis cumulative gamma radiationexposure

B. his total dose is

A. doseB. 11

roentgens

51. In gamma radiation exposure dosemeasurement:

A. the unit of measurement is the

B. measurements can be made inthousandths of a unit, or

A. roentgenB. milli-roentgens

52. In writing exposure doses, roentgenis usually abbreviated with a capital"R", and it follows immediately afterthe number. A dose of 50 roentgenswould be written

18

50 R.

I-

53. If John White has received a 15 Rexposure to gamma radiation, histotal exposure is 15 dose,

roentgens

54. If the indicated dose is 15 mR, Whitehas received a dose of 15 milliroent-

gens

55. Another very important measurement ofradiation is the rate at which anindividual is exposed to gamma radia-tion. This is measured on a per-hourbasis, and it's called the exposuredose rate

56. The roentgen ormilliroentgenis used for ex-pressing the doserate, too, exceptthat the time in-volved must beincluded in themeasurement. Asthe clock shows,the time unit isalways an hour,and dose rates areexpressed in termsof roentgens or

milliroentgens per

19

hour

57. In writing dose rates, "R" or "mR"stands for roentgen or milliroentgen:a "/" (slash) is used in place of"per"; and "hr" is used for the word"hour." A dose rate of sixty roentgens per hour would be written

60 R/hr

58. Write these doses and dose rates:

A. dose of 12 milliroentgens,B. dose rate of 100 roentgens per

hour,C. dose rate of 250 milliroentgens

per hour,D. dose of 100 roentgens,

A. 12 mRB. 100 R/hrC. 250 mR/hrD. 100 R

59. When exposure to radiation is beingmeasured:

A. the unit used to measure gammaradiatioa exposure dose is the

or theB. the unit used to measure gamma

radiation exposure dose rate isthe

A. roentgen,milli -roentgen

B. roentgen,per hour ormilli -roentgen perhour

NUCLEAR BLASTS

60. Because we are more familiar withTNT explosions, the power of'anuclear expi)sion is expressed interms of its relationship to TNT.The relationship is stated with theprefix kilo or mega added to theword ton or tons. Since the prefix"kilo" means 1,000, an explosion of1 kiloton of TNT is the same as oneof a thousand of TNT.

20

tons

U

61. If a nuclear explosion releases asmuch energy as 5,000 tons of TNT,it's a 5- burst. kiloton

62. Today's weaponry makes possiblenuclear weapons capable of releasingenerg7 equivalent to millions of tonsof TNT. Sine the prefix "mega" means"million", we have bombs capable ofreleasing energy measured in

-tons. mega(tons)

63. Write the correct descriptions fornuclear weapons equal to:

A. 100,000 tons of TNT--

B. 5,000,000 tons of TNT--

C. 75,000,000 tons of TNT--

A. 100 kilo-tons

B. 5 megatonsC. 75 megatons

64. The amount of energy released bya nuclear weapon i ce.11ed its yield.The weapon shown has aof one

1,000, 000TONS OF TNT

21

yield,megaton

65. The yield, or energy release, ofa nuclear explosion takes threeforms. The first is called theblast effect. Based on yourgeneral knowledge, check the hestanswer below:.

A. Both conventional (TNT, forexample) and nuclear weaponshave blast effects, but theone from a nuclear weaponis always smaller.

B. Only nuclear weapons producea blast effect.

C. Both types of weapons pro-duce a blast effect, but theone from a nuclear weaponcan be much greater. C is correct

66. With even a relatively small nuclearweapon buildings can be destroyed bythe shock of the explosion for milesaround. This is evidence of thetremendousof nuclear weapons. blast effects

67. A nuclear weapon also releases vastamounts of energy in the form ofthermal radiation. This energy hasbeen known to set houses afire quitesome distance from the blast itself.So thermal radiation is the releaseof energy in the form of heat

68. The release of energy in the form ofheat is known asradiation.

22

thermal

69. The third form of energy releasedfrom a nuclear burst is the mainsubject of this course- -radiation. nuclear

70. A nuclear explosion producesunstable atoms that release vastamounts of energy. This form ofenergy, as you know, is called

71. These three drawings illustrate thetypes of energy released by a nuclearweapon. Label each.

nuclearradiation

A. B.

C.

(423

A. blasteffect

B. thermalradiation

C. nuclearradiation

72. If a burst should occur, many people,will be killed or injured. Depend-ing upon where a Person is in.re-lation to the. burst:

A. the initial explosion, oreffect, might kill

or injure him... A. blastB. the tremendous heat, or B. thermal

, might cause injury radiationor death... C. radiation

C. or the resulting gammacan result in injury

or death.

73. Even if you're not close enough to aground burst nuclear detonation to beaffected by the blast or thermal effects

you still may be in anextremely hazardous,situation. The heatcreated by a surface

4 burst causes an up-.

MUSHROOMCLOUD

NUCLEARRADIATION

. /K. r r.1. v-

RAWICLESOFEARTMEventually, all these

particles, many of which have combinedwith radioactive materials, fall backto earth. And that's where we get thename "radioactive . fallout

draft of air into themushroom cloud it forms.Millions of vaporizeddirt particles are alsodrawn into the cloud.Then, as the heat di-minishes, radioactivematerials that havebeen vaporized condenseon the drawn-up part-icles of earth, whichare also condensing.

24

74. All three types of nuclear radiationare present in fallout, but we'velearned that alpha radiation (is/is not--whichn asImportant to us in RADEF as the othertypes of nuclear radiation. is not

75. Beta-emitting particles are harm-ful if taken into the body. And iffallout remains on the skin forprolonged.periods, beta radiationcan cause skin burns. Still, thebeta radiation from fallout is muchless harmful thanradiation. gamma

76. Radioactive fallout effects can bespread over a wide area due to thefactor shown here--the

ca;71'9<-1z,/: ?Tr 4j1/47.0-qtr

; .

. .e)7)

25

wind

77. Remember these facts:

A. When particles which have combinedwith radioactive materials returnto the surface after a nuclearburst, they're called

B. A factor contributing to thewidespread distribution of thisfallout material is the

A. falloutB. wind

78. This completes this lesson. Wehope you have enjoyed this methodof study. NO RESPONSE REQUIRED. NO RESPONSE

REQUIRED.

PLEASE CONTINUE WITH UNIT 1 ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES

26

LESSON TWO

FALLOUT EFFECTS

EXPOSURE GUIDANCE

27

LESSON TWO

FALLOUT EFFECTS AND EXPOSURE GUIDANCE

OVERVIEW

In this lesson, we'll discuss what happens to thehuman body when it's exposed, to radiation. Much of whatyou're learning about fallout effects is presented as ageneral guideline only. For example, no two peoplenecessarily react to an identical dose of radiation inexactly the same way. Still, you may need, guidance indetermining, with your shelter manager or RADEF officer,what effects are likely to occur. Therefore, the materialin this section can be used if you need it. We expectyou to be able to contact your RADEF officer for help inunusual cases.

The radiation exposure guidelines taught in thislesson are also intended as emergency rules. Certainsituations may require, for instance, that you performduties that wii:1 cause you to receive a greater dose thanthe limits desclibed here. How valid these guidelines aredepends upon emergency circumstances encountered.

Ready? Go to frame 1 and begin this lesson.

28

IMMEDIATE HAZARDS

1. The three types of nuclear radiationaro. represented by the drawings below.Label each type.

A. radiation B.must be ingested, whichis unlikely, to harmthe body.

.2=,.11=1011.101//1

radiation cancause skin burns

C. radiation canseriously damage vitalinternal organs dueto its ability topenetrate so deeply.

29

A. alphaB. betaC. gamma

2. Due to radioactive decay, to bediscussed later, time is a factorin the effects of gamma radiation.In addition to time, however,. theonly real protection againstgamma radiation consists of thetwo factors provided by adequateshelter: and

3. The least important type of radiationto us in radiological monitoring isalpha. So the two more importanttypes are and

radiation.

30

mass,distance

beta, gamma(IN EITHERORDER)

EXPOSURE OVER SHORT AND LONG PERIODS

4. To better understand radiation effectson the body, you should know thedifference between short-term exposureand exposure over extended periods oftime. For our purposes, we'll definea short-term dose as the dose receivedduring a 4-day period. A dose, ofcourse, is (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. the total exposure to radiation.B. the rate of exposure per hour.C. the amount of radiation the

human body can withstand.

5. The human body can at least partiallyrecover from radiation injury. If aperson receives a serious dose, butmakes it to shelter before beingfatally injured, his body can beginrepairing damage tissues even if acertain amount of exposure continuesover extended periods--provided he'snot exposed to a lethal dose. Inother words, the body can repairdamage (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. only if ao further radiationdose is received.

B. even when further exposureoccurs, as long as a lethaldose isn't received.

C. when an additional massiveshort-term dose is received.

31

A is correct.

B is correct.

6. Depending upon the size of the dose andthe way an individual reacts to radia-tion exposure, a large short-term dof.iecan mean serious illness or death. Forexample, a dose of 450 R can kill about50% of a large group of people soexposed. This same dose, however,received over an extended period of time,would kill far fewer people. This tellsus that (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. a massive short-term dose is lessdangerous than an equal dosereceived over an-extended period.

B. extended exposures can't betolerated as well as short-termdoses.

C. small doses, received daily overan extended period of time, canbe much better tolerated thanthe sum total of all such dailydoses received in one short-term exposure. C is correct.

7. Assume both of these persons have beenexposed to the same dose.

MAN A: feels slightly MAN B: is quiteill the day of expo- ill for severalsure, then begins re- days after expo-covering. sure.

As these situations indicate, all people(do/do not--which?) react thesame to identical radiation exposures.

32

do not

8. The greatest danger exists during thefirst few days to two weeks after thearrival of fallout. Therefore, peoplewho survive the initial blast andthermal effects of the burst (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. can begin resuming normaloutside activities almostimmediately.

B. must remain in adequate shelter,especially during this period ofhigh short-term exposure hazard.

9. As long as the subsequent short-termdose isn't too high (lethal) the body(can/cannot -- which?)repair some of the damage caused byradiation.

B is correct

can

RADIATION SICKNESS SYMPTOMS

10. The symptoms to be discussed are thosecaused by short-term doses of gammaradiation from fallout. We'll relatesome general symptoms to specifieddoses. These classifications must begeneral because people don't all reactthe same to an identical ofradiation. dose

11. The symptoms we'll discuss are thosethat can be seen or readily measured- -the (visible/invisible--which?)

signs of radiationsickness.

33

visible

r

12. Two visible signs ofradiation sickness are

.e. nausea and vomiting.But shock, or just pain,can cause a similarreaction. So, are nauseaand'vomiting necessarilyan indication of radiationsickness?

13. You'll have to weigh the symptomsagainst the-exposure received todetermine whether they indicateradiation sickness. The symptomswe've discussed areand

no

nausea,vomiting(IN EITHERORDER)

This drawing illustratesthe beast way to detect athird radiation sicknesssymptom--a high temperature

(OR)fever

15. We've discussed three radiationsickness symptoms. List them.

A.B.C.

34

nausea,vomiting,fever(IN ANY ORDER)

16. These symptoms resemble those of manycommon illnesses, including the "flu"and the common cold. You must judgethem in terms of the amount of radiationexposure the person has had--his radia-tion exposure 'dose

17. Radiation sickness symptoms may appearshortly after exposure, then disappearfor a few days--only to reappear in aweek or so in much more serious form.

SWELLING CANOCCUR IN THESEAREAS

When they recur, the symptoms are some-times accompanied by swelling in thepassages of theand

nose, mouththroat(IN ANY ORDER)

18. Once radiation sickness symptoms appear(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. they may disappear, then reappearin a week or so, sometimes accom-panied by nose, mouth, and throatpassage swelling.

B. they usually persist until deathoccurs.

C. there is little or no hope forthe individual, since the bodycannot repair radiation-causedinjuries.

35

A is correct

DOSE-VISIBLE 'EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

19. Now, let's relate these visibleeffects to radiation exposuredoses. These points are discussedas general rules only, since dif-ferent people react (the same/differently--which?)to an identical dose. differently

20. On the next page, you'll find achart depicting dose-visible effectrelationships. Look the chart overat this time, reading it carefully;then return to the next frame on thispage. NO WRITTEN RESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO WRITTENRESPONSEREQUIRED

21. As the chart indicates, we're dis-cussing the visible effects of(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. short-term doses.B. doses received over extended

periods. A is correct.

22. Look closely at the chart. See theNote on the term "group."

A. There are usually no visibleeffects with doses .up to about

B., Brief periods of illness maybegin on the day of exposure inabout 10% of a group, exposed toaround

C. When doses exceed 450 R, rangingupward toward 600 R, yoU can ex-pect (FINISH THIS SENTENCE).

36

A. 50 RB. 75-100 RC. all to be

ill, andmost todie, in1-3 weeks.(OR EQUIVA-LENT ANSWER)

DOSE -- VISIBLE EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

Short-term dose Visible effect

50 R No visible effects

75-100 R Brief periods of nausea on day ofexposure in about 10% of the group.

200 R As many as 50% of this group mayexperience some of the symptoms ofradiation sickness. Although only5% to 10% may require medical attention,no deaths arc expected.

450 R Serious radiation sickness in mostmembers of the group followed bydeath to about 50% within two to fourweeks.

600 R Serious radiation sickness in allmembers of the group followed bydeath to almost all members withinone to three weeks.

NOTE: As we have learned, all people do not react thesame to identical radiation exposures. That is, some aremore sensitive to radiation damage, while some may be lesssensitive to such damage.

The term "group" as used in this chart refers to a numberof people large enough that it would include individuals'from the most sensitive to the least sensitive of all, toany dose or dose range.

37

23. So at least some brief illnessesin the group may be expected whenthe short-term dose is between

and75 R, 100 R

24. If doses exceed 200 R--moving uptoward 450 - 600 R -- real problemsdevelop. Death can occur, andserious illness. is quite likely.So, while these guidelines are verygeneral, you should try to avoidexposures that cause illness--thosethat exceed

100 R

25. Keep this chart, if you wish.It provides you with (general/specific -- which ?)indications of dose-visible effectrelationships.

r

38

general

CARING FOR RADIATION CASUALTIES

26. RadLation casualties may be sufferingfrom a full range ofinjuries--from superficial beta burns,to serious radiationsickness. Whateverthe injury, if atall possible, thefellow pictured hereshould treat them- -a doctor

27. If a doctor isn't available,treatment depends upon the natureand seriousness of the injury.Beta burns can be treated just likeany other burns, after all falloutis removed. You can bandage, ifnecessary, and use salves or jelliesto lubricate and protect the wound.Beta burns (CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. must always be treated by aihysician, even if they appearminor.

B. can be treated similar to heatburns.


39

B is correct.

28. If a beta burn breaks the skin,it can become infected. Don't ignoreit. Treat it as you would a heat

Burn

29. More serious problems arise withradiation sickness due to gamma rayexposure. If professional help isavailable, the victim should betreated by a

physician(OR) doctor

30. If a doctor isn't available, there aresome steps you can take. First, theinjured person has probably lost bodyfluids due to vomiting and fever.These fluids must be replaced, so theinjured party (should/should not--which?) be given wateror other liquids, if possible. should

31. His illness has made him weak, too.He must regain his strength, if he isto survive. Therefore, a radiationcasualty should be given nourishing

, when it is available. food

32. While his stomach is upset, it in ,ybe difficult for the radiationcasualty to keep anything dowr, Butas soon as he can take it, he shouldbe given andwhen they are available.

40

food, water(OR) liquids(IN EITHERORDER)

e's

33. In addition to being given food andliquids,

the radiation casualty should, ifpossible, be (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. kept quiet and made ascomfortable as possible.

B. allowed to keep up normalactivities. A is correct.

34. A radiation casualty is often veryweak due to excessive vomiting,diarrhea, and the destruction of hisred blood cells by gamma rays. Theseare other reasons why he should, ifpossible, be kept andmade

quiet,comfortable.

35. Gamma radiation can also destroy whiteblood cells--our defenders againstinfection. Even a small cold can be-come disastrous. Since others may havecolds or other illnesses, a radiationcasualty (should/should not--which?)

be separated fromthe rest of the group, if possible.

41

should

36. There isn't much you can do for agamma radiation casualty. But youcan, if possible, (CHECK ONLY ONEANSWER):

A. keep him quiet and ascomfortable as possible.

B. isolate him from infectiousdiseases.


RADIATION EXPOSURE CRITERIA

37. Here are some guidelines for con-trolling exposure to gammaradiation. You may not be able tostay within the limits suggested,depending upon local conditions.Knowing what you do about theeffects of gamma radiation, youknow that every effort should bemade to keep exposure doses (high/low--which?) low

38. Unless communications have beendisrupted, you'll be given guidanceas to what activities are permissiblefrom the individual to whom youreport--your officer.

39. When communications lines are open,the person who decides what outsideactivities are permissible is the(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. head of government or hisdesignated representative,based on advice from his RADEFOfficer.

B. man in charge of the shelter.C. radiological monitor.

42

RADEF

A is correct.

40. In case communications with the RADEFofficer is cut off, and there is noone available who is better qualifiedthan you, you can use the guidancecontained in this frame and frames41 and 42. (These guidelines must bemodified, too, depending upon specificsituations--the in-glhelter dose, forinstance.) If the total dose insidethe shelter has exceeded 75 R,activities outside the shelter willadd very dangerously to this doseand should be even (more /less -- which ?)

restricted thandetailed below. more

41. A dose of 75 R to 100 R may causenausea in some people. If you alreadyhave received an in-shelter dose ofaround 75 R, then you should (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER OR ANSWERS).

A. remember that your dose willcontinue to increase, eventhough you do not leave shelter.

B. go ahead with outside activities,since you're already sickanyway.

C. severely limit outside activi-ties to keep from increasingyour dose to much moredangerous levels. A and C are

correct.

42.. In discussing thses guidelinesfor radiation exposure, remember thatthey should be even further limited ifthe in- shelter lose has reached

or more. 75 R

43. No special precautions are necessaryas long as the outside dose rate isbelow that shown here. Outsideactivity for essential tasks--up toa few hours per day, .t least--canbe performed without special precau-tions when the unsheltered dose rateis below

DOSE RATE :LESS THAN0.5 IV HR.

GrSHELTER

0.5 R/hr

44. Don't spend any more time outsidethan necessary. But with an un-sheltered dose rate of Less than0.5 R/hr, you'can perform essentialoperational activities, up to a fewhours per day (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. only with RADEF officer'spermission.

B. as long as you take specialprecautions.

C. without taking specialprecautions.

44

C is correct.

45. You must restrict outside activitiesto essential duties only--fire-fighting, rescue, obtaining medicalsupplies, etc.--when unsheltered doserates reach these levels-- to

pose RATE:o.5 R/ HR.

To2 R/HP.

1

1 J Ia% 1

'...41111." Mb SHELTER0.5 R/hr (to)2 R/hr

46. In terms of outside dose rates:

A. activities needn't be veryrestricted when the dose rateis below

B. they should be restricted to moreessential duties when the outsidedose rate is betweenand

A. 0.5 R/hrT. 0.5 R/hr

(and)2 R/hr

47. When the outside dose rate reaches2-10 R/hr, hold time outside theshelter to a few minutes per day.Outside activities should be (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. limited to those importantactivities that cannot possiblybe postponed.

B. carried on as usual-C. extended to give shelterees

more exercise. A is correct.

48. Perform only those activities thatcannot possibly be postponed when theoutside dose rate has reached the

to level.

45

2 R/hr (to)10 R/hr

r

49. Once the outside dose rate reaches10-100 R/hr, outside' activitiesshould be strictly limited. Every-one should (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. get outside while they stillcan.

B. move outside the shelter onlywhen it's uncomfortable.

C. remain in the best availableshelter, no matter how un-comfortable it may be. C is correct.

50. When the dose rate exceeds 100 R/hr,radiation sickness and/or death canresult from even a short exposure.Therefore, (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. outside activities of only afew hours are permitted.

B. no outside activities should bepermitted.

C. no precautions are necessary. B is correct.

51. If the shelter were on fire, or if itsere under a collapsing building, itmay be necessary to go outside, re-gardless of the dose rate. Or if theshelter is totally inadequate and youknow of another one within a fewminutes trave.L, it might be advisableto make the trip. Usually, however,you should remain inside the shelterwhen the outside dose rate isor greater.

46

100 R/hr

I-

52. Write the dose rate beside eachdescription.

A. No precautions arenecessary, but youshould sleep in theshelter.

B. Outside activitiesare allowed, up toa few minutes a day,for absolutelyessential purposes.

C. No outside activitiespermitted.

53. The exposure guidelines we've beendiscussing are to be utilized (CHECKONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. standard procedure, even whenall communication lines areopen.

B. more accurate than any localexposure limits your RADEFofficer may set.

C. Both A and B are correct.D. only when competent guidance

is not available.

54. Unless other local limits have beenestablished, exposures of personnelon emergency missions should be keptbelow 200 R during the first month,and below 25 R per week for the nextfive months. These persons wouldprobably be exposed to more radiationthan most shelterees.. If they are tobe used in unsheltered activity, theymust hold down their total

47

A. below0.5 R/hr

B. 2 to 10R/hr

C. over100 R/hr

D is correct.

doses (OR)exposures

55. If local conditions cause your RADEFofficer to set other limitations,follow them. Normally emergencymission personnel's exposures shouldbe limited to:

A. 200 R during the firstand

B. 25 R per week during the nextfive

A. monthB. months

56. If exposures are likely to exceed theprescribed limits, there are someprotective measures (to be discussedlater) you can take. Whenever possible,report to your RADEF officer, ifexposures are likely to exceedthe first month, or perweek during the next 5 months.

200 R,25 R

57. This completes Unit 1. You should haveno trouble with the test for this unit.If you do, don't hesitate to go backand review those sections or framesyou may have misunderstood. NORESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

PLEASE COMPLETE TEST ON NEXT PAGE

48


HOME STUDY COURSE

NOTE: DO NOT LOOK AT THE TEST BELOW UNTIL YOU HAVECOMPLETED UNIT 1.

UNIT 1 TEST

(Check the best answers)

1. Civil defense is defined as all those activities andmeasures designed to:

a. rebuild cities, if not eliminate the danger ofnuclear attack.

b. minimize the effects of an attack on our army,permanently restore all facilities.

c. minimize the effects of an attack on our civilianpopulation, temporarily repair or restore vitalfacilities, deal with immediate emergencyconditions.

2. Civil defense functions are:

a. assigned to Federal agencies only.

b. completely run by state governments.

c. a logical extension of the duties of localcommunity governments.

3. Those activities that add up to the organized effort tominimize effects of nuclear radiation on people andtheir resources are called:

a. radiological defense (RADEF).

b. civil defense.

c. the Armed Forces.

4. A monitor's primary duty is to:

a. lead people to safety in times of emergency.

b. collect and report radiological data.

c. take over emergency operations in his community.

49

5. The type of nuclear radiation with which the monitorneed be least concerned is:

a. alpha.

b. beta.

c. gamma.

6. The total amount of exposure to radiation is known asthe:

a. dose rate.

b. dose.

c. biological effect.

7. The amount of radiation per hour is the:

a. dose.

b. exposure.

c. dose rate.

8. Radiation is measured in:

a. roentgens only.

b. BTU's.

c. roentgens or milliroentgens.

9. Three forms of energy released by a nuclear weapon are:

a. kilotons, megatons, yield.

b. blast, thermal, nuclear radiation.

c. roentgens, milliroentgens, dose.

10. Dirt drawn into the mushroom cloud of a nucleardetonation often returns to the surface as:

a

a.. rain. II

b. pure radioisotopes.

c. radioactive fallout.

50

11. Under the best recovery conditions, what part of aninjury received from radiation will the body repair?

a. Some of it..

b. Most of it..

c. All of it.

12. Some visible or measurable signs of radiation sicknessare:

a. nausea, vomiting, fever.

b. diarrhea, jaundice, nervousness.

c. nausea, backache, headache.

13. As a general guideline, you should avoid exposurethat will cause your dose to exceed:

a. 0.25 R.

b. 10 R.

c. 75 R - 100 R.

14. If the radiation exposure dose greatly exceeds 450 R:

a. most people will be able to continue withnormal activities.

b. everyone will probably be ill, most willprobably die.

c. everyone is certain to die immediately.

15. If possible, a radiation casualty should be:

a. treated by a doctor.

b. left alone, since no one can help him.

c. left outside the shelter area fo-r theprotection of others.

51

16. A radiation casualty:

a. shouldn't be given food or water, since itmay be wasted on him.

b. can be given food, but no water.

c. should have food and water to help him gainstrength, replace lost fluids.

17. A person suffering from radiation sickness:

a. should be allowed to mingle with others.

b. must be kept away from others so he won'tinfect them.

c. should be kept away from others so he won'tcatch any colds or other illnesses they mighthave.

18. Unless communications have been disrupted:

a. the monitor receives exposure guidance fromhis RADEF officer.

b. decisions as to allowable exposures are alwaysmade by the monitor himself.

c. the monitor won't need any exposure guidance,since radiation levels probably won't becomedangerous.

19. If an in-shelter dose of 75 R or more has beenreceived, outside activities:

a. needn't be restricted at all.

b. should be somewhat restricted, but not severely.

c. must be- severely limited.

52

20. Outside activities should be strictly limited when theoutside dose rate is:

a. 0.5 R/hr or less.

b. 100 R/hr or more.

c. 2-10 R/hr.

WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS TEST,CHECK YOUR ANSWERS USING THE ANS-WER KEY ON PAGE xxx IN THE BACKOF THIS BOOK.

53

RADEF INSTRUMENTS I

RADEF INSTRUMENTS II

LESSON ONE

RADEF INSTRUMENTS I

OVERVIEW,

CHARACTERISTICS/CAPABILITIES

HOW TO USE INSTRUMENTS

FOLLOW

56

LESSON ONE: RADEF INSTRUMENTS I

OVERVIEW

Both this lesson and the next deal with radiologicalinstruments you'll use in monitoring. First we'll discusscivil defense instrumentation in general; then we'll talkabout svch instruments as dosimeters, survey meters, etc.,and how to use them.

You won't be able to practice with the instrumentsas a part or this home study course because of the difficultyof shipping them to you. We'll go into enough detail, how-ever, that you'll be able to recognize each of the major in-struments and know the job each is designed to perform.Begin now with frame 1.

CIVIL DEFENSE INSTRUMENTATION

1. Radiological instruments are obtained bythe Office of Civil Defense (OCD) on anational scale and are distributed tolocal CD organizations. Civil defenserequires the best possible instruments,so as better instruments are developed,the OCD (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. sticks to the old ones to avoidtraining problems.

B. obtains the new instruments (iffunds permit) or "modernizes"(retrofits) older instruments.

C. makes no changes. B is correct.

2. More recent RADEF instruments arenormally just improvements on theolder models. The principles remainthe same. So, if a monitor is usedto the old instruments, he probably(can /cannot -- which ?) usethe new ones without much difficulty.

57

can

3. If you learn in this course andsubsequent in-class instructionhow to use the latest pieces ofequipment, but find that oldermodels are being used in the field,.you should (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. use the instruments that areavailable, because later in-struments are basically re-finements of these.

B. throw the old instruments away,since they're obsolete.

C. report that you're unable totake readings due to obsoleteequipMent.

TYPES OF RADEF INSTRUMENTS

4. The most dangerous type of nuclearradiation can penetrate (enter) theflesh and vital organs of an individual,doing great damage, and that personwon't feel it.

GAMMA ------RAD/ATI oN //

LI I

That is, you wouldn't even feelradiation. gamma

A is correct. ,

58

5. Since gamma radiation can penetratehumans without being felt, we must havesome means of determining how muchradiation we're being exposed to. Todetect and measure radiation Je useradiological instruments

. We must have instruments to measure bothfactors of radiation exposure:

A. the total amount of exposure toradiation. or the exposure

B. the amount of exposure received perhour, or the

A. doseB. dose rate

7. The instrument for measuring dose is thedosimeter (des - im - etter), and thedose rate is measured by the surveymeter. Both measure in roentgens or

milliroentgens

8. To remember which instrument measuresdose, just keep in mind that it beginswith a part of the word itself. S4? Lheinstrument that measures the total ex-posure dose to radiation is the (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. survey meter.B. dosimeter. B is correct.

9. A dosimeter reacts to an increase indose. If you're close to the maximumacceptable dose, you need to knowimmediately what your total

dose

59

10. Survey meters require a minute or twoto "warm up" before accurate readingscan be obtained. These instrumentsreact reasonably quickly once they're-warmed up. They'll register a changein about 15 seconds from the momentthey're turned on. Survey metersmeasure the rate at which you're beingexposed to radiation, or the dose rate

11. :Aance a survey meter is warmed up, it..-will react fairly quickly. If you'11143Ve. from one area to another, thec -hange in dose rate can be read(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. after about a 15-second wait.B. instantaneously.C. in about 15 minutes. A is correct;

12. A survey meter is so named because it's-used to scan, or , an areaor surface to determine the exposuredose rate. survey

I3. Label these instrument descriptions withtheir names.

A. measures dose rate inR/hr or mR/hr..

B. "measures- accumulatedexposure dose in Ror mR.

60

A. surveymeter.

B. dosimeter

14. The dosimeter measures in roentgensor milliroentgens. The survey meter,since it measures dose rate, measur.esin these units per hour

15. The unit of measurement, whilebasically the same, varies in thisrespect:

A. Since the dosimeter measures dose,the:unit is the or

B. Since survey meters measure doserates, they measure in

A. roentgen,milliroentgenB., roentgensper hour ormilli-roentgensper hour.

16. Write "s" for survey meter or "d"for dosimeter beside each statementbelow.

A. measures in roentgens ormilliroentgens.

B. measures in roentgens ormilliroentgens per hour.

d A.s B.

DOSIMETERS

17. First let's talk about the'radi6=logical instrument.that measures the

:accumulated exposure dose' toradiation -- the dosimeter

18. Under emergency conditions, adosimeter should be worn on theperson. Since you must.know thedose to which you're being exposed,when on an outside mission, you(should/should not--which?)

wear a doSimeter.

61

should

19. Dosimeters are only a half-inch indiameter, and the CD V-742, most often

used for operationalpurposes, is less than4 1/2" long. Theseinstruments have aclip on them, similarto the clip on a pen,so they can be clippedon clothing, to belts,or in pockets. Whenon a mission, youshould (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. leave the dosimeter behind toavoid contaminating it.

B. wear the dosimeter clipped to .

your clothing. B is correct.

20'. Since dosimeters are used to meWippredose, their scales read in (CHECK ANYCORRECT ANSWERS):

A.B.

C.D.

roentgens per hour.milliroentgens.roentgens.milliroentgens per hour.

B & C arecorrect*

21. Readings on a doSimeter representthe radiation exposure dose of theinstrument. If the monitor wears adosimeter, we assume that his'and thedosimeter's doses are (the same/dif-ferent--whiCh?)

.62

the same

22. Dosimeter readings reflect the amountof radiation to which the instrumenthas been exposed. If such readingsare to be considered accurate repre-sentations of the monitor's dose, hemust(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. leave the instrument alone sothe reading on the scale won'tbe affected.

B. wear the dosimeter at all timeswhen in radiation areas. B is correct.

23. Dosimeters measure only the highly-penetrating type of nuclear radiation- -

radiation. gamma

24. Do dosimeters measure beta radiation?

No

CHARGING A DOSIMETER AND OBTAINING READINGS

25. A dosimeter doesn't have its ownbattery. Before it can be used, youmust charge it. A special instrumenthas been developed for this purpose,and it's called--logically enough--adosimeter

63.

charger

26. The dosimeter charger has beenassigned the Lumber CD V-750. Itoperates on power supplied by a.single flashlight battery. On topof the charger are a chargingpedestal (with cap on, here), acontrol knob, and one large :-crew,which holds the entire instrument

CHARGINGRECEPTAC LE

CONTROLKNOB

together. To charge a dosimeter,unscrew the cap and press thedosimeter, down firmly on thecharging pedestal

27. The charging pedestal is capped toprotect the contact from damage. Touse a CD V-750 for charging adosimeter:

A. unscrew the protective cap of the, then..

B. press the contact end of thedosimeter into it (firmly /gently --which?)

64

A. chargingpedestal

B. firmly

1

28. One end of a dosimeter has a contactfor charging, and the other isa magnifying glass. By looking intothe dosimeter through this glass end,

holding the instrument up to a lightsource, you can see the scale, magni-fied many times for easy reading.Since you must have a light source toshine through the dosimeter in orderto read it, and since you'll have toread it while it's on the charger toset it properly, it follows thatthere's a in thedosimeter charger. light

29. When you press down gertly on thecharging pedestal, with the dosimeter,and look into the glass end of the in-strument, the light in the chargerturns on and enables you to read the

of the dosimeter.

65

scale

30. Here's what the scale of theoperatlnal dosimeter CD V-742

HAIRLINEVERTICAL ROENTGENSsCALM

AO 40 60 SO 100 1/8 Mf 160 ISO 200

I I I I I I H H I

looks like. The vertical hair-line mark tells you the radiationexposure , shown here at

dose, 0

31. The objective in charging a dosimeteris to make thP scale read zero.Therefore, charging a dosimeter isoften referred to as it. zeroing

32. You'll see how easy charging a dosimeteris when you work with the instruments.For now, remember:

A. Charging a dosimeter is alsocalled it.

B. Dosimeters are charged on aCD V-750

C. To charge the instrument, youpress its rontact end onto thecharging pedestal-(gently/

A. zeroingB. chargerC. firmly

33. To read a dosimeter, aim it at a lightsource and look through it. If noother light source is available, thelight in the charger used primarilyfor adjusting the hairline scale tozero may be used to read the dosimeter,(as will be more fully explained later.)Zeroing is accomplished by turning thecontrol knob to tha left or to theright, which moves the hairline alongthe horizontal

66

scale

34. At the beginning of its use, thedosimeter should read zero. Toaccomplish this (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. hold the dosimeter in thecharger until it reads zero.

B. while holding the dosimeterfirmly in the charger, adjustthe hairline to zero byturning the. control knob. B is correct.

35. Check your dosimeter after you takeit off the charger. If the hairlinehas slipped a bit, you may have toput the instrument back on thecharger and readjust the hairline.At the beginning.of the period duringwhich a reading is. to be taken, thedosimeter should read , ifpossible. zero

36. When you pre3s the dosimeter firmlyonto the charging pedestal, a

comes on to enable you toread the scale. light

37. You must have light coming throughthe instrument to read it. If nolight source is available, you canuse the charger for a source bypressing the dosimeter gently ontothe charging pedestal. Whencharging the instrument, you mustmake sure contact is made bypressing

67

firmly

38. When using the CD V-750 for a lightsource, the dosimeter's chargingcontact point should't touch thecontact on the charging pedestal.This is because the electricalcharge from the charger will affectthe position of the hairline, andyou (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. might change or lose thereading you're trying toobtain.

B. could ruin the dosimeter. A is correct.

39. The CD V-750 has two important uses.

A. It's used to zero, ordosimeters, in which case thedosimeter should be pressed

onto the chargingpedestal.

B. Under poor light conditions, thecharger can be used as asource, in which case the dosimetershould be pressed onto thecharging pedestal very

A. charge,firmly

B. light,gently

40. When reading a dosimeter, hold theinstrument about half an inch fromyour eye and look into it. At thebeginning of a specific mission orperiod for which you want to know thedose, the dosimeter should read

8

zero

41. If you've been wearing your dosimeter- -and you should at all times in radiationareas --'it probably won't read zero whenyou begin a mission or recording period.If you have time, zero it. But if youdon't, you can determine the dose in agiven period by (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. wearing a dosimeter that readszero, leaving your old onebehind.

B. reading the instrument at thebeginning of the period, thensubtracting that figure fromthe reading at the end of theperiod.

C. adding the initial reading tothe final reading for theperiod. B is correct.

42. Each person must keep an accuraterecord of his exposure dose. Dosesare usually recorded on a daily basis.If you're asked to perform a missionand record the dose you receive whileon it, you may find it unhandy to gothrough th- extra recording of dosesyou'll have to perform if you zeroyour dosimeter. In such an instance,it may be simpler to find the (sum of/difference between -- which ?)

readings atthe beginning and end of the missionand record it.

differencebetween

43. When a dosimeter is charged, the hair-line is held in place at zero byelectrical charges on filaments in theinstrument. Under certain conditions,the charge can leak from th,:: dosimeter,resulting in a reading higher thanzero. This loss of electrical chatjeis called leakage.

69

electrical

44. When the electrical charge on thefilament in a dosimeter leaks off,the hairline will move up-scale.This reading is the result ofelectrical leakage

45. You probably won't have any troublewith the phenomenon we're discussing.We're mentioning it mainly so thatyou'll know chat stored dosimeterscan show a reading, even if they wereproperly zeroed before storing, due to electrical

leakage

DOSIMETER CARE AND STORAGE

16. Like other radiological instruments,dosimeters are rugged enough toperform under almost any climaticconditions. They can take quite abit of punishment. Still, to insureaccurate, long-lasting life, youshould handle dosimeters reasonably(roughly/carefully--which?)

carefully

47. Dosimeters and other radiologicalinstruments are (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. so rugged that you caet hurtthem.

B. rugged, but can be damaged ifmisused.

70

B is correct.

48. Exercise care in regard to contaminationof dosimeters and other instruments.For your own protection, you (should/needn't bother--which?)

avoidinstrument. contamination. should

49. Radioactive fallout particles aredangerous, no matter where they'relocated, so the monitor should avoid

of hisinstruments by fallout. contamination

5). Contamination can occur, however.A dosimeter could be dropped in thedust, or handled with contaminatedgloves. If an instrument becomescontaminated (CHECK rHE CORRECTANSWER):

A. it should be decontaminated.B. it must be thrown away.C. you must leave it alone until

radioactive decay occurs. A is correct.

51. You can decontaminate an instrumentby brushing fallout particles off it.This is possible because falloutparticles are (visible /invisible --which ?) visible

52. Remember in storing dosimeters thatthey operate on an electrical prin-ciple, so dampness can affect them.They should be stored iu a locationthat is as as possible.

71

dry

53. Dosimeters should be kept(charged /uncharged -- which ?)

while in storage. charged

54e An adequate storage location hasprobably been provided for yourradiological instruments. Thelocation should be (damp-dry--which?)

and the dosimetersshould be stored in acondition. dry, charged

55. Stored dosimeters should be checkedperiodically...the frequency isestablished by your-State RadiologicalInstrument Insp,ect.ion, Maintenance andCalibration Program. When checkingdosimeters, read them to see that theyare still charged. They're chargedwhen the scale reads zero

56. The current operational dosimeter,the CD V-742, has a total capabilityof reading a 200 R dose. If a storedinstrument reads-50 R or more, itshould be

57. A 200 R dosimeter should be rechargedif you find the reading is 50 R or morewhen'checked. In other words, storeddosimeters should be zeroed when thereading reaches (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. one-third of. full scale.B. one-fourth of full scale.C. one-half of full scale.

recharged(OR) zeroed

B is correct.

DOSIMETERS IN USE

58. There are currently four dosimetersin use, three for operationalpurposes, and the fourth for trainingonly. The CD V-742 is the mostrecent model available, and the othertwo operational dosimeters ar, the CDV-730 and the CD V-740. If you haVethe 730 ,or740 models, you should(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. use -them, since they're stilloperational. even though notas high-range as the laterCD V-742.

B. throw them away and order theCD V-742.

C. report the situation immediately,since these instruments areobsolete. A is correct.

59. Dosimeters CD V-730, CD V-740, andCD V-742 are all used for emergencyoperational purposes. They measurein units called roentgens

60. The fourth dosimeter, CD V-138, isused for training purposes only,since it measures in units ofthousandths of roentgens, or in milli -

roentgens

61. The CD V-138's scale reads in milli-roentgens, and the maximum totaldose it will measure is 200 milli-roentgens. Is this practical foroperational purposes?

73

No

62. Identify the use of each instrumentby writing "operational"-or "training"beside each.

A. CD V-740.B. CD V-742.C. CD V-138.D. CD V-730

A. operationalB. operationalC. trainingD. operational

63. We've covered most of the importantpoints about dosimeters. Any questionsyou may have about them will probablybe answered when you get the chance towork with the instruments. In the nextpart, we'll discuss survey meters,including the storage of all ir6trumentsthat have batta'ries--ane. that means thedosimeter charger 'CD V-750 covered here.You should haveno difficulty with thenext part. NO RESPONSE REQUIRED

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

PLEASE CONTINUE WITH UNIT 2 ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

74

LESSON TWO

RADEF INSTRTriENTS II

ROW TO USE INSTRUMENTS (Continued)

MONITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES

75

LESSON TWO

RADIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS II

OVAZVIEW

In this lesszn, we'll complete our general discussionof radiological instruments. We'll cover the two most up-.to-date survey meters in detail, then touch briefly or othermodels thr.t are no longer being procured, but which may beencountered in the field. The monitor's responsibilitiestoward the instruments will be covered, as will instructionsfor handlin; instruments, prtecting them from contaminationand ;toying them: 'Go to frame 1 and begin.

SURVEY MELCRS

1. As a radiological monitor, you mightfind any of several different surveymeters in your shelter or station.You know that if you have other thanthe most recent instruments available,you shOuld (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. use the instruments you have.B. throw away the old instruments

and order new ones.C. report the situ'tion to your

RADEF officer. A is correct.

2. Civil defense survey meters operate bymeans of a chamber of enclosed gas.When radiation passes through this gas,small electrical charges are released,causing a needle to move on a scale.The gas is enclosed in a

76

zhamber

3. On type survey meter has a remotereading capability. A 25 foot extensioncable is coiled between the read-outmeter-control section, lnd the enclosedgas chamber or deteetol. In othe, words,with this survey meter, 'the readei(monitor) ;:an be removed by distancesup to 25 feet from the

4. Survey meters have the s-me powersource as the dosimeter chargerCD V-750. That is, survey metersare powered by (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

chamber ordetector.(EITHER ANSWERIS CORRECT).

A. plubging them into a 110V outlet.B. 220V current only.C. ordinary flashlight batteries.

(D -cell) C is correct.

5. Survey meters are used to measure thedose rate, so their scales read inroentgens or milliroentgens per hour

6. All CD survey meters can measure gammaradiation, and some of them can evendetect beta radiation. Notice we saidthey can (under certain conditions)even detect the presence ofradiation. beta

7. Let's summarize what we've said aboutsurvey meters:

A. They measure radiation by means ofa small electrical current causedwhen radiation passes through gasin an enclosed

B. They're powered byC. They measure in or

per hour.D. All measure

radiation.

77

A. chamberB. batteriesC. roentgens,

niilli-

SURVEY METER CD V-700

8. This first survey meter is the CD V-700.As the illustration shows, there's justone control knob on the instrument. Italso has a probe or monitoring closeto objects; the meter; and a connectorfor a set of headphones. he CD V-700

PROBE

./.it-i0 PHONECONNECTOR

measures radiation in milliroentgens perhour, and its range is from 0 to 50 milli- -

roentgens. This tells us that (relative b'to an instrument that measures inroentgens) the CD V-700 is a (high /low --which ?) range instrument. low

9. The CD V-700 is us °d primarily fortraining purposes. There will beoperational uses frr it in long-rangeclean-up operations, when radiationhas dropped to low levels. Primarily,the CD V-700 is used forpurposes.

78

training

10. As this drawing of the CD V-700 scaleshows, it reads in milliroentgens perhour, and it on15 goes up to 0.5 mR/hr..

/HRe).2

But earlier, we said its range s from0 to 50 mR/hr, .hich would make themaximum (how many) times thatshown on this scale. 100 (times)

11. This top view of the control knob showshow the CD V-700 can be used for read-ings up to 100 times (100X) tip; maximum

scale reading of

XIQ.5 mR/hr. The

XIO I

control knob can\ be turned to X1

X10110, (times one): X10

OFF (times ten), orX100 (tlmes onehundred), givingthe CD V-700 arange of from

0 mR/hr to 100 times the maximum scalereading, for a maximum r Ading of

79

50 mR/hr

12. When the control knob is set on Xl,you read the dose rate ditectlyfrom the meter. )f the control is seton either of the c he positions, youmultiply the scale readings by theappropriate number.

_ MR/HR0.2

Look at this drawing and record thedose rates when:

A. the control knob is set at Xl,mR/hr.

B. the control knob in at X10,

C. the control is set at X100,

A. 0.2B. 2.0 mR/hrC. 20 mR/hr

13. So far, we've said this about theCD V-700:

A. It reads inB. The scale only goes up toC. Readings can be obtained directly

from thd scale on thesetting;. should be multiplied by10 on the setting; and by100 on the sett:!ng.

80

A. milli-roentgensper hour

B. 0. mR/hrC. Xl; X10;

X100

14. The different settings of th.; controlknob are called "ranges." The CD V-700has a total of three ranges: Xl,

, and X10, X100(IN EITHERORDER)

15. On the scale below, there are threedifferent dial indications, labeledA, B, and C. Determine the dose rateturned to the range indicated.

A. Range is X10, dose rate is

B. Range, X100; dose rate,

C. Range, Xl; dose rate,

16. Even with the X100 range, the CD V-700survey meter has a maximum readingcapability of 50 mR/hr (or 0.050 R/hr)which is too low for post nuclearattack operational use. So the CD V-700is considered as (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. an instrument for uee intraining.

B. a mull -range operationalinstrument.

81

A. 0.8 mR/hrB. 20 mR/hrC. 0.4 mR/hr

A is correct.

17. When measuring a dose rate that is to,high for the X1 range, you can turnthe control to tile X10 range, thenmultiply the indicated reading by

10

13. If the dose rate is still too highto be read on the X10 range, youcan turn the control knob to the

range, then multiply theindicated reading byThis range mPkes it possible to readup to mR/hr, themaximum dose-rate-indicatingcapability of the CD V-700.

X100, 100,50, in thatorder

19. The range of an instrument is fromzero to its maximum dose or doserate indicating capability. Therange of the CD V-700

82

0 to 50mR/hr

G. probe of the CD V-700 contains aeiger tube encased in double metal

,z.ylinders. The tube, and the insidecylinder are rigidly attached to thebase. This cylinder Ilas an openingon one side at the sensitive area ofthe Geiger tube. The outside cylindercan be turned freely about the insideone. On one side of it, in a positionto line up with the opening of the othercylinder, are large slotted openings.

'.

2

A. Shield closed.

0 00B. Shield open.

By turning the outside cylinder (orshield) one half turn, its slots canbe lined up with the inside openingto the Geiger tube, making it possibleto detect both beta and gamma radiation.Another half turn in either directionthen, causes the closed side of theoutside shield to cover the insidecylinder opening. With the shield inthis position, the instrument measuresonly radiation fromfallout. gamma

21. Even with the shield closed, some gammaradiation passes completely through theprobe and is not detected; while someother gamma rays are absorbed in theprobe, and therefore are detected. Mostfallout beta rays cannot enter the probewhen the shield is closed. Therefore,some gamma radiation is measured whetherthe shield is , orBeta and gamma normally can both bedetected at once only when the shieldis

83

open, closed,open

22. The shield on the probe makes littleor no difference in gamma measurement.With the shield open, the reading maybe a little higher than a reading inthe same location with the shieldclosed. If this is true, the differenceprobably (is/ is not--which?)due to the presence of beta radiation. is

23. To detect the presence of betaradiation, you must have the CD V-700shield (open/closed--whicth?) open

24. Although the CD V-700 is basically atraining instrument, there will be afew operat.ional applications for itOne of these is (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. for long-range decontaminationactions, when radiation levelshave dropped quite low.

B. during periods of peakradiation levels. A is correct.

25. We have said the CD V-700 is a traininginstrument. However, it has a veryimportant use in training that we havenot mentioned. In the practical exerciseyou'll take later, actual radioactivematerial will be utilized. The U. S.Atomic Energy Commisoion requires thatstrict personnel safety procedures befollowed in the exercises. Peacetimeallowable total doses are very low--inthe rnR levels. Therefore thetraining survey meter, and thetraining dosimeter are requiredinstruments for this careful control oftraining exposures.

84

CD V-700CD V-138

26. In addition to its primary use formonitoring'in peacetime radiological'training, the CD V 700 could be usedfor such operations as,

A. (long-range/short-range--which?)decontamination

operations after radiation levelshave dropped quite low.

B. checking people, orfor fallout contamination.

A. long-rangeB. material

(OR EQUIPMENTOR EQUIVALENT)

CD V-700 OPERATIONAL CHECK

27. The first thing you must do beforeusing a CD V-700 is to perform anoperational check. First, turn thecontrol knob to the range shown below..the range.

xio ximoo \

OFF

X10

28. Allow about 30 seconds for the instrumento warm up, leaving the control knobon the range.

29. The first two steps in the CD V-700operational check are:

A. Turn the selector switc11 (orcontrol knob) to the range.

B. Allow aboutfor warm-up.

85

X10

A. X10B. 30 seconds

30. Next, set the probe shield so theCD V-700 Fill detect both beta andgamma radiation. That is, turn theprobe shield to theposition. open

31. Order is important in this operationalcheck. The points we've-covered are:

A. Turn the selector switch to .therange.

B. Allow forwarm-up.

C. Turn the probe shield to theposition.'

A. X10B. 30 secondsC. open

32. The next step involves the operationalcheck source shown here.

1 This source islocated on theopposite side ofthe instrumentfrom the sidecontaining theCivil Defenseinsignia, and

used tomake sure theinstrument isworking properly.

This is a small source ofmaterial. radioactive

33. The operational check source is a bitof radioactive material on the sideof the instrument case with which youcan test the CD V-700. .Onde the in-strument has warmed up, hold theopen area of the probe as close aspossible to the

86

operationalcheck source

34. With the open probe as close aspossible to the operational checksource, the meter on the CD V-700should read somewhere between 1.5and 2.5 mR/hr, averaging aroundthe middle of this range-- mR/hr. 2

35. To see if the CD V-700 is workingproperly:

A. Hold the (closed/open--which?)area of-the: probe as

close as possible to the

B. The meter reading may vary fromto mR/hr, but

.should average around 1

A. open,operationalcheck source

B. 1.5, 2.5,2 mR/hr

36. Complete these steps in the operationalcheck for the CD V-700 survey meter.

A. Turn the selector switch to therange.

B. Allow. for warm-up..C. Rotate the probe shield to the

position.D. Place the open area of the probe

as close as possible to the

located on the (top/side--which?)of the instrument's

case.E. The meter should read between

and mR/hr.

87

A. X10B. 30 secondsC. openD. operational

checksource,side

E. 1.5, 2.5

37. In an emergency, you'll performoperational checks as required bythe circumstances. And in peacetime,your local CD system will have aregular timetable set up forchecking instruments, such as bi-monthly or monthly. In any event,you can determine whether theCD V-700 is working properly by per-forming an_ check. operational

38. The CD V-700 is built for ruggedoperation under almost any circum-stances, but you should (CHECK ONLYONE ANSWER):

A. Handle the instrument asroughly as you wish--you can'thurt it.

B. Keep it out of the sun, sinceit's easily affected bytemperature.

C. Both A and B are true.D. Exercise reasonable care in

handling and storage. D is correct.


39. Survey meter CD V-700 has a very lowrange...0 to 50 mR/hr. By comparison,the CD V-715 has a range of 0 to 500R/hr, instead of mR/hr. In short,the CD V-715 is a rangeinstrument.

88

high

40. Here's what the CD V-715 looks like.

P

4ti

-

,ro

A. An important difference betweenthis instrument and the CD V-700is the range of the CD V-715, whichis 0 to R/hr.

B. Because of its high range, theCD V-715 is considered a(n)(training/operationalwhich?)

instrument.

A. 500B. operational

41. Write the number of each instrumentbeside its description.

A. Survey meter witha range of 0-50 mR/hr.

B. Operational dosimeter.C. Survey meter with

a range of 0-500 R/hr.

A. CD V-700B. CD V-742(OR 730 OR740 OR

EQUIVALENT)C. CD V-715

42. What is the range of the CD V -713

89

0-500 R/hr

43. Here's a top view of the selectorswitch for the CD V-715. It's more

complicated than

MODI

CD V-700. In)6that of the

ZERO X0.1addition to "off,""zero," and "cir-

OFF-- cuic check" (tobe explainedshortly) positions,

Gomm^cumin: there are four

ranges...X100,, and

X10, Xl,X0.1 (INANY ORDER)

44. The ranges are used in the same manneras on the CD V-700. In other words:

A. on the X1 range, you multiply thereading by

B. on the X0.1, X10, and X100 ranges,you multiply the', meter reading by

and , respectively.

A. 1

B. .1, 10,100

45. On the X1 range, you (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. can just read directly from themeter.

B. must always multiply by 1.C. should multiply by 0.1. A is correct.

4.6.' Here's a facsimile of the meter scaleof the CD V-715 2 3

(R/hr)It runs from 0 to 5, and since there isa X100 range on the instrument, itsrange is to R/hr.

90

0,500

47. On the CD V-715 meter shown below,two arrows have been drawn--"A" and"B"--to represent two differentreadings.

2 a

A 8

Bearing in mind that the CD V-715measures the dose rate in roentgensper hour, give the dose rates if:

A. for reading A, the meter is seton the X10 range...

B. for reading B, the meter is seton the X100 range...

C. for reading A, the meter is seton XO.1 range...

D. for reading B, the meter is seton the X1 range...

A. 20 R/hrB. 300 R/hrC. 0.2 R/hrD. 3 R/hr

48.. You'll have ample opportunity topractice readings in the in-classphase of this course. Remember, thesurvey meter CD V-715 measures thedose in 4

rate, roentgensper hour (R/hr)

49. The instrument won't be affected byradiation when the switch is on "zero."So, even in heavily contaminated areas,yOu can check to see that yourinstrument's needle hasn't moved offthe zero point by turning to the

position.

91

zero

50. Even in areas of very high nuclearradiation, when the CD V-715 selector

switch is turnedto the position

XIO shown here, theX100 Xl instrument should

/ZERO., X0.1

read zero. Thisis because when

OFF the switch is setat the zero posi-

CIRCUIT/ tion, the instru-CHECK ment does not

detect nuclearradiation

51.

ZERO CONTROL KNOB

If you test forzero, and find thatyour instrument isreading above thatmark, use the zerocontrol knob, shownhere, to adjustthe needle back to

zero

52. Note that the zero control knob isprotected by raised shields on the case.This is to (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. keep you from adjusting theneedle too often.

B. prevent accidental turning of theknob, which would result ininaccurate readings.

92

B is correct.

53. The final selector switch setting isthe "circuit check." With the CD V-700,you were to check the instrument'soperation by opening the probe shieldand holding it as close as possible totheat which time the meter should haveread between and mR/hr.

operationalcheck source,1.5, 2.5

54. Checking out the CD V-715 is simplified,thanks to the circuit check feature.To make sure that the survey meter isfunctioning properly, just turn theselector switch to the circuit checkposition and look at the needle. Itshould point to the area of the scalethat's marked " check." circuit

55. Assume that the selectorswitch is turned to theposition shown here.

X10X100 I 1X1

ZERO X0.1

-OFF

CIRCUIT/CHECK

On the scale below, draw an arrow toindicate where the needle shouldpoint.

93

Your arrowshould pointsomewhere inthe areamarked"circuitcheck."

CD V-715 OPERATIONAL CHECK

56. You must learn the steps of theCD V-715 operational check inorder, so pay close attention. Thefirst step is to turn the selectorswitch to the zero position. At thisposition, the instrument shouldalways read zero

57. Next, wait a minute or two for theinstrument to warm up. Instrumentsvary as to warm-up time required,but a safe period is usually abouttwo minutes

58. The first two steps in the CD V-715operational check are

A. Turn the selector switch to theposition.

B. Allow about for A. zerowarm-up. B. 2 minutes

59. Next, make any necessary correction inthe metei reading. To do this (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. turn the zero control .

knob as necessary to make themeter read zero.

B. turn the selector switch asneeded.

94

A is correct.

60. The first three steps, in theoperational check of the CD V-715 are:

A. Turn the selector switch to theposition.

B. Allow about forwarm-up.

C. Adjust the knobso the meter reads

zeroB. 2 minutesC. zero con-

trol,zero

61. The fourth step is to turn the selectorswitch to the circuit check position.When the switch is turned to thisposition, the needle should point tothe area markedon the meter.

circuitcheck

62. If the needle doesn't point to thecircuit check portion of the meter,you know that something's wrong -- quiteprobably the instrument needs newbatteries. At any rate, you know that:

A. when the switch isturned to circuit check...

B. the needle indicator should point toon the meter.

A. selectorB. circuit

check

63. ,Finally, turn the selector switch toeach range--X100, X1Q, Xl, and X0.1-checkthat the meter is registering zero oneach range. Recheck for zero on thezero position after checking all ranges.In other words, you check for zero inthe position both beforeand after checking all other rangesfor

95

zero, zero

64. Complete these statements comprisingthe operational check for the CD V-715.

A. Turn the selector switch toB. Allow about for

warm-up.C. Adjust the zero control knob so

the meter readsD. Turn the selector switch to. the

position-- theneedle should point to theportion of the meter.

E. Finally, turn to each of the fourand recheck foron the

after each range check.

A. zeroB . 2 minutesC. zeroD . circuit

check,circuitcheck

E . ranges,zero,zero

CD V-715

65. Here are two important operationaluses for the CD V-715:

(1) area or surface monitoring.(2) monitoring for public shelters

or fallout monitoring stations

The monitor is often required toobtain radiation levels of the areaaround his shelter or station, and theCD V-715 is used for this purpose. Inother words, the CD V-715 is used forarea monitoring, ormonitoring. surface

66. The CD V-715 is also the primaryinstrument for monitoring in andaround both types of structures inwhich personnel will be located afterattack--both publicand fallout monitoring stations.

6

shelters

67. Two important, operational uses of theCD V-715 are:

A. area monitoring, ormonitoring.

B. monitoring for public

A. surfaceB. shelters,

falloutmonitoringstations.


68, Survey meter CD V-717 is a modificationof the CD V-715. Its main feature isthat the detector section can be placedat a distance of 25 feet from the read-out meter. That is, the CD V-717 hasa 25 foot capability. remote

69. Here's what the CD V-717 looks like.It operates on the same principle asthe CD V-715 and should be handled inabout the same manner. So, beforeusing the CD V-717, you should put itthrough the same

as you would the CD V-715.

"."..,4%.

97

operationalcheck

70. This picture illustrates the mainadvantage of the CD V-717.

4''` 126recro81=1

3=:$1

et 4.44+1.

As shown, the monitor (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. must go outside to take outsidedose rate measurements, regard-less of how dangerous it may be.

B. simply cannot obtain outsidedose rate measurements when hesuspects that outside levelsare too high.

C. can use the CD V-717 to takeoutside dose rate readings(up to 500 R/hr) withoutleaving the safety of shelter. C is correct.

71. The CD V-717 is basically the same asthe CD V-715, except that the 717 hasthe advantage of a 25 footdetector. remote

72. Radiological instruments (should/neednot--which?) be pro-tected from contamination by radio-active fallout.

98

should

73, The.CD V-717's remote detector willnormally be placed outside priok tofallout arrival. It is desirable tocover the detector section with a lightbag of plastic or some other light-weight material,, and a bag is providedwith the instrument for this purpose.If the bag or other material is used,when the smote feature of the instru-ment is no longer needed, the detectorsection should be (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. thrown away.B. allowed to sit until the

radioactivity lessens.C. decontaminated by the removal

of the covering bag, or otherlightweight material. C is correct.

STORING INSTRUMENTS

74. You learned that dosimeters should bestored in a charged condition in a drylocation. There are some additionalprecautions you must take, however,when storing survey meters. These pre-cautions are necessary because of theinstruments' power source, which isthe

flashlightbattery (OR)D-cell(EITHERANSWER ISCORRECT)

75. Batteries have a tendency to leak orcorrode if allowed to sit for longperiods, so it's wise to (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. remove batteries from instrumentsthat are not in use.

B. leave batteries in place at alltimes so the instruments will beready for instant use.

99

A is correct.

76. Batteries are easy to install in aninstrument. When the. instrument isnot in use, batteries saould be

removed.

77. In the in-class portion of this course,you will learn how to install batteriesin radiological instrumeats. You'llfind that the most important thing isto match the plus and minus poles ofthe batteries with the same signs inthe instruments. In other words, youmust be careful to install batteriesso that (like /unlike --which ?) pole signs on the batteriesmatch these in t',,e instrument. like

78. Since battery inst.,,,llation :Ls simple,and because batteries can damage yourinstruments when stored for long periodsyou. should (I(:_NISH THIS SENTENCE) remove

batteriesbeforestoring in-struments(OR EQUIV-ALENT ANSWER)

79. Stored instruments should be inspectedperiodially. Dosimeters should berezeroed, and battery connections inother instruments should be inspectedand cleaned a3 necessary. Normally,your local CD organization will have aregular schedule for you to follow ininstrument

100

inspection

80. In regard to inspection of stored RADEFinstruments (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. the monitor should inspect themwhen he thinks of it.

B. you should follow your localorganizi.tion's SOP (standingoperating procedures) forinspection. B is correct.

81. You may sometimes carry instrumentsfor periods of time without usingthem. When you do, you can avoid runningthe butteries down by turning thesvII.tch off all ranges. The instrument'sselector switch should be turned to the

position. off

82. When at instrument is in storage(CHECK ANY CORRECT. ANSWERS):

A. batteries should be left in sothe instrument will be readyfor immediate use.

B. battery contacts should be in-spected and cleaned as necessary.

C, it should be turned on to beready for instant use.

D. the batteries should be removed.E. battery contacts should be left

strictly alone so good connectionwill be assured.

101

B and D arecorrect.

83. You will be given time to practicewith radiological instruments in thein-class (practical, exercise) portionof your radiological monitoring course.You should have no trouble answeringthe questions on the test for this unit.If any parts give you trouble, don'thesitate to return to the program forreview. NO RESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED.

PLEASE COMPLETE TEST ON NEXT PAGE-

102


HOME STUDY COURSE

NOTE: DO NOT LOOK AT THE TEST BELOW UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPUTEDUNIT 2.

UNIT 2 TEST


1. New RADEF instruments:

a. are usually refinements on previous models.

b. operate on altogether new principles.

c. in no way resemble previous models.

2. The instrument used to measure total exposure dose toradiation is the:

a. survey meter.

b. dosimeter charger.

c. dosimeter.

3. The survey meter measures:

a. dose rates.

b. doses.

c. alpha radiation.

4. Before use, a dosimeter should be charged or:

a. plugged in for an hour.

b. connected to a battery carried by the monitor.

c. zeroed on a dosimeter charger CD V-750.

5. The CD V-742 dosimeter is considered:

a. an operational instrument.

b. a training instrument only.

c. obsolete.

103

6. A charged or zeroed dosimeter can show a reading after aperiod of time, even without the presence of radiationdue to:

a. automatic discharge.

b. electrical leakage.

c. dry air in the storage location.

7. If an instrument becomes contaminated by fallout:

a. throw it away.

b. avoid using it until radioactive decay takesplace.

c. decontaminate it by wiping or brushing falloutparticles off.

8. RADEF instruments are:

a. very fragile, easily broken.

b. sturdy, but should nevertheless be handled care-fully.

c. impossible to harm.

9. Once dosimeters are charged and stored:

a they should be checked and recharged, ifnecessary, periodically.

b. they needn't be checked again.

c. the monitor has no further responsibility towardthem.

10. Dosimeters should be stored in a:

a. damp location.

b. dry location.

c. location that's far away from any potentialtargets of nuclear attack.

104

11. All CD survey meters:

a. detect alpha radiation, measure beta and gamma.

b. measure gamma radiation.

c. measure gamma, and detect alpha and beta.

12. The CD V-700 is a low-range instrument used mostly for:

a. operational purposes.

b. training purposes.

c. unsheltered missions during peak periods ofradiation.

13. When a survey meter is set on the X1 range:

a. you must multiply the meter reading by 10.

b. you, can read directly from the meter scale.

c. the instrument is inoperable.

14. When the shield on the CD V-700 is open, it detects:

a. gamma only.

b. no radiation.

c. gamma and beta radiation.

15. Before using a survey meter, you should:

a. recharge it.

b. decontaminate it.

c, run an opsLational check.

16. The range of the CD V-715 is:

a. 0-50 mR/hr.

b. 0-50 R/hr.

c. 0-500 R/hr.

3.05

17. Whenever you turn to the zero range on a CD V-715:

a. the instrument should read zero, regardless ofradiation levels.

b. background radiation will detc11.ne what theinstrument will read.

c. the instrument will read 100 R/hr.

18. The advantage of a CD V-717 survey, meter is that it has:

a. a meter that glows in the dark.

b. fewer ranges to worry about.

c. a remote detecting capability.

19. When survey meters are stored for long period';:

a. they needn't be checked out.

b. batteries should be removed to protect contactpoints.

c. batteries should be left in so the instrumentsare ready for immediate use.

20. Instruments should be inspected:

a, only when you think it's necessary.

b. when you're told to do so by the Office of CivilDefense.

c. according to the schedule established by yourcommunity CD organization.

WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS TEST,CHECK YOUR ANSWERS USING THE ANSWERKEY ON PAGE xxx IN THE BACK OF THISBOOK.

106

UNIT 3

PROTECTIVE MEASURESAND DECONTAMINATIONPROCEDURES

DOSE AND DOSE RATE

CALCULATIONS

LESSON ONE

PROTECTIVE MEASURES AND

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

OVERVIEW

FRAMES

FOLLOW

108

LESSON ONE: PROTECTIVE MEASURES

AND DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

OVERVIEW

In this lesson, you'll learn what you can do to pro-tect yourself, other people, and your equipment from fall-out radiation. We're not going to tell you how to builda fallout shelter; public fallout shelters are alreadyavailable, and Civil Defense publications are availableto guide you if you intend to build your own shelter. Rather,we'll be giving you some rules to follow to keep radiationexposure from fallout to a minimum, while inside the shelteror monitoring station and on missions outside of shelter.

We'll also discuss the relative insignificance of thecontamination of clothes, equipment, food and water. Thebest way for an individual to avoid fallout contaminationis to get to shelter before fallout arrives and remainthere until competent authority determines emergence fromshelter can begin. Go to frame 1 and let's get started.

INTRODUCTION

1. There are two important factors inprotection against radioactive fallout.Both factors are provided by anadequate shelter. As the drawing shoys,these two factors areand

109

distance,mass, (INEITHER ORDER)

2. Mass provides shielding, and even afew feet of space between you andfallout can be important. Both mass(shielding) and distance are providedwith an adequate shelter

3. In terms of protection against radic-active fallout:

A. The two most important factorsare and

B. How are these best obtained?

A. distance,mass (OR)shielding

B. adequateshelter

WHEN FALLOUT ARRIVES

4. It can't be accurately predicted wherefallout will be deposited, or when itmight arrive at a particular location.High altitude winds of the day, thesize and type of burst--these and manyother factors determine when radio-active particles could begin falling ina particular area. You should receiveof;icial warning of the expected timeof fallout arrival. However, if youhaven't: when gritty dust and dirt canbe seen to be increasing on surfacesaround you, you should assume fallouthas arrived. The greatest potentialhazard will then be from exposure tothe gamma radiation from radioactive

G.

110

fallout

5. Two familiar hazards of radioactivefallout are pictured here.

IMO/OACTIVEFALLOUTPARTICLES

A. RADIATION ABSORBED B.IN VITAL INTERNALORGANS FROM GAMMAEMITTING FALLOUTPARTICLES.

POSSIBLE BURNSOF THE SKIN BYBETA EMITTINGFALLOUT PARTI-CLES.

Since "hazard" in Civil Defense termsmeans a definite threat to survival, the"hazard" of greatest concern from fall-out itg that of serious damage to vital.internal organs from absorbed

; while contaminationof the skin by emittingfallout particles, although it mayproduce burns, is not a threat to survival.

gammaradiation,beta

6. It's true that breathing falloutparticles into the lungs, ingestingfallout particles in food andwater, and contamination by falloutparticles of a person's clothing arethreats to health. But the greatestthreat from fallout is from largeamounts of (alpha/beta/gamma)radiation that might be absorbed by thebody.

ill

gamma

7. With an effective warning systemyou should have enough time to getto the shelter or fallout monitoringstation before fallout arrives. Butif you suspect that fallout is presentbefore you get to your assignedshelter or station, you should hurryto the shelter just as fast as youcan. As you go, remember, that falloutconsists of particles of earth, weaponsresidue and other materials returningto the earth's surface after havingbeen drawn up in an ascending nuclearcloud, and if it's a survival hazard,it will be (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. visibleB. invisible. A is correct.

8. Never panic, but don't waste time,either. When you suspect that falloUthas arrived before you reach the shelter,cover as much of your body as you can tokeep fallout particles from depositingon your skin. Based on this idea, if youaren't wearing a hat (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. don't try to get to your assignedshelter or monitoring station, buttake the first cover available.

B. don't worry about it, since neithebeta nor gamma radiation can getto your skin through your hair.

C. cover your head with a newspaperor some other material to keepfallout from depositing on yourhead.

112

C is correct.

4--

9. To help keep fallout away from yourbody, you should adjust your clothingto cover as much skin as possible. Inaddition, if you're not wearing a hat,you can do as this fellow is doing--usea newspaper or other material to coveryour

/Ng 11,11/1111gy

head

10. If fallout particles in large numbersare allowed to remain in contact withthe skin for several hours they cancause beta burns. If you are unableto reach your shelter or monitoringstation before the arrival of fallout,you should (CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. adjust clothes to cover as muchskin as possible.

B. cover your head with newspaper orsome similar material if youaren't wearing a hat.


11. Harmful fallout particles are usuallyvisible. When you see them on yourclothing, you can brush them off.(But don't overly delay entry intoshelter for this purpose.) It wouldbe best to use a small brush, such asa whiskbroom, if one is available,since it (is/is not-which?)a good idea to transport falloutparticles into the shelter.

113

is not

12. When you arrive at the shelter orstation, avoid carrying in any falloutparticles that may be on you. Dowhat this man is doing--

Brush falloutparticlesfrom yourclothing (OREQUIVALENTANSWER)

13. Fallout contamination on a surfacedoes not contaminate that surfaceitself. If fallout lands on a windowledge, for example, the particles(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. permanently contaminate theledge.

B. are radioactive, but the ledgeis not.

C. are no longer dangerous. B is correct.

14. If radioactive fAllout particles ornuclear radiation passes through theair, the air itself (does/does not- -which ?) becomeradioactive.

114

does not

15. Under ordinary circumstances, youcan't breathe in enough falloutparticles to worry about. However, ifit is very dusty, you can hold a foldedhandkerchief over your nose and breathethrough it. Ordinarily, though, you(can /cannot -- which?)breathe enough particles into yourlungs to cause you significant harm. cannot

16. Let's summarize this section on whatyou can do if you suspect fallout ispresent before you reach your assignedshelter or monitoring station. Doesit help to cover your head in such asituation? yes

17. When you suspect fallout is presentbefore you reach shelter, you should(CHECK ANY CORRECT ANSWERS):

A. hurry to the shelte.e as fast aspossible.

B. avoid the shelter altogether toprevent contaminating it.

C. adjust clothing to cover as muchskin as possible.

D. unzip your jacket to facilitatemovement.

E. brush your clothes to removefallout particles.

F. pick up anything you see thatmight be of use to you in theshelter.

115

A, C, & Eare correct.

ARRIVAL AT THE SHELTER OR STATION

18. As previously mentioned, when youreach the shelter, you should avoidcarrying fallout particles in withyou. Therefore, you should (FINISHTHIS SENTENCE)

brush yourclothes toremove fall-out particles(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

19. If fallout arrives before you reachshelter, your shoes may have pickedup some fallout. You should (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. stomp and shake your shoes toremove as much fallout aspossible.

B. walk right in, since you pro-bably won't be carrying enoughfallout to harm anyone. A is correct.

20. The primary objective of our entireRADEF system is summed up in the word"survival." If it is necessary totake shelter, the dose rate outside willbe of far greater significance than anyfallout material a person could carryinto the shelter on his body. There-fore, (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. he should remain outside untilhe's absolutely decontaminated.

B. do not delay entry of peoplecoming to tne shelter, eventhough they may be contaminated.

116

B is co,..eect.

21. When a person arrives at the shelteror station and fallout is presenthe should (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. brush or shake off any visiblefallout particles and get intothe protected area.

B. remain outside the shelter toprevent spreading contamination.

C. be permanently isolated in aspecial area of the shelter.

22. When it's especially dusty, or whenmud has become caked on clothing,shaking or brushing may not removeall fallout from outer clothing. Outerclothing can be removed and placed inan isolated part of the shelter orstation. These clothes can later bewashed or disposed of, or the naturaldecay of radioactivity will make themusable at some later time. If con-taminated clothing is kept in theshelter, or fallout station, it shouldbe stored (as close to/as far from- -which?) personnel aspossible.

A is correct.

as far from

23. Studies have shown that most falloutparticles are removed if clothes arewashed in a washing machine. Themachine doesn't retain much falloutmaterial, either. So, if falloutparticles can't be satisfactorilyremoved from clothing by the normalmethods of brushing and shaking, theclothes (CHECK ANY CORRECT ANSWERS):

A. must be destroyed.B. can be stored in an isolated

part, of the shelter or station.C. will stay radioactive forever.D. cannot be washed.E. can be washed, if such

facilities are available.

117

B and E arecorrect.

24. Ag you know, if fallout particlesremain on the skin 'for several hours,they can cause (CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. Beta radiation burns.B. Alpha ray penetration of the

body which injures body tissues.C. Both A and B are correct.D. Neither A nor B is correct. A is correct.

THE SHELTER DURING FALLOUT

25. Because the wind could blow falloutparticles into the shelter, and be-cause these particles emit highly-penetrating gamma rays, any vents oropenings in the shelter that don'thave to be open should be.kept

during shelterocoupancY. closed .

26. Ventilation pasiages must be kept openall or most of the time. These arecOnsidered vital to the .survival ofthe shelter's or station's occupantn.However, windows and doors are actuallynon-vital--that is, they. can be closedfor long periods without seriously .

affecting the occupants' survival.Such non-vital. vents should be (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. kept open so the occupantscan see what's going on outside.

B. closed as much as possibleduring the presence of fallout.

A.

118

B is correct.

27. As soon as radiation levels becomemeasurable within the shelter- -you'll learn how to determine thislater--you should monitor all areasof the shelter with a radiologicalinstrument (again, more on thislater) to see which area provides thebest protection. As many personnelas is feasible should be put intothe (best/least--which?)protected part of the shelter orstation. best

28. Because of wind and rain, falloutmaterial (particles) which havedeposited on the outside surfacesof the ground and the roof of theshelter will shift with time, thuspossibly causing areas within theshelter of lower radiation levelsto shift also. To make certain th;tshelterees are in the best-protectedarea, you should check levels in theentire shelter or station (only once/periodically--which?)

periodicallyperiodically

29. A check for the safest area should bemade as soon as the radiation level inthe shelter becomes high enough to readon a survey meter. In other words, acheck should be made as soon as theradiation level becomes

measurable.

30. Once radiation becomes measurable inthe shelter, the monitor should (CHECKONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. Make plans to move to a bettershelter.

B. Determine the safest area in theshelter to hold shelterees'(and his own) exposure to aminimum.


119

B is correct,

PROTECTION OUTSIDE THE SHELTER

31. If it's necessary to perform urgentmissions outside of shelter, everypossible measure should be taken toprotect your body from radioactivefallout particles. The first stepis adequate clothing to cover asmuch of the body as possible. Clothingwill (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. keep fallout particles from theskin, thus reducing danger of

,beta.burns.B. _protect from all types of

radiation.C. protect the body from gamma,

but not from beta, radiationparticles. A is correct.

32. While on urgent missions outride ofshelter, perform only those asksthat cannot be postponed. Wear outerclothing that can be removed uponyour return to shelter, because

A. otherwise you will not be allowedto re-enter the shelter.

B. In this way you can avoid trans-porting excessive amounts offallout material (contamination)into your shelter. B is correct.

33. You cannot completely avoid contaminationwhile out of shelter. Therefore,after removal of the outer clothing, youshould (FINISH THIS SENTENCE)

120

Stomp. your feet,brush any areasof your bodythat were notcovered,' andvisually inspectyourself andothers who mayhave been withyou for falloutparticle:stand.remove as manyas is practicable(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

VEHICLES

34. If available, vehicles can he used onyour outside missions. If possible,vehicles that were intended for use onpostattack missions should have beenprotected from fallout in advance byplacing them in garages or under plasticor fabric covers. Such pre-planningwould have protected the vehicles from(CHECK ONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. Gamma radiation.B. Contamination by radioactive

fallout particles.C. Both A and B are correct.D. ;either A nor B is correct. B is correct.

35. A closed vehicle can provide protectionagainst contamination by falloutparticles, but very little againsthighly-penetrating gamma rays

36. If you drive a vehicle around in falloutcontaminated areas with the vents openand the windows rolled down, theinterior may become contaminated withfallout particles

37. The same principle is true of the areain which a vehicle is stored. Garagesand warehouSes can protect vehiclesfrom contamination by fallout particles,provided the building's doors andwindows are kept

121

closed

38. Normally you won't have to do what thisman is doing. If youdrive a vehicle onmissions, most loosefallout particles onthe exterior will bedislodged by thevehicle vibration andwill be blown off.Therefore, you pro-bably (will /won't --which ?)have to wash it. won't

FOOD AND WATER

39. Food and water contamination is not abig problem. Normal water supplies areprobably all right to use, and any foodor water stored in any shelter thatkeeps fallout away should be used. You(should/should not--which?)expect stored food or water to besignificantly contaminated. should not

40. Shelterees will need food and water tomaintain their strength--perhaps repairinjuries. Do not keep anyone fromeating and drinking food and water onthe basis that it may be

contaminated

122

41. If you receive warning in advance thatan attack is imminent or that falloutis likely, cover any open sources ofwater, such as open wells and cisterns.This will prevent that water supplyfrom being contaminated by fallout

42. Food and water have been stored in manypublic fallout shelters and monitoringstations. It (is/is not--which?)

likely that thesesupplies have been contaminated byfallout. is not

43. Take every precaution to keep foodand water supplies from becomingcontaminated by fallout particles.Keep water and food covered or inclosed containers. But if water orfood should become contaminated don'tthrow it away. It is better to eatand drink food and water that arecontaminated, than none at all. Con-taminated food and water probably(can/cannot--which?) be used. can

44. If your only food and water sources arecontaminated, you have no alternative.You (must /cannot -- which ?)use it. must

45. If it is known that a portion of yourfood and water supplies only iscontaminated, use your

supplies first.

123

uncontaminated

46. Any food that is brought in from theoutside should be carefully inspected,and, if the dose rate in the shelteris low enough, the food should bemonitored, If contamination can bedetected, or is visible, all containersshould be wiped, fruits and vegetablesshould be washed if possible, andpeeled or pared where applicable. Anyfood placed in a public fallout shelteror a radiological monitoring stationprior to the arrival of fallout must beassumed to be (FINISH THIS SENTENCE)

free ofradioactivecontamination(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

47. The procedures we've just discussedare for use only in case your food orwater supply becomes contaminatedwith radioactive fallout particles(material). Preattack planning, whichincludes the stocking of public falloutshelters with food and water; and whichmakes provision for such stocking offallout monitoring stations, will verysignificantly help to assure that yourfood and water won't be

contaminated

48. You should now have a general under-standing of protective measures youcan and should take, both in and out-side the shelter, or monitoring stationduring radioactive fallout conditions.

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

PLEASE CONTINUE WITH UNIT 3 ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

124

LESSON TWO

DOSE. AND DOSE RATE

CALCULATIONS

125

,c

LESSON TWO:' DOSE AND DOSE RATE CALCULATIONS

OVERVIEW

As long as normal communications can be maintainedwith the area emergency operating center (EOC), calculationsof projected dose rates for given times in the future willbe made by the EOC. When fallout deposition has ceased,EOC personnel can use information provided by monitors todetermine approximately what the unsheltered dose rate willie at a given time in the future. But if communicationsare disrupted, the monitor must be able to calculate pro-jected dose rates and doses, plus entry times and stay timesfor emergency missions. And those are the subjects of thislesson-computation of projected futul: dose rates basedon information known at the moment; doses; and entry andstay time calculations.

RADIOACTIVE DECAY

1. At some point after a nuclear attack,shelter and fallout monitoring stationpersonnel must begin performing outsidemonitoring to support emergencyactivities. Outside operations can'tbegin until the dose rate is (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. back to normal--as low as it wasprior to attack.

B. low enough that limited outsideemergency activities can beperformed without extreme danger.

126

B is correct.

2. The outside dnse rate is easy todetermine whet: you have a CD V-717

DETECTOR

et06- o

arot,"

remote reading survey meter. Why?

The CD V-717'sdetector canbe positionedat distancesup to 25 feetfrom the con-trol and metersection. Itcan thereforebe left out-side where itcan measurethe unsheltereddose rate,which can beread by themonitor insidehis shelter.(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

3. Later, you'll learn to determine theapproximate unsheltered dose ratebased on a comparison between the in-shelter and unsheltered dose rates.But for now we'll discuss thecalculation of future dose rateprojections, since when a dose rateis known, the dose rate for a giventime in the future can be estimated.

NO RESPONSENECESSARY

4. As radioactive fallout particles fall toearth, they accumulate on the ground, roofs

ffeiwr FALLOUTACCUMULATION

of buildings, bushes, ledges, and othersurfaces that are exposed to the air.These particles emit gamma radiation, andas they accumulate, the unsheltered doserate usually (increases/decreases--which?) increases

5. Due to radioactive fallout accumulation,the unsheltered dose rate usually in-creases. (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. forever.B. until all or most of the particles

have fallen.C. for exactly three days, regardless

of the yield of the weapon.

128

B iscorrect.

._

6. The unsheltered dose rate usually reachesits highest level after all or most ofthe radioactive fallout has been de-posited. An interesting and veryimportant phenomenon called "radioactivedecay" (which begins at the moment of theweapon detonation) and continues tooccur, even though the dose rate may beincreasing from a heavy accumulation ofradioactive fallout material (particles).As radioactive decay takes place (CHECKONLY ONE ANSWER):

A. The radioactivity of falloutmaterial decreases with time.

B. Unsheltered dose rates decreaseas the radioactivity of thefallout material decreases.

. Both A and B are true.

. Neither A nor B is true.

7. In regard to the unsheltered dose rateafter a nuclear attack:

A. Fallout material becomes less radio-active with time through the processof A. radio-

B. This results in a gradual decrease activein the unsheltered decay

B. doserate

C is correct.

129

Because of radioactive decay, theunsheltered dose rate doesn't staythe same for long.

A. The unsheltered dose rate gradually(increases/decreases--which?)

B. To estimate when limited out-side missions can be performed,the (present/future--which?)

dose rates must beprojected.

9. If communications are kept openbetween the monitor and the EOC,the monitor (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. will be able to obtain pro-jected future dose rates fromtht EOC.

B. still has to figure the futureunsheltered dose rate forhimself.

C. needn't worry about unsheltereddose rates, since they aren'timportant anyway.

A. decreases

B. future

A is correct

DOSE RATE NOMOGRAMS

10. To simplify calculating rough estimatesor projections of future unsheltereddose rates, a special chart has beendeveloped. This chart, called aDose Rate Nomogram is reproduced anddiscussed in detail in the optionalAdditional Information Appendix. Whenyou're interested in more detailedinformation about this subject, studythe material on it in the Appendix.You won't be tested on this information,however, since it is optional. NOWRITTEN RESPONSE REQUIRED.

130

NO WRITTEN RE-,SPONSE REQUIRED

THE 7:10 RULE OF THUMB.

11. Another method of predicting futuredose rates is the "7:10 Rule ofThumb." Like any other rule ofthumb, the answers you'll obtainusing it are (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. extremely accurate.B. just approximations. B is correct.

12. The 7:10 Rule of Thumb says this:For every 7-fold increase in timeafter detonation, there is a 10-fold decrease in the dose rate.Thus, if you know the dose rateat any given time after burst,then 7 times that time-after-burst (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. The known dose rate willhave decreased to 10% of itsformer intensity.

B. The known dose rate will havedecreased to 90% of itsformer intensity.

C. The known dose rate will havedecreased by 90%.

131

A and C arecorrect.

13. Suppose the dose rate at H + 1 is1000 R/hr. You can apply the7:10 rule like this: Multiply thetime by 7, which gives you H + 7.At that future time, the dose ratewill be about 10% of the H + 1 doserate. So the dose rate at H + 7will be about 100 R/hr

14. This rule can be extended as faras you wish. However, the furtherinto the future estimates are made,the less reliable they become.Apply it to your new time and doserate to determine what the dose ratewill be even longer after the burst.In other words:

A. Multiply your new time, H + 7,by 7, which gives you H +

B. Next, determine the H + 49 doserate by figuring 10% of theH + 7 dose rate, which was

C. So, the approximate H + 49 doserate will be

A. 49B. 100 R/hrC. 10 R/hr

15. There's nothing to prevent you fromcarrying the rule as far into thefuture as you wish except, as westated before, it becomes less andless reliable as it is extended intime. The next step in anotherextension would be to:

A. Multiply your last time, H + 49,by , which gives youH +

B. Determine % of the lastdose rate (H + 49 dose rate),which gives you a dose rate atH + 343 of

132

A. 7, 343B. 10%,

1 R/hr

16. The dose rate at R + 10 is 500 R /h..Apply the 7:10 Rule of Thumb. topreduct future dose rates.

A. First, multiply the time by 7,which gives you

B. Then find 10% of the H + 10 doserate, which gives you

C. You now know that the approximatedose rate at will be

A. H 70B. 50 R/hrC. H + 70,

50 R/hr

17. Now, apply the 7:10 Rule of Thumb tothe answer of part "C" of the abovequestion to estimate the next possiblefuture dose rate.

A. You'll be determining the doserate for H +

B. Thus, the approximate dose ratefor H +will be 10% of the H + 70 doserate, or

A. 490B. 490,

5 R/hr

18. Let's work one more problem togetherbefore you do one on your own. Thedose rate at H + 5 is 200 R/hr.

A. What will &t be at H + 35?B. Taking the problem one step

further, the dose rate will be2 R/hr at

A. 20 R/hrB. H + 245

19. Your turn. If the dose rate at H + 2is 650 R/hr, work out the first threefuture dose rates based on the 7:10Rule of Thumb.

A. At , dose rate will beB. At , dose rate will beC. At , dose rate will be

133

A. H + 14,65 R/hr

B. H + 986.5 R/hr

C. H + 686,.65 R/hr

20. To estimate approximate futuredose rates, you can use the 7:10Rule of. Thumb. This rule statesthat for every -foldincrease in time after burst,there will be adecrease in dose rates. 7, 10-fold

21 The dose rate at H + 4 is 900 R/hr.Use the 7:10 Rule of Thumb todetermine:

A. Approximate dose rate at H + 28:

B. At what time after burst willthe dose rate be about .9 R/hr?

A. 90 R/hrB. H + 1372

hrs

22. As far as the 7:10 Rule of Thumbis concerned (CHECK ANY CORRECTANSWERS):

A. it's 100% accurate.B. you'll only rely on it in

emergency situations suchas when communications areinterrupted.

C. it helps you estimateapproximate future doserates.

D.- it's been adopted as SOP.

134

B and C arecorrect

23. In terms of accuracy and reliability,nothing can replace a direct instrumentreading. But under certain circumstances,you may need to apply the general rulesyou've learned in this portion of thisprogram. If you wish, you can study theinformation on Dose Rate Nomograms, which,as mentioned, appears in the AdditionalInformation Appendix to this book. Andan occasional practice session with the7:10 Rule of Thumb will help you keep itfresh in your mind should you ever need,o use it. With this rule, you havesome basic knowledge which--some day- -may help you survive. We hope you neverhave to use it

Now, just why are the survey meterswe've discussed so reliable? Howdo they actually work to tell youthe radiation level? Let's discussthis interesting subject next.NO RESPONSE REQUIRED.

IONIZATION

24. Shortly after the discovery ofradioactivity, it was learned thataxposure to radiation causes gasesto ionize. Simply put, the atomsof genes change their electricalcharge when exposed to radiation.As you might imagine, the greaterthe amount of radioactivity the gasis exposed to, the (greater /smaller --which ?) the change inelectrical charge.

135

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

greater

25. This ionization phenomenon was usedsuite early--by Madame Curie, in:!act--for comparing the radio-activities of different materials.For example, if the electricalcharge of a gas was changed X-amount by the rad'oactivity fromSubstance A, and was changed by2X by the radioactivity fromSubstance B, it would indicatethat (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. Substance A was more radio-active than Substance B.

B. Substance B was more radio-active than Substance A.

C. There was little differencein the radioactivity of thetwo substances, B is correct.

26. The change in electrical chargecaused by exposure to radiation hasbeen most useful in developing in-struments that measure radioactivity.Remember, this change in the chargeof an atom is calledand it occurs in (solids /liquids/gases)

ionization,gases

27. To use this phenomenon in measuringthe amount of radioactivity presentin an area, an instrument must havesome means of detecting and displayingthe change in of a gas.

136

electricalcharge

28. The survey meters we discussed earlierare ionization instruments. They arecapable of detecting the 'charge intrapped gas and displaying this changeby means of electrical meters--the dialsyou read when using the instruments.

There's nothing special about thegas used in the instruments. Almostany gas would work, so we use the onethat's most available-- air

29. Let's look at an operational surveymeter, the CD V-715, to see how one,type of ionization instrumentworks. This instrument has a metalcylindrical-shaped gas chamber. Youlearned earlier that:

A. alpha and beta particles ofradiation (will/won't)penetrate metal, so...

B. the CD V-715, with its metalchamber, measuresradiation.

137

A. won'tB. gas,

gamma

30. Within the gas chamber of the CD V-715survey meter, there's a disc calleda collector. There's a potentialelectrical charge difference of about125 volts between the collector andthe chamber itself.

Now, when radioactivity passesthrough the gas in the chamber, theatoms of the gas become ionized- -their changes.

electricalcharge

31. The ions created when radioactivitypasses through the gas in themetal gas chamber (or ionizationchamber) are positively charged.They then go to the disc in thechamber--they're drawn to it byelectromagnetic attraction.

The disc; as mentioned, is called theand since the positively-

charged ions go to it, we know thatthe disc is (positively /negatively --which ?) -charged.

collector,negatively

32. So the ions, or electrically chargedparticles, are drawn to the collector,a disc of (the same/a different)

electrical charge.

138

a different

33. The number of ions.creaLed is directlyproportionate to the amount ofradioactivity passing through the gasin the chamber. The electrons fromthese ions, once collected on the disc,creates an electrical charge.

NO CURRENT CURRENT

This current then passes into themeasuring circuit of the instrument,where it's amplified and operatesan electric meter. In other words,the electrons from the collectedions result in a currei which, whenamplified, causes what's picturedabove to happen--the instrument's

shows a reading. meter

34. The radioactivity passing throughthe gas in the chamber, then causesionization of the gas atoms. Thisresults in an imbalance of electronsin these atoms, which gives them anelectrical charge.

A. The charge of the ions is theopposite of thewhich is a disc in the chamber.

B. Therefore, the ions (avoid/arecollected on/move around)

the disc.C. The electrons from these ions

create an chargewhich, when amplified, operatesan electric --the partof the instrument you read.

139

A. collectorB. are collected

onC. electrical,

meter

35. The current we're talking about inthis type of instrument is quitelow, of course. Therefore, beforeit can cause the needle on the meerto move, it must be (reduced/amplified)

amplified

36. In a few minutes, we'll discuss theproperties of the three differenttypes of radioactive particles- -alpha, beta, and gamma. But youalready know enough to answer thisquestion:

Since we're talking in this instanceabout ionization of gas within ametal chamber, which type of radio-activity will such an instrumentmeasure? Why?

gamma--theother twowon'tpenetratethe metalof thechamber

37. Remember the CD V-700? As you'll recall,this instrument measures very smallamounts of radioactivity, so it's con-sidered an (operational/training)

instrument only, for allpractical purposes. training

38. This instrument operates on the ion-izetion principle, like the CD V-715and c't:her operational instruments. Butit measures beta radiation, as well asgamma, as you'll probably remember.How? Well, the shield on the probe of thCD V-700 can be turned, as we discussed.

RIO 000 1

SHIELD CLOSED SHIELD OPENWith the shield closed, the probe is ametal ionization chamber, so it'll onlymeasure radiation.

140

gamma

39. Now, beta radiation will penetrateglass. When the shield on the probeof a CD V-700 is open, there's aglass chamber inside the metal one.So when this glass is exposed--theshield is open--the instrument(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. measures only the gamma radiationanyway.

B. measures beta only.C. measures both the gamma and

beta radiation passing throughthe chamber.

D. measures neither type ofradiation, since the instrumentwon't work without its protectiveshield. C is correct.

40. With the shield open, the CD V-70Dmeasures both the gamma and betaradiation passing through the enclosedgas. To determine the amount of beta,of course, you'd have to take bothread'ngs--open a.id closed shield--andfind the difference.

The point is, due to the glasschamber that can be exposed, an in-strument such as the CD V-700 canmeasure both and

radiation,beta,gamma

41. These instruments operate on the sameprinciple as the others we've discussed- -those with metal chambers only. Thatis, the radioactivity passes through thegas in the chamber (whether the shieldis open or e;losed is not important tothis point) and causes of theatoms of the

141

ionization,gas

42. This type of meter operates at ahigher voltage than the others,and this. means that there's agreater difference in charge betweenthe collector and the ionized particles.It follows; then, that the ions move tothe collector at a much (faster/slower)

rate than in the othertype of instrument. faster

43. Due to this greater acceleration ofions, the instruments with a glass-and-metal ionization chamber willmeasure much smaller amounts ofradioactivity...the instruments aremore sensitive. That'S why they'recapable of detectingradiation, as well as gamma. beta

44. The greatly accelerated ions ininstruments like the CD V-700 (theseare Geiger-Mueller counters, foryour inforhation) collide with othergas atoms on their way to the collector,'ionizing-them as well. And all of thisactivity creates an electrical current.

The electrical current.thus createdis what causes the meter to showareading. And. since the built-inacceleration effect created in theseionization chambers causes so muchelectrical activity, the currentthus created (must/should/need not)

be amplified beforeit can cause a reading on the electrical

of the instrument.

142

need not,meter

45. Both types of instruments we've dis-cussed--those with all-metal gaschambers, and those with metal andglass chambers--operate on the sameprinciple. Radioactivity passesthrough the gas in the chamber andionizes the gas, thus creating electricalcurrent that is capable of moving theneedle of a meter. But with the all-metalchamber, the current created is not asgreat as that which results in the otherinstruments. Therefore:

A. In an instrument like the CD N-715,the current must bebefore it can move the needleof the meter.

B. In an instrument like theCD V-700, the current is greaterso it (FINISH THIS SENTENCE)

A. amplifiedB. need not

beamplified

(OR SIMILARANSWER)

46. So the fact that radioactivity causesionization of the atoms of gas ina chamber is especially important tous in detecting and measuring radiation;levels. This phenomenon is theprinciple upon which some of our most:useful instruments--especially

meters--are constructed.

143

47. A whole program--and more--could bewritten on this subject of ionization,and how it applies to tfre instrumentswe use in measuring radioactivity.But we've gone far enough for ourpurposes here. Remember, the ,urveymeters you'll work with are electricalinstruments, and the electricalenergy that causes a reading on themeter of such an instrument iscreated by (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. 110V current from any wall outlet.B. batteries.C. ionization of the atoms of

gas in a chamber. C is correct.

PROPERTIES OF RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES

48. Directly related to the ionization ofgases caused by radioactivity are theproperties of the types of radioactiveparticles. There are three types ofthese particles, as we've discussed:

9 andalpha, beta,gamma

49. Alpha particles are rapidly-movingparticles of positive. charge.They're actually nuclei of heliumatoms--but we don't expect you toremember that. As we've alreadydiscussed, alpha particles (will/will not)

penetrate metal or glass,so it (can/cannot) bemeasured with the survey meterswe've been discussing.

144

will not,cannot

50. Alpha particles are fast moving,as mentioned...they're shot out atspeeds of about 10,000 miles persecond. You'll learn soon thatthis is actually slow, compared tobeta and gamma particles, eventhough it sounds incredibly fastat this time.

But alpha particles lose speedquickly, because they run intoatoms in their path. So, in spiteof their initial speed, they travelonly an inch or two! This is one ofthe reasons we said earlier that we(are/aren't) especiallyconcerned about alpha radiation. aren't

51. For injury to result from alpharadiation, you'd almost have toswallow (inhale, ingest) alphaparticles. This is because theytravel (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. too fast to cause damage.B. only very short distances.C. quite far. B is correct.

52. Alpha particles cannot penetrate thechamber wall of a survey meter- -it can't reach the gas trapped in thechamber. Therefore, for all practicalpurposes, alpha radiation (can/cannot)

be measured on ourinstruments. I cannot

145

53. Beta particles move much faster thanalpha--at speeds of aRout 184,000miles per second. Rut, as we discussedearlier (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. beta penetrates neither metalnor glass, so it can't bemeasured.

B. beta penetrates metal, but notglass.

C. beta penetrates glass, but notmetal, so it is detected onlyby our Geiger-Mueller counters. C is correct.

54. Beta particles can penetrate thinsheets of metal, and pass throughglass fairly easily. They may evenpenetrate as far as half a centimeterinto lead. The important aspect hereis that these radiations will passthrough glass, so they can be detectedusing the CD V-700, as long as theshield on the instrument's probe is(open/closed) open

55. finally, gamma radiation consists ofrays similar to X-rays. It's a formof electromagnetic radiation of veryhigh frequen2y. k

A. Gamma rays (will/will not)penetrate metal,

including several centimeters ofthat very dense metal,

B. For this reason, gamma rays canbe detected and ultimatelymeasured through theof the atoms of gas, even if it'sin a metal chamber.

146

A. will, leadB. ionization

56. Gamma rays travel at the speed oflight, so they're much faster thanboth alpha and beta radiationparticles. They can cause chemicaland biological alterations in livingcells and tissues, so they'reespecially dangerous. Still, it'sthis ability to penetrate that alsomakes gamma rays (easier/moredifficult) to detectand measure. easier

57. Alpha and beta radiation are actuallyparticles which shoot out at tremendousspeeds. But gamma radiation is morelike X-rays. In this regard, then, gammaradiation is (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. also composed of visibleparticles.

B. made up of rays of elr.!ctro-magnetic radiation of veryhigh frequency.

C. low-frequency rays of electro-magnetic radiation. B is correct.

58. As we discussed in a previous section,beta radiation can penetrate only aslight distance into the skin. It canproduce an effect similar to a burnon the skin's surface. But gamma raysare capable of penetrating (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. a little bit farther into thebody.

B. no farther than beta radiation.C. completely through a person's

body.

147

C is correct.

59. But this same penetrating capabilityof gamma radiation is the same thingthat makes it possible for us to detectand measure gamma radiation. If itcouldn't penetrate the metal ionizationchambers of instruments such as theCD V-715, we (could/could not)use such instruments to detect andmeasure radiation.

could not,gamma

60. Concerning the properties of thethree types of radiation:

A. Alpha particles travel (veryshort /long) distancethrough the air.

B. We do not use an instrument that'measures or even detects thepresence of radiation.

C. Beta particles travel (longer/shorter/about the same)distances, compared to alpharadiation.

D. Gamma radiation isradiation similar to

E. Gamma rays (can/cannot)penetrate seemingly solidmaterials.

148

A. very short

B. alpha

C. longer

D. electro-magneticX-rays

E. can

61. So the penetrating capahilities ofgamma and beta radiation make it possibleto detect and measure them (directlyin the case of gamma; indirectly forbeta) using the ionization of gasesphenomenon we've discussed. As you canimagine, the properties of each of thesetypes of radiation are the subjects ofmany complete books, so we could continueindefinitely with this subject. But younow know enough to understand how and whywe can detect and measure beta and gammaradiation--and why we can't measurealpha radiation with most of ourinstruments. So let's end this unit atthis point; when you're ready, take thequiz, which follows.NO RESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

PLEASE COMPLETE THE TEST ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

149

You have now completed 3 of the 4 units of this course.

Regardless of how much time it has taken, you may feel

it necessary either to take a long break, if you have

not already taken one, or to push right on to finish the

course.

Either way the distance left to go in the course is

relatively short. You are within sight of your course

certificate, the acquisition of which will be rewarding

enough to encourage you to continue, not to mention the

personal satisfaction of accomplishment you will experience.

We would recommend, however, that if you haven't yet taken

a restful break, that you do so now so that you can return

and complete .the last unit refreshed.

150


HOME STUDY COURSE

NOTE: DO NOT LOOK AT THE TEST BELOW UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETEDUNIT 3.

UNIT 3 TEST


l. The two factors in protection against radiation whichare provided by a good shelter are:

a. time, space.

b. distance, mass.

c. beta, gamma.

2. After the initial surge of radiation at the time of theburst (which will always be accompanied by the releaseof tremendous levels of blast and thermal energies)the greatest radiation hazard from a nuclear burst is:

a. polluted water.

b. biological changes in the environment.

c. radioactive fallout.

3. Two hazards from radioactive fallout are:

a. gamma burns, alpha ingestion.

b. beta burns, alpha ray penetration.

c. 0.xposure to gamma-emitting particles, beta skinburns.

4. If fallout arrives before you reach shelter:

a. cover your head and adjust your clothing tocover as much skin as possible as you hurryto shelter.

b. walk slowly to avoid stirring up dust and dirt.

c. stay outside shelter to avoid carrying falloutparticles in.

151

5. In general, radioactive fallout particles from a burstthat are deposited in specific areas in great enoughconcentrations that their associated radiation levelscause a threat to survival, are, of densities andphysical sizes that are:

a. too small to see.

b. visible to the naked eye.

c. so small and light in weight that they remainsuspended in the air.

6. If fallout particles land on you:

a. brush them off.

b. you're doomed.

c. they can't hurt you, so ignore them.

7. When radioactive fallout particles land on a surfaceor pass through the air:

a. the material they pass through or land onbecomes permanently radioactive.

b. the surface, or the air, is radioactive foronly a short period of time.

c. the air or the surface isn't radioactive, butthe particles are.

8. Monitors in a monitoring station, and shelterees inshelter should, if possible, remain in:

a. areas with the highest dose rates.

b. the best-shielded areas.

c. areas that are most comfortable.

9. Dose rate levels in various areasin a shelter:

a. may change and should be checked periodically.

b. never change and needn't be checked oncedetermined.

c. can't be determined with present equipment.

152

10. A car or other closed vehicle can provide:

a. good protection against all types of nuclearradiation.

b. little or no protection against any type ofnuclear radiation.

c. very little protection from gamma rays, butsome protection against beta radiation.

11. Once all or most of the radioactive falloutparticles have been deposited, radiation levels begindecreasing due to:

a. better shielding from the accumulated particles.

b. radioactive decay.

c. the effects of direct sunlight.

12. It's possible to determine approximately whenoutside activities can be resumed by estimating:

a. present dose rates.

b. current doses.

c. future dose rates.

13. The monitor:

a. will always have to determine future doserates for himself.

b. can usually get estimated future doserates from EOC.

c. isn't concerned with unsheltered dose rates.

14. According to the Rule of Thumb, if the dose rate atH + 1 was 500 R/hr, the dose rate at H + 14 days will be:

a. 50 k /hr.

b. .5 R/hr.

c. 5 R/hr.

153

15. Radioactivity which causes a change in the electricalcharge of the atoms of gases, is a phenomenoncalled:

a. nuclear fission.

b. ionization.

c. radioactive decay.

16. In the OCD survey meter that has an all-metalionization chamber, there's a disc called a collectoron which:

a. dust and other impurities are collected.

b. positive electrical charges are repelled.

c. positively-charged ions are collected.

17. In instruments that have all-metal chambers:

a. the electrical current generated by the ionsis small and must be amplified before it canoperate the meter.

b. no electrical current is allowed to reach themeter portfon of the instrument.

c. it's not necessary to amplify the currentcreated by the electrons.

18. In a Geiger-Mueller counter, which has a tube insidethe metal probe:

a. only alpha radiation can be measured.

b. only gamma radiation can be detected.

c. beta radiation, as well as gamma can be detected.

154

19. A Geiger-Mueller type survey meter is:

a. much less sensitive than the instruments withall-metal ionization chambers.

b. more sensitive than the other type .of meter.

c. about the same, in terns of sensitivity, as theother type of survey meter.

20. The highly-penetrating nature of gamma rays:

a. makes them relatively easy to detect withsurvey metero.

b. makes them almost impossible to detect andmeasure.

c. has no bearing on the ability to detect andmeasure with survey meters.

WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS TEST,CHECK YOUR ANSWERS USING THE ANSWERKEY ON PAGE xxx IN THE BACK OF THISBOOK.

55

RADIOLOGICAL MONITORTASKS AND PROCEDURES

RADIOLOGICAL MONITORRESPONSIBILITIES ANDREPORTING

LESSON ONE

RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR

TASKS & PROCEDURES

OVERVIEW

FRAMES

FOLLOW

158

LESSON ONE: RADIOLOGICAL MONLTOR TASKS AND PROCEDURES

OVERVIEW

In the event of nuclear attack, your job will be tocollect and report radiological data for your locality.This information will be used in making decisions thatwill result in the saving of lives. It must be as accurateand reliable as possible. While you're reporting only asmall portion of the total information .needed, every partof it is important. Many people's lives are dependentupon how well you perform your tasks.

You may be assigned to a large public fallout shelter,or to a remote fallout monitoring station. In eitherevent, you must be able to perform the same tasks...especially since a shelter may also be a monitoring station,if its location makes this desirable. So, in this lesson,we'll be"teaching you what your duties are and how toperform them. We won't distinguish between the dutiesyou'd have if assigned to one place or another, unless thelocation has some bearing on the.specific task.

WHY RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING?

1. Radiological monitoring is performed toobtain nuclear radiation h/azard informationfor the area of concern. This informationis used by the governmental organizationto which the monitor reports, to:

A. Determine the severity of, and thelocation of the fallout; and,

B. Help decide on courses of action whichwill minimize the radiation hazardfor the greatest number of people.

The information you gather will help'delineate the location.of the fallout,indicate and record the .Variations'inradiation levels from it, and be uSefulto higher authorities in their .

determination of what can be done tominimize its effects onand their resources.

139

people

2. Based on informatiJ3n reported by monitorsall over the affected area; decisionsmust be made as to how to insure thegreatest safety for the most people.This information helps our leadersdecide on a course of action

3. Whether you're assigned..

HERE...

IL I

111_

:.,

..':11111!1111'.'

e Qow

4.. .

49.41,foo.$

OR HERE...

1 1 1 1 I I 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

You will be (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. trained to perform the samebasic tasks.

B. trained according to your location.C. taught to function only in one

place or the other.

160

A is correct.

4. So wheti..er you're assigned to ashelter or a fallout monitoringstation, you'll be developing thecapability to gather and reportradiological infirmation that willenable those to whom you report it, to:

A. know the levels of radiation, and thelocation of theand,

B. to decide on a course ofthat will be of benefit to the most

TAKING FIRST MEASUREMENTS

5. Each shelter or monitoring station willhave been provided with radiologicalinstruments: the public fallout shelterwith the CD V-777-1 "Shelter RadiationKit;" the monitoring station with theCD V-777 "Operational Monitoring Set,"and in some specially qualified stations,the CD V-777A "Monitoring Support Set."These contain the instruments in thenumbers you'll need to perform yourparticular monitoring function:

A. falloutB. action,

people

A. CD V-742's, which are A. dosimetersB. CD V-750's, which are B. dosimeterC. CD V-700's, which are low.,. range chargers

C. survey metersL. CD V-715's, which are high range D. survey meters

6. In the event of nuclear attack (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. you should have already assuredyourself that your instrumentswere in your shelter, or in yourmonitoring station.

B. you'll have to wait for instru-ments to arrive from the,E0C.

C. you must stop by your RADEFofficer'.s home and pick up yourinstruments.

161

A iscorrect.

7. The initial radiation, blast, and heatof a nuclear burst are an extreme threatto the survival of anyone within a fewmiles of it at its time of detonation,However, those survivors will still befaced with another far more persistentand widespread threat to their continuingsurvival from that burst, by that whichis illustrated here--radioactive

CLOUD

:

;* PARTICLES

. , !::

GROUND

fallout

8. When enough fallout particles arriveto cause an instrument reading, ycumust begin recording radiological data.One of the earliest measurements youshould take is the dose rate in variouslocations within the shelter or station.This tells you which locations are bestshielded from radiation. You'remeasuring the sheltered dose rate, soyou should use (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. a dosimeter.B. the CD V-750.C. an operational survey meter, such

as the CD V-715. C is correct.

9. Nci: every area in even the best ofshelters provides the same amount ofprotection from radiation. Shortlyafter fallout arrival, you shoulddetermine which areas are best

162

shielded (OR)protected

O. Fallout may not arrive at the shelteror monitoring station until after youdo. You should begin to check forradiation as soon as you have yourinstruments operable after your arrival.Information obtained will be of valuewhen (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. you arrive before the falloutdoes.

B. enough radiation iv present toregister a reading on yourinstruments..

C. no reading is obtained: sincethis will indicate to you thatsignificant amounts of fallouthave not yet arrived. C is correct.

11. Here's a drawing of a shelter in thebasement of a large building. It'sdivided into three rooms.

L1=111MMG,A.MMIIMEL ..4==11

o aoo o

A.

o.

4=Pliamsho.:.,La-,,p,w.mmeem,

1-----1 1-----SHELTER AREA

[(Room A) (ROOM 8) ROOM C.

0 !?*

Is the protection from gamma raysthe same in Room A as it is in Bor C?

B. As soon as you can obtain areading on your survey meter, youshould monitor each part of theshelter to see which provides

163

A. noB. beat pro

tection (OR)shielding

12. To be certain when 5allout arrives,you must make sure your instrumentis functioning properly. To do this,perform an operational check on yourinstrument:

A. Turn the selector switch to

B. Allow about forwarm-up.

C. Adjust the zero control knob sothe meter reads

D. Next, turn the selector switch tothe position, inwhich the indicator needle shouldpoint to theportion of the meter.

E. Then turn to each of the fourand check the

settingafter each range check.

A. zeroB. 2 minutesC. zeroD. circuit

check,circuitcheck

E. ranges,zero

13. When taking your readings in theshelter, use the CD V-715 (orother operational survey meter),carrying it at about 3 feet abovethe floor. This means you shouldhold the instrument about (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A.B.

C.

at belt level.even with your head.even with your shoulders.

164

A is correct.

14. In checking radi-ation levels, thesurvey meter shouldbe held at aboutthe height show,.here--aboutlevel.

belt

15. When taking inside measurements,you are determining the dose rateto whici. people will be and arebeing exposed. Since lives areat stake, you (should/should not--which?) record themeasurements on a sketch of theshelter area. should

16. When taking in-shelter or in-stationreadings, it's best to(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. commit the dose rates to memory.B. write the dose rates on a blank

piece of paper.C. write the dose rates for

various areas on a sketch of theshelter or station.

165

C is correct.

UNSHELTERED DOSE RATES

17. When assigned to a monitoring station,or when asked to do so in a shelter,you must determine the-oUtside doserate in relation to the sheltereddose rate. To hold your own exposureto a minimum, take an initial un-sheltered dose rate reading (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. as soon as the dose rate in theshelter or station reaches orexceeds 0.05 B/hr.

B. within a few minutes of burst,in every case.

C. ten minutes after burst. A is correct.

18. If you know that your inside dose rateat a given time is "X" R/hr and yourunsheltered dose rate at that same timeis so-many-times as great,, you won'thave to go outside during peak radiationperiods to estimate fairly accuratelywhat the outside dose rate is. To getthis correlation between sheltered andunsheltered dose rates, you must use theinstrument that measures dose rate, yourCD V-715 or CD V-717 operational

survey meter

19.. You may be able to take unsheltered doserate readings from inside shelter, ifyou have a CD V-717 remote detectorsurvey meter. This instrument's

can be positioned outside,by the use of a 25 foot extensioncable, while the meter face andcontrols remain inside with you.

166

detector

20. If you don't have a CD V-717. thefirst step is to pick a spot insidethe she.ter or station and take areading. This is the (sheltered/unsheltered--which?)dose rate at that moment. sheltered

21. Next, as quickly as possible, gooutside to e. preselected location andtak, a dose rate reading.. This givesyou an unsheltered dose rate that(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. means nothing for the future.B. correlates to your sheltered

dose rate. B is correct.

22. If the correlation between inside padoutside dose rates is to be accurate,you must get outside and take theunsheltered reading (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. when you get around to it.B. within a few days of the

sheltered reading.C. as quickly as possible after

taking the sheltered reading.

167

C is correct.

23. The spot you select for the unsheltereddose rate reading should be 25 feet(preferably more) from surroundingbuildings, if possible. It should be

representative of the area around theshelter or station. In a city location,you may not be able to get 25 feet frombuildings, and since you want to holdyour exposure to a minimum, you should(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. take a reading quickly and getback to shelter, even if youtake it fairly close to abuilding.

B. go as far as necessary to getaway from buildings. A is correct.

24. The ideal spot for taking an outsidedose rate reading is one that's atleast feet frombuildings and is representative ofthe area around the

168

25, shelter(OR) station

25. Try to take the two readings withina very short time, preferably 3minutes. While you're outside, theradiation level is probably buildingup rapidly, so you should (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. get back into the shelterwithout delay.- .

B. hunt for the ideal locationfor the outside reading.

C. tal-e your time. A is correct.

26. If at.all possible, take the initialsheltered and unsheltered dose ratereadings within (how many?)minutes of each other. 3

27.

0,- DETECTOR

D-

If you have the instrument shownabove, you won't have to estimatethe unsheltered dose rate. You canread it directly. This man isusing ameter.

169

survey CD V-717remote de-tector

28. Notice in the preceding drawing thatthe detector +las been placed on a fencepost several :_et from the -earestbuilding. That's because the idealsituation should apply when using aCD V-7I7:

A. The detector should be (close to/away from -- which ?)

buildings.B. The spot should be

of the surr)unding area.

11.

A. away fromB. represent-

ative

SHELTER PROTECTION FACTOR

29. You've now picked a specific spot orarea in the shelter and taken a shelteredreading. Then, within three minutes,you've taken an unsh(atered doe ratereading. As with all readings in e'daround the shelter area, don't trustyour memory--write the readings on your

of the area.

30. Now, if the outside dose rate is dividedby the sheltered dose rate you took atthe particular area inside, the resultwill be a number which is called theProtection Factol, (PF) for that area.These measurements of .he actual doserates will confirm or correct the PFwhich was mathematically calculated forthis shelter during pre-attack planning.The PF tells you how much protectionyour shelter is against the outside un-sheltered radiation levels. If the un-sheltered dose rate is 500 R/hr and thedose rate you measure inside is 1 R/hr.you have a protection factor of atthat location.

sketch

31. By dividing the unsheltered done rate bythe sheltered dose rate, you can deter-mine the factor at the areain which the inside aose rate measure-ment was taken.

170

250

protection

32. Look at this drawing.

DOSERA1E: I U IHi 11-1 11-11t000 R/hr.

'37.r77.77.1799.73 wo-s:7aC),;; .4:136 *o er,5: :8

a °:

A0 c0 ?0,

. 0.-,c3

DOSE RATE.5 R/hr.

111=m

What is the protection factor ofthis shelter? 200

33. A shelter's or station's protectionfactor can be determined by (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. subtracting the inside doserate from the unsheltereddose rate.

B. dividing the sheltered doserate by the unsheltered doserate.

C. dividing the unsheltered doserate by the sheltered doserate.

171

C is correct.

34. This protection factor may not remainthe same over very long periods of time.You will learn why, and what to do aboutit later. The reason you should readthe outside dose rate as soon as possibleafter fallout arrival is (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. for the protection of yourinstruments.

B. to minimiz,a your own exposure. B is correct.

35. At a later time, when you may want toestimate the outside dose rate, takean inside reading in the same area usedto calculate the PF, and multiply itby the protection factor. The answerwill be an approximation of the un-sheltered dose rate at that time. Becertain to take the sheltered doserate reading at (the same/a different- -which ?) location in theshelter. the same

36. When you multiply a sheltered dose ratereading by the protection factor:

A. you're using the protection factorto determine thedose rate.

B. you should take the shelteredreaeing in the same asthe one you used in calculatingthe shelter's

172

A. unshelteredB. location,

protectionfactor

37. Thi,, initial unsheltered Jose ratewas 300 R/hr, and the correspondingsheltered dose rate is 3 R/hr.

A. What is the protectir'i factor?

B. If the sheltered dose rate anhour later was 4 R/hr, whatwould the estimated unshelteredd'se rate be?

A. 100B. 400 R/hr

38. At later times, when the outsidedose rate has gotten high, unsheltereddose rates can be approximatelydetermined without leaving the shelteror monitoring station by (CHECK THECORPECT ANSWER):

4

A. multiplying the inside dose rateat the same location by theoriginal outside dose rate.

B. multiplying the sheltered doserate readings taken then and inthe same spot by the protectionfactor.

C. dividing future shelteredreadings by the protectionfactor. B is correct.

39. You should be sure to remembor that ashelter's PF will change with time, forthese two reasons: one, because theenergy level (or penetrating capability)of radiation changes withtime; and two, because rain, wind andweather will cause the radioactive fall-out material to physically shift on theroof and ground, possibly causing areasthat have been the best also toshift within the shelter.

173

gamma,protected

40. For these reasons you should recalculatethe shelter's factor at leastonce every 24 hours during the first fewdays postattack, unless the unsheltereddose rate is estimated to be above100 R/hr. When the ,Jutside .iose ratehas decreased to 25 R/hr, you (.cannot/should--which?) go.outside to check it.

protection,should

41. The protection factor (CHECK LALY ONEANSWER):

A, will probably change with time.B. should be recalculated at least

every 2 or 3 hours.C. Both A arLd B are true.D. Neither A nor B is true. A is correct.

42. Look at this drawing.

A. What is the shelter's protectionfactor?

B. If the sheltered dose rate laterbecomes 5 R/hr, what will theunsheltered dose rate be

174

O

A. 200B. 1,000 R/hr

43. If the figures on rills drawing areinitial unsheltered anC sheltereddose rates answer the questionsbelow.

DOSE RATE:300 R /hr.

1 ,/ 11==41 ET2t,

A.

.. . :, ::..-. 0a-,,,-

. ..,=. ,,o..- 0 .14

ty-ep..., ig:,syoz,".f),,,0 A.I.

0..0-:' ed. -.0°o I' ;:-.,;.° ":.q2

.0 ......

What will the sheltered doserate be if the unsheltered doserate reaches 900 R/hr?

B. What is the unsheltered dose rateif the sheltered dose rate reaches5 R/hr?

C. What's the protection factor forthis shelter?

A. 3 R/hrB. 1,500 R/hrC. 300

44. Two possible ways you can determine theouteide dose rate are:

A. Use the CD V-717 remotesurvey meter.

B. Multiply the existing sheltereddose rate by the current

1,75

A. detectorB. protection

factor

45. A thiy_.(' method of determining theunsheItered il!:see rate is to quicklystep outside with a CD V-715 andmeasure it. But you should not usethis method regularly until the

'unsheltered dose rate has decreasedto 25 R/hr

46. Keeping personnel radiation doses toa minimum is important, but it's evenmore essential for people who will beinvolved emergency outside operationsand early clean-up. Unless unavoidable,don't measure outside dose ratesdirectly when radiation levels areabove

47. It is possible to take or calculateunsheltered measurements by any ofthese methods:

A. reading a CD V-directly at.any time.

B. multiplying the protection factorby the existing doserate.

C. reading direct:/ with. a CD V-715, A. 717when unsheltered dose rates have B. sheltereddecreased to C. 25 R/hr

25 R/hr

48. The local dose and dose rate informationyou obtain may be important in theoverall picture. if you are in amonitoring reporting station, theinformation you gather (should be/needn'tbe--whic-h?) reported.

176

should be

49. By knowing the unshltered dose ratesin most areas affected by fallout,personnel in the EOC can determinethe best actions to take to save thegreatest number of lives. So if you arein a radiological monitoring reporting3tation, the radiological information:'ou have gathered, (FINISH THISSENTENCE)

DOSIMETERS FOR MEASURING DOSE RATES

50. There is a way to use the dosimeter tomeasure the dose rate. Suppose youmusi: determine the unsheltered doserate, but all of yiur survey metersare ino-perable or the dose rate isabove the capability of yourinstrument. You can simply place adosimeter outside, let it remain therefor a timed fraction of an hour, thenread the dose it has received in thattime. This tells you the (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. dose rate in the area.B. dose the dosimeter measured in

that fraction of an hour.C. dose rate the dosimeter received.

should bereported(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

B is correct.

51. By setting the dosimeter outside, youhave learned the dose it measured inthe time it was unsheltered. The doseis measured in , andyou want to know the dose rate, whichis measured in

177

roentgens,roentgens perhour

52. Suppose you left your dosimeteroutside for 15 minutes. During that,time, it received a dose of 50 R. Tofind out what the dose rate per houris, simply multiply the dose thedosimeter received 13:; 4, sincethere are 4 periods of 15 minutes ina hour. This tells you tk.at theunsheltered dose rate isR/hr. 200

53. 1.1.2e's the scale of the operationaldosimeter CD V-742.

ROENTGENS

100 20010 40 60 80 $2* 140 160

The range is 0 to 200 it only. Therefore,if you suspect the dose rate is above1000 R/hr. outside, you s'aould becertain the hairline is on

before putting thedosimeter outside. zero

54. If the dosimeter shows a very lowreading, you can probably just recordit before putting the instrument outside,then find the difference when you bringthe instrument in. But ir the hairlineis near or above half scale, you shouldbe certain to _thedosimeter before putting it outside.

178

zero (OR)r..tharge

55. Leave the dosimeter outside for a frac-tion of an hour' determine the dose ithas received in that time; then calculat,--,how many roentgens it would have receivedin one hour. This gives you a useableestimate of the unsheltered dose rate in

perroentgens(per) hour

56. Assume no operational survey meter isavailable, so you must use a dosimeterto determine the unsheltered dose rate.You expose the dosimeter for 20minutes, and it receives a d.se of40 R. What is the unSheltet...:d doserate?

320 R/hr (since20 is1/: an hour,env t2le dose inthat time was40 R, the doserate is 40 x 3,or 120 R/hr)

UNSHELTERED DOSE ACCUMULATION MEASUREMENTS

57. Fallout monitoring stations measure,record and report 1:nehcitered totaldose accumulations for their locations,to the EOC. If a public fallout shelteris also a radiological andreporting station it will. also

and report its accumulatedunsheltered radiation to

the

monitoring,measure,record, lose,EOC

58. First zero a dosimeter.Then using a survey metermeasure the unsheltered dose rate.Still using the survey meter,position the dosimeter inside wherethe dose rate is 1/10 ti 1/20 theunsheltered dose rate. Determinethe protection for thedolimeter position.

179

CD V-742CD V-715factor

59. Multiply daily dosimeter readingsby the PF obtained for that location.In the next lesson you'll learn thatthe result will be unsheltered accumu-lated for your station, and whenyou'll have to it to the

CD V-742,dose,report,EOC

60. Since thr' location of this dosimeterwill probably be in a part of theshelter or station which is lessprotected than others, the dose couldapproach full scale, or onthe CD V-742 as shown here, b7..fore thetime when you would require another un-shelteree dose reading. If this occurs,record the reading, which isnote the time it took to reach this dose,recharge, or the dosimeter andput it back in its position. Do notstay with this dosimeter, but check it

often to besure it doesnot go pastthe 200 Rmark.

ROENTGENS

0 10020 40 60 SO t20 MO 160 160

200

VERT1CLE HAIRLINE-I>

200 R, 190 R,zero

61. If this dosimeter approaches full scaleso rapidly that it cannot be watcedcarefully, find a new for itthat is better protected, thenthe procedure shown in Frames 58 through60. NOTE: the next s(...:.tion concernsIN-SHELTER )er6onnel DOSE measurements.This section shows you how toand the totalaccuv :fated daily *from arrivalof fallout to date. The next lessonwill all you when and how toit to the

180

position,repeat,measure,record,unsheltered,dose,report, EOC

MEASURING DAILY I`- SHELTER DOSES

62. AL accurate record must be kept of thetotal doses accumulated by sheltereesand fallout monitoring station personnel.If enough dosimeters are available, eachp?rson can wear his own at all times.However, in a large shc.iter with manyoccupants, there probably won't beenough to go around. In thiri situation,place the available dosimeters atvarious locations in the shelter orstation. The dosimeters should becharged, that is, set on zero

63. Before doing anything else, make surethat all of the dr,oimeter- -re chargd.This means that the on thescale should cross

181

zero

64. You should then position thedosimeters in locations that aremost often occupied by shelterees,or fallout monitoring station personnel.These locations should be (CHECK THEBEST ANSWER):

A. the areas no one is occupying.B. least shielded areas.C. changed if the distribution of

the people in the shelterchanges. C is correct.

65. Your objective is to determine thedaily accumulated dose of sheltereesor monitoring station personnel, soyou must pick the locations that aremost frequently occupied by yourpeople. Look at this picture of alarge public shelter. Then writethe letters of the areas in whichyou'd put dosimeters under the .

circumstances shown.

I_/-

182

B, C, and DAre locationsin whichdosimetersshouldbe placed.

66. People will move around In a shelter.And, unless such high radiation existsin one area that they shouldn't movearound, it's better psychologically ifthey do. If you note population shiftswithin the shelter, you should (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. reposition the dosimeters tomatch the shifts of thepeople.

B. quit monitoring, since yourreadings won't be accurate.

C. leave dosimeters in theiroriginal positions. A is correct.

67. Here are three important points aboutdetermining shelterees" daily doses.

A. First, you shouldall available dosimeters.

B. Then position them in (the mostexposed/representative--which?)

locationswere people are located.

C. If the population shifts, 57,-)u

should (FINISH THIS SENTENCL)

183

A. zero (OR)charge

B. represent-at ive

C. change in-strumentlocation toadjust topopulationchanges (OREQUIVALENTANSWER)

68. In a room of a shelter, you may findthat your dosimeters don't all readthe same after equal exposure time.Take the average of the readings andrecord that as the dose. Thesedifferences exist largely because(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. the various dosimeters don'toperate on the same principle-.

B. your instruments are probablyinaccurate.

C. the shelter doesn't have thesame protection factorthroughout. . C is correct.

69. Suppose you obtain the readings shownon four dosimeters in this given room.

'What dose will you record for thepeople in this room?

6 R (theaverage of 4,6, 6, and 8roentgens)

70. If several dosimeters positioned in aroom give you different readings, youshould add the readings together andrecord their asthe dose.

184

average

71. In a later lesson you will learn that ifthe total dose to shelterees (or monitor-ing station personnel) reaches the amountindicated here, (which is ) in anytwo-day period, you should tell theShelter Manager to notify the EOC andrequest assistance or guidance.Monitoring Station personnel should alsonotify the EOC under such circumstances.

RO5NNEN.5'00

20 4o 60 go 100i20 140 160 180

VERUCL64- HAiRLINE

72. All personnel are to record their dosesdaily. You must examine these recordsdaily. If any record indicates the dosemay have been received at a RATE of10 R/hr, you should first check thedosimeter of the person who recorded it.This dosimeter could be reading undulyhigh from leakage. If it isa valid reading, question the wearer asto where he Spent most of the past day.He may have lingered too long in a lessprotected area. If more than one re-cord indicates.as much as this one,have the Shelter Manager contact the

for guidance.

75 R

electrical,EOC

73. If you have dosimeters in representativeareas, (due to a lack of enough for eachshelteree to have his own), and theirdose measurements differ by as much as

R, you (should/should not- -which ?) add thesetogether and average them.

185

10,should not

74. You must record the daily ofdosimeters you have positioned for area

dose measurements, andrezero them before youthem. You should identify these doseswith the sheltezees who were in thatrepresentative area.

readings,representative,reposition

RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORDS

75. Here's a picture of the radiationexposure record each individual mustmaintain.

RADIATIOE

lama TeTe4

.

MORDWOO=Ft ZOE

Man.. 27;74Doc. 8.c. fa. rvs"--Za -a-s-TE-

ada(.) Total Doomof Daily

Da(a) Do a27:(),0" /.7---

20.........-4r- T.- vr-

I- ..f'D..flz.r=f9**

f

D30 POIN am

Delp) TotalDoee

P1V3Iff EIDE SAM SIDE

If there are not enough dosimetersto go around, each person should beinstructed to record his dose everyday. In this situation (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. you'll have to tell everyonewhat his dose is.

B. they should just forget abouttheir exposure records.

C. the records are worthless.

186

A is correct.

76. As you can see in this closer lookat the top of the form, it calls foronly basic information about anindividual--his

and

RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORD

Name

Address

name, address,social securitynumber (INANY ORDER)

77. Even the columns for recording aresimple:

Date(s)of

Exposure(s1Daily

Dose(s)

Total Doseto

Date

---

The form provides for the recordingof:

A. the date or dates ofB. daily exposureC. total dose to

and,

187

A. exposuresB. dosesC. date

78. Each individual must keep a runningtotal of his dose. The amount ofeach daily dose must be (added to/subtracted from--which?)

added tothe accumulated dose at

each recording...

79. Reporting procedures are covered ingreater detail in the next lesson.For now, we'll Simply point out that(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. once daily doses and accumulateddoses have been recorded onradiation exposure records, youcan forget about them.

B. doses must be reported asdirected in your localorganizational SOP. B is correct.

80. Remember,"people may not be able toread their dosimeters, or there maynot be enough instruments to goaround. In these situations, it willbe your responsibility to (CHECK ONLYONE ANSWER):

A. inform people what their dosesare and help them record them, ifnecessary.

B. help people read their dosimetersand complete their radiationexposure records.


THIS CONCLUDES THIS LESSON. PLEASE GO TO THE NEXT LESSON.

188

LESSON TWO

RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR

RESPONSIBILITIES & REPORTING

189

LESSON TWO - RESPONSIBILITIES AND REPORTING

OVERVIEW

In this lesson, we'll take a further look at themonitor's responsibilities, both in peacetime and in timesof emergency. First we'll discuss duties that pertain toall monitors; then we'll cover some duties applicable onlywhen you're assigned to a fallout monitoring station. We'lldiscuss reporting procedures, why they're important, andhow and to whom you should make reports.

You know that there are two possible locations formonitors--public shelters and fallout monitoring stations.And some shelters will also be assigned monitoring stationresponsibilities. The duties are basically the same inboth locations, with a few exceptions. These instances willbe covered in this lesson.

MONITOR'S LOCATION

a. In an earlier lesson, you learned thata monitor can be located in either ofthe two locations shown below. Labelthem.

__II

L.

01111011 liPAiNi :.

iiVillitil trA 11

A.

b.

I1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

MI IB.

190


monitoringstation

2. Regardless of your location, yourmain objective is the same--(CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. to organize recovery partiesand conduct outside missions.

B. to obtain and report essentialradiological data about thelocal situation.

C. Lake over leadership of allpersons in the area. B is correct.

3. If you are assigned to a large publicshelter, you'll have ti make surethat everyone records his daily ex-posure dose. In this respect, yourduties may be more complicated at a(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. fallout monitoring station.B. large public shelter. B is correct.

4. A fallout monitoring station can beset up in almost any location that hasproper communication facilities and pro-vides adequate shelter--usually aminimum protection factor of 100. -Forpractical purposes, most fallout -

monitoring stations are established inplaces such as these. Label them.

.r

A. B.

191

A. policestations

B. firestations

5. Police and fire stations are justexamples of places where falloutmonitoring stations can be located.In addition to proper location, afallout monitoring station (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. must provide adequate protectionand communications.

B. must be established in suchlocations as county and statebuildings.

C.' must be located in downtownareas only. A is correct.

6. Communications should be able to functionunder fallout conditions so the mostimportant factor is the protection pro-vided by the location. The minimumprotection factor should be 100

7. Look closely at this drawing of a typicallocation.

A. 'This'location provides a protectionfactor of -

B. On this basis, can it providesufficient protection as a falloutmonitoring station

192

A. 100B. yes

8. You should report as directed by yourlocal SOP. As this drawing shows, oneman is usually established as the headof a public shelter.

SHELTER MANAGER

In a large shelter,, there could be manymore shelterees and a few more monitors.But they all look for leadership to theman who is designated shelter

manager

9. The monitor is to report certain vitalinformation to the EOC. In addition,if assigned to a shelter, he will haveto provide radiological data that willhelp the shelter manager (CHECK THE BESTANSWER):

A. rule the shelter with an ironhand.

B. make decisions that could save themaximum number of lives. B is correct.

10. Monitors assigned to both shelters andfallout monitoring stations will reporta certain amount of information to their

193

EmergencyO'perationsCenter(or EOC)

,/`

11. The monitor assigned to a sheltermust provide information about theimmediate radiological conditions tothe

sheltermanager

12. So the basic duties of monitors assignedto both shelters and fallout monitoringstations are the same, with the sheltermonitor having an additional relation-ship with the shelter manager. Thekeynote in this relationship iscooperation designed to (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. save as many lives as possible.B. rebuild our cities.C. push the monitor and shelter

manager into positions of power. A is correct.

PEACETIME DUTIES

13. Monitors have some peacetime duties,most of which involve preparedness.For one thing, you'll have to make sureyour instruments are ready for immediateuse. You should:

A. perform periodic operational checkson the instruments used to determinedose rates--the

B. recharge, or zero, instruments usedto measure accumulated dose, the

A. surveymeters

B. dosimeters

14. A regular inspection schedule will beestablished for performing operationalchecks on survey meters. When per-forming these checks, you should alsorecharge,.or .

, all of your

194

zerodosimeters

15. When you perform operationalchecks and zero dosimeters, youshould record it on this type ofform.

INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION LOGFOR RADIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

DATE ACTIONi

REMARKS SIGNATURE-

8///70 /N$/2'T /ON O,1<Ph44 ta&e

103 /70 1 4/5176-c rt. 0 w 0.1<- 6cepT ciD V-7/6-

00T FGR REP,4/2 ep U-76, O' 8677

Cp (1-76, 't 863 76144,0 , ,

("lekvc ao-e/0/my 70 RE-TIER Ai-ea,

a/ z / ni tmspEc77ov o.kiCe~e

/6/ 7/ 13477otcs geithee q .6.4Vac

05" 7/ eacteR47/0/0 d. l`1(.$111,( 1--C64

This form is called the

Your organizational SOP will show thatthe State Inspection, Maintenance andCalibration Shop will include yourshelter or station in its inspection,maintenance & calibration schedule. Itis this group's responsibility at leastonce every two years to check theoperational capability of your station orshelter, including: its status as toassigned monitors; their latest refreshertraining; their possession of an up-to-date SOP, etc. Your ion r.hamberinstruments (CD V-715's and CD V-717's)will be recalibrated, inoperable orobsolete instruments will be repaired orreplaced, and fresh batteries will beissued. Shop personnel are OCD trainedRADEF Officers, who will be able toadvise and assist in your endeavorstoward preattack preparedness.

195

Inspection,Maintenanceand CalibrationLog for Radio-logicalInstruments

16. A closer look at the columns ofthe inspection, maintenance andcalibration log shows that you'llhave no trouble completing this form.

DATE ACTION REMARKS SIGNATURE

/04577(... at1572.c_rfokr 0,k ,t-44.34:,*12/2 I 71.5 bu_spz--e. T./0A) tx. a cepT 0 V-1/5-

our fc/ REpolik_ 011- 715" 4tet(v ?-41- i,a I.L.417

/212d17.3 ifErcile A..)6-0 Co -715 IFU74e- dc4.410,4.,

9,4,1..

In the first column, enter the dateon which you perform your inspection.Under "action," write what you did- -inspected the instruments, sent oneout for repair, etc. Under "remarks,"enter such things as the condition ofthe instruments--if gcod, just write"O.K." Sign the form, since theremay be several monitors alternatingon inspections.

Suppose you inspect the instruments onNovember 3, 1972. All are functioningproperly, except for one dosimeter,serial number 0016725. Enter theinspection report information on thisblank form.

DATE ACTION REMARKS SIGNATURE

196

DATE: 11/3/72ACTION: inspec-

tionREMARKS: O.K.,

except forCD V-742#0016725

SIGNATURE:(your. name)

17. Assume that you send the inoperabledosimeter out for repair on the in-spection date. Dosimeters aren't,repaired, however; replacementsare sent. The new one, serial number0024318, arrives ten days after yourinspection. Record this additionalinformation--both sending theinstrument out, and its return-onthe Log.

DATE ACTION

faamomitI mle....1=1111111.

REMAY:KS SIGNATURE

(FIRST LINE)DATE: 11/3/72(operational,since date issame as in-spection line)ACTION: outfor repairREMARKS: CDV-742, #0016725SIGNATURE:(name)

(NEXT LINE)DATE: 11/13/72ACTION: newdosimeterreceived (OREQUIVALENTANSWER)REMARKS: CDV-742, #0024318SIGNATURE:(name)

18. There's nothing complicated about theInspection, Maintenance and Calibra-tion Log for Radiological Instruments.The important thing is to (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. fill it out whenever you getaround to it.

- rzcord any actions you takeregarding the instruments.

C. complete it annually, regard-less of the number of in-spections during the year.

197

B is correct.

19. On the schedule established by yourlocal organization, you should:

A. perform an operational check onall

B. recharge, or zero, all

C. record your inspection results-onthe

A. survey metersB. dosimetersC. Inspection,Maintenanceand Calibration

Log for Radio-logical

Instruments.

20. In our examples, the monitor didn'trepair an inoperable instrument. Hesimply initiated action to get theinstrument repaired according to SOP.Under most circumstances, the monitor(is/is not--which?)responsible for repairing inoperableinstruments. is not

21. If repair of an instrument is necessary,the monitor should (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. initiate action for repair or re-__placement with the State In-spection, Maintenance & Calibra-tion Shop, through his own civildefense organization.

B. repair the instrument himself.C. do nothing, unless nuclear attack

seems inevitable. A is correct.

22. The monitor isn't responsible forinstrument calibration. However, he(is/is not--which?) expectedto cooperate with the State Inspection,Maintenance & Calibration Shop inscheduling its calibration of hisinstruments.

1.98

is

23. Does the monitor perform annualcalibration of instruments?The State Inspection, Maintenance, &

Shop calibrates instrumentson a scheduled basis.

noCalibration

24. No matter how well you think youunderstand a job, occasionalreinforcement of your knowledge Isnecessary. Therefore, you (shouldtake/should not bother with--which?)

refresher trainingperiodically;.and participate inexercises that are scheduled. should take

25. When refresher training exercises andtests are scheduled (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. the well-trained monitor canskip them.

B. the monitor should participatein them if at all possible. B is correct.

26. You know that dose rates in and aroundthe shelter must be recorded. the bestapproach is to (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. commit these dose rate measure-ments to memory.

B. write them on a piece of scrappaper.

C. write them on a sketch of theshelter and surrounding area.

199

C is correct.

27 If an attack should occur, the firstthing you'd need is your instruments.Keep your sketches of the shelterand surrounding area (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. with you at all times, so you'llhave them if an attack shouldoccur.

B. in the same place you keep yourinstruments, since you'll headthere first.

C. away from the shelter or station. B is correct.

28. If assigned to a shelter, set up anarea to be the center of monitoringoperations. In a fallout monitoringstation, this is no problem, because(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. the. entire station is designedas a monitoring center.

B. only one small part of it willbe used.

C. there's no room for a falloutmonitoring function. A is correct.

29. The monitor assigned to a sheltershould work out the location of themonitoring center with the man incharge of the shelter--th shelter

manager

30. Decisions such as the location of themonitoring center within a shelter(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. should be predetermined in con-sultation With the sheltermanager.

B. can't be determined until afterattack.

C. needn't be discussed with anyone.

200

A is correct.

UPON ATTACK OR WARNING

31. When attack, or warning of an impendingattack, occurs, the first step youshould take is to (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. hurry to the emergency operationscenter (EOC).

B. move slowly to your shelter orfallout monitoring station.

C. move to your assigned shelter orstation as quickly as possible. C is correct.

32. If you're assigned to a falloutmonitoring station, there should be atleast two of you there--and preferablyfour. As soon as possible after youreach the station, contact theemergency operations center and informyour officer you are at yourstation. RADEF

33. When you reach your assigned falloutmonitoring station, you should:

A. Let your communityofficer know you're there.

B. He'll be located in the

A. RADEFB. Emergency

OperationsCenter (OREOC)

34. If you're assigned to a communityshelter, go there immediately andreport to the man in charge--the shelter

manager.

35. Shelter managers will be aware ofthe importance of radiologicalmonitoring, and they must know thatthis capability is provided. There-fore, as soon as you arrive at theshelter (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. report to the shelter manager.B. check to see that your friends

have made it to the shelter. A is correct.

36. Next, regardless of your location --shelter or fallout monitoring station- -make sure that your instruments arefunctioning properly. .First, runoperational checks on all survey

-meters

37. Then get out the instruments used tomeasure dose--the dosimeters

38. A dosimeter is charged and ready foruse when the scale looks like this.

ROENTGENS

100 20020 40 60 80 120 140 160 I 0

To obtain this reading, you must:or

202

charge, zero(IN EITHER.ORDER)

39. Position the charged dosimeters aroundthe shelter or station. These locationsshould be (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. next to any door or otheropening.

B. away from the shelter wall.C. representative of the locations

occupied by people. C is correct.

40. Original positions for dosimeters canbe predetermined with the sheltermanager by estimating where people arelikely to gather. As people changelocation, the dosimeters' positions(should/should not--which?)

be changed. should

41. Dosimeter positioning is important inany location, because you need to knowwhich locations are best (FINISH THISSENTENCE)

shielded (pro-tected) fromradiation (OREQUIVALENTANSWER)

42. The monitor assigned to a falloutstation is now ready for action.the shelter, there may be otherimmediate tasks to perform. So, assoon as operational checks are completedand dosimeters are positioned, reportto the

203

sheltermanager

43. The shelter manager will have specialassignments for the monitor, once theinstruments are checked. There'splenty to do before fallout arrives.For example, entrances to the shelteror station must be (opened /closed --which ?) before falloutarrives. closed

44. Any vents that don't have to remainopen, such as air vents, should beclosed beforearrives. fallout

45. If you're assigned to a shelter, onceyou've checked out survey meters andpositioned charged dosimeters, youshould (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. sit back and relaxyou'reready.

B. report to the shelter managerand follow his instructions.

C. rest to conserve your strength. B is correct.

FALLOUT ARRIVAL

46. We've assumed that there will be sometime before radioactive fallout arrives,which isn't necessarily the case. It'sthe monitor's duty to determine whenfallout arrives. To do this, you mustbegin (sheltered /unsheltered -- which ?)

dose ratemeasurements to detect fallout.

-204

unsheltered

47. With good shelter, fallout could arriveand build a high unsheltered dose ratebefore inside measurements would showa reading. Therefore, you must (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. begin unsheltered dose and doserate measurement before asheltered dose rate is everrecorded.

B. wait until inside dose ratereaches a predetermined level.

C. take unsheltered dose rates onlyafter all fallout has landed. A is correct.

48. When assigned to a fallout monitoringstation, you should send a FLASH REPORTto the EOC when the outside dose ratereaches 0.5 (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. roentgens.B. roentgens per hour. B is correct.

49. So, in addition to shelter monitoringfunctions, the monitor assigned to afallout station should make a FLASHREPORT:

A. to theB. when the outside dose rate

reaches or exceeds

A. EOCB. 0.5 R/hr

50. The report lets the EOC know whenfallout reaches your area. This reportmust reach the EOC quickly, so you.should (CHECK THE LOGICAL ANSWER):

A. prepare a written report andsend it in.

B. run to the EOC with the message.C. use radio, telephone, or other

immediate communicationsarranged for your station.

205

C is correct.

51. The local EOC is part of the networkof centers involved in tracking fall-out, and the faster your EOC knowsabout fallout arrival in your area,the better this job is performed.Immediately inform your EOC of falloutarrival by sending a FLASH REPORT

52. Since several stations will probablybe making FLASH REPORTS at about thesame time, it's important to avoid tyingup communications. For this reasonyou'll be provided with a short formatfor your FLASH REPORT--a formatthat includes only such essentials asthe time, an identifying code for yourstation, and the word "Fallout."Your EOC will know that the falloutlevel has reached the level at whichyou're to send your FLASH REPORT, andthat level is

0.5 R/hr

53. Each monitoring station is assignedan identifying code--this may be anumber of a letter designation. Usethe code your EOC assigns to you, andfollow the prescribed format for yourdistrict.

Suppose the format was this: tttt eeeFallout. If fallout arrived at 10:30A.M., and identifying code assignedto your station was ABC, you'd make aFLASH REPORT in this manner:And if your station first measured 0.5R/hr radiation at 10:00 P.M., yourFLASH REPORT should read

1030 ABC Fallout2200 ABC Fallout(Since 24-hour-clock time con-tinues through12:00 Noon inthis way: 1200,1400, 17002200, etc., to2400 = midnight,and 1 minutepast midnightis 0001.)

54. Your identifying code is 350. Writethe FLASH REPORT (assuming you usethe tttt ### Fallout format) if yourunsheltered dose rate is 2 R/hr:

A. at 1:00 A.M.:B. at 1:00 P.M.:

206

A. 0100 350Fallout

B. 1300 350Fallout

55. Fallout arrives at 11:15 A.M. Theinitial unsheltered dose rate is 1 R/hr,and your station is XYZ. Write thereport you'd use to inform the EOC ofthe situation.

1115 XYZFallout

LATER DOSE AND DOSE RATE REPORTS

56. The world is divided into 24 alpha-betically designated time zones,separated by 15 meridian(?). By inter-national agreement, the 0 meridian runsthrough Greenwich, (pronounced Gren ich)England, which is located in time zone"Z." For national civil defenseemergency operations, all times acrossthe nation are adjusted to the 0meridian or the Greenwich Meridian. Thisname has been shortened to the firstletters of this term, or GMT by somepeople. Civil defense has shortened itfurther by using its alphabeticaldesignation: "Z." The phonetic wordfor Z is , which is whyGMT is often referred to as "time."

ZULUZULU (time)

57. Since the time zones are 15° apart, andan examination of a U. S. map would showus that our Eastern Time zonce is at the75° meridian, we could tell by dividing15 into 75 = 5, that our EST is 5meridians or 5 time zones or 5 tothe West of the 0 o Greenwich Meridian.You will see this on the Time ConversionChart which is on the back of theRadiological Reporting Log. (See Frame59.) Remember that ZULU time, as well.ss all other times in radiologicalreporting, are written in

timehOUrs,24-hour-clock

58. As you have learned, when raportingand recording m(nitored data, we usethe 24-hour clock system. You canpractice with it by comparing thetwo columns below.

RegularTime

24-HourTime

1:00 AM 0100 Hours2:00 AM 0200

11:00 AM 1100 "

12:00 Noon 12001:00 PM 1300 "

2:00 PM 14006:00 PM 1800 "

11:00 PM 2300 "

12:00 Midnight 2400 "

Greenwich Meridian (or Mean) Time isalso expressed in the 24-hour system.Let's try expressing Greenwich MeridianTime (Z Time) a couple of times, aswell as using the Time Conversion Chartto convert local time to GreenwichMean Time. ,(Refer to Frame 59.)

Suppose the Greenwich Meridian Time is1:00. This would normally be written asa 4-digit number, thus: 0100. At thissame time, what would the time be in.Z time? 0100Z

59. This Time Conversion Chart helps youdetermine the local time thatcorresponds to each Z time on re-porting forms. Just convert the Ztimes on the forms to local timesusing this chart, which appears onthe back of the Radiological ReportingLog (the main reporting form).

TIME CONVERSION CHART

GreenwichMean Time

Ea stemDaylight

EasternStandard or

CentralDaylight.

CentralStandard orMountainDaylight

MountainStandard or

PacificDaylight

PacificStandard

0100 2100* 2000' 1900* 1800* 1700*0200 2200* 2100* 2000* 1900* 1800*0300 2300* 2200* 2100* 2000* 1900*0400 2400* 2300* 2200* 2100* 2000*0500 0100 2400* 2300' 2200* 2100*0600 0200 0100 2400* 2300* 2200*0700 0300 0200 0100 2400* 2300'0800 0400 0300 0200 0100 2400*0900 0500 0400 0300 0200 01001000 0600 0500 0400 0300 02001100 0700 0600 0500 0400 0300'12.00 0800 0700 0600 0500 04001300 0900 0800 0700 0600 05001400 1000 0900 0800 0700 06001500 1100 1000 0900 0800 07001600 1200 1100 1000 0900 08001700 1300 1200 1100 1000 09001800 1400 1300 1200 1100 10001900 1500 1400 1300 1200 11002000 1600 1500 1400 1300 12002100 1700 1600 1500 1400 13002200 1800 1700 1600 1500 14002300 1900 1800 1700 1600 15001400 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600

Add 1 day to the local Calendar dare for equivalent date in GMT. Example: ObservedCentral Standard Time is 10:00 PM (2200 CST) on the 14th day of the month (142200 CST).Expressed as GMT, that time would be 0400Z on the 15th day of the month (150400Z).

A. If the time is 0700 ZULU in thePacific Standard zone, it's

B. If it's 2000 Z time in the CentralStandard time zone, local time is

209

A. 2300 of theday before

B. 1400

60. To convert Z time to local time, you(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. must calculate Z time by addinga specified number of hours tolocal time.

B. can use the Time ConversionChart on the back of theRadiologicr.l Reporting Log.

C. should leave conversion to theRADEF officer in charge at EOC. B is correct.

61. On radiological reporting forms, you'retold to record and report data atspecified Z times each day. The formsprovide space beside these Z times foryou to write corresponding local times.This simplifies the task of determiningwhen to obtain ad report

data. radiological

62. The main reporting form is the Radio-logical Reporting Log. This form isreproduced at the back of this book.Go there now, remove that page fromthe book, and return to the programat the next frame. NO WRITTENRESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO RESPONSEEXCEPT TO OB-TAIN THERADIOLOGICALREPORTING LOG.

63. Several frames of this discussion arekeyed to your copy of the Log form.The first column deals with the FLASHREPORT. There are instructions on theLog as to how this should be recorded- -including the fact that you must makethe FLASH REPORT to your EOC as soon asthe unsheltered dose rate reaches orexceeds

210

'0.5 R/hr

64. The second column is used during acertain period of time after falloutarrives. The reports in this columnare to be made hourly during the 1stto the 12th hours after (CHECK ONLYONE ANSWER):

A. your FLASH REPORT.B. burst of the nuclear weapon (s).C. Both A and B are correct.D. Neither A nor B is "correct.

S

A is correct.

65. After your FLASH REPORT, the outsideunsheltered dose rate should be measuredhourly for the 1st 12 hours, and atleast every 3 hours for the next 12hours. These measurements and the othersshown on the Log must be taken at thetimes shown to be available if needed,however, the actual frequencies of re-porting will be set by the EOC to meetits specific needs for the information.All measurements indicated on the Logmust be made. The schedule for re-porting each of them to the EOC willcall for a report to be made (CHECKTHE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. immediately after each measure-ment is made.

B. only after the Log is completelyfilled out.

C. only as directed by the EOC forthat station. C is correct.

66. Dose rate reports will generally be byvoice. To make them as brief as possiblethis abbreviated format will be used:

tttt eee rrrWhere the tttt is the local time ofmeasurement, eee is the identifying code,and rrr is the dose rate in R/hr reportedto the nearest whole R/hr: 1.4 R/hr wouldbe 001, while 11.6 R/hr would be 012.Dose rates that have decayed to less than1 R/hr will be reported in tenths,hundredths, and thousandths of R/hr. Showhow the following dose rates would bereported:

A. 125.4 R/hr:B. 1/10 R/hr:C. 50 mR/hr:

211

A. 125B. .100C. .050

67. A dosimeter reading of the accumulatedunsheltered DOSE as of 0300Z shall becombined with the 0300Z dose rate reportby adding the word "dose" and 4 or 5numbers as required for the total DOSE

68. Fill in the blanks following this com-bined dose rate--dose report:

2200 XYZ 030 DOSE 1500, is an 03000Zreport for the time zone. XYZis the . The dose rateof is followed by theaccumulated outside DOSE of

Eastern,IdentifyingCode,30 R/hr,1500 R

69. Accumulated unsheltered DOSES shall bereported daily for the first 6 days afterattack unless the EOC officerasks for it for a longer time.

70. You should now be able to handle theLog without difficulty. The thing toremember is (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. maintaining the Log is requiredonly to keep you busy.

B. the Log isn't especially impor-tant, since communications willbe maintained for verbal reports.

C. the Log is essential to anaccurate, permanent record ofradiological hazards in your area.

D. no written record is necessary.

212

RADEF

C is correct.

er

SHELTERED DOSE RATES

71. Let's review taking sheltered dose.rates, since they mean more to youwith the knowledge you've gained.You must keep track of sheltereddose rates to provide the greatestprotection to the most people. Thedose rates you read should bewritten on of theshelter. sketches

72. Taking sheltered dose rates helpsyou determine shelter areas thatprovide the best protection. Suchdose rates must be taken at leastdaily. And if the unsheltered doserate is rising rapidly duringfallout, you 'should (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. take readings less frequently.B. measure sheltered dose rates

much more frequently, as oftenas once an hour.

C. forget about taking dose ratemeasurements altogether. B is correct.

73. At locations representative of wherepeople are:

A. measure the rates;B. record them on your of

the shelter and surrounding area;C. record the time of each reading to

get an indication of how fastare changing.

213

A. doseB. sketchesC. dose rates

74. On your sketches, indicate both themeasured dose rate and theof the measurement. time

75. Dose rates should be .,:ead (CHECK ANYCORRECT ANSWERS):

A. at least once daily.B. at least once weekly.C. if there's a rapid dose rate

change, at least every hour.D. only upon orders of the shelter

manager.A and C arecorrect.

76. Based on dose rates, you may makerecommendations to the man in chargeof the shelter. For example, ifsheltered dose rates climb, you shouldrecommend that shelterees occupy thoseareas in which the dose rates are below2 R/hr. Make this recommendation tothe

sheltermanager

77. You should recommend that sheltereesuse areas where the radiation exposureis the lowest. Some areas providebetter protection than others.Shelterees should occupy the areasthat have the (highest /lowest -- which ?)

dose rates.

214

lowest

78. The shelter manager is in charge. Butif the shelter provides better pro-tection in one place than in another,you should recommend to him thatshelterees occupy those areas with:

A. dose rates belowor,

B. those areas with thedose rates.

A. 2 R/hrB. lowest

79. When dose rates in'parts of a largeshelter are high, crowded conditionsmay make it impossible to get everyoneinto the best-shielded areas. Onepossible way to save more lives is to

spread the accuMulated dose out amongall shelterees by rotating the peopleso that each one's time in the least-protected areas is limited. Do notrotate personnel unless there is adifference of 10 R between the doses ofthe best and the least protectedshelterees. The decision to rotatemay require the shelter manager toobtain advice from the

215

EOC

80. Under all conditions, you should attemptto provide the best available protectionfrom radiation exposure to pregnantwomen, children under 18 years of age,and personnel assigned to early

operations. emergency

81. Based on dose rate readings in theshelter, you might recommend one of thefollowing to the shelter manager:

A. that shelterees occupy only areaswith dose rates up toor,

B. if dose rates aren't uniform, thatshelterees occupy areas with the(lowest/highest--which?)dose rates; or,

C. that if the inside dose rate reachesor exceeds 10 R/hr at any timeduring the shelter period, theshelter manager should check withthe EOC to see if personnel shouldbe

A. 2 R/hrB. lowestC. rotated

82. If the in-shelter dose rate should reachor exceed 10 R/hr, inform the sheltermanager that he should notify his EOCand request guidance. The same is trueif the total dose in any two-day periodreaches 75 R. The shelter manager canget advice from the EOC

83. The dose rate may be high enough that atwo-day dose exceeds 75 R, or the doserate may reach or exceed 10 R/hr. Ifthis occurs some of the shelterees maybegin showing signs ofsickness, within a day or two.

84. Two danger areas--points at which youshould advise the shelter manager tocontact the EOC and ask for help are:

A. when the in-shelter dose ratereaches or exceeds ; and

B. when the total dose reachesin a -day period.

216

A. 10 R/hrB. 75 R, two

85. Perhaps nothing can be done. However,the EOC may know of a better shelterwithin a few minutes of the presentshelter. Or EOC personnel may havesuggestions on how to improve yourpresent shelter. Who should ask theEOC for help?

the sheltermanager

OUTSIDE MISSIONS

86. Emergency outside missions may berequired while radiation levels arestill high. When you're directed toperform a mission, the EOC will provideyou with such information as:

A. the time you can leave the stationor

B. when you can go into an area--themission's time;

C. the allowable exposure on thismission, or theyou can receive; and,

D. the anticipated rate forthe area of the mission.

A. shelterB. entryC. doseD. dose (rate)

87. You'll know the dose rate in yourimmediate area. But you may be askedto perform a mission some distanceaway. Based on radiation levels inthe mission area, your area, and pointsbetween, the EOC (will/will not- -which ?) tell you when toleave on the mission.

217

will

88. The EOC will also tell you when to gointo the mission area-the entry time

89. You know how to use an entry timenomogram. But when you're asked toperform a mission in a radiation area,you'll usually be told the entr17 timeby the EOC

90. The EOC will also tell you the maximumradiation exposure dose you can receiveon a given mission. That is, the EOCwill inform you as to both the allowable

and dosefor the mission.

dose,rate

91. While the EOC will tell you the esti-mated dose rate in the mission area,their information may not be completelyaccurate. Your job on a mission is tomonitor radiation levels continuously,advise the mission director onnecessary radiological protectivemeasures, and assure return to shelterwithout exceeding the planned missiondose. Therefore, (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. you'll have to advise the crewcontinuously throughout themission based on actualradiation levels encountered.

B. you can assume that the EOC isright in estimated radiationlevels.

218

A is correct.

92. The EOC can't tell you exactly whento leave the mission area either. Ifactual dose rates are much higher thanthose estimated by the EOC, you will beresponsible for determining when toleave, based on the (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. judgement of the crew leader.B. amount of devastation in the

area.C. actual dose rate and allowable

mission dose. C is correct.

93. If a mission allows a total dose of10 R and the dose rate in the missionarea is 100 R/hr, you'll only be ableto stay in the area about minutes. six

94. If possible, complete the mission.But remember, your main concern is toprevent the operational crew fromexceeding mission radiation dose. exposure

95. You must advise the crew of any pre-cautions they must take to protectthemselves. For instance, if onespot in the mission area is especially"hot" (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. alert the crew to this fact.B. ignore the warnings of your

insv,:uments.C. stay away from that area your-

self, but don't bother tocaution crew members.

219

A is correct.

96. When you are monitoring in support ofemergency operations, you have manyresponsibilities; but the three mostimportant are: (a) continuous monitor-ing of the levelsthrough, and in areas where emergencymission workers are moving and working;(b) the constant provision of advice tothe mission director on the requiredradiological personnelmeasures his crew should be taking; and,(c) the full time surveillance of eachof the crew's accumulated radiation

for that particularmission, to assure that the allowabletotal mission dose is not exceeded.

dose rate,protective,doses

97. When one or more emergency workers returnto shelter from a mission into a highlycontaminated fallout area, as much careas is practicable under the circumstancesshould be taken to prevent contaminationof the shelter or station by radioactivefallout material. If fallout material isvisible on the workers (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. they cannot re-enter the shelteror monitoring station.

B. they may re-enter, but must beisolated from all others.

C. they should brush each other andshake the material from theirclothing, and re-enter the shelteror station as quickly as possible.

98. If instruments become contaminated(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. they should be thrown away.B. if practicable, they should be

brushed, wiped or shaken clean.C. they should be placed in an out-

of-the-way area of the shelteror station to await radioactivedecay of the contaminant.

220

C is correct.

B is correct.

MONITORING DURING EARLY TRANSATTACK RECOVERY OPERATIONS

99. As outside radiation levels decreasedue to radioactive decay, the demandfor inshelter monitoring decreases.Shelter and station monitors willbecome more involved in monitoring insupport of operational recovery missions.However, until the end of the shelterperiod, each shelter should retain a

capability.

100. Most large shelters require four ormore monitors. During the latter partof the shelter period, some of theseshelter monitors will be required toprovide monitoring support for otherCivil Defense operations, such asdecontamination of, and recovery ofvital facilities like public waterworks, power plants, etc. Still, amonitoring capability (should be/doesn'tneed to be--which?)retained at shelters until the conclusion should beof the shelter period.

monitoring

101. At the conclusion of the shelter periodall shelter monitors except those havingprimary mission assignments in regulargovernmental services, such as police,firemen, public works personnel, etc.,and most operational monitoring stationmonitors (can /should not--which?)

expect reassignmentto monitoring in support of other CivilDefense operations.

22i

can,recovery

102. You have now completed the home studyportion of the INTRODUCTION TORADIOLOGICAL MONITORING course, but youare still not a fully qualified radio-logical monitor. You've had a goodintroduction to the subject; now.youmust complete the practical exercise,and the required in-class sessions.The only time the monitor would performhis functions would be under the mostdifficult conditions imaginable byman--nuclear attack conditions!.Therefore, even more than this goodintroduction is necessary for anyoneto become qualified enough to beable to perform the extremely difficultand important functions of the CivilDefense radiological monitor: However,you do have a fine start: Good luck onthe test for this Unit, and on thefinal exam 'for the course. Do continueon and become a fully qualified radio-logical monitor! NO RESPONSE REQUIRED

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED..

PLEASE COMPLETE THE TEST ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

222

INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGICAL MONITORINt,

HOME STUDY COURSE

NOTE: 'DO NOT LOOK AT THE TEST BELOW UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETEDUNIT 4.

UNIT 4 TEST


1. The location to which the monitor is assigned:

a. has little bearing on the training he receivesand the basic tasks he must perform.

b. greatly affects the training he receives.

c. makes a great deal of difference in the taskshe must perform.

2. Shortly after fallout arrival, the monitor shoulddozermine which areas of the shelter or station axe:

a. least protected from radiation so he can assignpeople to those areas who are especially strong.

b. the best-shielded from radiation.

c. the best for storing food and water.

3. In checking radiation levels, the survey meter shculd beheld at about:

a. head level.

b. six inches from the around or floor.

c. belt level.

4. Unsheltered dose rates should be taken in an area thatis:

a. as close to the building as possible.

b. representative of the area, preferably at least25 feet from buildings.

c. as far away from the shelter as possible.

223

5. If the unsheltered dose rate is 500 R/hr and the sheltereddose rPte is 10 R/hr, the protection factor is:

a. 5,000..

b. 5.

c. 50.

6. A shelter's protection factor:

a. will change as the energies of gamma radiationchange with time.

b. will always remain exactly the same.

c. usually varies greatly from minute to minute.

7. The important thing to remember about taking unsheltereddose rate readings is:

a. don't drop your instruments and break them.

b. avoid exposure.

c. take your time and get very accurate readings.

8. When making a timed exposure of a dosimeter:

a. stay with it to protect your instrument.

b. leave the dosimeter outside forever--it's con-taminated and can't be used.

c. don't stay with the dosimeter,. but wait insidefor the duration of the timed exposure.

9. Doses should be determined daily by placing dosimeters:

a. at.the entrances of the shelter or station.

h. in areas where peo1-19. aren't likely to knockthem over.

c. in areas that are representative of where peopleare located.

10. If people move around in the shelter, you should:

a. leave your dosimeters in their original positions.

b. make the people go back where they were.

c. reposition the dosimeters so they're in areasrepresentative of where people are located.

224

11. If different readings are obtained from dosimetersplaced around a room, you should:

a. disregard the readings.

b. determine an average of the readings.

c. throw out your dosimeters and get new ones.

12. The Radiation Exposure Record is used to record:

a. monthly exposure doses.

b. daily exposure doses.

c. daily dose rates.

13. Reports about radiation are made to:

a. the local EOC.

b. the Pentagon.

c. the State Capital.

14. In peacetime, the monitor:

a. has nothing to do.

b. should inspect instruments every day.

c. should inspect instruments per the inspectionschedule established by his local organization.

15. Whenever the monitor inspects instruments, he should:

a. just do 'it, telling no one.

b,, report his actions to his RADEF Officer.

c. record his actions on the Log.

16. If warning or attack should come, the monitor should:

a. report to his assigned location as quickly aspossible.

b. go home for his equipment.

c. go straight to the EOC.

225

17. The monitor should send a FLASH REPORT to the EOC whenthe unsheltered dose rate reaches or exceeds:

a. 5 R /hr.

b. 0.5 R/hr.

c. 500 R/hr.

18. If the time of fallout arrival is 1:00, the dose rateis 3 R/hr, and the station's identification code isQXY, the FLASH REPORT to EOC should read:

a. 003 1:00 Fallout.

b. 1:00 003 QXY.

c. 0100 QXY Fallout.

19. If the in-shelter dose rate reaches or exceeds 10 R/hr,or if the total dose is 75 R in two days, the monitorshould:

a. quit taking readings.

b. advise the shelter manager to request guidancefrom his EOC.

c. move out of the shelter.

20. A monitoring capability should be retained in a shelteruntil:

a. the conclusion of the shelter period.

b. all monitors are needed for outside mi,3sions.

c. the shelter manager decides it's no longer needed.

WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS TEST,CHECK YOUR ANSWERS USING THE ANSWERKEY ON PAGE xxv IN THE BACK OF THISBOOK.

226

4.

*******************************************************

AT THIS POINT YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE FOUR REQUIRED

NOTICE TO THE STUDENT

CONGRATULATIONS:::

UNITS OF THE INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR-

ING HOME STUDY COURSE.

YOU ARE NOW ELIGIBLE TO TAKE THE FINAL

TO DO SO YOU MUST COMPLETE ALL OF THE

EXAMINATION.

CARD ON THE

LAST PAGE OF THIS TEXT. UPON RECEIPT

THE EXAMINATION WILL BE SENT TO YOU.

AWARDED A CERTIFICATE UPON SUCCESSFUL

OF THE EXAMINATION.

OF THE CARD

YOU WILL BE

COMPLETION

YOU MAY WISH TO STUDY OR READ THE ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION APPENDIX THAT FOLLOWS. YOU WILL FIND

IT USEFUL AND CHALLENGING.

********************************************************

227

A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CD Civil Defense

EOC Emergency Operations Center

kilo thousand

mega million

mR milliroentgen

mR/hr milliroentgen per hour

NUDET Nuclear detonation

RADEF Radiological Defense

RDO RADEF Officer

R Roentgen ('rent - gan)

R/hr Roentgen per hour

SOP Standing Operating Procedures

TNT Trinitrotoluerva (a high explosive)

229

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION APPENDIX

The information included in the next several pages isimportant to you only if you're serious about becoming aRadiological Monitor, or if you're especially interestedin the subject for some reason. In this Appendix, we'regoing to discuss such subjects as the use of Dose RateNomograms to determine such things as an estimated un-sheltered dose rate, projected dose rates, when it'ssafe to enter an area, and how long it's possible tostay there without running the risk of injury. Thisportion of the Appendix will be programmed, like theportions of the program you've just completed.

Still other parts of this Appendix aren't programmed, butare presented in straight narrative form. Subjects tobe covered in this manner include emergency operationsshould nuclear accidents occur with radioactive materialsbeing used for peaceful purposes, as well as situationsinvolving nuclear weapons.

Remember, this portion of the text is strictly optional- -you don't have to study it. You won't be tested on it,so if you decide to read it, you don't have to worry aboutmemorizing the information covered.

All right...when you're ready, begin with the programmedmaterial on Dose Rate Nomograms, which follows.

231

DOSE RATE NOMOGRAMS

As mentioned in an earlier portion of the programmed text,Dose.Rate Nomograms--charts correlated to help you estimatefuture dose rates based on the present unsheltered doserate - -have been developed. These nomograms are printed onthe two pages immediately following this short programmedsequence.

Turn to those pages now and remove the nomograms from yourbook. The pages are perforated to make for easy removal.You should keep the forms in front of you--you'll have touse them as you work your way through the next several pagesof the book.

All set? Then begin with frame 1, which follows.

USING NOMOGRAMS

1. At this point, you should have thetwo charts--the Dose Rate Nomogram,and the Entry Time-Stay Time-TotalDose Nomogram--in front of you.You'll need them as we work throughthe next several frames in thissection.

First let's discuss the Dose RateNomogram. As its name- states, youcan use this table to estimatefuture based on certainknown factors, such as the time afterburst and the dose rate at a certaintime after the

dose rates,burst

2. To use the dose rate nomogram to pro-ject how much future dose rates willhave decreased due to radioactivedecay, you need to know what thedose rate is at the time you makeyour computations, and how long it'sbeen since the nuclear burst. Asyou can see in the "time after burst"column, the time is shown in both

and

233

hours, days(IN EITHERORDER)

3. The "dose rate at H + t" is the un-sheltered dose rate that would existat a given time ("t") after theburst, if the radioactive fall-out material produced by the burstwere deposited at that time andlocation. "H" stands for the hourof the burst, and "t" stands for theamount of time that has elapsedsince the burst

4. You need a straightedge, such as aruler, to use the dose rate nomo-gram. The first step is to lay thestraightedge on the nomogram so thatit passes through your two knownfactors--the present dos.! rate, andthe amount of time that's passedsince the (CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. last time you computed thefuture dose rate.

B. time of the burst.

5. Next, with the straightedge passingthrough the present dose rate in"dose rate at H'+ t" column and theappropriate figure in the "timeafter burst" column, read the figureon the straightedge in the "dose rateat H + 1" column. So if the un-sheltered dose rate at the time youmake your calculation is 200 R/hrand 3 hours have elapsed since theburst, the dose rate at H + 1 wasabout

234

6. In estimating future dose rates it isnecessary to go back to the doserate as near to the time of theburst as possible. For conveniencein this type calculation, it has beenagreed that one hour past burst time(H + 1) is near enough. It isimpossible to ever actually have areal dose rate at a specific locationat one hour past burst time. Sincethe radioactive material produced bythe burst could never all be de-posited within one hour after burst,a theoretical beginning point forcalculating the amount of radioactivedecay is used. If all the radio-active material produced by a nuclearburst were considered to have beendeposited at a specific location,by one hour after burst, the doserate at that place and time wouldbe what is known as the "dose rateat ." H + 1

7. To calculate what the dose rate wasat H + 1 with a dose rate nomogram,lay the straightedge across thenomogram so that it passes through(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. the known dose rate and theficure representing the timethat has elapsed since theburst.

B. the current dose rate andthe time of day of the burst.

C. the current dose rate and theamount of time that will haveelapsed by the time you wantto estimate the dose rate.

235

A is correct.

8. Once you've determined the value oftie H + 1 dose rate, this point intie "Dose Rate at H 1" column be-comes a pivot point for yours':raightedge. Simply keep thestraightedge'in line with the doserate at H + I and 4.ove the edge insuch a way that it passes through thefigure in "time after burst" thatrepresents the amount of time thatwill have elapsed between the rateyou're estimating. Thus, if thedose rate at H + 1 is 750 R/hr, andyou're estimating the approximatedose rate at H + 20 hours, youposition your straightedge and readthe figure in the "dose rate atH + t" column 20 R/hr

9. We're determining a rough estimate offuture dose rates, and slight differ-ences in our figures are to be expected.Generally, plus or minus 10% isacceptable. The dose rate is presently600 R/hr, and it's now 2 hours afterburst. We're trying to calculate thedose rate at 30 hours after burst.'

A. Laying the straightedge across thenomogram so that it is on 600 in the"dose rate at H t" column and2 hours in the "time after burst"column, we find that the dose rateat H + 1 was

B. Then, turning the straightedge soit passes through 1,300 in the "doserate at H + 1" column, and 30 hoursin the "time after 1.!urst" column,we find that the dose rate at H + 30hours is

236

A. 1,300 R/hrB. 23 R/hr(Remember,your answermay be up to10% off andstill bereasonablyaccurate.)

10. This time, we won't help you quiteas much. It's now 4 hours afterburst, and the unsheltered dose rateis 100 R/hr. Calculate the unsheltereddose rate for 10 hours after the burst.

A. Dose rate at H + 1 wasB. Dose rate at H + 10 will be

A. 525 R/hrB. 34 R/hr

11. Calculate the future dose rate atH + 40 hours if the dose rate at3 hours after burst is 400 R/hr.

17 R/hr

12. Any time you already know the doserate at H + 1, you can save a stepin determining a future dose rate.Just position the straightedge so itpasses through the known H + 1 doserate in the "dose rate'at H + 1"column and the appropriate time inthe "time after burst" column. Thentake your future dose rate readingfrom the "

" column.Dose Rateat H + t

13. When you have to use the dose ratenomogram, you usually won't knowthe dose rate at H + 1. Thel:efore,you'll have to perform all of thesteps we've discussed. Solve thesedose rate nomogram problems.

A. Calculate the dose rate at 30hours after burst 01 + 30) ifthe dose rate at H + 3 is 200 R/hr.

B. Dose rate at H + 4 hours is 80R/hr, so the dose rate at H + 20will be

C. If the dose rate at 2 hours afterburst is 300 R/hr, the dose rateat H + 10 will be approximately

237

A. 13 R/hrB. 12 R/hrC. 44 R/hr

14. You shoulddose ratefutureYou mayledge,ANSWER):

A.

now be able to use thenomogram to calculate

dose rates fairly accurately.never have to use this knowbecause (CHECK THE CORRECT

Nomograms simply aren'taccurate enough to use.as long as communicationsare open between you and EOC,you should obtain futuredose rate projections from

B.

the EOC. B is correct.

238

ENTRY TIME-S1AY TIME-TOTAL DOSE 1:0MOGRAM

15. Another tool you can use in theevent of nuclear attack is theentry time-stay time-total dosenomogram-. With this-- nomogram,.youcan calculate such important data as:

(1) you can safely enter an area.(2) How long you can stay.(3) Total dose received in a given

period of time in an area.

This nomogram ties directly into thedose rate nomogram; you will oftenbe using the two of them in conjunc-tion. For example, you might use thedose rate nomogram to determine thedose rate at H + 1, then use thatfigure with other known data on theentry time:stay time-total dosenomogram to determine one or moreof the above factors.

The entry timestay time-total dosenomogram will be used under the sameconditions as the dose rate nomogram..you'll use these ools (CHECK THECORRECT ANSWER):

A. any time you must have informationthese forms can provide.

B. only when communications withthe EOC have been disruptedand decisions must be madeconcerning such factors aswhether, when, and how longit's safe to enter and stayin an area.

C. only when directed to do so byyour RADEF officer.

239

B is correct.

16. The entry time-stay time-total dosenomogram is reproduced on the lastpage of this unit. Go to that page,remove the nomogram from the book,and return to this page to frame 17.NO WRITTEN RESPONSE REQUIRED.

NO WRITTENRESPONSEREQUIRED

17. This nomogram is somewhat more com-plicated than the dose rate nomogram.It has five columns, and here's whateach means:

A. Total Dose--the exposure dosereceived in a given set ofcircumstances.

B. Dose Rate (1 hour) (R1)--doserate at H + L.

C. D/B1--dose divided by dose rate atH + 1.

D. Stay Time (hours)--the amount oftime, in hours, that you stay ina radiation area.

E. Entry Time--the time after burstat which entry into a radiationarea is made.

Don't be confused by the D/R1 column.It's simply a common focal point thatapplies to the sets of columns oneither side Of it. It functionsas a "bridge" between the columnssurrounding it. The figures aredeterIcined by dividing the dose bythe dds.:.rate at H + 1; but forpurposes of using the nomogram, thisfact (is/is not--which?)important to you.

240

is not

18. When using the entry time-stay time-total dose nomogram, you always usethe center column, in combinationwith either the two columns toits left, or the two to its right.Check any correct combinati,,a orcolumn headings in this list.

A. Total Dose, D/R1, Entry Time.B. D/R1, Stay Time, Entry Time.C. Total Dose, Dose Rate, Stay

Time.D. Total Dose, Dose Rate, Entry

Time.E. Total Dose, Dose Rate, D/R1.

B and E arecorrect.

19. This nomogram is about as accurateas the dose rate nomogram alreadystudied. This is (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. the entry time-stay time-totaldose nomogram will help youcalculate adequate estimatesof the-e factors.

B. you can expect calculationsmade with this nomogram to be100% accurate. A is correct.

20. You use%Ehe entry time-stay time -total:dose, nomogram in basically thesame manner as the dose rate nomogram.In other words, you connect knownquantities on the nomogram using a

straightedge

241

21. To use the dose rate nomogram, youhad to know two quantities. Withthe entry time-stay time-total dosenomogram, you need three knownquantities, and you apply them intwo steps.

(1) Connect two known quantitiesand locate the point at whichthe straightedge crossesthe D/R1 column...then,

(2) Connect this point on the D/R1column with the third knownquantity.

Wiwi.' you've accomplished step (2) thepoint at which the straightedgecrosses the third column gives youthe unknown you're seeking in eachcase.. Regardless of which they are,you must know (how many?)of the factors involved. 3

22. The dose rate in an area at H + 5 is20 R /hr. A man must enter this areaat H + 10, and his .dission will take2 hours to complete. What total dosewill he receive? Let's find out.We'll need both nomograms.

A. First, use the dose rate nomogramto find the, dose rate at H + 1,which is

B. Next, go to the entry time (etc.)nomogram and connect the staytime (2 hourS) in the "stay time"column with the entry time figure(10) and read the figure on theD/R1 column,

C. Then connect this ppint with thedose rate at H + 1, which youfound was

D. Read the "total dose" column atthe point the straightedgecrosses it--

242

A. 140 R/hrB. .115 (justunder the.120.mark)

C. 140 R/hrD. 16 R

23. If you had already known the doserate at H + 1, you could have gonedirectly to the entry time-staytime-total dose nomogram. Mostof the time, however, you willprobably have to use (both/only one- -which?) nomogram(s) insolving problems. both

24. Assume that the dose rate at H + 1in a given area was 250 R/hr.You must enter that area at H + 10and remain for 3 hours. To calculateyour total dose:

A. Lay your straightedge across theentry time-stay time-total dosenomogram so that the entry time(10) and stay time (3) are con-nected. The straightedge crossesthe D/R1 column just above the.160 mark.

B. Next, connect the .160 mark withthe dose rate at H + 1 (250 R)in the Dose Rate column, andyou'll see that your total doseon this mission will be about

41 R

25. While you'll usually use both nomograms,it all depends upon what factorsyou already know. In the above problem,for example, you were given enoughinformation that you only needed onenomogram, the

243

entry time -staytime-total dosenomogram

26. If the dose rate in a given area is50 R/hr at H + 6, what dose will youreceive if you must enter the areaat H + 15 and stay for 2 hours?

(HINT: First find the dose rate atH + 1, using the dose rate nomogram.Then move to the entry time-staytime-total dose nomogram and applythe data.) 31 R

27. You can also use your nomograms todetermine entry time for a givenmission when you want to hold themission dose to a given total. Forinstance, you want to keep your dosebelow 20 R for a stay time of 2 hoursin a given area. Compute theearliest possible entry time if theH + 1 dose rate was 120 R/hr.

A. First, on the entry time (etc.)nomogram, connect your maximumtotal dose (20 R with the doserate at H + 1 (120 R/hr.).

B. Connect the point crossed in theD /Rl column by the above arrange-ment with the appropriate number_in the "stay time" column,hours.

C. Read the "entry time" column atthe point where the straightedgecrosses it, and you find theearliest possible entry time,H +

B. 2

C. 7 (hours)

28. If you want to keep your dose below10 R and the dose rate in the areaat H + 20 is 5 R/hr, what's theearliest time you can enter the areaand stay 3 hours?

244

H + 27

29. We could go on indefinitely withproblems such as these. You shouldnow have a good idea of how flexibleand useful these nomograms can be inan emergency situation. Remember,you will only have to resort to theuse of nomograms when contact betweenyou and the EOC has been

interrupted(OR) disrupted(OR EQUIVALENTANSWER)

FACTS ABOUT NOMOGRAMS

30. As we've discussed, it may becomenecessary for you to rely oncomputations made with nomograms indeciding if an outside missioncan be safely performed. But keepin mind that (CHECK THE CORRECTANSWER):

A. nomograms are not 100%accurate.

B. you can always consider yournomogram computations 100%accurate. A is correct.

31. To make accurate calculations witha nomogram, you must know with fairaccuracy the time of the burst. Forcomputations to be made within 12hours after the burst, you must knowthe time of burst within one hour,either way. For later forecasts,you must know the time o1 the burstwithin 2 to 3 hours, either way,from the actual time. So, in orderto make good predictions withnomograms, you must know the timeof detonation (CHECK TttE CORRECTANSWER).:

A.B.C.

within a few dayswith reasonable accuracyfor reportil:g purposes only

243

B is correct.

32. If you don't know when the burstoccurred, and no one can tell youwith reasonable accuracy, you(cannot /must -- which?)use nomograms. cannot

33. If several nuclear detonations occurover a period of 24 hours or more,each of them will contribute to thefallout accumulation. So, if you'reusing your nomograms based on thefallout of the first burst, the re-sults of your computations will be(CHECK THE CORRECT ANSWER):

A. especially accurate.B. slightly inaccurate.C. grossly inaccurate. C is correct.

34. If fallout at one particular locationis due to more than one weapon, thebursts of which were 24 hours or moreapart, the resultant radioactivefallout decay rate will be differentthan the decay rate of the fallout ofone burst only. The design of thenomograms we've been using is basedon the characteristic decay rate ofone burst only. Therefore, nomograms(could/could not--which?)be used for projecting future doserates in this situation.

246

could not

35. This concludes the programmed portionof this Additiqnal Information Ap-pendix. You'll probably need a lotof practice to master the nomogramsas well as you'd like, so don'thesitate to make up practice problemsof your own. Use the nomograms asdirected, and you'll find they'refairly reliable in helping you determineprojections of future dose rates under anumber of circumstances.

Now, when you're ready, go on tothe next subject, which isn't inprogrammed form.

NO RESPONSE REQUIRED

247

NO RESPONSEREQUIRED

5000Dose Rate

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEOFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE

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64

PEACETIME USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Since the spectacular flight of the Enola Gaybrought an abrupt end to World War II, most Americans- -indeed, most of the earth's inhabitants--have beenacutely aware of the spectre of the mushroom cloud. It'strue, of course, that nuclear energy forms the basis of themost devastating weaponry known to man. But it's equallytrue that we have already discovered hundreds of so-called "peaceful" uses of nuclear energy, and the pos-sibilities are limited only by our imaginations anddevotion to the discovery of additional applications ofthis tremendous force.

As then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower stated in amessage to the Atomic Exposition in Rome in 1954:"We have only recently passed the midpoint of the 20thCentury, yet, I am convinced that one day history willrecord as the most far-reaching physical accomplishment ofall the century, or even twenty centuries, the dis-coveries which in recent years unlocked for the use ofmankind the boundless energy of the atom. From amongthe numberless generations which have peopled, thisplanet, destiny has now called upon those living to reachdecisions on the use of nuclear energy that will governa major measure of the future of mankind."

Let's take a closer look, now, at how nuclear energyis created and controlled for peacetime purposes. Thenwe'll discuss some of the uses to which this energy hasbeen put.

TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

The nucleus of the atom isn't a simple structure.Instead, it's a complex, dynamic system that can bemodified to form other structures--an almost infinitenumber of them, in fact.

The atomic nucleus tries to maintain stability,much like water seeks to remain level. If the nucleusof the atom becomes unstable for some reason, it willemit one or more particles until it regains stability.These emissions are often made with much greater energythan the force that caused the atom to become unstableto begin with, and this can -.ause the "chain reaction"of energy we've heard Po much about.

A stable atomic nucleus can be made unstable bybombardment with fast-moving projectiles, such as protons,deutrons, alpha particles, elec-,rons and X-rays. Theseprojectiles that nucleus unstable- -until it releasessufficient energy to stabilize itself once more.

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Sometimes, instead of coalescing with the bombardednucleus, the projectiles actually cause instability byknocking out one or more nuclear particles. In eitherevent, energy is released by the oombardment of a stablenucleus with one of the high-speed projectiles mentionedabove.

NUCLEAR FISSION

The atoms of certain materials, when bombarded withenergy projectiles such as the protons, alpha particles,electrons, X-rays, etc., mentioned above, actually splitinto two new atoms. This process is called fission,and the new elements thus formed are known as fissionproducts. Nuclear fission--the production of fissionproducts--is accompanied by the release of tremendous amountsof energy, which we have learned to harness and put to work.

By placing such fissionable materials as uranium-235, plutonium-239, or thorium-233 in a chamber known asa nuclear reactor, we can bombard the nuclei of their atomswith projectiles--"bullets" of energy, like protons orneutrons--in a controlled manner. This causes the fission-able atoms to split, releasing energy as described, whichwe can then direct to our own uses. The fission productsare highly radioactive and have varying half-lives (theyretain radioactivity for varying periods of time), and we'vebeen able to use them in medicine, agriculture, and industry,as well as in weaponry. In addition, the release of energyin a nuclear reactor results in the production of a greatdeal of heat, which we've also learned to chantel for ourown uses.

ISOTOPE USES

Radioactive elements which characteristically emitradiation are called isotopes. We've learned to use theseisotopes in several ways, one of which is as tracers ofthings that move within bodies (including the human body,as well as in organic bodies) into which we can't actuallysee. Here's an outline of some of the ways we use isotopesas tracers.

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A. Some Uses of Isotopes as Tracers in the Field of Biology:

1. Tracing of foods we eat2. Copper in blood formation3. Diagnosis of brain tumors4. Diagnosis of thyroid gland disturbances5. Pumping action of heart6. Restricted circulation7. Value of certain blood preservatives8. Average life of red blood cells9. Total volume of blood

B. Some Uses of Isotopes as Tracers in the Field ofAgriculture:

1. Photosynthesis2. Fertilizers3. Plant metabolism4. Soil fertility5. Availability of phosphorus in green manures6. Action in insecticides7. Pathology--leaf blight--chlorosis (blanching of

green parts in plants)8. Diet additives9. 'Biochemistry of milk production

C. Some Uses of Isotopes as Trace'ps in the Field of Industry:

1.. Trace circulatory systems for leaks2. Follow batches of oil through pipes3. Effects and efficiencies of detergents4. Wear determinations5. Diffusion in solids--alloy studies6. Tracing sulfur in coke7. Study of catalysis8. Study of Fisher-Tropsch Process9. Metallic corrosion

10. Floatation11. Lubrication studies12. Process control--oil refineries--distillation

Isotopes are also used to do man's work in their ways.

A. Non-Tracer Uses of Isotopes in Industry:

1. Radiographs of castings2. Thickness gauge3. Liquid level gauge

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4. Density meter5. Location of "Go Devil"6. Sterilization of foods7. Creation of cross linkages in plastics8. Checking fire brick loss in furnace

B. Non-Tracer Use of Isotopes in Medicine

1. Hyperthyroidism and heart disorders2. Cancer3. Polythycemia and leukemia4. Intracavity--irradiation of tumors5. Prostate gland irradiation6. Sterilization of bone graphs, etc. (i.e.

h3graphs)7. Teletherapy (X-ray) sources

As you can see from the above outline, we havealready devised many peaceful uses of nuclear energy. "But,as mentioned earlier, we've only scratched the surface ofpossible uses of this tremendous force. Work is progressingrapidly in many areas, research in this field continues.

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PEACETIME NUCLEAR HAZARDS

In general terms, mankind faces two distinct typesof hazards: Those we're all aware of and accept as .4 partof daily life; and those we don'.t understand and, there-fore, fear much more than the accepted hazards. Thepossible hazards presented by uoclear accidents fall intothis second category.

Too few people understand that nuclear accidents- -'mile they can happen--are really less likely to causelarge-scale damage, death, and injury than many conventionalhazards we've faced for years. Our objective here is to tellyou more about radiation hazards from peaceful use ofnuclear energy so that you'll know there's a lot less dangerthan many people realize.

.It would be unrealistic to say that nuclear hazardsdon't exist, especially since there'll be more and morepeacetime use of this type of energy. Probably the greatesthazards lie in the transportation of radioactive materialsfrom one location to another--especially in light of ournational 'batting average" on the highways! But if morepeople understood that the application of a little commonsense could eliminate most of the dangers involved innuclear accidents...we'd be a giant step closer to makingfull use of the potential of nuclear energy.

KNOWN -vs- UNKNOWN HAZARDS

We're ald aware that more than 50,000 people died on ournation's highways last year (which, by the way, isn't allthat far from the 66,000 people killed by the atomic bombdropped on Hiroshima). We also accept as a fact of life themore than 6,000 annual deaths by fires; the tremendous deathand destruction that can be dealt by hurricanes; and thegreat number of injuries--even deaths--caused by such simpleaccidents as falling down the stairs!

But these are accidents we can understand. We know thata fall might result in a broken bone...but we just aren'tsure about what can happen if nuclear energy is unleashed byaccident. For this reason--and it can be summed up by theword ignorance--many well-intentioned citizens are as muchagainst peaceful uses of nuclear energy as they (and all ofus) are opposed to nuclear warfare.

259

There is a danger, of .ourse, when radioactivematerials are mishandled, whether intentionally or byaccident. The point is, this danger can be minimized inthe event of nuclear accident, if everyone knows what todo and how to do it. Panic isn't the answer; nor is cur-tailment in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. What wemust do is educate as many people as possible as to .thedanger that can exist...how great or small it may be...and how to handle the situation should it ever arise.In this manner, the public as a whole will come to regardthe possible dangers involved in the use of nuclear energyin proper perspective.

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ACCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

The more we use radioactive materials, the greater thepossibility of accidents involving them. This is especiallytrue in the area of transporting such materials for use inindustry and other peacetime applications. But past per-formance would indicate that the scope of the danger in-volved in nuclear accidents has been greatly exaggerated.

For example, during the period from 1943 to 1955, therewere as many as nearly 300,000 people involved in the atomicenergy field. There were 184 fatalities among this' groupduring the period indicated--and only two of those deathswere attributed to radiation! The rest were the resultof typical industrial accidents--falls (43 deaths); electro-cutions (31); mobile equipment, such as cranes and bull-dozers (25); motor vehicles (20); and miscellaneous accidents(63 deaths). As these figures indicate, the dangers involvedin peacetime use of radioactive materials are relativelyminor.

In addition, very careful records have been kept ofall accidents involving nuclear weapons and radioactivematerials. These records' have been put to good use in takingaction to reduce the possibilities of future accidents.So, it would seem that the greatest problem concerningaccidents involving radioactive materials is the public'sgeneral lack of knowledge about what to do should one occur.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

As stated, the widespread and rapi ly increasing in-dustrial and commercial use, and transportation of radioactivematerials have increased the possibility of radiologicalhazards in.addition to such other hazards as might resultfrom accidents involving these materials. Accidents mayoccur in _facilities where radioactive materials are used orprocessed, or duing transportation.

In the event' that local Emergency Services are notadequate to cope with the situation, Federal assistance canffe requested by calling Sn Atomic Energy Commission officeor Military Service installation. In accordance with anInteragency Radiological Assistance Plan, the radiologicalemergency response capabilities of Federal agencies can beused to protect .the public health and safety or to assistorganizations or individuals who need immediate radiologicalemergency assistance. Coordinated by the AEC, there are

261

men and equipment available 24 hours a day on request to.assist at the scene of all kinds of radiological incidentsbelieved to require capabilities beyond those available locally.These emergency personnel (and as an RM, you might be amongthem) are prepared to deal with any aspects of a radiologicalincident.

Special emergency response capabilities have been es-tablished by the AEC and Department of Defense for copingwith accidents involving nuclear weapons and so-calledpeaceful nuclear explosives. The loCations and telephonenumbers of AEC Regional Coordinating Offices for radiologicalassistance are printed on the last page of this section.

In the event of a radiological incident occurring in apublic place, some degree of immediate response by State andlocal public safety personnel usually will be required.Initial action may be by local fire or police personnel firstat the scene of the incident. This section suggests thegeneral actions and responsibilities of local governmentsfor dealing with peacetime radiological incidents.

ACTIONS FOR LOCAL PERSONNEL

In the event oe a radiological accident or incident, takethe following actions:

1. Notify the chief executive and civil defense direct-or, who, if the situation warrants, will initiate activa-tion of the local Emergency Operations Center (EOC), co-ordinate multiple services operations, request outsideassistance as necessary, and implement emergency public in-formation broadcasts to inform public on actions to be takenin accordance with the "Executive Leadership Actions forAll MajorlEmergencies."

2. Notify the local government department or agencythat is assigned emergency radiological monitoring respon-sibility. List the responsible agency and telephone numbers,.day and night, in these spaces:

TelephoneOrganization (person) Location Day Night

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3. Advise the State Civil Defense Office. RequestState radiological assistance. If such assistance is notavailable locally through normal channels, the State willnotify the nearest U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Office andmilitary installation.

In incidents involving radioactive materials spillage orleakage, local police and fire department personnel (asassigned) will take the following emergency actions at thescene of the incident pending arrival of radiologicalemergeh:v experts:

1. Rescue injured or trapped persons and remove themfrom the area.

2. Limit first aid :to those actions necessary to savelife or minimize immediate injury.

3. Try to hold all people who have been involved ..!_a theincident area until the radiation monitoring team arrives.These people must be checked with a survey meter for radio-active contamination before they're allowed to leave thescene.

4. When it's necessary to send an individual to ahospital or other medical facility before a radiologicalemergency team or a physi.::ian knowledgeable in radiologicalhealth arrives, inform ambulance and other transportingvehicle personnel who will be in contact with the individualof the possibility of radioactive contamination. In addition,1.nform the hospital or medical facility that the individualmay be contaminated wine: radioactive material.

5. Be sure no one except Emergency service personnelare admitted into the area, and advise all persons not tohandle or remove any part of the debris from the incident.

6. Fight fire, and', to the extent possible, keep up-wind and avoid smoke, fumes, and dust..

7. Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the incident area,or use food or drinking water that may have been in contactwith radioactive material..

8. Do not handle, use, or remove from the incident areaany material, Lquipment, or other items suspected of beingcontaminated unless released by monitoring personnel.

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EMERGENCY MONITORING TEAM ACTIONS

When the emergency Monitoring team arrives on thescene (and this may include you, remember), it will adviseand act as requested by and under the general direction ofthe official in charge to assume control of the technicaloperations, and, as necessary, perform the following op-erations:

1. Survey and determine the extent of radioactivecontamination of facilities, equipment, area, and environment.

2. Initiate steps to minimize personnel exposure andthe spread of contamination.

3. Conduct instrument check for contamination of ex-posed emergency workers and other persons involved in theincident area.

4. Segregate and, if necessary, have contaminatedpersons decontaminated.

5. Initiate or recommend other decontamination actionas required.

6. Provide information to the Emergency OperatingCenter for release to the public, when necessary, tominimize public alarm or to assist in the conduct ofemergency activities. Advice and instructions to be is-sued to the public would be dictated by the requirementsof the developing situation. Because of this there are no".standard" instructions as to what should be issued aspublic information or instructions in every case.

When decontamination Is required, the emergency monitoringteam should take the following actions:

1. Have the local public works department assist indecontamination and disposal of contaminated material, ifthe use of heavy equipment is required.

2. Have the Fire Department provide personnel andequipment (for washing down, etc.) to assist in decon-tamination.

3. Have the police obtain names and addresses of allpersons involved; restrict access to the incident area andprevent unnecessary handling of incident debris; and, if

264

necessary, initiate evacuation of areas subject to con-tamination.

4. When a transportation incident involves radio-active material, do not move vehicles, shipping containersor wreckage, except to rescue people. Detour pedestrianand vehicular traffic. If a right-of-way must be clearedbefore radiological emergency assistance arrives, movevehicles and debris the shortest distance required to opena pathway. Before permitting the passage of traffic,spillage on the cleared pathway should be washed, orwetted and swept, to the edge of the pathway with a minimumdispersal of wash water and spilled material. Too littlewater can result in contaminated dust and particles in theair; too much can spread contaminated matter by washingit to other areas.

If no explosion has occurred and it is believed that anuclear weapon is involved, take the following actions:

1. Restrict the area of incident and keep the publicas far from the scene as practicable. Restrict the area atleast 2,000 feet or more in all directions.

2. Rescue injured or trapped persons as quickly aspossible--remove them and the rescue team from the incidentarea.

3. Evacuate all unnecessary personnel within the areaas quickly as possible, except those involved in emergencyoperations.

4. Do not allow public entrance to the area.

5. Fight fire as though toxic chemicals were involved,keeping upwind and avoiding smoke, fumes, and dust.

If an explosion has occurred and a nuclear weapon is be-lieved to be involved, take the following actions:

1. Restrict the area for 2,000 feet or more in alldirections.

2. Rescue injured or rapped persons.

3. Evacuate all persons from the area and preventaccess until advice can be obtained from appropriate-radio-logical and ordnance experts.

265

4. Fight fires and handle other emergency situationsthat might occur as an aftermath, in accordance with appro-priate Emergency Services checklists.

5. When radiological monitoring (and ordnance, ifapplicable) experts indicate the incident area is safe,resume normal routine, notify the EOC, and submit finalreports as required.

SUMMARY

As this section indicates, plans have already beenmade to handle any situation that might arise in the eventof an accident (or incident) involving nuclear weapons and/or radioactive materials. You've probably already spottedhow you, with full knowledge of Radiological Monitoringprocedures and techniques, could fit into the preparednesspicture...in peacetime, as well as in the event of war.And, while we hope you never have to use your knowledge, tobe unprepared would be the real disaster.

If you intend to become a qualified Radiological Monitor,you'll need additional training--experience with the in-struments, familiarization with your local organization,and so on. We hope you're interested enough at this pointto continue with your studies and become qualified.

In any event, you now know a great deal about radio-activity and how it's detected and measured. We haven'tcovered everything, of course, but we've given you exactlywhat the course set out to impart: An Introduction toRadiolbgical Monitoring. We hope you have enjoyedparticipating in this course, and that you'll becomeactively involved in Civil Defense operations, if you haven'talready done so.

Distribution:

DCPA Regions and Staff CollegeState 'Civil Defence DirectorsContract' Universities - Civil Defense University Extension Program

266

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13. C

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HOME STUDY COURSE

ANSWER KEYSfor

UNIT TESTS 1-4

UNIT 2

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. C

5. A

6. B

7. C

8. B

9. A

10. B

U. B

12. B

13. B

14. C

15. C

16. C

17 A

18. C

17. 15

ERIC Clear10ghocuse

MAR 2 0 1973

on Adult Education

XXX

UNIT 3

1. B

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7. C

8. B

9. A

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. B

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16. C

17. A

18. C

19. B

20. A

UNIT 4

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2. B

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7. B

8. C

9. C

10. C

11. B

12. B

13. A

14. C

15. C

16. A

17. B

18. C

19. B

20. A

U. S. GOVERNMENT PS INTIM OFFICE 1973 0 - 469

· document resume. ed 081 906 ce 000 133. title idtroduction to radiological monitor4g; a...

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