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SO 001 849

Current Publications in Population/Family Planning.Number 15.Population Council, New York, N.Y.Aug 714p.The Population Council, 245 Park Avenue, New York,New York 10017

EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29Abortions, *Abstracts, *Annotated Bibliographies,Book Reviews, Contraception, *Demography, *FamilyPlanning, Population Growth, *Population Trends*Population Control, Population Education,Population Policies

This generously annotated bibliography of books,reports, and journal articles is divided into the following subjectareas: 1) Demography and Social Science; 2) Human Reproduction andFertility Control; 3) Family Planning Programs; 4) Population Policy;and, 5) General. Throughout these areas are works on demography andpopulation control in foreign countries, such as Latin America,Thailand, India, and Pakistan. Several items on various aspects ofabortion are included. There are 36 entries in all. (SO 001 850 andED 049 101 are earlier numbers in the same series.) (JLB)

Uut.utviEli I IIAS t1Erl EIEPRUDUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINA.TING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU'Current Publications in CATION POSITION OR POLICY

Population/Family PlanningCOMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY THE POPULATION COUNCIL, 24S PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017, U.S.A.

Number 15

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CID Demography and Social Science

Bumpass, L. L. and C. F. Westoff. TheLater Years of Childbearing. Prince-ton University Press, 1970. 168 pp.

15-1

The final volume in the series of the Prince-ton Fertility Study, contains the results ofthe third and final round of interviews con-ducted over a five-year period (1963-1967)with 814 women who, on the average, were35.6 years of age, had been married 14.2years, and had given birth to their last child5.4 years earlier. Examined in the chaptersare the stability of the number of childrendesired, factors associated with the timingof births, the predictive value of desiredfamily size, contraceptive effectiveness as afunction of the achievement of desired fam-ily size, the influence of certain social andpsychological factors, fertility as a careercontingency, and reliability of retrospectivedata on fertility and fertility control.

Goldstein, Sidney. "Urbanization in Thai-land, 1947-1967." Demography, 8(2): 205-223. May 1971. 15-2

"Utilizing both census and population-register data for 1947-1967, this analysis as-sesses changing levels and rates of urbani-zation in Thailand, compares regional vari-ations in urbanization patterns, and relatessuch differences to selected indicators ofeconomic and demographic development.Although the overall level of urbanizationremains low, the rate of urbanization is highand the increase in the number of moderatesized urban places significant. GreaterBangkok, accounting for over half of Thai-land s urban population and almost twothirds of all urban growth, has increased inprimacy in Thailand's urban structure. Buturban development has also begun to per-meate all regions of the country and to bean important factor in the complex processof national, social and economic develop-ment." (Author's abstract.)

Jaffe, A. J. "Notes on Family Income Dis-tribution in Developing Countries inRelation to Population and EconomicChanges." Forthcoming in Estadis-tica. 21 pp. 15-3

"To what extent, if any, is family incomebecoming more equitably distributed andless concentrated in less developed coun-tries which are experiencing large economicgrowth?" Since social, economic, and politi-cal conditions interact to determine changesin income distribution over time, and since

in most countries relevant statistics are pooror nonexistent, the study was limited to fivedeveloping countries with adequate data:Argentina, Iran, Mexico, Panama, andPuerto Rico. Gini Indices of Concentrationwere calculated and the data referred to tworeference points about ten years apart be-ginning in the early 1950s. With the excep-tion of Argentina and Puerto Rico, popula-tion growth rates were about 3.0 percentannually. All but Argentina experiencedrelatively high rates of economic growthover the period considered, generally in therange of 6 percent annually. Yet for eachcountry the Gini Index of Concentrationindicated very little change in concentrationof family income over the period; certainlythere was no discernible trend toward moreuniform distribution. Examination of theshares of income by fifths and thirds (high-est through lowest) indicated that in Argen-tina, Panama, and Puerto Rico the wealthiergroups gained slightly while the poorergroups lost relatively. There was littlechange in Iran and Mexico. Intercountrycomparisons and comparisons of the largecities indicated that Mexico had the leastuniform distribution of family income.' Insum, income inequality has not narrowed indeveloping countries within recent decadesand probably will not for at least severaldecades into the future.

Phillips, Nancy. "The Prevalence of Sur-gical Sterilization in a Suburban Pop-ulation." Demography, 8 (2): 261-270. May 1971. 15-4

"This report presents data on the prevalenceof tubal ligations, vasectomies and remedialsterilizing operations among white couples,with wife aged 20-54, who subscribe to aprepaid medical care program and live in asuburban area near San Francisco. Contra-ceptive operations, more than two thirds ofwhich were male vasectomies, were foundamong 23 percent of these couples. Someform of sterilizing surgery (contraceptive orremedial) was found among 31 percent. Theprevalence of surgical sterilization, specifi-cally vasectomies, in this population is highcompared with that found across the nationand in the western states in the 1965 Na-tional Fertility Study. The prevalence oftubal ligations and vasectomies increaseswith the parity of the wife, has a markedinverse relation with education, and is high-est when neither husband nor wife isCatholic." (Author's abstract.)

Population, Special Issue, 26: 274 pp.March 1971. 15.5

This special issue of the journal Population

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August 1971

is devou:t1 to the demographic situation inNorth Africa. It includes: three articles onAlgeria covering employment, populationcharacteristics and preliminary results ofthe Algerian sociodemographic survey; onearticle on Morocco analyzing the relationsbetween factors of modernization and con-traceptive practice; five articles on Tunisiapresenting results on several demographictopics: population growth, internal migra-tions, elementary and secondary education,family planning, and the national demo-graphic survey.

Sanghvi, L. D. "Changing Patterns ofCaste in India." Social Biology, 17(4): 299-301. December 1970. 18-6

Social change is affecting the caste systemin India. Attitudes toward rituals associatedwith birth, marriage, and death have begunto change as have attitudes about foodtaboos and the transmission of pollution be-tween castes. Education, improved meansof communication, universal suffrage and aconcomitant enlargement of political con-sciousness are considered responsible forthese changes. The data discussed in thearticle, however, deal with mating patternsin Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala, onlyfour of 662 Hindu marriages were intercastemarriages whereas 32 percent of 318 Chris-tian and Muslim marriages were mixed inorigin. A second study of a sample of 3,000marriages in West Bengal revealed thatnine of the marriages were intercaste mar-riages. The Ministry of Family Planning isattempting to encourage intercaste mar-riages, and Tamilnad State promotes themby awarding gold medals to the spouses ofsuch unions.Changes in occupational status are occurringat a more rapid rate. The census of 1901indicated that 33 percent of the Brahmansin the labor force were engaged in tradi-tional occupations as opposed to 19 percentin 1931. A 1947 study of a village in WestBengal substantiate' this trend. Of 86 high-caste Brahmans, Vaidyas, Rajputs, andKayasthas in the village, only eight wereworking in traditional occupations. Upper-caste Brahmans, Vaidyas, and Kayasthasmake up 12-15 percent of the population ofWest Bengal, but these groups constituted`43 percent of the Hindu labor force of alarge leather factory in Calcutta, the capitalcity. Traditionally, leather working waslooked down upon as an occupation. Now,however, processed leather products are im-portant export items, and the lure of lucra-tive employment has in this instanceovercome an ancient. taboo.

Spencer, Geraldine M. "Fertility Trendsin Australia." Demography, 8 (2):247-259. May 1971. 15-7

"Using published data from the Australianvital registration and census systems, sev-eral time series are compiled: crude birthrates from the 1860s; fertility rates from the1880s; age-specific and parity-specific meas-ures from the 1910s; cumulative fertilitymeasures by birth year of parent beginningwith the 1890s; and cumulative fertilitymeasures for marriages by year contractedfrom the 1910s. The decline in fertility tothe 1930s, the upswing to 1961, and declinesthereafter revealed by annual fertility meas-ures show far more variation than do meas-ures of total generation fertility-2.7 chil-dren per woman born in 1893-1895, 2.3 for1906-1910, 2.8 for 1921-1925, and perhaps3.0 for women born in the 1930s. Both annualand generation measures show a youngerage at parenthood, a decrease in childless-ness, and progressively fewer large families.In the light of present experience, it seemsnot unreasonable to project generation fer-tility of 2.5 children, implying a crude birthrate of about 20 per thousand for the next15 years or so." (Author's abstract.)

Weller, Robert H. John Macisco, Jr.,and George R.

H.,"The Relative

Importance of the Components of Ur-ban Growth in Latin America." De-mography, 8 (2) 225-232. May 1971.

15-"Four generalizations are made: (1) De-spite the varying interpretations made bythe respective authors, previous studies indi-cate that urban growth in Latin America iscaused by both rural-urban migration and apositive rate of natural increase. Thus toascribe Latin American urban growth to asingle prime causal factor is a misleadingoversimplification. (2) Net in-migration ap-parently plays a larger role in determiningthe rate of growth of large metropolitan cen-ters than is the case with smaller urbanareas. (3) A significant portion of urbangrowth in a given intercensal period may beattributed to the growth of localities previ-ously too small to be classified as 'urban.'(4) Urban natural increase is the weightedsum of the natural increase of in-migrants(after their arrival) and urban natives. Im-proper recognition of this last point maylead to an overstatement of the relative im-portance of urban natural increase as acomponent of urban growth." (Authors'abstract.)

Human Reproduction andFertility Control

Cohen, M. R., M. B. Taylor, and M. B.Kass. "Interval Tubal Sterilization viaLaparoscopy." American Journal ofObstetrics and Gynecology, 108:458-461. 1 October 1970. 15-9

A simplified method of tubal sterilization inconjunction with laparoscopy was performedon 50 women at the Michael Reese Hospitaland Medical Center in Chicago. The advan-tages of the procedure are: (1) the period ofhospitalization is brief; (2) the patient has ashort general or local anesthesia; (3) there islittle or no postoperative discomfort; (4)the miniature incisions leave no unsightlyscars; and (5) good visualization of all thepelvic organs can be obtained while per-forming this procedure.

Diczfalusv, E. and U. Borell (eds.). Con-trol of Human Fertility: Proceedingsof the Fifteenth Nobel SymposiumHeld May 27-29, 1970 at Sodergarn,Linding0, Sweden. John Wiley & Sons1971. 354 pp. 15-10

Eighteen papers discuss the latest develop-ments in contraceptive steroids, the presentstate of knowledge of the various factors in-fluencing fertilization and implantation, thenewest methods for controlling fertility byvarious intrauterine devices, chemical andimmunological approaches, the most recentadvances in stimulating ovarian function inthe human, problems related to inducedabortion, and health aspects of various fer-

ty-controlling agents.

Dollen, Charles. Abortion in Context: ASelect Bibliography. The ScarecrowPress, Inc., 1970. 150 pp. 15-11

A list of 1,396 references arranged alpha-betically by author, title, subject, andsource. Included are items on "marriage,family, contraception, the sexual revolution,and the very vocal opposition." The booksand articles are all in English and reasonablyavailable to American scholars and libraries.Most of the references were published in theperiod 1967 to 1969 but some older and stillpertinent material is also included.

Embrey, M. P. "Induction of Abortion byProstaglandins Ei and E2." BritishMedical Journal, 2 (5704): 258-260.2 May 1970. 15-12

"Intravenous infusions of prostaglandin E(E, and E,) were used for termination ofpregnancy in 11 patients. Induction of abor-tion was successful in nine instances, and ineight the abortion was complete. No unde-sirable side effects were recorded." (Author'sabstract.)

Karim, S. M. M. "Use of Prostaglandin Etin the Management of Missed Abor-tion, Missed Labor, and HydatidiformMole." British Medical Journal, 3(5716): 196-197. 25 July 1970.

15-13"Treatment of six cases of missed abortionand one case of hydatidiform mole with in-travenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 re-sulted in complete abortion in all cases. Of15 patients with missed labor, 14 were de-livered successfully with similar treatment.The technique appears to be a safe, reliable,and rapid method of managing missed abor-tion, mimed labor, and hydatidiform mole."(Author's abstract.)

Karim, S. M. M. and S. D. Sharma. "OralAdministration of Prostaglandins forthe Induction of Labor." British Medi-cal Journal, 1 (5743): 260-262. 30January 1971. 15-14

"Prostaglandins Ei and Fi ay. adminis-tered by mouth were used to induce laborin 100 patients between 35 and 44 weeks ofgestation. The usual effective dose of pros-taglandin El was 0.5 and of Ft alpha 5 mg.These were repeated .very two hours untillabor was established. Induction was suc-cessful in 79 out of 80 women treated withoral prostaglandin Ei and in 16 out of 20women treated with F2,41,1.." (Authors'abstract.)

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Lansing, A. M. "Ilzpertension in YoungFemales Receiving Anovulatory Ster-oids." Annuls of Surgery, 171: 731-734. May 1970. 15.1$

Case histories of four young hypertensivewomen who underwent investigations ofadrenal and renal function with no ab-normalities. All were taking oral-contracep-tive medication, and, in each, the bloodpressure returned to normal when the medi-cation was discontinued. "The rapid resolu-tion of the blood-pressure increase aftermedication is withdrawn suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, particularly when itcan be demonstrated to recur with reinstitu-tion of the therapy.... It is important thatphysicians who prescribe these medicationsrecognize this complication and also thatthose involved in treating hypertension beaware of the possibility."

Lippes, J. and J. G. Feldman. "A Five-Year Comparison of the ContinuationRates Between Women Using Loop Dand Oral Contraceptives." Contracep-tion, 3 (3): 313-326. May 1971.

15.16Data from the Buffalo Planned ParenthoodCenter are used to compare cumulativepregnancy rates and continuation rates forthe Lippes loop D and oral contraceptivesin women matched for age and parity. Ex-cept for women with five or more children,in virtually all instances the pregnancy ratefor orals was lower than that for the IUD.Women with only one child showed bettercontinuation rates with the pill, whereasthe IUD continuation rate for women withtwo or more children exceeded that ofwomen using pills. It is believed that thepill is preferable for short-term contracep-tive needs of about a year, whereas theIUD provides better protection for longerperiods.

Olsen, C. E., H. B. Nielsen, and E. Oster-gaard. "Complications to TherapeuticAbortions." International Journal ofGynecology and Obstetrics, 8: 823-829. November 1970. 15-17

A study based upon 27,435 abortions re-:,orted to the Danish National Health Ser-vice during 1961-1966. During the period,nine deaths occurred, making a mortalityrate of 0.03 per 100. The average complica-tion rate was 4.7 per 100 and it increasedwith the duration of pregnancy. The mostcommonly reported complications wereadnexitis (1.3 percent), vaginal hemorrhage(1.2 percent), and fever (1.1 percent). Bymethod, the highest complication rates wereassociated with puncture of the ovum (10.9percent), dilatation and evacuation (5.4percent), dilatation by laminaria and evacu-ation (4.9 percent) instillation of saline (4.5percent), and abdominal hysterotomy (2.5percent). Dilatation and suction was themost frequently used procedure (8,684cases), followed by instillation of saline(6,940) and abdominal hysterotomy com-bined with sterilization (6,544).

Otani, Y., H. Imo, S. Inoue, and T. Keg-kami. "Immunization of Human Fe-male with Human Sperm and Semen."International journal of Fertility, 16:19-23. January-March 1971. 11-18

Thirteen women were treated with prepa-rations containing either lyophilized sperm,diluted seminal plasma, or seminal plasmaglobulin. Serious side effects were noted in

patients receivinc the seminal plasmawhereas those receiving the globulin experi-efteed virtually none. Antibodies werefound in the serum of eight patients but inless than one month the antibody titersdropped to undetectable levels. Therefore.although an immunological response toseminal protein occurred in most of thepatients, the short half-life of the antibodytiters would preclude any immediate use ofthis procedure for contraceptive practice.

Potts, D. M. "Posteonceptive Control ofFertility." International Journal ofGynecology and Obstetrics, 8 (6)Part 2: 957-970. November 1970.

15.19Induced abortion is one of the oldest andmost widespread forms of fertility control.In moving toward the goal of family plan-ning, many societies appear to resort to in-duced abortion, when the need arises, in anattitude of indifference to the law and cul-tural standards. As contraceptive practicespreads through a community, there may bean increase in induced abortion when thecommunity begins to initiate any form offamily planning. The incidence of abortionin several countries and several models illus-trating the relation between abortion andcontraception are presented. The abortionrate is likely to increase in many parts ofthe world when the present high birth ratesbegin to fall. Since contraception and abor-tion are complementary, and reversiblemethods of contraception in current use arenot sufficiently predictable to allow a life-time control of fertility, women will resortto abortion to secure the desired pattern offamily building.

Sahvi, S. C. and D. L. Moyer. "AntifertilityEffects of the Intrauterine ForeignBody." Contraception, 2: 1-28. July1970. 15-20

Studies in humans and in experimentalanimals show significant tissue and bio-chemical changes resulting from the pres-ence of an intrauterine foreign body (IUFB),which vary by species, the type of IUFB,and the experimental design. The changesare primarily localized in the female genitaltract, although systemic effects were re-ported in several species. The inflammatorycells produced by the IUFB in all speciesand the associated biochemical changes inthe uterus may be the underlying cause ofthe antifertility effect of the IUFB. Con-tains 158 bibliographic references.

Scutchfield, F. D., W. N. Long, B. Corey,and C. W. Tyler. "Medroxyproges-terone Acetate as an Injectable FemaleContraceptive." Contraception, 3: 21-35. January 1971. 15.21

"A total of 723 patients began receivingdepo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA),150 mg every three months, in the 21-monthperiod from April 1967 to January 1969.This medication is a long-acting parenteralfemale contraceptive agent. One pregnancyoccurred. Seventy-three women who subse-quently had tubal ligation or hysterectomywere excluded from the analyses of continu-ation of DMPA. At 12 months 56.8 womenper 100 and at 18 months 49 per 100 werecontinuing use of the medication. Irregularvaginal bleeding was the major medical rea-son for discontinuing use. Normal menseshad not resumed within one year in 24 per-cent of the women discontinuing DMPA.This medication has an application in fam-

ily planning practice for women who do notplan to have more children." (Authors'abstract.)

Sturtevant, F. M. and B. B. Wait. "EscapeOvulation and Unplanned Pregnancy."Contraception, 3: 133-136. February1971. 15.22

Accidental pregnancies among women usingoral contraception may be due in part to amedication-free period between cycles ofsufficient duration to allow recovery of thesuppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarianaxis, resulting in so-called "escape ovula-tion." Women following the prescribedregimen may have as many as ten medica-tion-free days. Theoretically escape ovula-tion could occur within so long a time, espe-cially in women with short or variablemenstrual cycles. This study covered 3,361women with 26,686 cycles of use who had12 unplanned pregnancies not associatedwith gross omissions of tablets.

Weir, R. J., E. Briggs J. Browning, A.Mack, L. Naismith, L. Taylor, and E.Wilson. "Blood Pressure in WomenAfter One Year of Oral Contracep-tion." The Lancet, 1 (7697): 467-470. 6 March 1971. 15 -23

"In a prospective study of 66 women takingoral contraceptives, systolic blood pressureincreased in SO cases after a year, the meanrising significantly by 6.6 mm Hg. Meandiastolic pressure did not change signifi-cantly and in no case did the blood pressurerise to 140/99 mm Hg or more. A controlgroup of 21 women using cervical dia-phragms or intrauterine contraceptive de-vices showed no significant change in eithersystolic or diastolic blood pressure duringthe same period." (Authors abstract.)

Wolters, Helen. "Psychological Aspectsof Vasectomy." British Medical Jour-nal, 4 (5730): 297-300. 31 October1970. 15.24

"In a study to assess the psychosocial andsexual effects of contraceptive vasectomy byquestionnaire and personal interview, tenout of 82 respondents indicated psycho-logical problems arising from the operation.Five out of seven couples interviewed hadhistories of marital, sexual, or psychologicalinstability. Screening of applicants for vas-ectomy is therefore recommended, preexist-ing instability being a contraindication tothe operation." (Author's abstract.)

World Health Organization. Spontaneousand Induced Abortion: Report of aWHO Scientific Group. Technical 'Re-port Series, No. 461, Geneva, 1970.51 pp. 15.25

Contains sections on definitions; sourcesof data, such as vital and hospital statisticsand retrospective and prospective surveys;statistical analysis, including abortion ratesand ratios and use of life tables techniques;such aspects of spontaneous abortion as Inci-dence, etiology, and pathogenesis; ectopicpregnancy and hydatidiform mole; motives,indications, incidence, techniques, and gov-ernment regulations with regard to inducedabortions; early and late complications andcomparative risks to life associated with theavoidance of unwanted pregnancies; andresearch recommendations in the areas ofspontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancyand hydatidiform mole, induced abortion,and services to research, including the estab-lishment of a reference center.

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Zipper, J. A., Howard J. Tatum, M. Medel,L. Pastene, and M. Rivera. "Contra-ception Through the Use of Intrauter-ine Metals. I. Copper as an Adjunct tothe 'T' Device." American Journal ofObstetrics and Gynecology,109: 771-774. March 1971. 15.26

The clinical evaluation of a "T" shapedIUD bearing copper wire is compared withresults from the use of the Lippes loop D.Pregnancy rates per 100 women-years forthe '7" device with copper surface areas of0, 30, 120 and 200 mm2 are 18.3, 4.9, 2.0 and0.0, respectively, revealing that the anti-fertility effect depends upon the amount ofcopper present. Continuation rates exceeded90 percent for the IUDs with 120 mmt and200 mmt of copper, indicating the low oc-currence of side effects with the "T" device.

Family Planning Programs

Cartwright, Ann. Parent, and FamilyPlanning Services. Atherton Press,1970. 293 pp. 15-27

A study conducted between October 1967and May 1968 focusing on the parents of arandom sample of legitimate newborns in 12areas of England and Wales. Interviews wereheld with 1,495 mothers and 257 fathersabout their contraceptive practices, theirattitudes toward different methods of birthcontrol, and their opinions of, and experi-ences with, different types of family plan-ning services. Professionals and employeesof family planning clinics were interviewedto get their views and practices. Responsesand results are set forth in 96 tables through-out the text. Chapters discuss the influenceof religion, social class, education, geographiclocation, and the future; possible changes incontraceptive habits and the ways in whichservices can develop to help more womenavoid unwanted pregnancies. Eight appen-dices contain 19 tables and 76 references,and a nine-page index follows.

Family Planning Association of Pakistan."Family Planning in Industrial Units."Birthright, 5 (3-4): 3-5. 1970.

15.23A survey to ascertain the extent of theknowledge, attitude, and practice of familyplanning was conducted in three industrialareas by the Family Planning Associationof Pakistan with the cooperation of theGovernment of Pakistan Family PlanningDivision. Among the findings were: (1) 70percent of the respondents had knowledgeof family planning methods; (2) knowledgeof family planning and level of educationwere closely associated; (3) vasectomy wasthe best known method of contraception,followed by tubal ligation, plastic coil, andcondom, in that order. Of the 1,349 respond-ents, however, only 4 percent were currentlyusing contraception. It was recommendedthat motivational centers with full familyplanning services be established within themedical clinics of the three industrial units,and that eligible couples be registered foreasy identification for follow-up purposes.

Hogue, Z. "Religion of Islam on FamilyPlanning." Family Planning News,11: 3-6. April-May 1970. 15.29

According to the Holy Koran, traditions ofthe Prophet Muhammad, and opinions oftheir learned men, Muslims are advised todelay their marriages until they can afford

to support their families and "to have chil-dren wisely up to their optimum needsonly." It is noted that: (1) a statementstressing the urgency of population plan-ning, issued by the United Nations, bearsthe signatures of 19 world leaders includingthe heads of six Muslim governments; (2)the International Islamic Conference heldin Kuala Lumpur in April 1969 approvedthe practice of family planning by the Mus-lim world; and (3) a number of Muslimcountries have taken up family planning asa national program. "Men-in-authorityamong the Muslims are now lending theirsupport towards the family planningprogramme."

Rochat, Roger W., Carl W. Tyler, Jr., andAlbert K. Sehocnbueher. "The Effectof Family Planning in Georgia on Fer.tility in Selected Rural Counties," inSobrero, A. J. and R. M. Harvey (eds.),Advances in Planned Parenthood(v. 6): Proceedings of the Eighth An-nual Meeting of the American Ammociation of Planned Parenthood Phy-sicians, Boston, Mass. ExeeretaMedics International Congress/SeriesNo. 224, 1971. pp. 6-14. 15 -30

The authors evaluate fertility trends inseven rural Georgia counties having activefamily planning programs for two or moreyears before 1 January 1968 and comparethese to seven matched control counties.Matching was done on geographical loca-tion, racial distribution and populationall under 21,000 in 1960. White and Negrofertility in Georgia declined between 1960and 1968. In 1966-1968, however, Negrofertility declined more in control and studyareas, but the decline was nearly threetimes greater in study counties than in con-trol counties. Negro fertility declined morein all seven age groups in the study areathan in the control area, the decline amount-ing to more than.50 percent for women 25-39. A marked decrease in high-birth-orderbirths and increase in first births for Negroesin the study area in 1966-1968 supports thecontention that family planning programshelped accelerate a decline in fertility In thestudy area.

Sobrero, A. J. and R. M. Harvey (eds.).Advances in Planned Parenthood(v. 6): Proceedings of the Eighth An-nual Meeting of the American Asso-ciation of Planned Parenthood Phy-sicians, Boston, Mass. ExcerptaMedics International Congress/SeriesNo. 224, 1971. 180 pp. 13-31

Twenty-four papers fall under six majorheadings: (1) community and hospitalfamily planning programs, including suchtopics as the role of the federal governmentand voluntary agencies and initiation ofcontraception immediately postpartum; (2)problems of social and preventive medicine,Including a study of attitudes and knowl-edge in a low-income population and factorsassociated with early and late fetal loss; (3)intrauterine contraception; (4) hormonalcontraception, including the influence of asequential oral contraceptive on carbohy-drate metabolism, safety of oral contracep-tives, and clinical experience with a dailylow dose of chlormadinone acetate; (5)other contraception, including male contra-ception, a vasectomy servi::e within aPlanned Parenthood clinic, and demand forsurgical sterilization among women in Span-ish Harlem: and (6) abortion. specificallyon the impact of the British Abortion Act

of 1967 on the practice of medicine, thera-peutic abortion without hospitalization,and the effect of abortion legislation inMaryland.

United Nations Economic Commissionfor Asia and the Far East. Report ofthe Regional Seminar on Evaluationof Fatally Planning Programmes,

, Held at Bangkok, Thailand, 24 No-vember-12 December 1969. NewYork, 1970. 95 pp. 15.32

The report defines concepts and terms anddiscusses methods for obtaining data on ac-ceptance and use of family planning meth-ods; recommends a core list of tabulations,trend studies based on routine program sta-tistics, and follow-up surveys to obtain dataon continuation, use, and use-effectiveness;describes methods and problems of mea-surement fertility levels and trends, andeffects in terms of births averted; assesseshealth and economic benefits of a familyplanning program and role of the computerin family planning evaluation and research;and discusses the criteria for a nationalstatistical system for the evaluation offamily planning programs. The recom-mendations of subcommittees include listsof top-priority research studies, methodsand contents of training programs for 'vari-ous levels of family planning workers, andneeded equipment and financial support.The report contains selected papers andsuggested references.

Population Policy

Hindell, K. and M. Simms. Abortion LawReformed. Peter Owen, 1971. 269 pp.

15.33An account of the events leading up to andfollowing passage of the Abortion Act of1967 in the United Kingdom discusses thereports and attitudes toward the abortionbill of various special interest groups, in-cluding the Association for Abortion LawRepeal and the Society for the Protection'of Unborn Children. It is suggested thatone way of alleviating the shortage of bedsavailable for abortion in some NationalHealth Service hospitals would be to changethe traditional demarcation lines betweenobstetric and gynecologic services. "Thereduction in the birth rate in the mid-1960sand the reduction and the length of stay inhospitals of maternity cases resulted inempty maternity beds in many hospitals,which could not, however, be filled by abor-tion patients, because abortions were allo-cated to separate wards."

Simon, Julian L. "The Per-Capita-IncomeCriterion and Natality Policies in PoorCountries." Demography, 7 (3): 369-378. August 1970. 15.34

"Discussions of birth rates in less devel-oped countries (LDCs) are almost alwayscouched in terms of income per-capita or per-consumer-equivalent. A decrease in popula-tion growth rate is said to lead to a higherper-capita income (PCI) than would occurwith a higher birth rate, and therefore alower birth rate is advocated. This runs thedanger of choosing a course of actior thatpeople really do not want. A static analysisof a PCI criterion leads to an optimum whichis quite unacceptable. One can raise the PCIof any given group by getting rid of all smallsubgroups that-have a lower PCI. Static

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analysis is not directly relevant to thoseproblems of ',Des because the relevantcontrol variable is the birth rate. This paperexplores some of the ramifications of differ-ent birth rates. The general conclusion isthat per-capita income alone cannot be asatisfactory criterion for a rational nationalnatality policy. At best it can be but onefactor to be taken into consideration in sucha policy decision." (Author's abstract.)

World Health Organization. "AbortionLaws: a Survey of Current WorldLegislation." International Digest ofHealth Legislation, 21: 437-512.1970. 15-35

This general survey of abortion legislationcovers indications and contraindications,authorities responsible for decisions regard-ing abortions, reporting and recording ofabortion provisions applicable to nonresi-dents in countries that have adopted liberallegislation, and requirements as to estab-lishments where legal abortions may be per-formed. It discusses laws on abortions incountries of Africa, America, Asia, Europe,and Oceania.

General

Mogey, John. "Sociology of Marriage andFamily Behavior, 1967-1968: ATrend Report and Bibliography."Current Sociology, 17 (1-3): 364 pp.1969. 1646

This bibliography of 2,090 items related tomarriage and family behavior containsbooks and articles published in 1967 and1968. They deal with all Countries exceptthe United States and are arranged byregion, country, and subject. Two sectionsparticularly relevant to population andfamily planning are titled 'Re roductiveFertility: Differential Fertility" 133 items)and "Reproductive Behavior: irth Con-trol" (84 items).

THE POPULATION COUNCIL243 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017

Current Publications in Population/FamilyPlanning is issued every other month by theInformation Office of The Population Counciland consists of titles deemed by the Councilstaff to be of particular interest to adminis-trators and scholars in the family planningfield, For a fuller listing of items. we particu-larly Population Index, published quarterly bythe Office of Population Research, PrincetonUniversity, and Bibliography of Reprodudion,published monthly by the Reproduction Re-touch Information Office. Ltd.. Cambride,England.

Subject to availability. individual artickafisted above (not books) will be sent on requestto administrators and scholars in Africa, Asia,and Lain America. AU regoats must be re-ceived within four months. Please order by theboldfaoe number following each listing fromthe Information Office.

Other publications killed by the InformationOffice are Studies in Family Planning,

CProfiles, and Reports on Populedion/,:mnigPlanning, Persons wishing to receive any orof them, without charge, should address theirrequests to the Information Office of ThePopulation Council. Bulk orders may be re-quested for educational purposes.

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WHAT ABOUT THE 36-HOUR REQUIREMENT IN ECONOMICS?

Since the American Culture courses are required to include economicconcepts and understandings, it is not necessary to teach economics orany other social science as a single discipline. Local districts may offera variety of Social Studies courses according to student needs and staffabilities.

WHY IS THE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH REQUIRED?

Any analysis of a culture is inherently interdisciplinary, involvingcontent and approaches from the social and behavioral sciences. Goodteachers have always understood the impossibility of competently presentinghistory without the incorporation of understandings from the other relevantdisciplines. Increasing emphasis on this approach reflects a recognitionthat one of the major objectives of the social studies program - the ex-planation of human social behavior - cannot be adequately achieved throughsingle-discipline analysis. Students are encouraged to view the totalityas well as the multiple influences operative in all human experience. It

is hoped that this may result in more meaningful and relevant social studiesinstruction.

HOW MAY THE AMERICAN CULTURE COURSES BE MADE INTERDISCIPLINARY?

Any period or topic in American history will become more meaningfulwhen clarified by the specialized perspectives of other social sciencedisciplines. For example, one topic generally studied in the period ofJackson's administration is "The Rise of the Common Man". What contentfrom the various social science disciplines might result in a broaderunderstanding and appreciation of the American way of life?

Geography

urban growth at strategic locations for transportationvaried topography and natural resourcesdevelopment of new regions - West and South

Economics

expansion of agriculture in the new western statesthe factory system in New England; employment

opportunities and development of a new labor classthe American free enterprise system

Anthropology-Sociology

social mobilitycultural changeremoval of Indians to lands west of the Mississippipopulation increaseurbanizationwestward migrationimmigration - new ethnic and religious groupsreform movements: 1:v4.i-slavery, prison and mental

institutions, temperance, feminism

Political Science

extension of franchiseestablishment of free public educationparty politics; present Democratic Party founded,

spoils system (rotation in office)government land policysectional rivalry

Philosorchology

status anxiety (New England challenged by new sections)new ideologies resulting in such social experiments

as Brook Farm, Oneida and New Harmonydevelopment of "frontier" psychology

MUST EACH TOPIC INCLUDE CONCEPTS FROM ALL THE SOCIAL SCIENCES?

It would be unrealistic to assume that all of the social sciences canor should be included in the study of each topic in a course. Teachersshould select those concepts most appropriate tc add new cultural dimensionsand perspective to the understanding of each period.

WILL A COURSE IN A SINGLE DISCIPLINE SUCH AS ECONOMICS OR SOCIOLOGYELIMINATE THE INCLUSION OF CONCEPTS FROM THAT DISCIPLINE IN THE AMERICAN

CULTURE COURSES?

Although the regulations provide for the offering of single difIciplineelectives, such courses will not substitute for the prescribed inclusion ofthat discipline in American Culture studies.

ARE THERE SUGGESTED WAYS OF ORGANIZING AMERICAN CULTURE COURSES?

There are several approaches or organizational patterns which may beused effectively, and the choice depends upon student and teacher interestsand abilities. They include the chronological, the topical or thematic,the problems approach or any of these in combination. In the interest ofgreater relevancy, consideration should be given to new ways of structuringhistory courses which would constitute a departure from the prevailingemphasis on comprehensive coverage of unrelated facts.

The 39th yearbook of the National Council for the Social Studies givesan interesting list of questions which cover the major aspects of UnitedStates history and might serve as an integrating structure for the AmericanCulture courses.1

1. How did the social structure that the European colonists broughtwith them change in the course of their life in America?

2. How did Americans develop a sense of nationality?

3. How did Americans develop a more democratic political system?

4. How did the enslavement of Africans produce tension anddisruption in American life?

5. How has discrimination against Negroes continued to generatetensions in American life?

6. How have Americans tried to cope with growing concentration inbusiness, labor, agriculture, and other aspects of life?

7. How have Americans been affected by their relations with therest of the world?

8. Where, in terms of the major historical themes studied, isAmerican society headed today?

ARE THERE APPROPRIATE MATERIALS?

-Many of the newer textbooks in American History have.been written orrevised with an interdisciplinary orientation. It is recommended howeverthat supplementary materials and multi-media resources be used to stimulateinquiry and provide for varied student ability and interest levels. Many

1Becker, James M. "Organizing the Social Studies Program". In Social

Studies Curriculum Development: Prospects, and Problems. NCSS,

Washington, D. C., 1969, p. 93.

paperback series are available and current textbooks contain a:

bibliographies of reference and audio-visual materials.

A few suggestions for supplementary materials are listed (

6, 7, 8 and 9.

HOW MAY THE REQUIRED INCLUSION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUP HIST(IMPLEMENTED IN AMERICAN CULTURES?

tensive

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RY BE

Our American Culture is a pluralistic one made up of manycultural groups which have contributed to its unique quality a:

Minority group content should be integrated throughout the Ames:courses - not merely by listing the contributions of outstandirgroup members but by including the varying roles played by cliffand ethnic groups where realistic and appropriate in a study elsociety. For example, were the factors which created "Chinatowto those which created Black Ghettos and barrios in our metropoHow was the "melting pot" concept a destructive one? Why was otoward Japanese Americans during World War II different from thother Americans with whose homelands the U.S. was at war?

It is important to correct the mythology surrounding minorand to counteract what has been called the "Three D" philosophydistorti, deletion and denial.

ethnic andd strength.ican Cultureg minorityerent racialAmericanns" similarlitan centers?ur policyat toward

ity groupsof

WHAT CHANGES IN THE TYPICAL COURSE SEQUENCE ARE IrDICATED BY THE NEWREGULATIONS?

The curriculum sequence existing in a large majority of Penlsylvaniaschools is the following:

Grade 7 - Geography - Old World Backgrounds

Grade 8 - American History

Grade 9 - Pennsylvania History/Civics

Grade 10 - World Cultures

Grade 11 - American History

Grade 12 - Problets of Democracy/Economics

If a complete revision is not feasible, there are many ways of varying thissequence to comply with the regulations. One possibility might bc:

Grade 7 - World Cultures I

Grade 8 - Electives

Grade 9 - American Culture I

Grade 10 - American Culture II

Grade 11 - World Cultures II

Grade 12 - Electives

The two years of unspecified requirements enable local districtsto offer a variety of Social Studies courses, and give each disciplinean opportunity to be represented in the curriculum. This does notpreclude the offering of interdisciplinary electives.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

The following is only a sample of the many and varied referenceswhich will complement the standard American History textbook in providinga cultural approach,

The Insight F.,ries: Studies in Contemporary Issues.

V: paperbacks on topics of concern to Americans in thelast quarter century. Interdisciplinary in approach,

they contain primary sources and teaching suggestions.Among the titles are:

Urban Racial Violence in the Twentieth Century

The Welfare State

the Politics and Anti-Politics of the Young

The Oppenheimer Affair

Glencoe Press8701 Wilshire BoulevardBeverly Hills California 90211

Public Issues Series/Harvard Social Studies Project

A series of paperbacks dealing with controversial publicissues in American History such as:

Religious Freedom: Minority Faiths and Majority Rule

The Rise of Organized Labor: Worker Security andEmployer Rights

Negro Views of America: The Legacy of Oppression

The Immigrant's Experience: Cultural Variety, andthe 'Melting Pot'

Race and Education

American Education PublicationsEducation CenterColumbus, Ohio 43216

Problems in American History

Four books of readings which use a problems approach forthe entire span of American History. Selections areincluded from past and present observers of these basicissues, and they are structured around challengingquestions. This is a genuine innovation.

Revolution and Response 1607-1825

Change and Progress 1820-1900

Power and Prosperity 1898-1929

Challenge and Promise 1930 to present

John Wiley and Sons, Inc.605 Third AvenueNew York, New York 10016

Feder, Bernard. Viewpoints U.S.A.

A series of problems in American History; primary sourcematerials and instructional techniques illustrate theinductive approach. Projects for further research and aspecialized bibliography accompany each topic. Individual

problems are available in separate pamphlets. Sample titles

include:

"How Democratic was Jacksonian Democracy?"

"What Direction for the Negro in America?"

"The United States Commitment to the FreeWorld: How Far Should We Go?"

American Book Company300 Pike StreetCincinnati, Ohio 45202

Curti, Merle, et. al. eds. American Issues: The Social Record.Two volumes, paperback.

A compilation of "speeches, reports, pamphlets, letters,autobiographies" which bring additional insights to thestudy of dominant issues in our society.

J. B. LippincottEast Washington SquarePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19105

Problems in American History

Six volumes of source materials organized around asignificant issue of American society. Each volumecontains 15 Problems which may be used individuallyor in units of five. Titles include:

The Causes of War

The Negro in America

Labor in American Society

The Supreme Court in American Life

The Social Setting of Intolerance

Reform in America

Scott Foresman and Company1900 East Lake AvenueGlenview, Illinois 60025

;12

Lincoln Filene Center Secondary Social Studies Program

A series of seven curriculum programs which focus onvarious aspects of citizenship education. These arestructured around affective behavioral objectives, andare designed primarily as supplementary to the existingcurriculum. Each program includes a variety of multi-media experiences as well as a Teacher's Guide. Amongthe titles are:

"Dimensions of Citizenship"

"Politics and Policy Making"

"Urban Problems and Prospects"

Lincoln Filene CenterTufts. UniversityMedford, Massachusetts 02155

New Dimensions in American History

A series of paperbacks produced by the Amherst Projectdesigned to develop new materials for use in teachinghistory and social studies, utilizing the discoverylearning approach. Sample titles:

States' Rights and Indian Removal

The 1920's: A Study in American Values

The Negro Struggle for Equality, in the Twentieth Century

D. C. Heath & Company475 South Dean StreetEnglewood, New Jersey 07631

Zenith Books

These are multi-group paperbacks which focus on Americanminorities and their contributions to our society. De-signed especially for "reluctant readers", they arevaluable for all students in providing an appreciation of

our pluralistic heritage. Among the titles are:

Passage to the Golden Gate: A History of the Chinesein America to 1910

South Rx Southwest: The Mexican-American and His Heritage

The gaitt Rebels: Four Puerto Rican Leaders

Doubleday-Zenith501 Franklin AvenueGarden City, New York 11530