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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 119 963 88 SE 020 015
TITLE Man's Impact on the Environment: The City as anEcosystem.
INSTITUTION Brevard County School Board, Cocoa, Fla.SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education
(DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C.PUB DATE [75]NOTE 180p.; For related documents, see SE 020 014-017.
Newspaper examples used may reproduce marginally
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$10.03 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Conservation Education; *Ecology; *Environmental
Education; *Instructional Materials; LearningActivities; *Population Education; Science Education;Science Materials; *Teaching Guides
IDENTIFIERS Elementary Secondary Education Act Title III; ESEATitle III
ABSTRACTThis environmental education program emphasizes the
cause and effect of change in a city ecosystem with special attentiongiven to man and his role in environmental change. Concepts areemployed from the natural and social sciences to investigateenvironmental problems. Unit activities are inquiry oriented andanswer these questions: (1) What is an ecosystem?; (2) What is adescription of the ecosystem being investigated?; (3) What are someof the biotic and abiotic features of the ecosystem and how do thesefeatures interrelate?; (4) Where are some specific locations of theecosystem being investigated?; (5) What biotic and abiotic featuresir. the ecosystem have changed and are undergoing change?; (6) Whatare the natural factors causing change in the ecosystem and how havethey been changed?; (7) What are the man-made factors causing changein the ecosystem and how have they been brough, about?; (8) What arethe results of the changes?; (9) What, if any, new changes are neededin the ecosystem?; and (10) How might these needed changes to the'cosystem be brought about? Questions 6-8 are answered throughpopulation, water supply, and air pollution activities. The teacher'sguide also contains resources, evaluation techniques, and teachersuggestions for program implementation. Readings, maps, and otherhandouts are given for learner use. (Author/MR)
************************************************************************ Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished *
* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal *
* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *
* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available *
* via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not *
* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions ** supplied by EARS are the best that can be made from the original. *
***********************************************************************
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or r
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in w
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rmed
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suan
t to
agr
ant f
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rily
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lect
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tion
or p
olic
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the
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ffic
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d no
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icia
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orse
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t by
the
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ted
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es O
ffic
e of
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catio
n sh
ould
be
infe
rred
.
RE
PRO
DU
CT
ION
OF
TH
IS M
AT
ER
IAL
Con
trar
y to
usu
al p
ract
ice,
no
rest
rict
ions
are
pla
ced
on th
e us
e, r
e-pr
oduc
tion
or q
uota
tion
from
thes
e re
sour
ce u
nits
if th
e go
al is
inte
nded
toim
prov
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal a
war
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of te
ache
rs, s
tude
nts,
and
the
publ
ic in
gen
eral
RA
TIO
NA
LE
Env
iron
men
tal d
egra
datio
n is
rec
ogni
zed
as a
con
cern
of
incr
easi
ng m
agni
tude
. Man
is th
e pr
e-ci
pita
ting
fact
or in
the
dete
rior
atio
n of
the
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
fac
tors
of
his
envi
ronm
ent,
his
high
lyto
uted
acc
ompl
ishm
ents
not
with
stan
ding
.It
is p
ostu
late
d th
at e
nvir
onm
enta
l pro
blem
s ar
e ex
acer
bate
dby
man
's la
ck o
f kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
his
sur
roun
ding
s, b
oth
phys
ical
and
soc
ial,
as w
ell a
sin
divi
dual
mot
ivat
ion
to a
ct r
espe
ctfu
lly to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
ts.
Thi
s br
oad
spec
trum
eny
irO
nmen
tal e
duca
tion
prog
ram
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
to c
omba
t thi
s sh
orta
geof
und
erst
andi
ng a
nd f
eelin
g.E
mpl
oyin
g co
ncep
ts f
rom
bot
h th
e di
scip
lines
of
natu
ral a
nd s
ocia
l sci
ence
s,a
lear
ner
can
be e
xpos
ed n
ot o
nly
to th
e ph
ysic
al p
heno
men
a th
at a
re b
eing
aff
ecte
d in
his
env
iron
men
tbu
t als
o ca
n be
mad
e aw
are
of th
e hu
man
con
sequ
ence
s of
thes
e ch
ange
s. T
he a
pplic
atio
n of
the
self
-di
scov
ery
tech
niqu
es u
sed
in th
is le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ity p
acka
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
a le
arne
r w
ho:
1.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly in
crea
sed
leve
l of
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
ein
terr
elat
ions
hip
of b
oth
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
asp
ects
of
his
envi
ronm
ent.
2.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly h
ighe
r po
sitiv
e at
titud
e to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
t.
By
acco
mpl
ishi
ng th
ese
obje
ctiv
es w
ith a
sub
stan
tial n
umbe
r of
stu
dent
s, th
ey w
ould
be
equi
pped
with
the
basi
c to
ols
with
whi
ch to
act
ivel
y pu
rsue
sol
utio
ns to
env
iron
men
tal p
robl
ems.
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
S
The
City
as
an E
cosy
stem
Rat
iona
lev
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
viFo
rew
ord
vii
Ack
now
ledg
emen
txx
Loo
king
Ahe
adxx
iA
Mod
el f
or I
nves
tigat
ing
Cha
nge
in E
cosy
stem
xxii
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Intr
oduc
tion
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns I
V)
100
Cau
se/E
ffec
t of
Spec
ific
Cha
nges
(In
quir
y Q
uest
ions
VI
VIM
Popu
latio
n19
Wat
er S
uppl
y28
Air
Pol
lutio
n36
Con
clus
ion
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns I
XX
)42
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
47T
each
er C
oMm
ents
126
FOR
EW
OR
D
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent i
s a
lear
ning
act
ivity
pac
kage
desi
gned
to f
oste
r an
impr
ovem
ent
in th
e le
arne
r's k
now
ledg
e of
and
atti
tude
tow
ard
his
envi
ronm
ent.
As
the
title
mig
ht s
ugge
st, t
his
pack
age
view
s m
an a
s he
aff
ects
his
env
iron
men
t, bo
th th
e liv
ing
and
non-
livin
gfe
atur
es.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
uni
t
of a
naly
sis
used
for
this
stu
dy is
the
ecos
yste
m, a
sys
tem
in w
hich
the
man
y re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
e
livin
g (b
iotic
) an
d no
n-liv
ing
(abi
otic
) as
pect
s of
any
giv
en e
nvir
onm
ent a
rein
vest
igat
ed.
The
eco
syst
em v
iew
of
the
envi
ronm
ent i
s br
ough
t int
o sh
arp
focu
sby
util
izin
g th
e co
ncep
tual
them
e
of c
hang
e.B
iolo
gica
l, ph
ysio
logi
cal,
and
soci
olog
ical
cha
nge
are
all f
acet
s of
this
part
icul
ar c
once
ptua
l
appr
oach
. Maj
or e
mph
asis
is g
iven
to th
e ca
use
and
effe
ct o
f ch
ange
in a
nec
osys
tem
and
spe
cial
atte
ntio
n
is g
iven
to m
an a
nd h
is r
ole
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l cha
nge.
To
faci
litat
e th
e in
vest
igat
ion
of c
hang
e in
var
ious
eco
syst
ems,
an
anal
ytic
al m
odel
- a
ser
ies
of
gene
raliz
ed b
ut b
asic
que
stio
ns a
pplic
able
to a
num
ber
of s
imila
run
its o
f an
alys
is -
abo
ut c
hang
e in
an
ecos
yste
m h
as b
een
deve
lope
d. I
n M
an's
Im
pact
on
the
Env
iron
men
t, le
arni
ngac
tiviti
es a
re p
rovi
ded
that
appl
y th
is a
naly
tical
mod
el to
a s
erie
s of
spe
cifi
c ec
osys
tem
s: b
arri
erbe
ach,
est
uary
, fre
shw
ater
mar
sh,
the
city
.It
is b
elie
ved
that
onc
e a
lear
ner
beco
mes
acq
uain
ted
with
this
mod
el,
he c
an u
se it
as
a gu
ide
to s
tudy
any
eco
syst
em h
e w
ishe
s.
The
app
licat
ion
of th
is m
odel
to s
elec
ted
ecos
yste
ms
is m
ade
thro
ugh
an in
quir
y, o
r se
lf-d
isco
very
,
lear
ning
app
roac
h. E
ven
thou
gh th
e le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
are
bas
ed o
n a
very
dire
cted
inqu
iry
tech
niqu
e, th
e
lear
ner
still
ben
efits
fro
m u
sing
his
ana
lytic
al s
kills
, gai
ning
fac
ts, a
nd e
xplo
ring
and
clar
ifyi
ng h
is v
alue
s
and
attit
udes
tow
ard
the
envi
ronm
ent.
vii
How
To
Use
Thi
s L
earn
ing
Pack
et
Thi
s le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
pac
kage
is d
ivid
ed in
to th
ree
maj
or s
ectio
ns -
-L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es,
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
(SC
) an
d T
each
er C
omm
ents
(T
C).
The
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
sec
tion
prov
ides
in-
.
vest
igat
ions
for
eac
h in
quir
y qu
estio
n lis
ted
in th
e an
alyt
ical
mod
el. T
hese
inve
stig
atio
ns a
re d
esig
ned
to g
uide
the
lear
ner
tow
ard
a w
ell g
roun
ded
conc
lusi
on to
the
inqu
iry
ques
tions
.A
long
with
the
Lea
rnin
g
Act
iviti
es, t
his
divi
sion
incl
udes
Res
ourc
es n
eede
d to
com
plet
e th
e in
vest
igat
ions
,su
gges
ted
Eva
luat
ion
proc
edur
es f
or s
tude
nt p
erfo
rman
ce, a
nd T
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns. T
he e
valu
atio
n te
chni
ques
are
expl
aine
d
in d
epth
late
r in
this
For
ewar
d. S
tude
nt C
omm
ents
are
rea
ding
s, m
aps,
and
oth
erha
ndou
ts th
at a
re
inte
gral
par
ts o
f th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es a
nd a
re to
be
repr
oduc
ed f
or le
arne
r us
e. T
heSt
uden
t Com
men
ts
are
num
bere
d an
d lo
cate
d al
l tog
ethe
r fo
llow
ing
the
sect
ior
,on:
:L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es.
Tea
cher
Com
men
ts
give
bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on a
var
iety
of
aspe
cts
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng s
tudi
ed. E
ven
thou
gh th
e T
each
er
Com
men
ts a
re p
rim
arily
des
igne
d fo
r th
e te
ache
r, m
any
inst
ruct
ors
have
fou
nd it
use
ful t
ore
prod
uce
thes
e
for
thei
r st
uden
ts to
use
.
In a
n ef
fort
to m
ake
this
lear
ning
pac
ket a
s st
uden
t-or
ient
ed a
s po
ssib
le, t
here
has
bee
nin
clud
ed
an e
xpla
natio
n of
a w
orka
ble
prog
ram
in w
hich
stu
dent
s co
nduc
t cla
ssdi
scus
sion
. Rea
d ca
refu
lly th
e fd
l-lo
win
g Su
gges
ted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n fo
r po
ssib
le im
plem
enta
tion
in y
our
clas
sroo
m.
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent a
lso
prov
ides
a s
erie
s of
sug
gest
ed m
etho
ds f
or e
valu
atin
gle
arne
rpe
rfor
man
ce. E
mpl
oym
ent o
f th
ese
part
icul
ar te
chni
es a
re n
ot c
ritic
al to
the
succ
ess
of th
e le
arni
ngun
it, b
ut a
re p
roce
dure
s th
at h
ave
prov
ed m
eani
ngfu
l to
the
clas
sroo
m te
ache
rs w
ho d
evel
oped
this
lear
ning
activ
ity p
acka
ge. A
Pro
pose
d Sc
hem
e of
Tec
hniq
ues
for
Eva
luat
ing
Stud
ent P
erfo
rman
ce m
erits
clo
seat
tent
ion
and
can
be f
ound
in th
is F
orew
ard.
viii
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n
"The
onl
y le
arni
ng w
hich
sig
nifi
cant
ly in
flue
nces
beh
avio
r is
sel
f-di
scov
ered
, sel
f-ap
prop
riat
edle
arni
ng.
Self
-app
ropr
iatio
n or
'lea
rnin
g it
for
mys
elf'
happ
ens
whe
n th
ere
is p
roce
ss, o
r w
hen
the
stud
ent i
s an
act
ivis
t_
.. o
rw
hen
the
stud
ent i
s se
arch
ing,
or
whe
n th
e st
uden
t is
doin
g an
ythi
ng w
ithth
e te
ache
r --
like
und
erst
andi
ng o
r lo
ving
him
."*
One
pro
cess
that
can
be
activ
ely
utili
zed
for
self
-dis
cove
red
lear
ning
is th
e st
uden
t-di
rect
ed c
lass
disc
ussi
on. D
iscu
ssio
n re
volv
ing
arou
nd c
halle
ngin
g, in
quir
y or
ient
ed q
uest
ions
sup
plie
d by
the
teac
her,
but c
ondu
cted
exc
lusi
vely
by
the
stud
ents
, will
pro
vide
the
part
icip
antg
the
oppo
rtun
ity f
or a
ctiv
e in
volv
e-m
ent.
Stud
ent-
dire
cted
dis
cuss
ions
allo
w th
e st
uden
t to
expr
ess
opin
ions
ope
nly
and
argu
e fr
eely
for
his
poin
t of
view
in a
n at
mos
pher
e m
onito
red
by h
is p
eers
inst
ead
of th
e, m
ore
ofte
n th
an n
ot, s
taid
que
stio
nan
d an
swer
situ
atio
n st
ruct
ured
by
the
teac
her.
t--a
,t-
a.C
lass
dis
cuss
ions
dir
ecte
d by
stu
dent
s al
so f
ree
the
teac
her
to b
ecom
e a
shar
per
obse
rver
of
stu-
dent
inte
ract
ion,
a b
ette
r lis
tene
r, a
nd m
ore
effe
ctiv
e ev
alua
tor.
By
allo
win
g st
uden
ts th
e ch
ance
to c
on-
duct
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns a
nd r
efra
inin
g fr
om v
oici
ng p
erso
nal o
pini
ons
and
mak
ing
auth
orita
tive
stat
emen
ts,
the
teac
her
will
hav
e m
ore
time
to o
bser
ve, l
iste
n, a
nd e
valu
ate.
Stu
dent
con
fide
nce
is d
evel
oped
whe
nth
e te
ache
r al
low
s th
em to
wor
k ou
t the
ir o
wn
prob
lem
s an
d ac
ts a
s a
guid
e an
d no
t the
sol
e in
telle
ctua
lau
thor
ity in
the
room
. Tea
cher
sug
gest
ions
sho
uld
be o
ffer
ed s
pari
ngly
and
onl
y if
stu
dent
s ge
t too
far
off
the
subj
ect a
nd ju
st c
an't
get b
ack
to th
e bu
sine
ss a
t han
d.O
ne h
ighl
y su
cces
sful
mod
el f
or s
tude
nt-d
irec
ted
clas
s di
scus
sion
has
bee
n em
ploy
ed f
or s
ever
alye
ars
in s
ocia
l stu
dies
cla
sses
at D
eLau
ra J
unio
r H
igh
Scho
ol, S
atel
lite
Bea
ch, F
lori
da.
* C
arl R
oger
s
Stud
ents
ass
ume
the
thre
e fo
llow
ing
posi
tions
:(1
) M
oder
ator
, (2)
Boa
rd R
ecor
der,
(3)
Des
k R
e-co
rder
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
all v
olun
tary
and
stu
dent
s m
ay c
hoos
e to
be
one,
two,
or
all t
hree
, not
all
at o
nce.
A s
heet
of
pape
r fo
r ea
ch p
ositi
on m
ay b
e pa
ssed
aro
und
the
room
, and
stu
dent
s m
ay s
ign
upfo
r an
y, a
ll, o
r no
ne o
f th
ese.
Whe
n an
y po
sitio
n is
nee
ded,
the
teac
her
can
just
pic
kon
e st
uden
t, st
art-
ing
at th
e to
p of
the
list.
Mod
erat
or a
nd B
oard
Rec
orde
r se
rve
one
clas
s pe
riod
and
the
Des
k R
ecor
der
serv
es th
roug
hout
the
entir
e di
scus
sion
of
the
over
all i
ssue
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
exce
llent
for
thos
e qu
iet,
shy
stud
ents
who
hes
itate
to e
xpre
ss th
eir
opin
ions
in a
larg
e gr
oup.
A te
ache
r sh
ould
aw
ard
extr
a po
ints
to th
ose
stud
ents
who
vol
unte
er f
or th
ese
posi
tions
.(1
)T
he M
oder
ator
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
.C
alls
on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
exp
ress
them
selv
es.
B.
Con
tinue
s to
cal
l on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
spe
ak a
s lo
ng a
s th
ere
is q
uiet
coo
pera
tion
-s NI
of th
e re
mai
ning
stu
dent
s.C
.M
aint
ains
par
liam
enta
ry p
roce
dure
.(S
impl
e pa
rlia
men
tary
pro
cedu
re m
ight
be
ex-
plai
ned
by th
e te
ache
r --
poi
nt o
f or
der,
cal
l for
que
stio
n,m
akin
g a
mot
ion,
etc
.)D
.D
oes
not e
xpre
ss a
n op
inio
n.(2
)T
he B
oard
Rec
orde
r -
Res
pons
ibili
ties
A. R
ecor
ds p
ertin
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
halk
boar
das
dir
ecte
d by
stu
dent
s so
that
the
Des
kR
ecor
der
can
mak
e a
copy
of
the
info
rmat
ion
for
the
clas
s lo
g an
d he
lp k
eep
disc
ussi
onon
the
poin
t.B
.M
ay e
xpre
ss o
pini
ons
whe
n re
cogn
ized
by
the
Mod
erat
or.
(3)
The
Des
k R
ecor
der
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
. Rec
ords
in a
cla
ss lo
g in
form
atio
n ex
actly
as
it ap
pear
son
the
chal
kboa
rd.
B.
Act
s as
sec
reta
ry w
hen
argu
men
ts o
ccur
ove
r pr
evio
us m
ater
ial b
y re
ferr
ing
topr
e-vi
ous
reco
rds
in lo
g.
x
C.
Plac
es p
revi
ous
day'
s w
ork
on c
halk
boar
d at
the
begi
nnin
g of
eac
h cl
ass
mee
ting.
D. R
ecor
ds in
form
atio
n on
ditt
o at
the
conc
lusi
on o
f th
e di
scus
sion
s fo
r di
stri
butio
n to
mem
bers
of
the
clas
s.
CH
AL
KB
OA
RD
00
00
O 00
0.
0O0
00
0o
e0
oo
0O0
0000
00
0 0
0 0
KEY:
(RBOARD RECORDER
eSTUDENT
MODERATOR
0DESK
RECORDER
0STUDENTS
TEACHER
Phys
ical
arr
ange
men
ts o
f th
e cl
ass
envi
.--n
men
tco
ntri
bute
sig
nifi
cant
ly to
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n.D
esks
sho
uld
be s
ituat
ed s
o th
at s
tude
nts
can
gene
rally
fac
e ea
ch o
ther
for
eas
ier
inte
ract
ion
and
see
the
chal
kboa
rd w
ithou
t dif
ficu
lty.
See
diag
ram
at l
eft.
Rem
embe
r! T
he te
ache
r is
an
obse
rver
,lis
tene
r, a
nd e
valu
ator
! O
ne s
ugge
sted
sch
eme
for
eval
uatin
g la
rge
grou
p di
scus
sion
is e
xpla
ined
in th
e ne
xt s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
If
this
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
is to
be
adop
ted
in y
our
clas
sroo
m, t
horo
ugh
expl
anat
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
to y
our
stud
ents
bef
ore
star
ting
the
unit
of s
tudy
. -Dav
id M
acD
onal
d, J
une
Schm
idlk
ofer
Soci
al S
tudi
es te
ache
rsD
eLau
ra J
unio
r H
igh
scho
olSa
telli
te B
each
, Flo
rida
A P
ropo
sed
Sche
me
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r E
valu
atin
g St
uden
t Per
form
ance
Eva
luat
ing
stud
ent p
erfo
rman
ce is
dif
ficu
lt at
bes
t.M
ost c
lass
room
teac
hers
hav
e de
velo
ped
syst
ems
for
"gra
ding
" th
eir
stud
ents
with
whi
ch th
ey a
re m
ost c
omfo
rtab
le. O
ther
teac
hers
are
qui
te u
ncom
fort
able
with
any
tech
niqu
es f
or m
easu
ring
stu
dent
pro
gres
s. W
e m
ake
no a
ttem
pts
at s
olvi
ng th
e pr
oble
ms
and
in-
equi
ties
inhe
rent
in m
ost e
valu
atio
n sc
hem
es. W
e on
ly p
rese
nt s
ome
way
s th
at s
ome
clas
sroo
m te
ache
rsha
ve u
sed
and
have
fou
nd to
be
succ
essf
ul f
or th
em.
Plea
se r
evie
w th
e su
gges
ted
met
hods
incl
uded
her
ean
d m
odif
y fo
r us
e in
you
r ow
n si
tuat
ion.
Wha
teve
r ge
nera
l eva
luat
ion
proc
ess
is c
hose
n, e
xpla
in it
s fu
nctio
nto
you
r st
uden
ts b
efor
e be
ginn
ing
the
unit
of s
tudy
.St
uden
t ach
ieve
men
t can
be
eval
uate
d on
mor
e th
an w
ritte
n te
sts,
eve
n th
ough
thes
e ha
ve th
eir
plac
e.A
dditi
onal
are
as o
f m
easu
rem
ent m
ay in
clud
e la
rge
grou
p di
scus
sion
, sm
all g
roup
wor
k, s
elf-
eval
uatio
n,or
al r
epor
ts, v
isua
l cre
atio
ns (
post
ers,
cha
rts,
gra
phs,
dia
gram
s, c
olla
ges)
, and
wri
tten
assi
gnm
ents
.O
ne s
ugge
sted
met
hod
of s
cori
ng th
ese
and
othe
r ar
eas
is th
roug
h a
poin
t sys
tem
in w
hich
a h
ighe
rnu
mbe
r of
poi
nts
refl
ects
hig
her
qual
ity. A
poi
nt s
cale
is e
stab
lishe
d fo
r ea
ch a
rea
bein
g ju
dged
, poi
nts
are
gran
ted
eith
er b
y st
uden
ts o
r te
ache
r fo
r an
indi
vidu
al's
per
form
ance
and
eac
h st
uden
t rec
ords
his
ow
nac
cum
ulat
ion
of p
oint
s.T
his
reco
rd c
ould
take
the
form
of
an I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
(I.
P. S
.) s
how
n on
the
next
pag
e. T
he s
heet
ser
ves
as a
sum
mar
y fo
r po
ints
giv
en in
the
four
cat
egor
ies
of e
valu
atio
n di
scus
sed
in th
is s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
Oth
er a
spec
ts o
f ev
alua
tion,
not
incl
uded
on
the
Indi
vidu
al P
oint
Shee
t may
be
incl
uded
at t
he te
ache
r's d
iscr
etio
n. B
e cr
eativ
e an
d re
war
d yo
ur s
tude
nts
for
the
good
they
do.
Acc
entu
ate
the
posi
tive
and
elim
inat
e th
e ne
gativ
e.Po
int S
heet
s ar
e ke
pt f
or o
ne w
eek
at a
tim
e by
the
stud
ent w
ho to
tals
his
poi
nts
and
then
turn
sth
em in
to th
e te
ache
r. A
t the
end
of
a st
anda
rd g
radi
ng p
erio
d, a
ll I.
P. S
. tot
als
are
adde
d an
d th
ete
ache
r co
nver
ts th
em in
to a
gra
de.
Eac
h of
the
divi
sion
s on
the
I. P
. S. a
re e
xpla
ined
on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges
and
deta
iled
scor
ing
inst
ru-
men
ts a
re p
rovi
ded
for
your
con
side
ratio
n in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t sec
tion.
xii
IND
IVID
UA
L P
OIN
T S
HE
ET
Tot
al P
oint
s
Nam
e
11
Peri
od
Wee
k
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Poin
tsSe
lf-E
valu
atio
n Po
ints
M.
-M
.
T.
T.
W.
,W
.
Th.
1 iT
h.F.
iF.
Sub-
tota
lSu
b-to
tal
i 1 ;
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Poin
tsO
ral-
Vis
ual-
Wri
tten
Poin
tsM
.i
M.
:T.
T.
W.
W.
Th.
Th.
i
F.F.
Sub-
tota
lSu
b-to
tal
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Lar
ge g
roup
dis
cuss
ion
is p
roba
bly
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
lear
ning
tech
niqu
e in
the
clas
sroo
m.
Mos
t of
the
time
this
type
of
disc
ussi
on is
teac
her-
cent
ered
or d
irec
ted.
How
ever
, it i
s po
ssib
le f
orcl
ass
disc
ussi
ons
to b
e st
uden
t dir
ecte
d; th
is le
aves
the
teac
her
free
to b
e an
obs
erve
r, li
sten
er, a
ndev
alua
tor.
The
sec
tion,
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n, p
age
ix, g
ives
de-
tails
in h
ow to
est
ablis
h a
stud
ent-
dire
cted
dis
cuss
ion.
With
stu
dent
s di
rect
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
the
teac
her
has
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
bec
ome
a m
ore
re-
liabl
e ev
alua
tor.
Mos
t tea
cher
s ha
ve th
eir
own
met
hods
for
judg
ing
thei
r st
uden
ts' c
omm
ents
as
agr
oup
disc
ussi
on p
rogr
esse
s, h
owev
er f
or th
ose
inst
ruct
ors
who
may
wis
h so
me
help
in th
is m
atte
rw
e ha
ve in
clud
ed a
sam
ple
chec
klis
t in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion
as a
pos
sibl
e m
easu
ring
dev
ice.
Lar
ge g
roup
dis
cuss
ions
are
use
d fr
eque
ntly
thro
ugho
ut th
isun
it of
stu
dy, e
spec
ially
as
ate
chni
que
for
sum
mar
izin
g or
rea
chin
ga
conc
ludi
ng a
nsw
er to
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n be
ing
inve
stig
ated
.C
lass
dis
cuss
io..
has
been
sho
wn
to b
eon
e of
the
stud
ents
' fav
orite
mea
ns f
or le
arni
ng, t
here
fore
it is
an e
xcel
lent
opp
ortu
nity
for
the
teac
her
to e
valu
ate
youn
g pe
ople
's th
inki
ng a
ndex
pres
sion
.If
the
sug-
gest
ed c
heck
list m
entio
ned
abov
e is
to b
e em
ploy
ed, e
xpla
inits
use
to th
e st
uden
ts b
efor
e th
e un
it of
stud
y is
beg
un.
xiv
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
is a
n ef
fect
ive
met
hod
used
to d
evel
op c
omm
unic
atio
n, c
oope
ratio
n,se
lf-
expr
essi
on, l
eade
rshi
p, c
reat
ivity
, int
erac
tion
and
shar
ing
of id
eas
and
know
ledg
e.T
his
tech
niqu
e is
succ
essf
ul w
ith s
tude
nts
in m
ost l
earn
ing
situ
atio
ns.
The
pur
pose
of
this
tech
niqu
e is
to d
evel
op a
stu
dent
-cen
tere
d cl
assr
oom
rat
her
than
a te
ache
r-di
rect
ed c
lass
room
. Thr
ough
thes
e sm
all g
roup
dis
cuss
ions
, stu
dent
s fe
elfr
eer
to e
xpre
ss th
emse
lves
and
som
e de
velo
p le
ader
ship
ski
lls w
hich
are
not
pre
sent
in la
rge
grou
ps.
Oth
er b
enef
fts
are
that
stu
-de
nts
lear
n to
wor
k or
coo
pera
te w
ith a
var
iety
of
thei
rpe
ers
and
not j
ust t
he s
ame
grou
p al
l the
tim
e.M
ost s
tude
nts
lear
n to
cop
e w
ith a
new
situ
atio
n an
d/or
pro
blem
to s
olve
.It
is im
pera
tive
that
a te
ache
rst
rive
to a
llow
stu
dent
s to
sol
ve th
eir
own
grou
p pr
oble
ms.
Tea
cher
s sh
ould
allo
w s
tude
nts
in s
mal
l1-
1gr
oups
to e
lect
thei
r le
ader
ship
exc
ept i
n N
o. 4
(C
apta
in-s
elec
tion)
of
the
idea
s be
low
.
Her
e ar
e so
me
sugg
este
d w
ays
to o
rgan
ize
stud
ents
into
sm
all g
roup
s.
1.C
ount
ing-
off
n.D
ecid
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
gro
ups
need
ed.
b.Su
gges
t fou
r to
six
mem
bers
in e
ach
grou
p.c.
Star
t cou
nt a
nyw
here
in th
e ro
om w
ith #
1 an
d go
to d
esir
ed n
umbe
r (4
-5-6
).d.
Con
tinue
cou
ntin
g of
f un
til a
ll st
uden
ts a
re m
embe
rs o
f a
grou
p.
2.D
raw
ing
num
bers
a.Sa
me
as N
o. la
abo
ve.
b.Sa
me
as N
o. lb
abo
ve.
c.it
in a
box
the
desi
red
sets
of
num
bers
.d.
Stud
ents
will
dra
w f
rom
the
box
a nu
mbe
red
slip
of
pape
r w
hich
will
det
erm
ine
thei
rgr
oup.
3.Se
lf-g
roup
ing
a.A
rran
ge f
urni
ture
pri
or to
cla
ssm
eetin
g fo
r de
sire
d nu
mbe
r of
grou
ps.
b.C
hoic
e of
loca
tion
sele
cted
by
stud
ent
upon
ent
erin
g th
e ro
om.
4.C
apta
in-s
elec
tion
a.C
ount
off
and
sel
ect d
esir
ed n
umbe
rsu
ch a
s ev
ery
tent
hpe
rson
fro
m th
e ro
llboo
k.St
uden
t has
cho
ice
of b
eing
or n
ot b
eing
a c
apta
in.
b.C
ontin
ue th
is u
ntil
the
desi
red
num
ber
of c
apta
ins
have
bee
n ob
tain
ed.
c.Po
sitio
n ca
ptai
ns a
t var
ious
sta
tions
inth
e ro
om, a
s se
lect
ion
is b
eing
mad
e.d.
Cap
tain
sel
ects
team
mem
bers
.C
apta
in's
pos
ition
is r
otat
edam
ong
team
if d
esir
ed.
e.C
ontin
ue u
ntil
all m
embe
rs o
f th
ecl
ass
atel
on a
team
.?-
aC
O-
Dav
id M
cDon
ald,
Jun
e Sc
hmid
lkaf
orSo
cial
Stu
dies
Tea
cher
sD
e L
aura
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
Sate
llite
Bea
ch, F
lori
da
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
asa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
eou
tcom
e of
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
t of
stud
y,w
e su
gges
t the
use
of
the
follo
win
gpr
oces
s fo
r ch
ecki
ng th
e re
sults
of
grou
ps in
vest
igat
ing
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
ispr
actic
al to
do
so.
1.A
t the
end
of
the
stud
y of
eac
hIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
ther
e w
ill b
ean
exe
rcis
e .in
the
Lea
rnin
gA
ctiv
ities
col
umn
entit
led
Che
ck L
Q.
At t
his
poin
t hav
e ea
ch in
divi
dual
with
in a
sm
all g
roup
wri
te o
ut w
hat h
e th
inks
is th
ean
swer
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
by
filli
ng o
ut th
eup
per
half
of
the
I. Q
. (In
quir
y Q
uest
ion)
Che
ck f
orm
pro
vide
d in
the
Stud
ent
Com
men
t sec
tion.
xvi
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
I. Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
lgr
oup
for
grad
ing.
3.C
lass
mem
bers
will
:a.
Hav
e in
fro
nt o
f th
em a
cop
y of
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n fo
r th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
arri
ved
atdu
ring
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
b.D
ecid
e ho
w m
any
tota
l gra
de-p
oint
s sh
ould
be
poss
ible
for
the
prop
er r
espo
nse
to th
eIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
4.E
ach
smal
l gro
up w
ill c
ompa
re th
e an
swer
she
et h
ande
d it
with
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n an
d th
en f
illou
t the
low
er h
alf
of th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m. E
xper
ienc
e ha
s sh
own
that
mor
e ho
nest
and
ser
ious
eval
uatio
ns a
re m
ade
whe
n st
uden
ts d
o no
t kno
w w
ho is
che
ckin
g w
hose
pap
er. T
hena
me
ofth
e ch
ecke
r on
the
I. Q
. Che
ck f
orm
is f
or th
e te
ache
r on
ly.
5.R
etur
n L
Q. C
heck
s to
teac
her
who
may
rev
eal s
core
s to
stu
dent
s.
;-.A
.cz
,If
this
met
hod
of e
valu
atio
n is
em
ploy
ed, i
t wou
ld b
e es
sent
ial f
or s
tude
nts
to r
emai
n in
the
sam
esm
all g
roup
unt
il co
mpl
etio
n is
mad
e of
all
inve
stig
atio
ns f
or a
ny o
ne I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion.
Self
-Eva
luat
ion
App
rais
ing
one'
s ow
n pr
ogre
ss is
pro
babl
y th
e m
ost e
ffec
tive
mea
ns o
f ev
alua
tion.
No
one
bette
rth
an th
e st
uden
t him
self
kno
ws
how
inte
rest
ed h
e w
as in
the
subj
ect,
how
cle
arly
he
unde
rsta
nds
the
con-
cept
s, h
ow m
uch
effo
rt w
as e
xpen
ded
on th
e le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
,or
how
muc
h co
oper
ativ
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
heto
ok in
-gro
up v
entu
res.
A s
yste
m o
f se
lf-e
valu
atio
nca
n gu
ide
a st
uden
t to
a pl
ace
whe
re h
e ca
n se
e hi
sow
n st
rong
fea
ture
s as
wel
l as
wea
k on
es. F
rom
this
van
tage
poi
nt, h
e ca
n be
gin
to m
ake
cons
truc
tive
chan
ges
in h
is b
ehav
ior.
In th
e St
uden
t Com
men
t Sec
tion
ther
e is
pro
vide
d on
e sa
mpl
e m
easu
ring
dev
ice
whi
ch c
ould
be
t.ut
ilize
d th
roug
hout
this
uni
t of
stud
y.If
this
inst
rum
ent o
r so
me
sim
ilar
form
is a
dopt
ed, p
leas
e ex
plai
n:`
-
c::'
its u
se to
stu
dent
s be
fore
any
lear
ning
act
iviti
es s
tart
.
Ora
l - V
isua
l - W
ritte
n A
ssig
nmen
ts
Var
iety
is a
key
to c
ompr
ehen
sive
eva
luat
ion
of s
tude
nt p
rogr
ess.
Ora
l rep
orts
, vis
ual c
reat
ions
and
wri
tten
assi
gnm
ents
are
but
a s
mal
l lis
t of
activ
ities
that
can
be
used
to m
easu
re th
e gr
owth
of
stu-
dent
s.W
hile
for
mal
ora
l pre
sent
atio
ns a
re a
t a m
inim
um in
thes
e un
its o
f st
udy,
they
may
be
requ
ired
and
we
have
incl
uded
a s
ampl
e fo
rm f
or e
valu
atin
g su
ch r
epor
ts in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion.
Vis
ual w
ork
is c
alle
d fo
r m
ore
freq
uent
ly th
roug
hout
the
lear
ning
act
iviti
es, t
here
fore
we
have
sug
gest
edso
me
guid
elin
es f
or s
cori
ng th
is ty
pe o
f ef
fort
in th
e T
each
er C
omm
ent S
ectio
n.T
hese
two
form
s co
uld
be e
asily
mod
ifie
d fo
r an
y lo
cal s
ituat
ion.
The
ran
ge o
f w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts r
eque
sted
is s
o gr
eat t
hat
the
eval
uatio
n of
this
are
a is
left
com
plet
ely
up to
the
teac
her.
Wha
teve
r m
etho
ds f
or e
valu
atin
g or
al,
visu
al, a
nd w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts a
re a
pplie
d sh
ould
be
care
fully
exp
lain
ed to
stu
dent
s be
fore
beg
inni
ng th
eun
it of
stu
dy.
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
T
Thi
s Pr
ojec
t wou
ld h
ave
been
impo
ssib
le w
ithou
t the
eff
orts
and
coo
pera
tion
of th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
hers
who
hel
ped
deve
lop,
test
, and
rev
ise
thes
e en
viro
nmen
tal l
earn
ing
units
.T
he a
ssis
tanc
e gi
ven
by D
r. E
dwin
Shi
rkey
, of
Flor
ida
Tec
hnol
ogic
al U
nive
rsity
in O
rlan
do. F
lori
da, t
oev
alua
te th
e st
uden
ts'
perf
orm
ance
out
com
es w
as in
valu
able
.St
uden
ts p
artic
ipat
ing
in a
ll th
e Pi
lot C
lass
es m
ade
man
y co
n-
stru
ctiv
e su
gges
tions
for
rev
isin
g th
e le
arni
ng u
nits
.
Spec
ial m
entio
n go
es to
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho p
erfo
rmed
ext
ra ta
sks.
Dav
idM
acD
onal
d an
d Ju
ne
Schm
idlk
ofer
wer
e in
stru
men
tal i
n w
ritin
g A
Sug
gest
ed M
odel
for
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
and
part
s of
the
sect
ion
on e
valu
atin
g st
uden
t per
form
ance
. Eri
c Jo
hnso
n, R
ober
tFi
ndla
y an
d Jo
Ann
Str
inge
r
acte
d as
the
revi
sion
com
mitt
ee, m
akin
g th
e ch
ange
s th
at m
ade
this
fin
al p
rodu
ctpo
ssib
le.
Nin
a B
elle
Fri
tz,
Elle
n C
laus
sen
and
Lin
da L
inco
ln s
pent
hou
rs d
raw
ing
up a
pac
kage
of
mat
eria
l tha
tw
ould
exp
lain
to te
ache
rs
how
they
cou
ld u
se M
an's
Im
pact
on
the
Env
iron
men
t.
My
grea
test
app
reci
atio
n is
ext
ende
d to
all
of th
ese
indi
vidu
als.
Rog
er L
. Hen
ryC
hair
man
LO
OK
ING
AH
EA
D
Loo
king
Ahe
ad is
a f
eatu
re p
rovi
ded
for
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho w
ish
to b
e pr
epar
ed f
or th
e le
arni
ngac
tiviti
es b
y se
curi
ng th
e ne
eded
res
ourc
es n
ot s
uppl
ied
with
in th
is p
acka
ge b
efor
e it
is ti
me
to u
se th
em.
Loo
king
Ahe
ad a
t the
City
1. 2. 3.
Res
ourc
e N
eede
dPl
ace
Use
d (P
age
Num
ber)
Film
stri
p: K
eys
to B
asic
Eco
logy
3 6 8
Film
: City
Lim
its
Film
stri
p: N
ew Y
ork
City
: An
Env
iron
men
tal C
ase
Stud
y
4.Po
pula
tion
map
s12
5.Sp
ecia
l mag
azin
es23
6.L
ibra
ry ti
me
26
7.D
ebat
e gu
idel
ines
26
8.M
ater
ials
for
exp
erim
ents
37-3
8
9.Fi
lmst
rip:
Pol
lutio
n: O
ur A
ir39
10.
Mag
azin
es, n
ewsp
aper
s39
11.
Film
stri
p: U
rban
Civ
iliza
tion
46
A M
OD
EL
FO
R I
NV
EST
IGA
TIN
G C
HA
NG
E I
N E
CO
SYST
EM
S
An
Inqu
iry
Stud
y
I.W
hat i
s an
eco
syst
em?
II.
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
III.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?
IV.
Whe
re a
re s
ome
spec
ific
loca
tions
of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
V.
Wha
t bio
tic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
in th
e ec
osys
tem
hav
e ch
ange
d an
d ar
e un
derg
oing
cha
nge?
NI
)4=
VI.
Wha
t are
the
natu
ral f
acto
rs c
ausi
ng c
hang
e in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
tab
out?
VII
.W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A. B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?
IX.
Wha
t, if
any
, new
cha
nges
are
nee
ded
in th
e ec
osys
tem
?
X.
How
mig
ht th
ese
need
ed c
hang
es to
the
ecos
yste
m b
e br
ough
t abo
ut?
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
Intr
oduc
tion
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns I
V)
1
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1:
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
1.W
rite
this
que
stio
n on
chal
kboa
rd: "
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?"2.
Tel
l cla
ss th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.O
bser
ve a
n ec
osys
tem
.
B.
OB
SER
VE
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.T
his
Inve
stig
atio
nr,
-w
ill le
ad s
tude
nts
to d
efin
eec
osys
tem
.2.
The
sch
ool g
roun
dsw
ill s
erve
as
an a
dequ
ate
ecos
yste
m f
or o
bser
vatio
n.
B.
OB
SER
VE
b.R
ecor
d al
l the
y se
e or
sens
e in
thei
r ob
ser-
vatio
ns.
c.Pr
edic
t a d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m.
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.T
ake
grou
ps o
utsi
de o
nsc
hool
gro
unds
and
dep
loy
atva
riou
s si
tes.
3.T
ell a
ll gr
oups
to r
ecor
dal
l the
y se
e an
d se
nse
in th
eir
sur-
roun
ding
s.
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
1.U
sing
thei
r re
cord
ed o
b-se
rvat
ions
, hav
e ea
ch g
roup
dev
elop
a pr
edic
ted
defi
nitio
n of
eco
syst
em.
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
1.A
t thi
s tim
e, d
o no
tm
ake
any
com
men
t on
whe
ther
or n
ot th
e de
fini
tion
is c
orre
ct.
2.R
ecor
d co
nsen
sus
onch
alkb
oard
.
Col
lect
wri
tten
copi
es o
f de
fini
tions
and
chec
k.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rep
ort i
tsde
fini
tion
to th
e cl
ass
and
thro
ugh
disc
- -s
sion
, rea
ch a
con
sens
us o
nth
e m
eani
ng o
f ec
osys
tem
.
2
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
D.
VIE
WI7
An
alte
rnat
e fi
lm-
stri
p th
at c
ould
be
used
:a.
Our
Env
iron
-
D.
VIE
W1
Tel
l the
cla
ss th
ey a
rego
ing
to: a.
Vie
w a
sou
nd f
ilmst
rip
b. C
ompa
re th
eir
defi
-ni
tion
of e
cosy
stem
with
wha
t the
y se
ean
d he
ar.
c.R
evis
e th
eir
clas
sde
fini
tion
if n
eces
sary
.2.
Show
film
stri
p on
eco
logy
.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
D.
VIE
Wm
osey
s to
D.
VIE
W
E.
DIS
CU
SS
Bas
ic E
colo
gy "
In-
terr
elat
ion6
hip
Set"
Film
stri
p 41
- E
co-
syst
em.
2.O
rder
fro
m:
Olin
Edu
catio
nal S
er-
vice
s, 4
60 P
ark
Ave
.,N
ew Y
ork,
N. Y
.10
022.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
rent
: Pro
blem
or P
rom
ise,
Film
stri
p x2
11 -
"Eco
logy
: The
Web
of
Nat
ure.
"b.
Ord
er f
rom
:A
.J.N
ystr
oman
d C
o.,
3333
Els
ton
Ave
.,C
hica
go, I
llino
is60
618.
2.A
ny lo
cal v
isua
l-ai
dth
at s
how
s th
e de
fini
tion
of a
nec
osys
tem
can
be
used
.
E.
DIS
CU
SS1.
Thr
ough
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n,re
vise
pre
dict
ed c
lass
def
initi
on if
need
ed.
2.Fa
mili
ariz
e st
uden
ts w
ithth
e m
eani
ng o
f bi
otic
and
abi
otic
, as
1.O
ne d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m -
- "a
sys
tem
inw
hich
the
biot
ic (
livin
g) a
ndab
iotic
(no
n-liv
ing)
fea
ture
sar
e in
con
stan
t int
erac
tion.
"2.
Mea
ning
s:B
iotic
mea
ns a
ll th
ings
livi
ngth
ey r
elat
e to
the
defi
nitio
n of
ecos
yste
m. T
hese
wor
ds w
ill b
eus
ed th
roug
hout
the
unit
of s
tudy
.
.
or r
ecen
tly li
ving
.A
biot
ic m
eans
all
thin
gs n
on-
livin
g.B
io-
from
the
Gre
ek, b
ios,
mea
ning
life
.A
-fro
m th
e G
reek
, mea
ning
....._
not.
3
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns.
F..
OB
SER
VE
F.O
BSE
RV
EF.
OB
SER
VE
3.T
C #
1, p
age
121,
will
hel
p in
a d
etai
led
dis-
cuss
ion
of w
hat i
s co
nsid
ered
livin
g an
d no
t liv
ing.
F.O
BSE
RV
E1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Tel
l stu
dent
s th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.C
heck
thei
r ne
w d
efi-
.ni
tion
with
the
eco
-
G. D
IAG
RA
M
Col
lect
list
of
ob-
serv
atio
ns.
_
G. D
IAG
RA
M
Rem
ind
stud
ents
to c
arry
are
vise
d de
fini
tion
with
them
to th
e sc
hool
gro
unds
.
G.
DIA
GR
AM
syst
em th
ey f
irst
obse
rved
.b.
Lis
t spe
cifi
c ex
ampl
esof
:(1
)bi
otic
/abi
otic
feat
ures
they
ob-
serv
e(2
)re
latio
nshi
psam
ong
thos
efe
atur
es.
3.T
ake
stud
ents
bac
k ou
t to
scho
ol g
roun
ds.
G. D
IAG
RA
MH
ave
each
gro
up w
ork
toge
ther
usi
ngC
olle
ct d
iagr
ams
and
chec
k.1.
Sugg
est t
hat a
rrow
s(-
-.-)
cou
ld b
e us
ed to
sho
wre
latio
nshi
ps.
2.T
his
coul
d be
an
indi
vidu
al a
ssig
nmen
t and
wor
ked
on a
t hom
e.
obse
rvat
ion
lists
and
pro
duce
one
diag
ram
whi
ch il
lust
rate
s th
e va
riou
sin
terd
epen
dent
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
mon
gth
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
.
Inqu
iry
Qt,
.stio
n:L
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
rsm
all g
roup
wor
k.
LE
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FI.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 48.
I. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
28, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
I.E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.SC
#2,
p. 4
9.If
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
eFo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
5
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:U
.W
hat i
s a
desc
ript
ion
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ngin
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
. VIE
WA
. VIE
WA
. VIE
WA
. VIE
W17
"Tel
l cla
ss th
ey w
ill:
a.Se
e a
pict
ure
of a
nec
osys
tem
.b.
Wri
te a
ful
l des
crip
tion
of w
hat t
his
ecos
yste
mis
like
,2.
Show
pic
ture
s.
B. D
ISC
USS
/DE
SCR
IBE
SC #
3, p
. 50.
B. D
ISC
USS
/B
. DIS
CU
SS/
17--
-The
pic
ture
s in
SC
#3
coul
d be
rep
rodu
ced
on s
piri
tm
aste
rs o
r ac
etat
e tr
ans-
pare
ncie
s.2.
Pict
ures
cou
ld b
esh
own
on o
paqu
e pr
ojec
tor.
B. D
ISC
USS
/DE
SCR
IBE
I.In
cla
ss, h
ave
stud
ents
giv
ea
full
desc
ript
ion
of w
hat t
hey
thin
km
akes
up
this
eco
syst
em (
city
).2.
Rec
ord
fina
l des
crip
tion
on c
halk
boar
d.
C. V
IEW
DE
SCR
IBE
DE
SCR
IBE
I. T
C #
4, p
. 130
.2.
Aft
er s
tude
nts
de-
C. V
IEW
TC
#3,
p. 1
9.
.
C. V
IEW
scri
be c
ity, T
C #
4 co
uld
bedi
scus
sed.
C. V
IEW
To
veri
fy th
eir
desc
ript
ion,
sho
wst
uden
ts th
e fi
lm, "
City
Lim
its. "
D. R
EW
RIT
E
City
Lim
its
D. R
EW
RIT
E
A s
ound
film
stri
p al
so g
ood
for
this
act
ivity
:T
he C
ity a
s an
Eco
-A
CI
Film
s, I
nc.
Dis
trib
utio
n C
nt.
P. O
. Box
189
812
Jul
es L
ane
New
Bru
insw
ick
New
Jer
sey
0890
2
D. R
EW
RIT
E
syst
em (
Film
stri
p #I
)In
terp
retiv
e E
duca
tion
400
Bry
ant S
tree
tK
alam
azoo
, MI
4900
1
D. R
EW
RIT
ER
ewri
te c
lass
des
crip
tion
of c
ityif
nec
essa
ry.
Hav
e ea
ch s
tude
nt m
ake
copy
of r
evis
ed c
ity d
escr
iptio
n.
6
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
.W
hat i
s a
desc
ript
ion
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Suz
:est
ions
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
E. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.E
. CH
EC
K I
. Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
rsm
all
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
I. T
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FI.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC h
, p. 4
8.
L E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
28, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
I.E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.SC
#2,
p. 4
9..
If I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
s(I
. P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
I.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1
A. V
IEW
A. V
IEW
A. V
IEW
A. V
IEW
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.Sh
ow P
art 2
of
the
film
stri
pan
d ha
ve s
tude
nts
list b
iotic
and
abio
tic f
eatu
res
of th
e ci
ty m
en-
tione
d di
rect
ly o
r in
dire
ctly
.3.
Kee
p lis
t for
fur
ther
use
.
B. R
EA
D
New
Yor
k C
ity: A
nC
olle
ct r
cop
y of
the
list a
nd e
valu
ate.
B. R
EA
D
Ano
ther
sou
nd f
ilmst
rip
good
for
this
act
ivity
:T
he C
ity a
s an
Eco
-E
nvir
onm
enta
l Cas
eSt
udy,
Den
oyer
Gep
pert
Aud
io-
Vis
uals
, New
Yor
k,N
ew Y
ork.
B. R
EA
DSC
FIT
,5, 6
, pp.
53-5
5.
C. D
IAG
RA
M
syst
em (
Film
stri
p #4
)In
terp
retiv
e E
duca
tion
400
Bry
ant S
tree
tK
alam
azoo
, MI
4900
1
B. R
EA
DH
ave
smal
l gro
ups
read
SC
#'s
4, 5
, 6,
and
note
bio
tic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
foun
d in
the
city
.
C. D
IAG
RA
MC
. DIA
GR
AM
C. D
IAG
RA
M1,
Usi
ng th
e no
tes
from
rea
d-in
g an
d lis
t fro
m th
e fi
lmst
rip,
diag
ram
the
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
nbi
otic
and
abi
otic
phe
nom
ena
in th
eci
ty. 2.
All
stud
ents
con
trib
ute
tom
akin
g on
e di
agra
m f
or th
e en
tire
grou
p.
Col
lect
dia
gram
and
eval
uate
with
TC
#5,
p. 1
31.
8
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
I.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#2:
A. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TA
. DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
A.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
A.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps a
nd h
ave
them
dec
ide
on a
nan
swer
to th
is q
uest
ion:
Wha
t is
the
one
mos
t dom
inan
t bio
tic f
eatu
reof
the
urba
n ec
osys
tem
? (m
an)
2.H
ave
grou
ps li
st th
e m
ajor
basi
c ne
eds,
bot
h bi
otic
and
abi
otic
,re
quir
ed to
for
m a
n ur
ban
eco-
syst
em.
-
W CO B. R
EPO
RT
/DE
CID
EB
. RE
POR
T/
Col
lect
a c
opy
of th
e1.
The
use
of
the
wor
ddo
min
ant i
n th
e st
uden
t que
s-lis
t to
chec
k pr
og-
ress
of
stud
ents
.
B. R
EPO
RT
/
tion
is to
ref
lect
the
infl
uenc
em
an h
as o
n hi
s en
viro
nmen
t.2.
The
maj
or b
asic
need
s lis
t may
incl
ude,
but
not b
e lim
ited
to, t
hefo
llow
ing: - pe
ople
- ai
r-
wat
er-
ener
gy(p
ower
)-
food
- ra
w m
ater
ials
for
man
ufac
turi
ng
B. R
EPO
RT
/DE
CID
E
1.H
ave
each
gro
up r
epor
tth
eir
list t
o th
e cl
ass.
2. A
s a
clas
s, r
each
a c
on-
clus
ion
on a
com
posi
te li
st o
fba
sic
need
s.
C. L
IST
/DIS
CU
SS
DE
CID
ED
EC
IDE
C. L
IST
/DIS
CU
SSC
. LIS
T/D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
C. L
IST
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Mak
e a
list o
f us
eful
pro
-du
cts
and
serv
ices
that
one
fin
dsin
the
city
.2.
Mak
e a
seco
nd li
st o
f no
n-us
eful
by-
prod
ucts
of
serv
ices
and
prod
ucts
fou
nd in
the
city
.
Col
lect
list
s an
dch
eck.
9
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
Di
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
eec
osys
tem
and
- ho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns3.
Con
side
r bo
th li
sts
care
-fu
lly a
nd th
en d
efen
d or
ref
ute
incl
ass
this
sta
tem
ent:
- "T
he d
isad
vant
ages
and
draw
back
s of
the
city
far
outw
eigh
its
adva
ntag
esan
d be
nefi
ts. "
D. R
EPO
RT
/CO
NC
LU
DE
D. R
EPO
RT
/
,
D. R
EPO
RT
/D
. RE
POR
T/C
ON
CL
UD
E..
1.H
ave
each
gro
up r
epor
tth
eir
list t
o cl
ass.
2. A
s a
clas
s, r
each
a d
e-ci
sion
on
a co
mpo
site
list
of
non-
usef
ul b
y-pr
oduc
ts.
E. D
IAG
RA
M
CO
NC
LU
DE
CO
NC
LU
DE
E. D
IAG
RA
ME
. DIA
GR
AM
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
E. D
IAG
RA
MH
ave
each
stu
dent
, usi
ng th
e lis
tsfr
om A
ctiv
ities
B a
nd D
, con
stru
cta
sing
le d
iagr
am il
lust
ratin
g th
eba
sic
need
s (i
nput
) an
d th
e no
n-us
eful
by-
prod
ucts
(ou
tput
) of
the
urba
n ec
osys
tem
.
F. R
EPO
RT
/DE
CID
EF.
RE
POR
T/
Col
lect
dia
gram
san
d ev
alua
te w
ithT
C #
5, p
.131
.
F. R
EPO
RT
/
Plac
e re
pres
enta
tive
dia-
gram
s on
bul
letin
boa
rd.
F. R
EPO
RT
/DE
CID
E
1.H
ave
each
gro
up r
epor
tth
eir
diag
ram
to th
e cl
ass.
2.A
fter
dis
cuss
ing
all r
e-po
rted
dia
gram
s, h
ave
clas
s de
cide
on a
com
posi
te d
iagr
am.
DE
CID
ED
EC
IDE
Mak
e a
reco
rd o
f co
m-
polit
e di
agra
m f
or u
se in
late
r ac
tiviti
es.
1. T
C 4
3, p
. 129
.2.
TC
#6,
p.1
32.
10
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
I.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ogrc
esE
valu
atio
n1
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
G. C
HE
CK
L Q
.G
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
G. C
HE
CK
L Q
.G
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
r sm
all g
roup
wor
k.
L E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FI.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
L F
SC h
, p. 4
8.
L E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
28, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
L E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
CO
-V
4
SC #
2, p
. 40.
If I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
s(I
. P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
11
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IV
.W
here
are
som
e sp
ecif
ic lo
catio
ns o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TA
. DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
A.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
A. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
T1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Ask
eac
h gr
oup
to d
iscu
ssan
d lis
t ans
wer
s to
the
follo
win
gqu
estio
n:W
hich
urb
an e
cosy
stem
s(c
ities
) ar
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
hav
e th
em
ost p
ersi
stei
f" e
nvir
onm
enta
lpr
oble
ms?
B. L
OC
AT
E/L
IST
B. L
OC
AT
E/L
IST
Col
lect
a c
opy
of th
elis
t and
che
ck s
tude
ntpr
ogre
ss.
B. L
OC
AT
E/L
IST
Stud
ents
und
oubt
edly
will
sele
ct c
ities
that
are
the
mos
tpo
pula
ted
as a
gen
eral
ans
wer
to th
eir
ques
tion.
B. L
OC
AT
E/L
IST
1.U
sing
a s
erie
s of
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity m
aps
(wor
ld, n
atio
nal,
stat
e,lo
cal)
hav
e st
uden
ts lo
cate
and
not
ese
vera
l hig
hly
popu
late
d ci
ties
inea
ch o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
cate
gori
es:
- w
orld
(at
leas
t one
on
the
six
mos
t pop
ulat
edco
ntin
ents
)-
natio
nal
- st
ate
- co
unty
2.H
ave
stud
ents
mak
e a
list
of th
e m
ost p
opul
ated
citi
es,
plac
ing
them
und
er th
e pr
oper
cat
e-go
ry h
eadi
ng.
Popu
latio
n de
nsity
map
s us
ually
can
be
foun
d in
you
r sc
hool
'sso
cial
stu
dies
de-
part
men
t.
Col
lect
list
s an
dev
alua
te.
1. T
C #
7, p
. 133
, giv
esa
list o
f th
e w
orld
's m
ost
popu
late
d ci
ties.
2.If
wor
ld o
utlin
e m
aps
are
avai
labl
e, it
wou
ld b
ego
od f
or s
tude
nts
to p
lace
asy
mbo
l on
the
map
den
otin
gw
orld
loca
tion
of m
ajor
citi
es.
Thi
s w
ill h
elp
stud
ents
see
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
blem
s ar
ew
orld
wid
e.3.
Hav
e st
uden
ts k
eep
list f
or u
se in
a la
ter
activ
ity.
12
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IV
.W
here
are
som
e sp
ecif
ic lo
catio
ns o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsC
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.C
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
C. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FD
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 48.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
28, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.SC
#2,
p. 4
9.If
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
e Fo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
13
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A. R
AN
K17
75iv
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Rev
iew
the
com
posi
te d
ia-
gram
of
a ci
ty's
bas
ic n
eeds
and
nonu
sefu
l by-
prod
ucts
.3.
Ran
k in
des
cend
ing
orde
r,th
e ne
eds
and
by-p
rodu
cts
whi
ch a
reth
ough
t to
be c
hang
ing
the
mos
t and
caus
ing
citie
s th
e m
ost p
robl
ems.
B. R
EPO
RT
/DE
CID
E
A. R
AN
KA
. RA
NK
A. R
AN
KD
iagr
am f
rom
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n II
I,In
vest
igat
ion
#2,
Act
ivity
E.
13.
RE
POR
T/
Col
lect
ran
k lis
tsan
d ev
alua
te.
B. R
EPO
RT
/B
. RE
POR
T/D
EC
IDE
1.H
ave
each
gro
up r
epor
tto
the
clas
s.2.
Hav
e cl
ass
deci
de o
n on
eac
cept
able
ran
king
of
chan
ges
inth
e ne
eds
and
by-p
rodu
cts.
C. D
IST
ING
UIS
H
DE
CID
EM
UM
C. D
IST
ING
UIS
HC
. DIS
TIN
GU
ISH
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
C. D
IST
ING
UIS
HT
hrou
gh c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
dis
tin-
guis
h th
e ra
nked
cha
nges
as
toth
eir
bein
g bi
otic
, abi
otic
, and
/or
a co
mbi
natio
n of
bio
tic a
ndab
iotic
feat
ures
.
TC
#3,
p.1
29.
The
rem
aind
er o
f th
is u
nit
of s
tudy
will
dea
l with
the
follo
win
g sp
ecif
ic c
hang
esin
the
urba
n ec
osys
tem
:-
popu
latio
n-
wat
ersu
pply
- ai
r po
llutio
n
14
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?L
earn
in: A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
A. TAKE
QU
IZA
.TAKE
QU
IZA
.TAKE
QU
IZA
.TAKE QUIZ
Hav
e st
uden
ts a
nsw
er d
iagn
ostic
surv
ey in
SC
#7,
Par
t I.
B. D
ISC
USS
QU
IZ
SC #
7, p
. 56.
B.
DIS
CU
SS Q
UIZ
Do
not u
se s
core
Thi
s qu
iz s
erve
s as
an
intr
o-du
ctio
n to
the
maj
or c
hang
esin
the
city
whi
ch w
e w
illin
vest
igat
e.
B.
DIS
CU
SS Q
UIZ
for
eval
uatio
n.
B.
DIS
CU
SS Q
UIZ
Giv
e an
swer
s to
Qui
z by
hav
ing
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#7,
Par
t II,
and
disc
uss
reac
tions
.
C.ANALYZE
QU
IZ
SC #
7, P
art I
I,p.
57.
C.ANALYZE QUIZ
TC #3, p. 129.
C. ANALYZE
QU
IZC
.ANALYZE
QU
IZH
ave
stud
ents
in c
lass
dis
cuss
and
list o
n ch
alkb
oard
wha
t maj
or s
ub-
ject
s ar
e m
entio
ned
in th
e qu
iz.
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
1.St
uden
ts n
o do
ubt
will
list
thes
e su
bjec
ts:
- po
pula
tion
- en
ergy
- w
ater
sup
ply
- w
aste
dis
posa
l-
air
pollu
tion
- no
ise
2.R
efer
to th
e ap
-pr
opri
ate
sect
ions
of
this
quiz
as
each
sub
ject
isst
udie
d in
sub
sequ
ent
inve
stig
atio
ns.
15
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #3
A. R
EA
DH
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#8.
B. u
m'
Hav
e st
uden
ts li
st c
hang
es in
the
city
env
iron
men
t.
C. C
ON
SOL
IDA
TE
1.T
hrou
gh c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
mak
e on
e co
mpo
site
list
of
chan
ges.
2.H
ave
stud
ents
cat
egor
ize
chan
ges
by b
iotic
and
abi
otic
.
A. R
EA
DSC
#8,
p.5
8.
B. L
IST
C. C
ON
SOL
IDA
TE
A. R
EA
D
B. L
IST
Col
lect
list
.
C. C
ON
SOL
IDA
TE
A. R
EA
DT
his
inve
stig
atio
n m
ay b
eun
nece
ssar
y, if
stu
dent
sha
ve a
lrea
dy r
each
ed a
nun
ders
tand
ing
of th
is I
nqui
ryQ
uest
ion.
B. L
IST
C. C
ON
SOL
IDA
TE
Use
this
list
as
a sp
ring
boar
dto
the
rest
of
the
unit
of s
tudy
.
Inve
stig
atio
ns 4
, 5, a
nd 6
em
phas
ize
thre
e de
mog
raph
icfa
cets
of
chan
ge in
the
city
's m
ost d
omin
ant b
iotic
fea
ture
popu
latio
n.
16
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
.W
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #4
A. P
RE
DIC
TH
ave
stud
ents
pre
dict
the
chan
ge in
city
pop
ulat
ion
over
the
last
30
year
s in
the
U. S
.(H
as it
incr
ease
dor
dec
reas
ed?)
B. V
ER
IFY
Show
SC
#9
to s
tude
nts
to v
erif
yth
eir
pred
ictio
ns.
C. D
ISC
USS
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
iscu
ss in
cla
ss:
- T
he m
eani
ng o
f ce
ntra
l city
and
subu
rb.
- T
he p
opul
atio
n ch
ange
sth
at h
ave
actu
ally
occ
urre
din
the
U. S
. dur
ing
the
last
oaw
.30
yea
rs.
1&-
The
pos
sibl
e re
sults
of
chan
ge in
pop
ulat
ion
dist
ri-
butio
n ov
er th
e pa
st 3
0 ye
ars.
Inve
stig
atio
n #5
A. G
UE
SSA
sk s
tude
nts
to m
ake
an e
duca
ted
gues
s to
thes
e qu
estio
ns:
- Is
the
U. S
. bir
th r
ate
decl
inin
g or
not
?-
Why
?B
. RE
VIE
WH
ave
stud
ents
rev
iew
SC
#10
toch
eck
thei
r "g
uess
es."
A. P
RE
DIC
T
B. V
ER
IFY
SC i
,ir
-576
T.
C. D
ISC
USS
A. G
UE
SS
B. R
EV
IEW
SC #
10, p
. 6g.
A. P
RE
DIC
T
B. V
ER
IFY
C. D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p.1
29.
A. G
UE
SS
B. R
EV
IEW
A. P
RE
DIC
TT
his
Inve
stig
atio
n ex
plor
eson
e as
pect
of
U. S
. pop
ulat
ion
chan
ge -
- di
stri
butio
n.
B. V
ER
IFY
C.
DIS
CU
SSC
entr
al c
ity is
usu
ally
thou
ght
to b
e th
e bu
sine
ss, c
ultu
ral,
gove
rnm
enta
l hub
of
an u
rban
area
.Su
burb
s ar
e th
e re
si-
dent
ial d
istr
icts
sur
roun
ding
the
cent
ral c
ity.
A. G
UE
SST
his
Inve
stig
atio
n is
con
-ce
rned
with
a f
eatu
re o
fU
. S. p
opul
atio
n ch
ange
--
decl
inin
g bi
rth
rate
.
B. R
EV
IEW
17
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:.
V.
Wha
t bio
tic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
in th
e ec
osys
tem
hav
e ch
ange
d an
d ar
eun
derg
oing
cha
nge?
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
Dis
cuss
thes
e qu
estio
ns:
- W
hat c
hang
e ac
tual
ly o
ccur
red
inth
e U
. S. b
irth
rat
e?-
Wha
t man
-mad
e fa
ctor
s m
ost
likel
y ca
used
this
cha
nge?
- W
hat a
re p
ossi
ble
resu
lts o
f th
isch
ange
?In
vest
igat
ion
#6A
. ASK
A. A
SK
TC
#3,
p.1
20.
A. A
SKA
. ASK
Ask
ents
wha
t has
bee
n ha
ppen
ing
with
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n in
gen
eral
(no
tju
st in
citi
es)
duri
ng th
e la
st d
ecad
e?H
as it
incr
ease
d or
dec
reas
ed?
B. S
HO
W /D
ISC
USS
B. S
HO
W/D
ISC
USS
B. S
HO
W/D
ISC
USS
Thi
s In
vest
igat
ion
rela
tes
toan
ele
men
t of
wor
ld p
opul
atio
nch
ange
incr
ease
in to
tal
popu
latio
n.B
. SH
OW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Show
stu
dent
s SC
#11
topr
ove
(or
disp
rove
) th
eir
answ
er.
2.D
iscu
ss th
ese
ques
tions
:-
Wha
t fac
tors
(nat
ural
/man
-m
ade)
may
hav
e ca
used
this
chan
ge?
- H
ow d
id th
ese
fact
ors
occu
r?-
Wha
t are
pos
sibl
e re
sults
of
this
cha
nge?
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
SC #
11, p
. 63.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
TC
#3,
p.1
29.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
Star
t dis
cuss
ion
by s
tude
nts
answ
erin
g th
ese
ques
tions
:-
Whi
ch w
orld
are
as h
ave
the
larg
est p
opul
atio
n?-
Why
do
you
thin
k th
ese
are
the
larg
est p
opul
ated
area
s?
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FD
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 48.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
Eve
n th
ough
sm
all g
roup
sw
ere
not u
sed
in th
ese
inve
sti-
gatio
ns, t
he L
Q. C
heck
(SC
#1, p
. 48)
may
be
mod
ifie
d.D
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
selv
es.
SC #
2, p
. 49.
18
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
Cau
se/E
ffec
t of
Spec
ific
Cha
nges
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns V
IV
III)
POPU
LA
TIO
N
19
1
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
LW
hat a
re th
e na
tura
l fac
tors
cau
sing
cha
nge
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A.
STU
DY
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
12
and
carr
y ou
t the
act
iviti
es s
ug-
gest
ed.
B.
DIS
CU
SS1.
Dis
cuss
res
ults
of
"The
Bla
ck D
eath
" st
udy
activ
ities
(SC
#12)
.2.
Ask
stu
dent
s:a.
Wha
t nat
ural
fac
tors
for
chan
ging
pop
ulat
ion
wer
e ci
ted
in th
is s
tudy
?b.
How
did
the
natu
ral
oP apfa
ctor
cite
d in
this
stud
y br
ing
abou
t the
chan
ge?
c.W
hat o
ther
nat
ural
fact
ors
affe
ct c
hang
esin
pop
ulat
ion?
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
:
A. R
EA
DH
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#13
and
dete
rmin
e w
hat n
atur
al f
acto
rsfo
r af
fect
ing
popu
latio
n ch
ange
are
desc
ribe
d in
the
read
ing.
B.
DIS
CU
SSH
ave
clas
s di
scus
s re
adin
g an
dun
ders
tand
that
nat
ural
fac
tors
stil
l
A. S
TU
DY
SC #
12, p
. 64.
B.
DIS
CU
SS
A. R
EA
DSC
#13
, p. 6
8.
B.
DIS
CU
SS
A.
STU
DY
B.
DIS
CU
SST
C #
3, p
. 129
.
A. R
EA
D
B.
DIS
CU
SST
C #
3, p
.129
.
Tea
cher
Su
A.
STU
DY
B.
DIS
CU
SS
A. R
EA
D
B.
DIS
CU
SS
20
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
LW
hat a
re th
e na
tura
l fac
tors
cau
sing
cha
nge
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
play
a r
ole
in p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
l.
C. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSC
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSC
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSC
.V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Show
SC
#14
as
a re
min
der
of o
ther
"ac
ts o
f G
od"
that
can
aff
ect
popu
latio
n.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
umm
ariz
eth
e va
riou
s na
tura
l fac
tors
men
-tio
ned
in th
ese
two
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
SC #
14,
p. 7
0.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
TC
#3,
p,1
29.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
Rem
ind
stud
ents
that
eve
nth
ough
nat
ural
fac
tors
are
dram
atic
, the
aff
ect o
n po
pu-
latio
n is
min
imal
in c
ompa
ri-
son
to w
orld
wid
e po
pula
tion.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FE
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC h
, p. 4
8.(I
. Q. C
heck
)
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
Eve
n th
ough
sm
all g
roup
sw
ere
not u
sed,
SC
#1
may
be m
odif
ied.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.SC
#2,
p. 4
9.If
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
e Fo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
21
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
II.
Wha
t are
the
man
-mad
e fa
ctor
s ca
usin
g ch
ange
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
.PR
ED
ICT
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.H
ave
each
gro
up p
redi
ctan
ans
wer
to th
is q
uest
ion:
-Wha
t are
som
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
that
aff
ect p
opu-
latio
n ch
ange
?3.
Mak
e a
list f
or c
lass
dis
-cu
ssio
n.
B.
CO
MB
MIE
Thr
ough
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, c
ombi
neea
ch s
mal
l gro
up's
list
of
pre-
dict
ions
.
C. C
HE
CK
Rea
d SC
# 1
5to
ver
ify
the
clas
s' s
pred
ictio
ns.
D. R
EV
IEW
In c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
com
pare
rea
d-in
g w
ith c
lass
list
and
cha
nge
ifne
cess
ary.
A.
PRE
DIC
T
B.
CO
MB
INE
C.
CH
EC
KSC
# 1
5, p
.71.
D. R
EV
IEW
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A.
PRE
DIC
T
B.
CO
MB
INE
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
C.
CH
EC
K
D. R
EV
IEW
A.
PRE
DIC
TR
emin
d st
uden
ts th
at p
opu-
latio
n ch
ange
can
be
a de
-cr
ease
as
wel
l as
an in
crea
se.
B.
CO
MB
INE
C.
CH
EC
KH
ave
stud
ents
rev
iew
SC
#10
,p.
62,
for
oth
er m
an-m
ade
fact
ors.
D. R
EV
IEW
22
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VII
.W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
A. R
ESE
AR
CH
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
elec
t one
cau
se f
orde
crea
se in
dea
th r
ate
from
SC
#15
and
do a
sho
rt r
esea
rch
pape
r on
how
this
cha
nge
was
bro
ught
abo
ut.
B. S
UM
MA
RIZ
EIn
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, h
ave
stud
ents
sum
mar
ize
how
man
-mad
e fa
ctor
saf
fect
ing
popu
latio
n ch
ange
hav
ebe
en b
roug
ht a
bout
.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
A. R
ESE
AR
CH
1.A
llow
am
ple
time
in s
choo
l li-
brar
y. 2.So
cial
Edu
-A
pril,
197
2."P
opul
atio
n -
the
U. S
. Pro
blem
the
Wor
ld C
risi
s, "
New
Yor
k T
imes
, Apr
il19
72 (
spec
ial s
up-
plem
ent)
.
catio
n, 3.
B. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
A. R
ESE
AR
CH
Col
lect
fin
al p
aper
san
d ev
alua
te.
B. S
UM
MA
RIZ
ET
C #
3, p
. 129
.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 4
8.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 4
9.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. R
ESE
AR
CH
B. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 128
.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(L P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
e Fo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
ia.
Wha
t are
the
resu
lts o
f th
e ch
ange
s?A
.B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
ing_
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A. C
OL
LE
CT
1.A
sk s
tude
nts
to c
olle
ctne
wsp
aper
s fr
om th
eir
h. .L
es f
oron
e w
eek.
2.W
eigh
the
colle
cted
pap
ers
at th
e en
d of
a w
eek
and
repo
rt th
ew
eigh
t to
clas
s.
B. C
OM
PUT
EM
ake
a ch
art o
n th
e w
eigh
t of
pape
rby
mak
ing
the
follo
win
g co
mpu
tatio
nan
d an
swer
ing
the
ques
tions
:-
Wha
t is
the
tota
l of
poun
dsof
pap
er u
sed
per
wee
k by
the
clas
s? - T
otal
for
sch
ool?
(Mul
tiply
tota
l of
clas
s by
num
-be
r of
cla
sses
in s
choo
l.)-
How
muc
h pa
per
is th
ispe
r ye
ar f
or c
lass
? Fo
r sc
hool
?
A.
B.
CO
LL
EC
T
CO
MPU
TE
A. C
OL
LE
CT
B. C
OM
PUT
EC
olle
ct in
divi
dual
char
ts a
nd e
valu
ate.
A. C
OL
LE
CT
1.T
his
Inve
stig
atio
n is
desi
gned
to e
mph
asiz
e th
eef
fect
pop
ulat
ion
has
onna
tura
l res
ourc
es.
2. W
e kn
ow th
at A
mer
i-ca
ns th
row
aw
ay a
bout
one
billi
on p
ound
s of
tras
h ea
chda
y an
d ab
out 1
4% o
f ci
tytr
ash
is n
ewsp
aper
s. A
l-th
ough
pap
er is
bio
degr
adab
le,
the
shee
r bu
lk o
f pa
per
was
teca
uses
it to
be
clas
sifi
ed a
sa
seri
ous
solid
-was
tepr
oble
m.
B. C
OM
PUT
E
24
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
III.
Wha
t are
the
resu
lts o
f th
e ch
ange
s?A
.B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
C. D
ISC
USS
1.H
ave
clas
s di
scus
s th
e re
-su
lts o
f th
eir
char
t in
rela
tion
toth
e fo
llow
ing
fact
:-
It ta
kes
abou
t 17
tree
s to
pro
duce
1,0
00po
unds
of
new
spri
nt.
2. H
ow m
any
tree
s w
ere
used
to p
rodu
ce a
new
spri
nt f
or th
e cl
ass'
fam
ilies
for
one
wee
k? O
ne y
ear?
3.W
hat c
an th
is in
vest
igat
ion
tell
us a
bout
an
incr
easi
ng p
opu-
latio
n an
d its
dem
and
for
natu
ral
reso
urce
s lik
e: - en
ergy
- w
ater
- ai
r
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
16' a
nd r
eact
to it
s m
eani
ng in
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n.
C. D
ISC
USS
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
SC #
16, p
.73.
C. D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p. n
o.
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
I
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. D
ISC
USS
1.R
ecor
d an
y co
n-cl
usio
ns to
dis
cuss
ion
onch
alkb
oard
and
hav
e st
uden
tske
ep f
or f
utur
e re
fere
nce.
2.M
ost s
tude
nts
will
real
ize
that
an
incr
ease
inpo
pula
tion
will
res
ult i
n an
incr
ease
dem
and
for
natu
ral
reso
urce
s.
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
25
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A.
Ben
efic
ial?
B.
Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
1.H
ave
all s
tude
nts
read
SC #
17.
2.In
cla
ss, d
iscu
ss th
em
eani
ng o
f "z
ero
popu
latio
n gr
owth
"an
d th
e pr
os a
nd c
ons
oLpo
pula
tion
incr
ease
as
a pr
oble
m.
B. P
LA
N D
EB
AT
E1.
Org
aniz
e cl
ass
to d
ebat
e th
efo
llow
ing
issu
e: "
Res
olve
d, h
uman
bein
gs s
houl
d be
res
tric
ted
to b
ear-
ing
or f
athe
ring
two
live
child
ren.
"a.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to d
ebat
ete
ams
with
hal
f of
the
team
taki
ng th
e pr
o si
deof
the
issu
e an
d ha
lf th
eco
n si
de.
b.R
evie
w g
uide
lines
for
info
rmal
deb
atin
g (s
eeT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns #
2).
2.H
ave
team
s re
ad e
ither
SC
#is
18 a
nd 1
9 (p
ro)
or S
C #
's 2
0,21
,22
, and
23
(con
) as
an
intr
oduc
tion
to e
ach
view
.
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
US9
SC #
17, p
. 74.
B. P
LA
N D
EB
AT
E1.
Pro
view
,SC
#'s
18
and
19,
pp. 7
6-79
.2.
Con
vie
w,
SC V
s 20
, 21,
22
and
23, p
p. 8
1-95
.3.
Am
ple
time
in li
brar
y or
hom
e-w
ork
time.
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p.1
29.
B. P
LA
N D
EB
AT
E
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
ZPG
(SC
#17
) is
a p
riva
teor
gani
zatio
n th
at a
dvoc
ates
and
activ
ely
enco
urag
es a
natio
nal z
ero
birt
h ra
te. T
his
rate
wou
ld b
e at
a "
repl
ace-
men
t lev
el"
and
not a
n "i
n-cr
ease
leve
l. "
Cur
rent
pop
-ul
atio
n nu
mbe
rs w
ould
be
re-
plac
ed b
ut th
ere
wou
ld b
e no
incr
ease
in n
umbe
rs o
f pe
o-pl
e.T
his
wou
ld m
ean
the
aver
age
birt
h ra
te p
er w
oman
wou
ld b
e 2.
1 bi
rths
.
B. P
LA
N D
EB
AT
E1.
With
a n
umbe
r of
deba
te te
ams
all s
tude
nts
can
part
icip
ate
in r
esea
rch.
2.L
ocat
e gu
idel
ines
for
info
rmal
deb
atin
g in
any
text
book
use
d fo
r Sp
oken
Art
s' c
lass
es. O
ne e
xam
ple
is:
lc U
p!A
-m
s an
d Po
llock
Mac
Mill
an C
ompa
nyN
ew Y
ork,
NY
pp. 2
38, 2
41, 2
45.
26
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A.
Ben
efic
ial?
B.
Det
rim
enta
l?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
3.A
llow
libr
ary
time
for
team
sto
res
earc
h th
eir
side
of
the
Res
o-lu
tion
and
plan
thei
r no
tes
for
deba
te.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
DE
BA
TE
S
Hav
e al
l tea
ms
pres
ent t
heir
deb
ate
to th
e cl
ass.
D. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E1.
In c
lass
dis
cuss
ion,
fol
-lo
win
g de
bate
s, h
ave
stud
ents
dec
ide
on e
ffec
ts (
bene
fici
al/d
etri
men
tal)
of b
oth
incr
ease
d or
dec
reas
edpo
pula
tion.
2.L
ist r
esul
ts o
n ch
alkb
oard
.3.
-Mak
e co
py o
f fi
nal r
esul
ts.
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
EB
AT
ES
D. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
EB
AT
ES
1..
Stud
ent
judg
es c
ould
be
used
to e
valu
ate
the
actu
alde
bate
.2.
Tea
cher
s of
othe
r su
bjec
ts c
ould
be in
vite
d to
judg
eth
e de
bate
.
D. S
UM
MA
RIZ
ET
C #
3, p
. 129
.
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 4
8.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p.4
9.
Tea
cher
Su
estio
ns
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/DE
BA
TE
Thi
s se
ries
of
deba
tes
may
beco
me
repe
titio
us in
nat
ure,
ther
efor
e de
cide
if e
ntir
ecl
ass
will
act
ually
per
form
or o
nly
sele
cted
team
s.T
eam
s co
uld
be n
umbe
red
and
sele
cted
by
chan
ce.
D. S
UM
MA
RIZ
E
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 128
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
27
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
Cau
se/E
ffec
t of
Spec
ific
Cha
nges
CA
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns V
IV
III)
LN
D
WA
TE
R S
UPP
LY
Inqu
i. y
tic .S
uwon
:vt
In
lsea
rnin
Act
iviti
esrt
zsou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
:A
. RE
AD
Stud
ent w
ill r
ead
SC P
s 24
-27.
B. I
NV
EST
IGA
TE
AN
D R
EC
OR
D
1. E
ach
stud
ent w
ill in
vest
igat
ew
ater
use
in h
is o
wn
hom
e fo
r on
ew
eeke
nd, r
efer
ring
to S
C #
25.
2. E
ach
stud
ent w
ill r
ecor
d in
-fo
rmat
ion
on w
ater
usa
ge in
his
hom
e du
ring
the
inve
stig
ativ
e pe
riod
.In
divi
dual
ly d
evel
oped
rec
ordi
ngpr
oced
ures
will
be
used
. Rec
ord
mus
t inc
lude
num
ber
of r
esid
ents
,to
tal a
mou
nt o
f w
ater
use
d, a
nd a
brea
kdow
n of
this
tota
l for
var
iety
of u
ses.
3.R
ecor
d nu
mbe
rs o
n w
ater
met
er e
arly
on
firs
t day
of
obse
r-va
tion
and
late
on
seco
nd c
lay.
A. R
EA
DSC
if's
24-
27, p
p. 9
6-10
0.
13. I
NV
EST
IGA
TE
AN
D R
EC
OR
D
SC it
25,
p. 9
7:
A. R
EA
D
B. I
NV
EST
IGA
TE
AN
D R
EC
OR
D
1. R
ecor
ding
proc
edur
e de
velo
ped
by s
tude
nt.
2. C
ompl
eten
ess,
orig
inal
ity, d
etai
l,ac
cura
cy a
nd n
eat-
ness
of
reco
rdsh
ould
be
cons
ider
edin
eva
luat
ing.
A. R
EA
DT
hese
res
ourc
es w
ill p
rovi
deth
e st
uden
t with
sta
tistic
alin
form
atio
n de
sign
ed to
acqu
aint
him
with
the
impo
r-ta
nce
of w
ater
to h
im.
Initi
al r
eadi
ng o
f th
ese
may
be p
erfu
ncto
ry, s
tude
nt w
illus
e ea
ch in
per
usal
of
re-
mai
nder
of
activ
ities
and
will
refe
r to
thes
e in
divi
dual
ly in
som
e de
tail.
B. I
NV
EST
IGA
TE
AN
DR
EC
OR
D
1. I
f w
ater
is m
eter
ed,
teac
her
may
sug
gest
that
stud
ent r
ead
met
er a
t beg
in-
ning
and
end
of
each
day
.E
ncou
rage
indi
vidu
ality
of
met
hod.
2. S
tude
nt m
ay d
evel
op a
vari
ety
of w
ater
-use
s ch
art
for
his
own
hom
e an
d m
ain-
tain
an
inve
ntor
y of
use
for
the
peri
od o
f in
vest
igat
ion.
3. I
ndiv
idua
l pro
blem
sw
ill b
e en
coun
tere
d. S
tude
nts
shou
ld b
e en
cour
aged
to s
eek
coop
erat
ion
and
advi
ce o
fth
eir
fam
ily in
see
king
29
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
IV
III
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Cif C. R
EPO
RT
C. R
EPO
RT
C. R
EPO
RT
info
rmat
ion
and
over
com
ing
obst
acle
s.4.
Tea
cher
may
sug
gest
that
stu
dent
s de
velo
p ow
nm
etho
ds to
det
erm
ine
ores
timat
e av
erag
e am
ount
of
wat
er u
sed
for
each
of
ava
riet
y of
com
mon
hou
seho
ldac
tiviti
es s
uch
as:
(a)
Bat
h(b
) Sh
ower
(c)
Sham
pooi
ng(d
) W
ashi
ng D
ishe
s(e
) L
aund
ry(f
) B
rush
ing
Tee
th(g
) C
ooki
ng D
inne
r(h
) M
akin
g C
offe
e, T
ea,
etc.
(i)
Flus
hing
Toi
let
(j)
Wat
erin
g L
awn
C. R
EPO
RT
Eac
h st
uden
t's h
ome
rese
arch
rec
ord
will
be
mad
e in
to f
inal
cha
rt f
orm
for
repo
rt to
oth
er s
tude
nts.
D.
CO
MPU
TE
D.
CO
MPU
TE
Col
lect
rep
orts
and
eval
uate
.
D.
CO
MPU
TE
D.
CO
MPU
TE
Stud
ents
will
use
indi
vidu
al r
e-po
rts
and
arri
ve a
t an
aver
age
amou
nt o
f w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n:a.
per
stu
dent
b. p
er f
amily
c. p
er in
divi
dual
use
liste
d.
Stud
ent H
ome
Re-
sear
ch R
ecor
dsD
epen
ding
on
clas
s si
ze, t
his
may
be
a cl
ass
activ
ity o
rco
mm
ittee
type
act
ivity
.
30
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
VII
I
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
our
ces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
E. D
ISC
USS
Stud
ents
will
dis
cuss
, and
com
pile
a ch
eck-
list o
f w
ays
in w
hich
fam
ilyw
ater
con
sum
ptio
n m
ay b
e di
min
-is
hed
with
out a
ppre
ciab
ly a
ffec
ting
thei
r pr
esen
t lif
e-st
yle.
F. A
PPL
Y/E
VA
LU
AT
E/C
OM
PAR
E
1.E
ach
stud
ent w
ill a
ttem
pt tc
appl
y ea
ch s
ugge
stio
n fr
om p
repa
red
chec
k-lis
t in
his
hom
e fo
r a
peri
odof
tim
e si
mila
r to
that
of
his
orig
i-na
l hom
e in
vest
igat
ion.
If u
nabl
e,or
it is
not
adv
isab
le to
impl
emen
ta
sugg
estio
n, s
tude
nt w
ill s
o in
di-
cate
on
chec
k-lis
t and
indi
cate
reas
ons.
2.E
ach
stud
ent w
ill m
aint
ain
a re
cord
of
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
duri
ng th
is p
erio
d si
mila
r to
that
devi
sed
duri
ng o
rigi
nal i
nves
tigat
ion,
and
com
pare
the
wat
er u
se:
a.pe
r st
uden
tb.
per
fam
ilyc.
per
indi
vidu
al u
selis
ted
Aft
er a
pplic
atio
n of
stu
de:it
sug
-ge
stio
ns, c
ompa
re w
ith th
e sa
me
stat
istic
s pr
ior
to a
pplic
atio
n.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
F. A
PPL
Y/
EV
AL
UA
TE
/C
OM
PAR
EL
ist o
f st
uden
tsu
gges
tions
.
E. D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.-
A. A
PPL
Y/
EV
AL
UA
TE
/C
OM
PAR
E1.
Col
lect
com
-pl
eted
che
ck-l
ist.
2.St
uden
tre
cord
of
wat
erco
nsum
ptio
n.
E. D
ISC
USS
A. A
PPL
Y/E
VA
LU
AT
E/
CO
MPA
RE
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IT
IV
IE
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
G. D
ISC
USS
Eac
h st
uden
t will
dis
cuss
the
com
-pa
rativ
e w
ater
usa
ge r
epor
ts w
ithth
eir
fam
ily to
det
erm
ine:
a.w
heth
er th
ey s
ee a
ny v
alue
in e
ach
appl
ied
wat
er c
on-
serv
atio
n de
vice
or
pro-
cedu
re,
b.w
hich
, if
any,
of
the
ex-
peri
men
tal p
roce
dure
s th
eyw
ould
be
will
ing
to c
ontin
ueus
ing,
and
c.an
y ad
ditio
nal s
ugge
stio
nsth
ey h
ave
for
hom
e co
nser
-C
JI c:va
tion
of w
ater
whi
ch th
eym
ight
be
will
ing
to a
ccep
t.
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
H. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SS
1. S
tude
nts
will
rep
ort r
esul
tsof
fam
ily d
iscu
ssio
n to
cla
ss.
2.St
uden
ts w
ill d
iscu
ss o
vera
llm
erits
of
this
inve
stig
atio
n in
arri
ving
at s
olut
ions
to I
nqui
ryQ
uest
ion.
G. D
ISC
USS
H. R
EPO
RT
/D
ISC
USS
G. D
ISC
USS
H. R
EPO
RT
/D
ISC
USS
Indi
vidu
al r
epor
ts.
G. D
ISC
USS
H. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SS
1
32
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
IV
III
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
IR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
:A
. RE
AD
/NO
TE
A. R
EA
D/N
OT
EA
. RE
AD
/NO
TE
A. R
EA
D /N
OT
E1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
's 2
8an
d 29
.2.
Not
e an
swer
s to
Inq
uiry
que
s-tio
ns V
IV
III,
as
t h e
y a
pply
.to
the
new
s. a
rtic
le e
vent
s.
B. D
ISC
USS
SC #
's 2
8 an
d 29
,pp
.10
1-10
3.
B. D
ISC
USS
Col
lect
a c
opy
ofno
tes
and
eval
uate
,
B. D
ISC
USS
Hel
p st
uden
ts w
ith te
rms
like: -
FCD
- E
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
stud
ies
- "N
atur
al s
yste
ms"
- Im
poun
dmen
t are
a-
Riv
er b
asin
- R
eser
voir
s
B. D
ISC
USS
1. I
n cl
ass,
dis
cuss
ans
wer
s to
the
abov
e qu
estio
ns.
2. R
each
a c
lass
con
sens
us o
nth
e ch
ange
s an
d re
sults
of
the
new
s-ar
ticle
eve
nts.
Inve
stig
atio
n #3
:A
. PL
AN
FIE
LD
TR
IPA
. PL
AN
FIE
LD
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
A. P
LA
N F
IEL
D
Hav
e st
uden
ts k
eep
a co
py o
fco
nsen
sus
reac
hed.
A. P
LA
N F
IEL
D T
RIP
1. M
ake
arra
ngem
ents
for
a v
isit
to a
loca
l wat
er p
urif
icat
ion
plan
t.2.
Bef
ore
trip
, div
ide
clas
s in
tosm
all g
roup
s an
d ha
ve o
ne m
embe
rof
gro
up r
espo
nsib
le f
or o
ne q
ues-
tion
liste
d in
SC
#30
Ask
pla
ntop
erat
or th
e qu
estio
ns.
TR
IPT
RIP
1. W
hen
poss
ible
, allo
wst
uden
ts to
mak
e ar
rang
e-m
ents
for
con
tact
ing
plan
top
erat
or.
2. I
t may
be
wis
e to
sen
da
list o
f th
e qu
estio
ns (
SC #
30)
to th
e pl
ant o
pera
tor
befo
reth
e sc
hedu
led
visi
t.
SC #
30, p
. 104
.
33
1114
1111
,y I
celL
GO
I.JA
JIL
VI
Inn
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns3.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
evie
w a
ndun
ders
tand
que
stio
ns in
SC
#30
.
B. E
XE
CU
TE
FIE
LD
TR
IPB
. EX
EC
UT
E F
IEL
DB
. EX
EC
UT
E F
IEL
DB
. EX
EC
UT
E F
IEL
D T
RIP
Hav
e st
uden
ts o
bser
ve a
nd li
sten
clos
ely
as th
eir
tour
is c
ondu
cted
.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
PO
ST-T
RIP
TR
IPT
RIP
Rem
ind
stud
ents
que
stio
nsne
ed n
ot b
e lim
ited
to th
eon
es in
SC
#30
.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
PO
ST-T
RIP
C. C
ON
DU
CT
PO
ST-
C. C
ON
DU
CT
PO
ST-
AC
TIV
ITIE
ST
RIP
AC
TIV
ITIE
ST
RIP
AC
TIV
ITIE
SA
CT
IVIT
IES
1. H
ave
each
sm
all g
roup
com
-po
se a
wri
tten
repo
rt b
ased
on
the
answ
ers
to q
uest
ions
mad
e on
the
trip
. 2. I
n cl
ass
disc
ussi
on r
each
aco
nsen
sus
to e
ach
ques
tion.
Inve
stig
atio
n #4
:A
. RE
VIE
WA
. RE
VIE
W
1. C
olle
ct w
ritte
nre
port
.2.
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
A. R
EV
IEW
* A. R
EV
IEW
1. D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all g
roup
s.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rev
iew
the
resu
lts o
f In
vest
igat
ions
1, 2
, and
3an
d w
rite
out
a g
ener
al c
oncl
usio
nto
eac
h In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
VI
VII
I.
B. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SSB
. RE
POR
T/D
ISC
USS
Col
lect
a c
opy
of th
ew
ritte
n co
nclu
sion
s.
B. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SSB
. RE
POR
T/D
ISC
USS
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rep
ort t
o cl
ass
and
disc
uss
the
conc
lusi
ons
pres
ente
d.T
C #
3, p
. 129
.
34
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VI
VII
I
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
I
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p.4
8.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 4
9.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 128
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
D. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
e Fo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
35
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
Cau
se %
Eff
ect o
f Sp
ecif
ic
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns V
IIn
n)c-
)C
:,A
IR P
OL
LU
TIO
N
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
IV
III
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
A. R
EA
DIn
vest
igat
ion
#1
A. R
EA
DA
. RE
AD
A. R
EA
DH
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#31
and
32
(bac
kgro
und
read
ings
to p
oint
out
air
pollu
tion
prob
lem
s of
urb
an a
reas
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
orld
).
B. A
NSW
ER
SC #
's 3
1 an
d 32
,pp
. 105
-109
.
B. A
NSW
ER
B. A
NSW
ER
TC
#8,
p. 1
34, g
ives
ale
ngth
y ba
ckgr
ound
on
air
pollu
tion
caus
es, c
osts
,an
d co
ntro
ls.
B. A
NSW
ER
Hav
e ea
ch s
tude
nt w
rite
ans
wer
s to
thes
e qu
estio
ns c
once
rnin
g SC
It's
31 a
nd 3
2: - W
hat a
reas
of
the
eart
hha
ve th
e m
ost s
erio
us a
ir p
ol-
lutio
n pr
oble
ms?
- W
hat a
re th
e ef
fect
s of
air
pollu
tion?
- W
hat a
re th
e ca
uses
of
air
pollu
tion
(nat
ural
/man
-m
ade)
?
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
C. D
ISC
USS
In c
lass
, dis
cuss
fin
al a
nsw
ers
tore
adin
g qu
estio
ns.
.
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
A. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SSA
.C
ON
DU
CT
/
TC
#3,
p.1
29.
A. C
ON
DU
CT
/A
. CO
ND
UC
T/D
ISC
USS
1.H
ave
smal
l gro
ups
cond
uct
Exp
erim
ent 1
in S
C #
33.
2.D
iscu
ss r
esul
ts o
fex
peri
men
t.
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
The
se e
xper
imen
ts h
elp
stu-
dent
s in
tern
aliz
e th
e co
ncep
tsof
cau
se a
nd e
ffec
ts o
f ai
rpo
llutio
n.
SC 4
M, p
. 1f1
.C
olle
ct w
ritte
n re
-su
lts o
f ex
peri
men
t.
.--
37
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
IV
III
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsB
. CO
ND
UC
T/D
ISC
USS
1.C
ondu
ct E
xper
imen
t 2 in
SC #
34.
2.D
iscu
ss r
esul
ts o
fex
peri
men
t.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
1.C
ondu
ct E
xper
imen
t 3 in
SC #
35.
2.D
iscu
ss r
esul
ts o
fex
peri
men
t.
D. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
1.C
ondu
ct E
xper
imen
t 4 in
SC #
36.
2.R
esul
ts o
f th
is e
xper
imen
tw
ill b
e di
scus
sed
afte
r E
xper
imen
t 5ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
to a
llow
tim
e fo
rob
serv
atio
ns.
E. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
1.C
ondu
ct E
xper
imen
t 5 in
SC #
37.
2.D
iscu
ss r
esul
ts o
fE
xper
imen
t.3.
Ret
urn
to E
xper
imen
t 4an
d di
scus
s its
res
ults
.
B. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
SC #
34, p
. 113
.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
SC #
35, p
. 114
.
D. C
ON
DU
CT
/E
IMIW
S1.
SC W
36,p
. 116
:2.
Pape
r or
styr
ofoa
m c
ups,
sa-
ran
wra
p, a
utom
obile
,va
cuum
cle
aner
hos
e.
E. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
SC #
37, p
. 117
.
B. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
Col
lect
wri
tten
re-
sults
of
expe
rim
ent.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
D. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
Col
lect
wri
tten
re-
sults
of
expe
rim
ent.
E. C
ON
DU
CT
/D
ISC
USS
'B. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
Dis
play
use
d fi
lter
pape
rs o
nbu
lletin
boa
rd.
C. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
A g
reat
er v
arie
ty a
nd n
umbe
rof
sou
rces
can
be
mea
sure
d if
this
is a
ssig
ned
as h
omew
ork.
D. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
E. C
ON
DU
CT
/DIS
CU
SS
1.R
elat
e E
xper
imen
tsto
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
ns V
I,V
II, a
nd V
III.
2. T
C #
10, p
.154
, giv
esin
form
atio
n on
tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
ns.
38
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
IV
III
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #3
:A
. VIE
W1.
Tel
l stu
dent
s th
ey a
re:
a.to
see
a f
ilmst
rip
onai
r po
llutio
nb.
to a
nsw
er th
ese
ques
tions
:-W
hat a
re th
e m
ajar
air
pollu
tant
s?-W
hat a
re th
e ef
fect
sof
air
pol
lutio
n?-W
hat a
re m
etho
ds o
fco
mba
ting
or c
on-
cotr
ollin
g ai
r po
llutio
n?2.
Show
film
stri
p.
B.
DIS
CU
SSFo
llow
ing
the
film
stri
p, h
ave
the
clas
s di
scus
s th
e an
swer
to e
ach
of th
e qu
estio
ns a
nd r
ecor
d on
chal
kboa
rd..
Inve
stig
atio
n #4
:A
.ST
WM
AR
TZ
FT
ell s
tude
nts
they
are
to:
a.m
ake
a co
llage
whi
chid
entif
ies
each
of
the
follo
win
g:-
a po
lluta
nt-
the
pollu
tant
's m
ajor
sour
ce-
the
pollu
tant
's e
ffec
t on
the
envi
ronm
ent
A. V
IEW
1.So
und
film
-st
rip
- Po
llutio
n: O
urA
ir. 2.
Film
stri
p ca
nbe
pur
chas
ed f
rom
:C
oron
et F
ilmst
rip
65 E
. Sou
th W
ater
Stre
etC
hica
go, I
ll 60
601
B.
DIS
CU
SS
A.
SUM
MA
RIZ
EM
agaz
ines
, new
s-pa
pers
, pic
ture
sto
be c
ut u
p fo
r co
llage
.
A.
VIE
W
B.
DIS
CU
SS
A.
SUM
MA
RIZ
E1.
Col
lect
col
-la
ges. 2.
May
be s
tu-
dent
s co
uld
eval
uate
each
.oth
er's
wor
k,us
ing
TC
#5,
p. 1
3/.
as g
uide
lines
.
A.
VIE
WA
ny f
ilm o
r so
und
film
stri
pth
at c
an a
nsw
er th
ese
ques
-tio
ns c
ould
be
used
.
B.
DIS
CU
SSH
ave
stud
ents
mak
e co
py o
fan
swer
s.
A.
SUM
MA
RIZ
ED
ispl
ay c
olla
ges
on b
ulle
tinbo
ard.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VI
VD
T
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
b.re
view
the
last
thre
e In
-ve
stig
atio
ns f
or th
e ne
eded
info
rmat
ion.
B. P
RE
SEN
TB
. PR
ESE
NT
B. P
RE
SEN
TB
. PR
ESE
NT
Aft
er m
akin
g th
e co
llage
, hav
e ea
chst
uden
t pre
sent
to th
e cl
ass
and
ex-
plai
n hi
s w
ork.
Inve
stig
atio
n #5
A. L
IST
/CO
MPA
RE
A. L
IST
/CO
MPA
RE
Eva
luat
e ea
ch o
ral
pres
enta
tion
(TC
#6,
p.13
2).
A. L
IST
/CO
MPA
RE
A. L
IST
/CO
MPA
RE
1.H
ave
each
stu
dent
list
way
she
may
per
sona
lly b
e co
ntri
butin
gto
air
pol
lutio
n.2.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
and
hav
e gr
oup
mem
bers
com
pare
list
s an
d co
mpi
le o
ne li
stfo
r th
e gr
oup.
B. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SSB
. RE
PO
RT
/DIS
CU
SS
Cre
dit m
ay b
e gi
ven
for
appr
opri
ate
lists
.
B. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SSB
. RE
POR
T/D
ISC
USS
1.E
ach
grou
p re
port
s its
list t
o th
e cl
ass
and
a co
mpo
site
list i
s m
ade.
2.H
ave
clas
s di
scus
s w
ays
indi
vidu
als
can
help
pre
vent
or
cont
rol p
ollu
tion.
3.C
ompl
ete
a lis
t of
pre-
vent
ions
on
chal
kboa
rd.
C. C
OM
PAR
EC
. CO
MPA
RE
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
C. C
OM
PAR
EC
. CO
MPA
RE
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
evie
w S
C #
38 a
ndco
mpa
re w
ith th
e cl
ass
com
pose
dlis
t of
prev
entio
ns.
SC #
38, p
.120
.
40
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VI
VII
I
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsD
. CH
OO
SE/R
EPO
RT
D. C
HO
OSE
/RE
POR
TD
. CH
OO
SE/
RE
IWT
D. C
HO
OSE
/
1.E
ncou
rage
eac
h st
uden
t to
choo
se 1
0 w
ays
from
eith
er li
at in
whi
ch h
e pe
rson
ally
will
mak
e an
effo
rt to
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f th
een
viro
nmen
t.2.
Rep
ort c
hoic
es to
cla
ss.
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
RE
POR
TIt
may
be
of in
tere
st to
stu
-de
nts
to h
ave
"pro
gres
sre
port
s" f
or a
few
wee
ks o
rm
onth
s as
to th
eir
effo
rts
to p
erso
nally
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.E
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
E. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FF.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
1, p
. 48.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
TC
#2,
p. 1
28, g
ives
pro
-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
F. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
CZ
CA
SC #
2, p
. 49.
If I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
s(L
P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d-di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
41
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
Con
clus
ion
(Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns I
XX
)
42
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IX
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esIn
vest
igat
ion
#1
A. R
EV
IEW
/SU
GG
EST
I.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps a
nd a
ssig
n on
e of
the
fol-
low
ing
city
pro
blem
s to
var
ious
grou
ps:
- po
pula
tion
- w
ater
sup
ply
- ai
r po
llutio
n2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rev
iew
the
resu
lts o
f th
e pr
evio
us I
nves
ti-ga
tions
rel
atin
g to
thei
r as
sign
edci
ty p
robl
em.
3.H
ave
each
gro
up d
iscu
ssan
d su
gges
t ans
wer
s to
thes
e tw
oqu
estio
ns.
- W
hat n
ew c
hang
esar
e ne
eded
to h
elp
solv
eth
e ci
ty p
robl
em?
- H
ow a
re th
ese
pro-
pose
d so
lutio
ns to
be
brou
ght a
bout
?
B. R
ESE
AR
CH
1.A
llow
libr
ary
time
for
grou
ps to
loca
te a
var
iety
of
pro-
pose
d so
lutio
ns to
thei
r pr
oble
ms
and
way
s so
lutio
ns c
an b
e br
ough
tab
out. 2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
olle
ct n
ews-
pape
r an
d m
agaz
ine
artic
les
rela
ting
to th
eir
city
pro
blem
. SC
#39
is a
sam
ple.
A. R
EV
IEW
/SU
GG
EST
B. R
ESE
AR
CH
SC #
39, p
.125
:
Eva
luat
ion
A. R
EV
IEW
/SU
GG
EST
B. R
ESE
AR
CH
Eva
luat
e th
e co
l-le
ctio
n of
mat
eria
l..
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. R
EV
IEW
/SU
GG
EST
B. R
ESE
AR
CH
TC
Ws
11 a
nd 1
2, p
p. 1
55-1
561
give
som
e ba
ckgr
ound
into
solu
tions
to p
opul
atio
n pr
ob-
lem
s.
43
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IX
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns3.
Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
tow
atch
for
tele
visi
on s
peci
als
onth
eir
prob
lem
.
C. S
PEC
IFY
1.Su
gges
t in
deta
il ho
w s
olu-
tions
can
be
brou
ght a
bout
.2.
Des
crib
e th
e sp
ecif
ic r
ole
of in
divi
dual
s, g
roup
s (n
on-
gove
rnm
enta
l), a
nd g
over
nmen
t, in
solv
ing
prob
lem
s.
D. P
LA
N-1
.TIa
ve e
ach
grou
p pl
an a
pre
-se
ntat
ion
of th
eir
stud
ies
on s
olu-
tions
. 2.St
uden
ts m
ay s
elec
t one
of
the
follo
win
g m
edia
or
use
one
not
liste
d:-
poem
- le
tter
to n
ewsp
aper
edi
tor
- sc
ript
for
a s
peci
alte
levi
sion
sho
w-
shor
t sto
ry-
song
play
- se
ries
of
publ
icse
rvic
e co
mm
erci
als
- co
llage
- po
ster
or
char
t-
seri
es o
f po
litic
al c
arto
ons
- se
ries
of
draw
ings
- se
ries
of
billb
oard
adve
rtis
emen
ts
C. S
PEC
IFY
D. P
LA
N
C. S
PEC
IFY
D. P
LA
NC
olle
ct w
ritte
n w
ork
rela
ted
to p
rese
n-ta
tion.
C. S
PEC
IFY
Rem
ind
stud
ents
they
hav
ea
pers
onal
res
pons
ibili
tyfo
r co
ntri
butin
g to
bol
utio
ns.
D. P
LA
N
44
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
X
Lea
rnin
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
E. P
RE
SEN
TU
pon
com
plet
im o
f pl
anni
ng, g
roup
ssh
ould
pre
sent
thei
r re
sults
to th
ecl
ass.
F. D
ISC
USS
Aft
er e
ach
pres
enta
tion,
allo
w c
lass
to d
iscu
ss id
eas
give
n.2.
Aft
er a
ll pr
esen
tatio
ns, d
e-ci
de u
pon
a co
nsen
sus
to e
ach
prob
-le
m s
olut
ion
and
how
it c
ould
be
brou
ght a
bout
.3.
Lis
t con
sens
us o
n ch
alkb
oard
.
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
A. D
ESI
GN
-1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oup. 2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
, usi
ng th
elis
t of
solu
tions
for
the
prev
ious
lyid
entif
ied
city
pro
blem
s an
d pr
ob-
lem
s no
t yet
dis
cuss
ed, p
lan
anid
eal c
ity in
whi
ch th
ese
prob
lem
sha
ve b
een
solv
ed.
3.D
escr
ibe
how
eac
h pr
oble
mw
ill b
e so
lved
by
grap
hica
lly d
e-pi
ctin
g an
idea
l city
.W
ritte
n co
m-
men
tary
sho
uld
acco
mpa
ny s
ketc
hes
of id
eal c
ity to
exp
lain
how
pro
b-le
ms
are
solv
ed.
E. P
RE
SEN
T
F. D
ISC
USS
A. D
ESI
GN
E. P
RE
SEN
TPr
esen
tatio
ns m
ay b
eju
dged
by
the
entir
ecl
ass.
F.D
ISC
USS
TC
#3,
p. 1
29.
A. D
ESI
GN
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
E. P
RE
SEN
T
F.D
ISC
USS
A. D
ESI
GN
Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
to b
e as
crea
tive
as p
ossi
ble
in th
ispr
ojec
t. A
llow
rea
sona
ble
time
for
this
cre
ativ
ity.
45
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
IX X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
B. D
ISPL
AY
1.E
ach
grou
p w
ill p
lan
how
itw
ill d
ispl
ay it
s co
ncep
t of
the
idea
lci
ty. 2.
Aft
er d
ispl
ays
are
esta
b-lis
hed,
allo
w s
tude
nts
to in
spec
tot
her
disp
lays
.
C. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
ee f
ilmst
rip
and
wat
ch f
or w
ays
man
has
atte
mpt
edto
sol
ve s
ome
city
pro
blem
s.2.
Aft
er f
ilmst
rip,
dis
cuss
re-
actio
ns to
sol
utio
ns a
nd c
ompa
rew
ith th
eir
own
answ
ers
used
inth
eir
idea
l city
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
B. D
ISPL
AY
C. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Urb
an C
ivi-
lizat
ion,
Par
t III
.--
-27
Film
stri
pm
ay b
e pu
rcha
sed
from
:E
duca
tiona
l Aud
ioV
isua
l, In
c.Pl
easa
ntvi
lleIl
linoi
s 10
507
D. C
HE
CK
L
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
B. D
ISPL
AY
Use
a f
orm
like
SC #
5, p
. 131
, and
allo
w s
tude
nts
toju
dge
the
disp
lays
.
C. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SST
C #
3, p
. 129
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 4
87
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 4
9.
B. D
ISPL
AY
C. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSA
ny f
ilmst
rip
desc
ribi
ngat
tem
pted
sol
utio
ns to
city
prob
lem
s m
ay b
e sh
own.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
.128
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
o'r
this
che
ck.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(L P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fr
om o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
eFo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
TS
47
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
:Sm
all G
roup
Eva
luat
ion
I. Q
. (IN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
) C
HE
CK
Nam
eG
roup
Num
ber
Cla
ss P
erio
dD
ate
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nB
eing
Inv
estig
ated
:
My
Ans
wer
toth
fs I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion:
Impo
rtan
t par
ts o
f th
isIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion
Ans
wer
Lef
t Out
:
Poin
ts P
ossi
ble
for
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n
48
Poin
ts A
war
ded
for
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n
Nam
e of
Che
cker
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
:Se
lf-E
valu
atio
n
SEL
F-E
VA
LU
AT
ION
FO
RM
Peri
odN
ame
Dir
ectio
ns:
Poin
t Sca
le:
Dat
e
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve c
ompl
eted
all
wor
k on
an
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, u
seth
e Po
int S
cale
bel
ow a
nd r
ate
your
self
on e
ach
of th
e ca
tego
ries
list
ed in
the
char
t.
5 po
ints
exce
llent
; 4 p
oint
sab
ove
aver
age;
3 p
oint
sav
erag
e;2
poin
tsbe
low
ave
rage
; 1 p
oint
poor
CA
TE
GO
RIE
SIN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
NU
MB
ER
S
IU
'Ca
IVV
VI
VII
VII
IIX
X
Inte
rest
.
.(T
o w
hat d
egre
e w
ere
you
inte
rest
ed in
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n?)
Und
erst
andi
ng
.
(To
wha
t deg
ree
do y
ou f
eel
you
unde
rsta
nd th
e co
n-cl
usio
n to
the
Inqu
iry
.Q
uest
ion?
)
Eff
ort
-
:
(To
wha
t deg
ree
did
you
doal
l act
iviti
es to
the
best
of
your
abi
lity?
)
Coo
pera
tive
Part
icip
atio
n-
.
(To
wha
t deg
ree
did
you
con-
trib
ute
usef
ul id
eas
in s
olvi
nggr
oup
prob
lem
s an
d/or
hel
pot
hers
rea
ch a
con
clus
ion
abou
t thi
s In
quir
y Q
uest
ion?
)
-
Tot
al P
oint
s.
..
49
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t4got ato
aid' I
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$112.L.:007
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
: Som
e T
hing
s T
hat S
hare
the
City
With
Man
All
citie
s ar
e al
ike
in th
e w
ay th
ey d
estr
oy n
atur
e.E
ven
one
.hum
an o
n 1,
200
acr
es w
ill h
ave
som
e
effe
cts
on th
e pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s th
at s
hare
the
land
with
him
.H
e m
ust k
ill s
ome
anim
als
and
plan
ts f
or
food
.H
e m
ay k
ill o
r hu
rt m
any
mor
e by
acc
iden
t.B
ut im
agin
e ho
w 5
0, 0
00 p
eopl
e w
ould
aff
ect t
he p
lant
s
and
anim
als
that
live
on
the
sam
e I,
ZO
O a
cres
!W
hen
peop
le b
uild
citi
es, t
hey
kill
near
ly a
ll th
e pl
ants
and
dri
ve o
utne
arly
all
the
wild
ani
mal
s th
at
live
on th
e la
nd.
The
soi
l its
elf
is c
over
ed w
ith b
uild
ings
and
str
eets
.So
me
of e
arth
's c
ities
hav
e se
t asi
de
land
for
par
ks. E
very
one
agre
es th
at it
is w
onde
rful
to h
ave
a pa
tch
of g
reen
tree
s an
d gr
ass
grow
ing
insi
de
the
city
.A
nd y
et, t
he p
arks
slo
wly
fill
up.
Stre
ets
and
high
way
s ar
e bu
ilt th
roug
h th
em.
Res
taur
ants
, zoo
s,
mus
eum
s, te
nnis
cou
rts,
pol
ice
stat
ions
,pl
aygr
ound
s, b
icyc
le p
aths
, hor
se-b
ack
ridi
ng tr
ails
, am
usem
ent
park
s, s
wim
min
g po
ols,
ska
ting
rink
s, th
eatr
es, p
laza
s, f
ount
ains
,an
d st
atue
s sl
owly
cov
er th
e op
en s
pace
.
Of
cour
se, t
hese
are
all
good
thin
gs to
hav
e in
the
city
.B
ut w
hy m
ust t
hey
take
the
plac
e of
tree
s an
d gr
ass?
Whe
n m
an f
inis
hes
his
citie
s, o
nly
four
kin
ds o
f th
ings
live
ther
ew
ith h
im. T
he f
irst
, and
rar
est,
....1
...3
are
bird
s, s
quir
rels
, and
oth
er a
nim
als
that
live
in th
e tin
y gr
een
patc
hes
left
insi
de th
e ci
ty.
The
sec
ond
are
pets
, hou
sepl
ants
, tre
es, s
hrub
s, a
nd f
low
ers
that
man
bri
ngs
into
the
city
to s
hare
his
life.
The
thir
d ar
e th
e pe
sts
that
live
in th
e ci
ty, w
heth
er m
an w
ants
them
or
not.
The
se in
clud
e ra
ts, m
ice,
and
a fe
w k
inds
of
bird
s an
d bu
gs.
Fina
lly, t
he c
ity is
ful
l of
the
tiny
thin
gs li
ke b
acte
ria
and
viru
ses
that
live
on
and
in th
e hu
man
bod
y.
Of
cour
se, t
hese
littl
e th
ings
live
with
man
whe
ther
he
is in
the
city
or
not a
nd s
omet
imes
cau
se a
lot o
f
trou
ble
whe
n pe
ople
live
cro
wde
d to
geth
er.
McC
ue, G
eorg
e, E
colo
gy: T
he C
ity, p
p. 1
0-11
, Ben
zige
r In
c.,
New
Yor
k: B
ever
ly H
ills,
197
1.53
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 5
:L
ittle
Thi
ngs
Tha
t Mak
e M
an T
heir
Hom
e
Eve
ry h
uman
bei
ng is
a h
ome
for
man
y sm
all l
ivin
g th
ings
.Pe
ople
som
e tim
es h
ave
flea
s an
d lic
eliv
ing
in th
eir
hair
.M
illio
ns o
f pe
ople
hav
e tin
y an
imal
s ca
lled
mite
s liv
ing
in th
eir
eyel
ashe
s. Y
ou c
an't
see
the
mite
s, a
nd u
sual
ly th
ey d
on't
caus
e an
y tr
oubl
e, b
ut th
ey a
re th
ere.
Man
y ki
nds
of c
olor
less
pla
nts
calle
d fu
ngi l
ive
on th
e sk
in a
nd in
the
body
. Wor
ms
and
othe
r tin
y an
imal
s liv
e in
side
peo
ple;
and
the
skin
,m
outh
, int
estin
es, a
nd m
any
othe
r pa
rts
of m
an a
re a
hom
e fo
r ba
cter
ia a
nd v
irus
es. T
he h
uman
bod
y su
pplie
sth
ese
thin
gs w
ith f
ood,
wat
er, a
nd w
arm
th -
as
wel
l as
a fr
ee r
ide.
Not
eve
ry p
erso
n ha
s th
e sa
me
kind
s of
thin
gs li
ving
on
him
. As
a m
atte
r of
fac
t, ea
ch p
erso
n ha
s hi
sow
n sp
ecia
l com
mun
ity.
It is
oft
en h
ard
for
anyt
hing
new
to f
ind
a sp
ot to
gro
w o
n.B
ut b
efor
e yo
u st
art
scra
tchi
ng o
r ru
n ho
me
to ta
ke a
bat
h, r
emem
ber
thes
e th
ings
: fir
st o
f al
l, m
ost o
f th
e th
ings
that
.live
on
man
caus
e ve
ry li
ttle
trou
ble.
And
sec
ond,
a p
erso
n m
ay c
arry
a d
isea
se w
ithou
t bei
ng s
ick.
For
exam
ple,
the
pers
on m
ay b
e im
mun
e be
caus
e he
has
alr
eady
had
the
dise
ase.
Or
may
be th
e pe
rson
has
had
sho
ts o
r ha
s...
aC
Cbe
en v
acci
nate
d ag
ains
t the
dis
ease
.W
hen
peop
le g
et c
lose
toge
ther
, the
se li
ttle
visi
tors
hav
e a
chan
ce to
mov
e fr
om o
ne p
erso
n to
ano
ther
.Fo
r ex
ampl
e, s
ome
bact
eria
and
vir
uses
flo
at th
roug
h th
e ai
r on
dro
ps o
f w
ater
cau
sed
by c
ough
ing,
sne
ezin
g,or
spi
tting
.O
ther
s ri
de f
rom
per
son
to p
erso
n on
tiny
fla
kes
of d
ry s
kin.
One
can
nev
er b
e su
re w
hat h
e is
pick
ing
up f
rom
oth
er p
eopl
e.B
ecau
se th
ey b
ring
man
y pe
ople
clo
se to
geth
er, c
ities
are
an
impo
rtan
t cau
se o
f th
e sp
read
of
dise
ase.
Tha
t doe
s no
t mea
n th
at d
isea
se w
ould
dis
appe
ar if
citi
es w
ere
torn
dow
n.B
ut m
any
dise
ases
wou
ld b
e m
uch
less
com
mon
.
McC
ue, G
eorg
e, E
colo
gy: T
he C
ity, p
p. 1
2-13
, Ben
zige
r In
c. ,
New
Yor
k: B
ever
ly H
ills,
197
1.
54
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 6
: How
Citi
es M
ake
The
irO
wn
Wea
ther
Air
pol
lutio
n ca
n cu
t dow
n on
the
amou
nt o
f su
nlig
ht th
atre
ache
s a
city
.A
nd o
ften
dro
ps o
f w
ater
colle
ct a
roun
d th
e bi
ts o
f di
rt f
loat
ing
in th
eai
r. A
s a
resu
lt, a
city
has
mor
e da
rk a
nd f
oggy
day
sth
anth
e co
untr
y ar
ound
it.
But
this
is o
nly
one
way
that
a c
ity c
hang
es it
sow
n w
eath
er.
If y
ou li
sten
to w
eath
er r
epor
ts,
you
know
the
tem
pera
ture
in th
e ci
ty is
usu
ally
dif
fere
nt f
rom
the
tem
pera
ture
in th
e su
burb
s a
few
mile
saw
ay. T
he b
uild
ings
and
the
stre
ets
soak
up
heat
fro
m th
esu
n an
dst
ay h
ot a
ll ni
ght.
Air
-con
ditio
ners
pou
r ho
t air
into
the
city
str
eets
. As
a re
sult,
citi
es a
re h
otte
r du
ring
the
sum
mer
day
s an
d ni
ghts
than
the
coun
try
arou
nd th
em.
In th
e w
inte
r al
so, t
he s
tree
ts a
nd b
uild
ings
soa
kup
hea
t fro
m th
e su
n. A
nd th
e bu
ildin
gs a
re h
eate
d in
side
. Thi
ske
eps
the
city
war
mer
than
the
coun
try
inth
e w
inte
r.
The
war
mth
of
the
city
als
o cu
ts d
own
on th
e nu
mbe
r of
day
s no
rthe
rn c
ities
hav
e sn
ow. A
nd p
lant
sm
ay h
ave
thre
e or
fou
r w
eeks
long
er to
gro
w.
In N
ew Y
ork
City
, flo
wer
s m
ay s
till b
loom
in w
indo
wbo
xes
....1
at T
hank
sgiv
ing
time.
A f
ew m
iles
away
in N
ew J
erse
y, f
rost
may
hav
e ki
lled
the
sam
e ki
nds
of f
low
ers
aco
mon
th o
r m
ore
earl
ier.
A c
ity a
lso
may
hav
e m
ore
rain
than
the
coun
try
arou
nd it
.T
he h
ot a
ir o
ver
the
city
ris
eg p
ushi
ngra
in c
loud
s hi
gher
into
the
sky.
As
the
rain
clo
uds
rise
, the
y co
ol o
ff.
And
the
mor
e th
ey c
ool o
ff, t
hem
ore
wat
er th
ey d
rop.
McC
ue, G
eorg
e, E
colo
gy: T
he C
ity,
pp. 3
2-33
, Ben
zige
r In
c.,
New
Yor
k: B
ever
ly H
ills,
197
1.
55
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 7
:E
nvir
onm
enta
l Qui
z-
Part
I
1.W
hat i
s th
e da
ily u
se o
f w
ater
per
cap
itafo
r th
e U
SA?
a)5
gallo
nsc)
150
gallo
nsb)
50 g
allo
nsd)
300
gallo
ns
2.H
ow m
any
poun
ds o
f so
lid w
aste
are
pro
-du
ced
by th
e av
erag
e U
S ci
tizen
eac
h da
y?a)
2b)
4c)
6d)
10
3.Is
it p
ossi
ble
to r
e-cy
cle
wat
er s
o th
at it
may
be
used
and
re-
used
inde
fini
tely
?a)
Yes
b)N
oC
Ocr
.)4.
Wha
t is
the
annu
al v
alue
of
reus
able
mat
eria
ls d
ispo
sed
of in
the
garb
age
of a
city
of
100,
000
peop
le?
a)$1
0,00
0c)
$400
,000
b)$1
00,0
00d)
$700
,000
5.W
hen
raw
sew
age
ente
rs a
sew
age
trea
tmen
tpl
ant,
wha
t pro
port
ion
of it
is w
ater
?
a)le
ss th
en 5
0%c)
90%
b)75
%d)
mor
e th
an 9
5%
56
6.O
ne o
f th
e ai
r po
lluta
nts
gene
rate
d by
a co
al f
ired
pow
er p
lant
is:
a)N
itrog
enb)
Met
hane
c)Su
lphu
ric
acid
mis
td)
Ozo
ne
7.H
ow e
ffic
ient
is a
pow
er p
lant
? T
hat i
s,w
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
the
ener
gy if
con
sum
esis
turn
ed in
to e
lect
rica
l pow
er?
a)20
%b)
35%
c)50
%d)
75%
8.W
as th
e w
ater
use
d to
mak
e yo
ur m
orni
ngco
ffee
eve
r in
som
eone
's to
ilet?
a)no
c)pr
obab
ly y
esb)
prob
ably
not
d)de
fini
tely
yes
9.W
hat i
s th
e po
pula
tion
dens
ity o
f N
ewY
ork
City
, exp
ress
ed a
s pe
ople
per
squa
re m
ile?
a)5,
000
c)25
,000
b)10
,000
d)50
,000
10.
The
thre
shol
d of
pai
n is
120
dec
ibel
s.W
hat i
s th
e de
cibe
l rat
ing
of th
e no
ise
hear
d by
a p
erso
n si
tting
in th
e la
st s
eat
of a
jet a
ircr
aft?
a)50
c)11
0b)
80d)
130
Ans
wer
s to
Env
iron
men
tal Q
uiz
- Pa
rt I
I
1.C
.15
0 ga
llons
. Thi
s is
a n
atio
nal a
vera
ge f
or e
very
man
, wom
an a
nd c
hild
in th
e U
SA.
It in
clud
esw
ater
use
d fo
r dr
inki
ng, b
athi
ng, a
gric
ultu
re a
nd in
dust
ry. R
emem
ber,
you
r de
man
ds f
or m
ater
ial
poss
essi
ons
puts
add
ition
al d
eman
ds o
n th
e w
ater
sup
ply.
2.C
.6
poun
ds. T
his
incl
udes
kitc
hen
was
tes
as w
ell a
s:al
l oth
er f
orm
s of
sol
id w
aste
. Thi
s fi
gure
has
been
incr
easi
ng r
apid
ly o
ver
the
past
few
yea
rs b
ecau
se o
f ch
ange
s in
the
pack
agin
g of
p-
oduc
ts: F
orex
ampl
e, a
trip
to th
e gr
ocer
y st
ore
for
a pa
ckag
e of
fro
zen
peas
may
res
ult i
n 4
oz. o
f pe
as in
a c
ard-
boar
d bo
x, w
rapp
ed in
wax
pap
er, w
rapp
ed in
a p
rint
ed c
over
, put
into
a f
reez
er b
ag a
nd th
en in
to a
pape
r ba
g. Y
ou ta
ke h
ome
4 oz
. of
peas
and
2 p
ound
s of
pap
er!
3.A
.Y
es. W
e ha
ve a
fin
ite a
mou
nt o
f w
ater
on
this
pla
net a
nd it
has
bee
n re
cycl
ing
in th
e hy
drol
ogic
alcy
cle
for
mill
ions
of
year
s.4.
C.
$400
,000
. Thi
s is
the
valu
e of
all
the
mat
eria
ls th
e ci
ty w
ould
thro
w a
way
. Of
cour
se, t
he p
robl
emis
how
to r
ecla
im it
.5.
D.
Mor
e th
an 9
5% p
ure.
In f
act,
raw
sew
age
ente
ring
a p
lant
is b
etw
een
99.5
and
99.
8%
pur
e w
ater
,th
e re
mai
nder
is th
e am
ount
of
orga
nic
was
te a
dded
by
the
com
mun
ity. A
s yo
u ca
n se
e, w
e ar
e as
king
our
trea
tmen
t pla
nts
to o
pera
te o
n a
very
eff
icie
nt b
asis
. Tho
se w
ho s
ugge
st th
at th
epl
ants
oug
ht to
be
mor
e ef
fici
ent s
impl
y do
n't u
nder
stan
d w
hat t
hey
are
aski
ng.
CO
6.C
.Su
lphu
ric
acid
mis
t. R
emem
ber
your
ele
men
tary
che
mis
try?
Coa
l con
tain
s su
lphu
r as
an
impu
rity
.C
ombu
stio
n pr
oduc
es w
ater
vap
or a
nd o
xidi
zes
the
sulp
hur.
Now
we
have
sul
phur
dio
xide
(SO
2) a
nd w
ater
(H20
), to
geth
er w
e ge
t H2S
O4.
Thi
s w
onde
rful
pro
duct
doe
s gr
eat t
hing
s to
pai
nt, r
ubbe
r tir
es a
nd w
omen
'sny
lon
stoc
king
s!7.
B.
35%
. The
leve
l of
effi
cien
cy is
gov
erne
d by
the
law
s of
ther
mod
ynam
ics.
No
plan
t can
be
100%
effi
cien
t and
the
was
ted
ener
gy is
rej
ecte
d fr
om th
e pr
oces
s in
the
form
of
was
te h
eat,
gase
s, e
tc. T
hese
esca
pe to
the
atm
osph
ere
or in
to la
kes
and
stre
ams.
Nuc
lear
and
fos
sil
fuel
pow
er p
lant
s ha
ve a
ppro
xi-
mat
ely
the
sam
e le
vels
of
effi
cien
cy.
8.C
.Pr
obab
ly y
es. R
efer
to n
umbe
r 3
abov
e. W
e ha
ve o
nly
so m
uch
wat
er o
n th
is p
lane
t and
ther
e is
no
way
to te
ll w
here
it w
as b
efor
e it
got t
o us
this
mor
ning
.9.
D.
25,0
00.
Popu
latio
n de
nsity
is r
elat
ed to
env
iron
men
tal q
ualit
y. N
ew Y
ork
City
has
an
extr
emel
yhi
gh p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
and
has
its
asso
ciat
ed p
robl
ems
of a
ir p
ollu
tion,
sol
id w
aste
dis
posa
l, la
ck o
fw
ater
, lac
k of
rec
reat
iona
l spa
ce, e
tc.
10.
C.
110.
Air
plan
e en
gine
s ar
e no
tori
ous
sour
ces
of n
oise
pol
lutio
n. A
sk a
nyon
e w
ho li
ves
in a
flig
ht p
ath!
A r
ecen
tly p
asse
d fe
dera
l law
mak
es it
illig
al to
hav
e "c
ontin
uous
" no
ise
leve
ls a
bove
85
deci
bels
. Con
se-
quen
tly, i
ndus
trie
s al
l ove
r th
e U
S ar
e tr
ying
to m
ake
thin
gs q
uiet
er f
or u
s.57
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
8 :
Cha
nges
in th
e C
ity E
nvir
onm
ent
We
said
bef
ore
that
the
city
is y
our
envi
ronm
ent.
All
the
build
ings
,ca
rs, t
ruck
s an
d ot
her
peop
lear
e pa
rt o
f it.
The
air
, wat
er, o
ther
ani
mal
s, s
unsh
ine,
and
pla
nts
are
also
par
ts o
f it.
The
se la
st p
arts
wer
e no
t mad
e by
peo
ple.
The
y ar
e pa
rt o
f th
e N
AT
UR
AL
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
, bec
ause
they
com
e fr
om n
atur
e.C
ities
cha
nge
the
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent.
If lo
ts o
f pe
ople
wal
k on
a s
tree
t eve
ry d
ay, t
here
has
to b
ea
hard
cove
ring
that
won
't w
ear
out f
or a
long
tim
e. T
hat
mea
ns th
ere
will
be
less
soi
l for
pla
nts
to g
row
in. A
ndso
ther
e w
ill n
ot b
e as
man
y pl
ants
. Our
oxy
gen
will
hav
e to
blo
wov
er to
us
from
oth
er p
arts
of
the
coun
try.
whe
re th
ere
are
mor
e pl
ants
.C
ities
cha
nge
the
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent i
n ot
her
way
s to
o.T
all b
uild
ings
out
dow
n on
sun
light
. The
ych
ange
the
clim
ate.
Whe
re y
ou s
ee a
twen
ty-s
tory
bui
ldin
gno
w, p
erha
ps th
ere
once
was
a p
ond.
Inst
ead
of a
woo
dchu
ck h
ole
unde
r th
e gr
ound
, the
rear
e te
leph
one
wir
es a
nd w
ater
pip
es.
Oth
er a
nim
als
that
nee
da
larg
e ha
bita
t hav
e m
oved
aw
ay b
ecau
se p
eopl
e to
ok u
p m
ore
and
mor
e of
the
room
they
nee
ded.
tDT
hese
are
som
e of
the
chan
ges
man
has
mad
e in
the
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent.
The
cha
nges
hav
e m
ade
life
easy
for
peo
ple
in s
ome
way
s.It
is e
asie
r to
buy
foo
d in
a s
tore
than
to h
unt o
r gr
ow y
our
own.
You
keep
war
mer
in a
hou
se w
ith a
fur
nace
than
ina
hous
e w
ith o
nly
a fi
repl
ace.
You
can
get
wat
er f
rom
the
sink
.B
efor
e th
e ci
ty w
as h
ere,
peo
ple
had
to g
et it
fro
ma
wel
l.T
here
are
oth
er c
hang
es th
at c
ities
hav
e m
ade
on th
e na
tura
l env
iron
men
t. T
hese
cha
nges
mak
e lif
eha
rder
and
not
as
plea
sant
. Bec
ause
ther
e ar
eso
man
y pe
ople
in a
city
, the
re h
ave
to b
e a
grea
t man
y fu
r-na
ces
to k
eep
them
war
m. O
ne f
urna
ce p
ouri
ng s
mok
e in
to th
e ai
r is
n't t
oo b
ad. B
ut w
hen
ther
ear
e hu
n-dr
eds,
it m
akes
the
air
dirt
y. T
he a
ir is
less
hea
lthy
and
mak
escl
othe
s an
d pa
int d
irty
, too
.G
ettin
g ri
d of
gar
bage
is a
lso
a re
al p
robl
em in
cro
wde
d ci
ties.
Peop
le h
ave
to g
et it
out
of
thei
rho
mes
. Gar
bage
men
hav
e to
get
it o
ut o
f th
eca
ns in
the
stre
et. A
nd th
en it
has
to b
e pu
t som
epla
ce a
way
from
peo
ple.
58
Too
oft
en th
e w
aste
fro
m h
ouse
s an
d fa
ctor
ies
are
thro
wn
into
the
rive
r. T
his
mak
es th
e w
ater
not
fit t
o dr
ink.
The
dir
ty w
ater
kill
s th
e fi
sh a
nd o
ther
ani
mal
s w
hich
live
in c
lean
riv
ers
and
lake
s. Y
ou c
an-
not g
o fi
shin
g be
caus
e th
ere
are
no f
ish.
Som
e ri
vers
are
so
dirt
y th
at p
eopl
e ca
nnot
go
swim
min
g in
them
.T
hey
mig
.it g
et s
ick
from
the
dirt
y w
ater
.T
his
kind
of
man
-mad
e di
rt in
air
and
wat
er is
cal
led
POL
LU
TIO
N. A
noth
er k
ind
of m
an-m
ade
dirt
is c
alle
d lit
ter.
One
sm
all c
andy
pap
er o
n th
e si
dew
alk
may
not
be
so b
ad. W
hen
hund
reds
of
peop
leth
row
sm
all p
iece
s of
pap
er o
n th
e gr
ound
it m
akes
a b
ig m
ess.
Noi
se c
an b
e an
othe
r bo
ther
. Noi
se d
oesn
't do
any
thin
g to
air
, wat
er, f
ood
and
shel
ter
but i
t doe
sso
met
hing
to y
ou.
In th
e ci
ty y
ou h
ear
nois
e fr
om tr
ucks
, car
s, b
uses
, tra
ins,
air
ham
mer
s, h
orns
, gar
bage
can
s,ai
rpla
nes,
and
man
y ot
her
thin
gs. A
ll th
is n
oise
can
mak
e yo
u fe
el m
ad o
r re
stle
ss-
and
unco
mfo
rtab
le.
Too
muc
h no
ise
is n
ot g
ood
for
anyb
ody,
A P
lace
to L
ive.
Publ
ishe
d by
the
Nat
iona
l Aud
ubon
Soc
iety
, 113
0 Fi
fth
Ave
nue,
New
Yor
k, N
. Y. 1
0028
.
59
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 9
:Po
pula
tion
Dis
trib
utio
n
It is
pos
sibl
e to
di i
ve th
roug
h la
rge
empt
y st
retc
hes
in th
is c
ount
ry a
nd w
onde
r if
thos
e w
ho ta
lk o
'"p
opul
atio
n pr
oble
ms"
are
n't e
xagg
erat
ing.
The
trou
ble
is th
at o
ver
70 p
erce
nt o
f ou
r po
pula
tion
is n
owco
ncen
trat
ed in
urb
an a
reas
. Thi
s fi
gure
is li
kely
to in
crea
se to
85
perc
ent b
y th
e ye
ar 2
000.
Patte
rns
of p
opul
atio
n di
stri
butio
n ar
e co
mpl
ex: p
eopl
e m
ove
from
rur
al to
urb
an a
reas
, fro
mur
ban
area
s to
the
subu
rbs,
and
fro
m c
ity to
city
.T
his
crea
tes
prob
lem
s. T
he p
robl
ems
resu
lt fr
om th
era
te o
f ch
ange
as
muc
h as
fro
m c
hang
es in
abs
olut
e si
ze.
Con
side
r so
me
exam
ples
:
The
gro
wth
of
the
subu
rbs
has
take
n th
e ri
cher
pop
ulat
ion
away
fro
m th
e in
ner
citie
s.St
ores
and
bus
ines
ses
have
fol
low
ed th
e w
ealth
y to
the
subu
rbs,
taki
ng jo
bs w
ith th
em.
Who
hav
e be
en le
ft b
ehin
d? T
he u
nski
lled
and
the
poor
. Not
onl
y ha
s th
is s
tren
gthe
ned
alre
ady
esta
blis
hed
patte
rns
of s
egre
gatio
n, b
ut th
e ce
ntra
l city
mus
t now
bea
r in
crea
sed
00re
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
soci
al a
nd f
inan
cial
pro
blem
s of
the
disa
dvan
tage
d at
a ti
me
whe
nth
e ta
x ba
se a
nd r
esul
ting
reve
nues
hav
e de
clin
ed.
Man
y sm
all t
owns
and
rur
al a
reas
hav
e lo
st p
eopl
e.In
the
last
few
dec
ades
nea
rly
half
of th
e 3,
000
U. S
. cou
ntie
s ha
ve lo
st p
opul
atio
n. M
ost o
f th
ese
coun
ties
are
in th
e ar
eabe
twee
n th
e M
issi
ssip
pi a
nd th
e R
ocky
Mou
ntai
ns, f
rom
the
Can
adia
n bo
rder
to th
e R
ioG
rand
e, a
nd in
the
App
alac
hian
Mou
ntai
ns. T
hese
reg
ions
hav
e be
en le
ft w
ith a
con
cen-
trat
ion
of o
ld p
eopl
e w
ho n
eed
soci
al s
ervi
ces,
yet
who
se in
com
es a
re lo
w. A
s th
e co
m-
mun
ities
shr
ink,
they
lost
the
tax
base
nee
ded
to f
inan
ce th
e se
rvic
es. T
he r
esul
t has
ofte
n be
en a
det
erio
ratio
n of
livi
ng c
ondi
tions
and
fur
ther
eco
nom
ic d
eclin
e fo
r th
eco
m-
mun
ity. T
his
in tu
rn s
timul
ates
mor
e ou
twar
d m
ovem
ent a
s th
e yo
ung
and
bette
r ed
u-ca
ted
go to
see
k th
eir
fort
unes
in th
e bi
g ci
ties.
60
Eve
n if
the
popu
latio
n of
our
cou
ntry
wer
e to
sto
p gr
owin
g, w
e w
ould
stil
l hav
e pr
oble
ms
asso
ciat
edw
ith r
ural
dep
opul
atio
n an
d m
etro
polit
an g
row
th. B
ecau
se n
atur
al in
crea
se (
the
exce
ss o
f bi
rths
ove
rde
aths
) ac
coun
ts f
or 7
5 pe
rcen
t of
curr
ent m
etro
polit
an g
row
th, i
t may
be
that
the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e lo
ng-t
erm
stra
tegy
for
red
ucin
g lo
cal g
row
th w
ill b
e th
roug
h re
duci
ng th
e gr
owth
of
the
natio
nal p
opul
atio
n ra
ther
than
redi
stri
butin
g it.
AF
arm
lli
Cen
tral
City
AS
ubur
b
Eac
h S
ymbo
l=2
mill
ion
popu
latio
n
FA
RM
, CIT
Y, A
ND
SU
BU
RB
AN
PO
PU
LAT
ION
, 194
0-19
70
1940
AP
OP
MA
AV
AN
AM
... .
......
...
,:-:..
.-.a
VIW
AIIW
AN
DO
MA
IMA
i
1950
NO
MP
AN
tilti:
t11/
1;;.:
11A
I)IIM
UIM
MA
ilAN
AM
AN
AM
Odu
trif
1960
AR
AM
N-P
1111
11.N
.PA
IMM
AV
Inag
Ann
fA
MA
AN
NA
MM
AN
NA
MM
AA
A
1970
AR
MW
KI;t
1WW
WW
WW
WM
AR
AN
AM
AM
Ittiff
itiA
MA
AA
RA
AR
AM
AA
RS
ourc
e: U
S. B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus.
Cen
sus
of P
opul
atio
n an
d H
ousi
ng: 1
970,
Gen
eral
Dem
ogra
phic
Tre
nds
for
Met
ropo
litan
Are
as, 1
9604
970,
PH
C(2
)-1
(197
1).
Opt
ions
- A
Stu
dy G
uide
to P
opul
atio
n an
d th
e A
mer
ican
Fut
ure,
Pro
duce
d by
the
Popu
latio
n R
efer
ence
Bur
eau,
Inc
., 19
73, p
p. 1
2-13
.
61
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
0
U.S
. Birt
h R
ate
Sta
rts
to D
win
dle
UN
SA
Y M
r* L
anic
oa
. PR
INC
ET
ON
,N
.J.
1Die
re h
asbe
en a
dra
mat
ic d
eclin
e si
nce
1967
inill
prop
tirtio
n of
Am
eric
ans
who
fav
orla
rge
fam
ilies
, acc
ordi
ng to
a r
ecen
tsu
rvey
. The
num
ber
is n
ow a
t the
low
est p
oint
in th
e 37
yea
rs d
urin
gw
hich
sur
veys
hav
e be
en r
egul
arly
cond
ucte
d on
the
subj
ect.
The
late
st s
urve
y re
sults
ap-
pear
ed in
a c
opyr
ight
sto
ry b
y Fi
eld
,E
nter
pris
es, I
nc. a
nd in
clud
ed th
e fa
ctth
at o
nly
one
adul
t in
five
(20
per
cent
)co
nsid
ers
the
idea
l num
ber
of c
hild
ren
in a
fam
ily to
be
four
or
mor
e. O
nly
six
year
s ag
o, th
e Pe
rcen
tage
was
dou
ble
that
fig
ure.
For
the
firs
t tim
e in
fou
r de
cade
sof
pol
ling
hist
ory,
Pro
test
ants
and
Cat
holic
s ho
ld s
imila
r vi
ews
on th
eid
eal n
umbe
r of
chi
ldre
n in
a f
amily
.In
the
late
st s
urve
y, 2
0 pe
rcen
t of
Prot
esta
nts
com
pare
d to
23
perc
ent o
fC
atho
lics
say
the
idea
l num
ber
ofch
ildre
n is
fou
r or
mor
e.In
196
7, 3
7 pe
rcen
t of
Prot
esta
nts
said
"fo
ur o
r m
ore"
is th
e id
eal
num
ber,
but
a c
onsi
dera
bly
high
erpe
rcen
tage
of
Cat
holic
s, 5
0 pe
rcen
t,he
ld th
is o
pini
on, t
hesu
rvey
poi
nted
out. Tod
ay, F
ebru
ary
8. 1
973
Gov
ernm
ent p
opul
atio
n da
tain
-di
cate
that
you
ng A
mer
ican
wom
enri
ch a
nd p
oor
alik
ear
e ha
ving
few
erch
ildre
n th
an a
t any
tim
ein
the
na-
tion'
s hi
stor
y. A
ccor
ding
to a
rece
ntgo
vern
men
t rep
ort,
the
U.S
. fer
tility
rate
for
the
firs
t nin
em
onth
s of
197
2dr
oppe
d be
low
zer
o po
pula
tion
grow
thfo
r th
e fi
rst t
ime.
If th
e bi
rth
rate
sta
yed
at o
r be
low
the
pres
ent l
evel
and
ther
e w
ere
nosi
gnif
ican
t im
mig
ratio
n,th
e U
.S.
popu
latio
n w
ould
leve
l off
som
etim
e -
afte
r th
e ye
ar 2
000.
How
ever
, bec
ause
man
y fa
ctor
s ar
ein
volv
ed, i
t is
im-
poss
ible
to m
ake
firm
pre
dict
ions
.
Var
ious
fac
tors
hav
e be
en c
ite('
asc.
ont
ribu
thig
to a
dw
indl
ing
birt
h ra
te,
incl
udin
g th
e co
st o
f liv
ing
(par
-tic
ular
ly th
e co
st o
f ed
ucat
ion)
,w
ides
prea
d us
e of
con
trac
eptiv
es,
conc
ern
over
cro
wde
d co
nditi
ons
and
over
popu
latio
n, m
ore
liber
al a
bort
ion
law
s an
d m
ore
abor
tions
, and
per
haps
chan
ging
val
ues
and
lifes
tyle
s as
refl
ecte
d by
wom
en's
libe
ratio
n.
The
dec
line
sinc
e th
e 19
67 G
allu
psu
rvey
in th
e pe
rcen
tage
fav
orin
g-l
arge
fam
ilies
has
com
e am
ong
all
maj
or p
opul
atio
n gr
oups
, but
it h
asbe
en m
ost p
rono
unce
d am
ong
wom
en,
Cat
holic
s, y
oung
er a
dults
and
per
sons
with
aco
llege
.or
high
scho
olba
ckgr
ound
, acc
ordi
ng to
the
surv
ey.
62
In 1
967
wom
en w
are
far
mor
ein
clin
ed th
an m
en to
fav
or la
rge
fam
ilies
, but
toda
y lit
tle d
iffe
renc
e is
foun
d in
the
opin
ions
of
the
two
sexe
s.
The
tren
d re
port
ed to
day
is O
fco
nsid
erab
le s
igni
fica
nce
in te
rms
ofex
pect
ed p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
.
Thd
fol
low
ing
tabl
e sh
ows
wha
tA
mer
ican
s cu
rren
tly b
elie
ve to
be
the
idea
l num
ber
of c
hild
ren
to h
ave.
It s
how
s th
e ch
ange
in v
iew
sbe
twee
n 19
67 a
nd to
day
by k
eypo
pula
tion
grou
ps: PE
RC
EN
T S
AY
ING
4 O
R M
OR
E I
S ID
EA
L
NU
MB
ER
OF
CH
ILD
RE
N
1967
1973
Poin
t Cha
nge
NA
TIO
NA
L40
%20
%-2
0
Men
3418
-16
Wom
en45
21-2
4
Und
er 3
0 ye
ars
3412
-22
30 to
49
year
s40
22-1
8
50 a
nd o
ver
4224
-18
Prot
esta
nts
3720
-17
Rom
an C
atho
lics
50 .
23-2
7
Col
lege
3412
-22
Hig
h sc
h:JI
4019
-21
Gra
de s
choo
l44
31-1
3
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
1: W
orld
Pop
ulat
ion
Gro
wth
1900
1750
750
mill
ion
Pla
gue
1250
375
mill
ion
TO
TA
L 3.
3Y
EA
R 1
905
I1.
8bi
llion
213
mil
231
mil
440
mill
ion
,\O
tt°C
1J
TO
TA
L 5.
9Y
EA
R 2
000
/F-I
P'
AS
IA
3.3
billi
on
240
mil
306
AF
RIC
Am
illio
n
354
mill
ion
353
mill
ion
2
527
mill
ion
624
mill
ion
billi
onpe
ople
T6 5 4 3
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1965
768
mill
ion
2000
1
Sou
rce:
Sou
ther
n Ill
inoi
s U
nive
rsity
, Wor
ld R
esou
rces
Inve
ntor
y. W
orld
Des
ign
Sci
ence
Dec
ade.
196
5.19
75.
Pha
se I.
196
5. D
ocum
ent f
or th
e 10
-Yea
r P
rogr
am(J
ohn
McH
ale)
. Car
bond
ale.
Sou
ther
n Ill
inoi
s U
nive
rsity
. 196
5. p
. 8.
63
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
2: T
he B
lack
Dea
th
00 00
The
Hon
orab
le D
octo
r E
ric
Rob
inso
nM
aler
en R
oad,
Sta
den
isl.
Stoc
khol
m, S
wed
en10
Apr
il, 1
351
We
set s
ail f
rom
Nap
les,
Ita
ly, f
ive
days
ago
and
are
en
rout
e to
Bar
celo
na, S
pain
. Win
ds a
te li
ght a
nd th
e w
eath
eris
goo
d. S
o w
ith f
lute
to s
pare
, I s
hall
unde
rtak
e to
kee
p m
ypr
omis
e to
you
and
put
my
log
note
s in
som
e or
der.
Per
haps
that
you
may
mak
e so
me
sens
e of
the
horr
ible
pes
tilen
ce th
atha
s de
mol
ishe
d th
e pe
ople
of
Eur
ope
and
stol
en s
o m
any
ofou
r de
ares
t one
s.
Whe
n w
e re
ache
d M
arse
illes
, Fra
nce,
ove
r th
ree
year
s ag
oin
late
134
7, th
e pl
ague
had
alr
eady
arr
ived
ther
e. T
he p
eo-
ple
susp
ecte
d it
had
com
e by
shi
p fr
om G
enoa
. The
Gen
oan
mer
chan
t mar
ine
may
hav
e br
ough
t the
dis
ease
fro
m K
afja
, aG
enoa
,: co
lony
on
the
Bla
ck S
ea. K
a IP
had
bee
n be
sieg
ed b
yth
e T
arta
rs. B
ut th
e T
arta
rs !
vete
fin
ally
for
ted
to g
ive
upth
e si
ege
beca
use
so m
any
of th
eir
forc
es w
ere
lost
to th
e pe
s-til
ence
. Bef
ore
they
dep
arte
d, th
e T
arta
rs c
atap
ulte
d bo
dies
of
thei
r de
ad w
arri
ors
into
the
city
, hop
ing
to s
prea
d th
e de
ath
amon
g th
e ci
tizen
s. T
hey
belie
ved
the
pest
ilenc
e co
uld
betr
ansm
itted
fro
m th
e de
ad to
the
livin
g.
If is
bel
ieve
d th
at w
hen
the
Gen
oan
sailo
rs r
etur
ned
hom
e,th
ey b
roug
ht th
e di
seas
e w
ith th
em. I
t is
also
rum
ored
that
in a
dditi
on to
the
dise
ase,
they
bro
ught
a la
rge
num
ber
ofbl
ack
rats
that
had
sto
wed
aw
ay w
hile
thei
r sh
ips
had
been
dock
ed a
t .K
affa
. Upo
n re
achi
ng th
e po
rt o
f G
enoa
, the
dis
-ea
se a
nd, o
f co
urse
, the
rat
s sp
read
into
the
city
.
Soon
the
blig
ht s
prea
d to
Mar
seill
es. N
o on
e kn
ew h
owfo
r su
re, p
erha
ps b
y sh
ip a
gain
. Som
e sa
id it
was
spr
ead
by
the
mia
sma,
or
pois
on th
ud. C
orru
pted
air
, dam
p m
ists
, hot
sout
h w
inds
hav
e al
l bee
n su
spec
ted
of c
am r
ying
the
pest
ilenc
e.E
arth
quak
es, f
lue
pilla
rs, a
nd o
ther
mys
teri
ous
occu
rren
ces
are
ecni
siik
red
by s
ome
to b
e th
e ca
use
of th
e pl
ague
. Whi
le in
Ven
ice,
a f
ew m
onth
s ag
o, I
hea
rd th
at th
e V
enet
ians
had
re-
ceiv
ed a
n om
en o
f th
e co
min
g pl
ague
. Jus
t bef
ore
the
dise
ase
appe
ared
in th
e ci
ty, a
n ea
rthq
uake
occ
urre
d an
d th
e be
lls in
St, M
ark'
s ra
ng o
ut w
ithou
t bei
ng to
uche
d by
hum
an h
ands
.
Ast
rolo
gers
in P
aris
bla
me
the
cata
stro
phe
on th
e co
njun
c-tio
n of
Sat
urn,
Jup
iter,
and
Mar
s in
the
hous
e of
Aqu
ariu
s.O
ther
Par
isia
ns b
elie
ved
the
pest
ilenc
e to
hav
e be
en c
ause
d by
a ba
ll of
fir
e se
en a
bove
the
city
.
I'm s
ure
that
you
, with
you
r sc
ient
ific
kno
wle
dge,
will
be
able
to d
ecid
e w
hich
, if
any,
of
thes
e ex
plan
atio
ns is
bes
t.W
hate
ver
the
caus
e, th
e pe
ople
I'v
e se
en a
ll ar
ound
Eur
ope
seem
res
igne
d to
thei
r fa
te. T
hey
agre
e th
at th
e pe
stile
nce
isth
e w
ill o
f G
od. T
hey
are
sure
thei
r si
ns h
ave
brou
ght t
his
puni
shm
ent u
pon
them
.
As
you
;sow
, mill
ions
hav
e di
ed in
the
thre
e ye
ars
sinc
e13
47. I
nee
d no
t rep
ort t
he h
orri
ble
natu
re o
f th
e di
seas
e.Y
ou k
now
it to
o w
ell.
But
how
it p
asse
s fr
om.
:mer
son
to p
er-
son
is s
till a
mys
tery
. Som
e sa
y it
is b
y br
eath
; oth
ers
clai
mon
ly a
look
is n
eces
sary
. Jus
t by
touc
h it
spre
ads,
acc
ordi
ngto
one
theo
ry. S
ome
even
bel
ieve
it is
fou
l air
bot
tled
up in
vess
els.
It i
s sa
id th
at th
ese
vess
els
are
carr
ied
by e
vil m
en to
a pl
ace
upw
ind
from
a c
ity. T
hen
thei
r fo
ul c
onte
nts
are
re-
leas
ed a
nd th
e fu
mes
spr
ead
over
the
tow
n.
64
It is
alm
ost u
nbel
ieva
ble
how
man
y ha
ve d
ied
the
horr
ible
deat
h of
bur
stin
g bo
ils a
nd b
liste
ring
fev
er. N
o on
e is
cer
tain
of th
e co
unt.
It is
est
imat
ed th
at, w
ithin
six
mon
ths,
Flo
renc
elo
st 5
5,00
0 of
its
90,0
00 in
habi
tant
s. T
he r
epor
ts I
hav
ehe
ard
from
all
over
Ita
ly s
ugge
st th
at u
p to
60%
of
the
pop-
ulat
ion
peri
shed
. App
aren
tly, t
he s
ame
horr
or a
boun
ded
inot
her
coun
trie
s. A
ll in
all,
num
' e th
an 3
0% o
f th
e po
pula
tion
of E
urop
e ha
ve d
ied.
The
hea
vies
t lol
l rep
orte
d is
am
ong
the
cler
gyar
ound
50%
. Som
e m
onas
teri
es h
ave
been
com
plet
ely
wip
ed o
ut.
But
my
prom
ise
was
to h
elp
you
char
t the
spm
ead
of th
epl
ague
. I h
ave
tabu
late
d w
hat f
igur
es 1
cou
ld g
et in
the
en-
clos
ed lo
gs. A
ll da
tes
are
appr
oxim
ate.
The
citi
es h
ave
been
iden
tifie
d ac
cord
ing
to th
e si
x-m
onth
per
iod
duri
ng w
hich
the
dise
ase
fell
upon
the
inha
bita
nts.
I tr
ust t
his
will
hel
p yo
u in
your
res
earc
h.
May
God
live
with
you
eac
h da
y.Y
our
frie
nd a
nd b
roth
er,
Swen
The
pla
gue
desc
ribed
brie
fly in
this
lette
r is
per
haps
the
grea
test
env
ironm
enta
l cris
is e
ver
to s
trik
e E
urop
e La
ter
tobe
cal
led
the
Bla
ck D
eath
, it o
rigin
ated
in A
sia
It w
as n
otth
e on
ly p
lagu
e to
str
ike.
The
re w
ere
man
y be
fore
and
sev
eral
to fo
llow
. How
ever
, the
Bla
ck D
eath
of t
he fo
urte
enth
cen
-tu
ry to
ok a
dre
adfu
l tol
l. N
early
thirt
y m
illio
n E
urop
eans
dicd
.T
he lo
g re
ferr
ed to
in th
e le
tter
follo
ws
in T
able
- I-
1.A
s-su
me
that
you
are
the
phys
icia
n re
ceiv
ing
thes
e da
ta. U
scth
e da
ta to
cha
rt th
e m
ovem
ent o
f the
Bla
ck D
eath
acr
oss
Eur
ope.
(T
he n
ames
use
d in
the
log,
as
wel
l as
man
y in
the
lette
r, h
ave
been
mod
erni
zed
so th
at th
ey a
rc th
e on
es m
ost
fam
iliar
to y
ou.)
Mon
than
d Y
ear
New
Citi
es A
ffect
ed
Dec
embe
r. 1
347
.G
enoa
, Mar
sci l
lo.
Mes
sina
. Nap
les,
Rom
e
June
. 134
8
Ang
ers.
Bel
grad
e.B
orde
amk.
Gen
oa.
Mad
rid. P
ails
.T
rieqe
. Ven
ice
Dec
embe
r, 1
348
Bris
tol.
Bud
apes
t.la
cbon
, Lon
don.
Mun
ich.
Vie
nna.
Zur
ich
June
, 134
9
Col
ogne
, Ihi
blin
.F
rank
furt
. 1.o
.-er
-po
ol. K
rako
w.
Nor
wic
h. P
ragu
e
Dec
embe
r, 1
349
Bel
fast
, Ber
gen.
Ber
lin. D
resd
en.
Gla
sgow
, Ham
burg
June
, 135
0
Nor
th o
f Ber
gen.
Cop
enha
gen.
Ros
tock
. War
saw
Dec
embe
r. 1
3f.0
Sou
th o
f Rig
a.S
tock
holm
.N
orth
of T
rond
heim
Tab
le 1
-1
111 01
-1. F
or e
ach
six-
mon
th in
terv
al, s
how
how
far
the
plag
ueha
d sp
read
by
sket
chin
g a
line
of b
est t
it ac
ross
the
map
.(N
otic
e th
at a
line
has
alre
ady
been
dra
wn
for
the
Dec
embe
r 13
47 in
form
atio
n.)
Al G
ig :n
owtt,
Bel
fast
Dub
lin
tr c
at.
Nc"
.,;)
eigo
n crA
sloc
khom
Par
is
Ang
ers
Col
ogne Fra
nklu
it
Zur
ich
Gen
eva
Ber
lin
Kra
kow
VI.
la I
Bud
apes
t
fric
sto
Bor
deau
x
Mar
seill
es-,
.!gra
det3
arce
lrr7a
Mad
rid
'1:
7-
i
65
The
ste
ady
mar
ch o
f the
pla
gue
acro
ss li
mop
e ep
rese
nted
a gr
eat c
atas
trop
he fi
r th
e pe
ople
.M
an)
coun
trie
s w
ere
over
popu
late
d, a
nd g
reat
cro
p fa
ilure
s ha
d bo
ught
thes
e
natio
ns to
thei
r kn
ees.
Now
a k
illin
g bl
ow w
asde
alt b
ydi
seas
e. T
he s
ulte
rinl;
peop
le b
elie
ved
thei
r fo
lly a
ndsi
9 ha
dbr
ough
t dis
aste
r do
wn
uon
them
. And
they
wer
e no
tent
irely
wro
ng. O
verp
opul
atio
n in
Cel
tain
are
asha
d pr
oduc
ed o
ver-
crow
ded
and
unhe
alth
yon
ditio
ns. C
a.el
ess
pilin
g of
rubb
ish
prov
ided
food
for
incr
easi
ng n
umbe
rs o
f rat
san
d
othe
r ve
rmin
. The
peo
ple
had
mis
used
thei
ren
viro
nmen
t.T
hey
did
not u
nder
stan
d th
at th
e en
viro
nmen
t can
not
be
mis
used
inde
finite
ly.
Sin
ce th
e fo
urte
enth
cen
tury
. man
has
lear
ned
to c
ontr
olth
e sp
read
of t
he p
lagu
e by
usi
ng s
peci
al d
rugs
and
vacc
ines
.H
owev
er, m
an h
as m
uch
to le
arn
abou
t his
envi
ronm
ent.
He
is ju
st b
egin
ning
to s
ee th
at h
is li
ving
hab
its c
an n
rke
this
wor
ld u
nsaf
e an
d un
fit fo
r lif
e.
A R
eal K
iller
66
The
Bla
ck D
eath
, now
cal
led
bubo
nic
plag
ue. i
s a
dise
ase
spre
ad b
y fle
as in
fect
ed w
ith th
e ba
cter
ia F
amin
e/la
pes
ts.
The
bite
of a
n in
fect
ed il
ea tr
ansf
ers
the
bact
eria
to th
ean
imal
bitt
en. B
ecau
se r
ats
carr
y fle
as, t
hey
help
spr
ead
the
dise
ase
from
city
to c
ity a
nd h
ome
to h
ome.
The
rat
s th
e-
selv
es m
ay b
ecom
e in
fect
ed w
ith th
e di
seas
e. T
he b
acte
rial
caus
e of
the
dise
ase
was
not
dis
cove
red
until
the
1890
'sab
out f
ive
hund
red
year
s af
ter
the
grea
t pla
gue
oldi
e 13
00's
.E
ven
whe
n th
e ba
cter
ia w
as d
isco
vere
d, it
was
not
kno
wn
for
sure
how
it w
as s
prea
d. It
is n
ow k
now
n th
at th
e di
seas
eca
n be
car
ried
dire
ctly
from
per
son
to p
erso
n as
wel
l as
byth
e fle
a.
In th
e 13
00's
. ond
ition
s io
Ful
ope
wer
e ba
d. F
amin
e an
dov
erpo
pula
tion
had
prod
uced
pin
erty
and
. ove
rero
wde
oto
wns
and
ein
es R
aw s
ewag
e po
llute
d th
e se
lect
s, a
nd s
ani-
tary
fac
ilitie
s w
ere
less
ells
cien
t tha
n th
ose
of C
aesa
r's R
ome.
Gile
s w
ere
rat-
infe
sted
. and
peo
ple
wer
e ri
dden
with
fle
asan
d lic
e. C
ondi
tions
wer
e id
eal f
or th
e sp
read
of
a di
seas
esu
ch a
s th
e pl
ague
.In
its
jour
ney
acro
ss 1
urop
e th
e pl
ague
took
a g
reat
man
yIm
es. Y
ou c
all b
ette
r ap
prec
iate
the
impa
ct o
f th
is g
reat
cri
sis
if y
ou p
lot t
he d
ata
from
!ab
leI
on th
e gr
id o
f Fi
gure
1.
Tab
le 1
APP
""0,
1 itc
Popu
latio
ntin
se
illic
ii.r
Yea
rJ
\ pro
xim
ate
Popu
latio
ntil
l i:0
116)
119`
Yea
r
5610
0061
1450
5510
5069
1101
)
111
00SI
1550
641
ISO
101
1600
ON
1200
110
IOW
.
7212
5010
0I(
60"
7913
0012
017
00
5313
50
6014
00
INtu
ni.t.
I J
J. a
t ma!
dat
a aa
,L
ife
alas
e fo
;tife
s .if
t m,i
f 50
it -
.r tn
tava
is.
Som
e gr
aphs
don
't st
art a
t zer
o. A
s yo
u la
bel y
our
vert
ical
scal
e on
Fig
ure
I, n
otic
e th
at y
ou c
an la
bel t
he b
otto
m li
ne-5
0- (
for
a po
pula
tion
of 5
0 m
illio
n). E
very
hor
izon
tal l
ine
can
then
sta
nd f
or a
n in
crea
se o
f on
e m
illio
n in
the
popu
la-
tion.
And
you
r ve
rtic
al s
cale
can
take
car
e of
a r
ange
fro
m50
mill
ion
to 1
20 m
illio
n pe
ople
. Lab
el o
nly
the
lines
that
show
an
incr
ease
of
10 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
and
you
r sc
ale
won
't be
com
e cl
utte
red.
1 he
hor
izon
tal s
cale
sho
uldn
't st
art a
t zer
o ei
ther
. Lab
elth
e le
ft-h
and
veiti
cal l
ine
-100
0,"
and
you
shou
ld b
e ab
leto
com
plet
e th
e sc
ale
easi
ly.
67
. As
you
min
e 10
the
sioh
t Oil
ike
hori
zont
alha
tIn
cle.
he in
yea
rs w
ill s
oil I
CI
Cdt
.11
:hilt
%C
I:K
.111
11w
oink
.4,
each
hc.
") s
cili.
,tl li
ne ie
l'ieN
t'nel
H2.
I w
him
ulis
you
thin
k it
is. o
f is
not
. lie
tesA
,Ity
Ito
hel
don
Ow
hoi
lzon
tal s
tcv
eil -
.,;ar
that
is li
sted
in!a
ble
I? 50
A D
. 100
0
atg
iif
tlit:
f i I
./ .
,Fa
ifi
r!::
a:
,,,
ta:
1 :4 It! +::
art:: :1: I
;,-.1
./1
is
:::.;
::.::,
:l.'!i
iti:1
9: .
..::.:
::::i
iiiIi
::.1
1::::
11:*
"IV
I::.
: ....
.ilir
ili:::
Ia
IS!
1.0
.:::::
:}IP
Pi:
1*;:.
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:::.::
:!:.:
- i
1; r. 4
ir;:1
rto :: j
4
i.. I:
iju
fr H1
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1:-,
::tei
iyri
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if
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:
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ar:
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i.:1:
iii.
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a; " .: :
.
4. r:1t
iill
III!
..
111
;I; :IT
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r"11
1::"
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ii:;;i
0'"
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i;
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ar;"
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17.:
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r a.
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lag : . " '-
,.;
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4141
;44'
4.
1; }:, .
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L:4
14-4
1;
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._..1
.1
41:1
,.1
.1t
: ::;r
b.
tli. .:i ri
n i4-4
4:t.-
i-P
ii .;
j?-n
ii:
41-i
i,i!l
i.?
;r;
.:.:
:-:-
.-:-
:-:;?
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:ir:;
:;;;I
iiii :t
:1;;4
.--
;Ir.
.ir
il.'--
..ti;.
,
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..,
,i.
IL::
1, tz: 4
ez-,
-
i ..tr.
.at 4,
FT it F.T
.
rtir
tfii il:
'tar
.4tu
.tz:i ,.
,.s
:4:
1:11
...-
-: :: ...
liii
.r.
:4;
4-:
- 4r:-
.:
/I, i 41-,
:t,
i:..
--,::
.:Ii
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.,.T
.ta-.
1:::
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" : .' ...;T
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-:
55.4
9,11
-trE
L4H
riiii
tt.
it'41
-.,-
;t t
i,tlil
lint_
iiiii
i14.
- 1
1 1 i'1 ;
:'":"
:4 _
ti...
trtb
r,Il
lit'
i'b
-r7/
1"--
-"
l..-4
,1i
ii".1
1.'It
t;;!
':a:
:a:
smq
.:
14
Ilia
:e
III
*
L1
e
4-;
nitn
i-rn
inni
41°
;tra
t:4:
4t:I
t ;A
.
art a
t:
"tziH -t"
;
a 4i . ::3: 4
tr
;11
4
.:::::
::-..
- 41:
1 7
174:
.
Yea
r
3. A
ccor
ding
to y
our
grap
h. w
hen
did
deat
hs f
iorn
the
plag
ue o
ccur
at t
he f
aste
st la
te?
04. f
low
man
y ye
ars
pass
ed b
efor
e th
e po
pula
tion
ofE
urop
e ag
ain
rose
to th
e pr
e-pl
ague
leve
l?
05. W
hat d
o yo
u th
ink
mig
ht a
ccou
nt f
or th
e di
p in
the
grap
h du
ring
the
I600
's?
06. N
ow w
ould
you
fin
d ou
t if y
our
answ
er to
que
stio
n 5
is a
goo
d on
e?
Figu
re 1
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
13: A
Fea
st f
or V
ultu
res
Acr
oss
Afr
ica'
s br
oad
ches
t, fr
om S
eneg
al to
Eth
iopi
a, th
e w
orst
dro
ught
of
the
cent
ury
cont
inue
sto
cut
a 4
,000
mile
sw
ath
of d
evas
tatio
n. A
fter
six
yea
rs o
f lig
ht r
ainf
all,
near
ly o
ne-t
hird
of
the
51 m
il-lio
n pe
ople
who
live
in th
is b
and
from
the
Atla
ntic
to th
e R
ed S
ea a
re th
reat
ened
by
star
vatio
n. N
ot e
ven
ago
od r
ainf
all t
his
seas
on c
an e
nd th
e tr
aged
y, s
o w
aste
d is
the
land
and
so
slig
ht th
e pr
ospe
ct o
f a
boun
tiful
harv
est.
Wor
st h
it ar
e E
thio
pia
and
the
six
natio
ns o
f th
e ar
id S
ahel
..
.
Sahe
l's p
rini
cple
riv
ers,
the
Sene
gal a
nd th
e N
iger
, hav
e fa
llen
to th
eir
low
est l
evel
s si
nce
the
star
tof
the
cent
ury.
Lak
e C
had
has
evap
orat
ed to
one
thir
d its
nor
mal
siz
e an
d ha
s ac
tual
ly s
epar
ated
into
fou
rpa
rts.
The
fis
hing
vill
age
of B
ol, o
nce
a la
kesi
de s
ettle
men
t, to
day
look
s ou
t on
a va
st w
aste
land
of
parc
hed
scru
bgra
ss s
tret
chin
g 18
mile
s to
the
wat
er. T
he la
ke's
fis
h ca
tch
has
been
hal
ved,
cre
atin
g a
prot
ein
de-
fici
ency
that
agg
rava
tes
an a
lrea
dy s
hort
sup
ply
of g
rain
s.In
nor
ther
n C
had,
nom
ads
are
eatin
g bo
iled
tree
bark
and
roo
ts.
..
co tvIn
Eth
iopi
a, f
amin
e in
We
lo a
nd T
igre
pro
vinc
es le
ft n
earl
y 10
0,00
0 de
ad la
st y
ear;
som
e pe
ople
wer
e so
wea
kene
d th
at w
hen
a ra
inst
orm
str
uck
Des
e, th
e ca
pita
l of
We
lo, t
hey
drow
ned
in a
cou
ple
of in
ches
of w
ater
, una
ble
to r
aise
thei
r he
ads
from
the
gutte
r. N
ow th
e dr
ough
t is
expa
ndin
g in
to o
ther
are
as.
In
Har
ar p
rovi
nce'
s D
anak
il D
eser
t, th
e no
mad
ic tr
ibes
men
are
in d
ange
r of
dyi
ng o
ut a
s a
race
..
.
The
Eth
iopi
an g
over
nmen
t exp
ects
that
it w
ill h
ave
to p
rovi
de e
mer
genc
y re
lief
for
4 m
illio
n of
its
26 m
illio
n pe
ople
. Eve
n th
e st
art o
f th
e sp
ring
rai
ns m
ay d
o m
ore
harm
than
goo
d.In
par
ched
Har
ar p
ro-
vinc
e, f
our
days
of
torr
entia
l dow
npou
rs la
st m
onth
sw
elle
d th
e A
was
h R
iver
to 1
4 fe
et a
bove
its
norm
alle
vel,
floo
ding
thou
sand
s of
hut
s, k
illin
g do
zens
of
peas
ants
, and
was
hing
aw
ay to
ns o
f to
psoi
l tha
t the
are
ane
eds
if it
is e
ver
to r
ecov
er.
..
68
Em
erge
ncy
relie
f m
ay b
uy ti
me
for
Eth
iopi
a, e
nabl
ing
its n
ew g
over
nmen
t to
mak
e th
e in
vest
men
tsne
cess
ary
to a
void
fut
ure
fam
ines
. The
pro
gnos
is f
or th
e Sa
hel,
how
ever
,is
muc
h w
orse
. Eve
n th
ough
the
lead
ers
of th
e si
x na
tions
last
aut
umn
form
ed a
com
mitt
ee th
at p
repa
red
a $7
00 m
illio
n lis
t of
126
de-
velo
pmen
t pro
ject
s in
clud
ing
hydr
oele
ctri
c da
ms,
dee
p w
ells
, and
ref
ores
tatio
n pr
ogra
ms,
the
Sahe
l'sch
ance
s of
sur
viva
l are
unc
erta
in.
In th
e pa
st s
ix y
ears
the
Saha
ra h
as c
rept
con
tinua
lly s
outh
war
d, p
ro-
gres
sing
as
muc
h as
100
mile
s in
som
e pl
aces
.If
this
is th
e re
sult
of a
bas
ic c
hang
e in
the
wea
ther
pat
-te
rns,
then
acc
ordi
ng to
a B
ritis
h m
eteo
rolo
gist
, "al
l man
kind
's e
ffor
ts to
hal
t the
des
ert e
ncro
achm
ent
of
the
Sahe
l will
be
futil
e."
The
reg
ions
six
nat
ions
, the
refo
re, m
ay b
e co
nfro
ntin
g a
blea
k M
alth
usia
n fu
ture
in w
hich
the
mos
tba
sic
need
s of
thei
r po
pula
tions
will
fat
ally
out
stri
p th
e pr
oduc
tive
pote
ntia
l of
the
land
. A U
. S. i
ntel
ligen
cean
alys
t spe
cula
tes,
"W
e do
n't k
now
if th
e Sa
hel c
ount
ries
will
eve
n be
her
e in
ten
year
s."
--T
ime
Mag
azin
e, A
pril
8, 1
974,
pp.
40-
41.
69
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
4:"A
cts
of G
od"
Tor
nado
Los
s 'U
nbel
ieva
ble'
:7.
ior
.32
9D
ead,
Tho
usan
ds I
njur
ed'W
4,46
4q..9
7,,
Res
cue
wor
kers
coun
ted
a')
tozi
feA
ssoc
iate
d P
ress
the
dead
Thu
rsda
y an
d te
edto
help
the
livin
gre
build
bile
d7s
329
dead
and
thou
sand
s in
-ju
red
or h
omel
ess.
Pre
side
nt't?
*-8-
'4-
-0/
7-af
ter
the
natio
n's
wor
st to
r-na
dos
in 4
9 ye
ars
left
at l
east
fede
ral d
isas
ter
area
s.
0vi
Ws
lea
a e C
a'V
o(
okk
like
1 57
tiaN
ixon
dec
lare
dfi
vest
ates
,40
v-)
1.-
.:.--
4.14
4.p
d'<
(`ei
lioec
i74
-"-
li-s.
ikek
ot,ig
4 ef
rig4
04°4
44).
oki
loPe
ePe
ru L
ands
lide
`?4-
6,
. 40\
6°PT
oll H
its 4
304
"F
iji R
ecor
dsL
IMA
. Per
u (A
P)A
n en
gine
erin
g te
am a
rmed
11,(
9,M
ajor
Qua
kew
ith d
ynam
ite s
trug
gled
thro
ugh
rain
and
mud
Sund
ay to
cle
ar g
iant
land
slid
es h
igh
in th
e A
ndes
of
cent
ral P
eru
that
kill
ed 4
3 pe
ople
, wip
ed o
ut a
t lea
stth
ree
villa
ges
and
thre
aten
ed a
noth
er s
ix w
ithsu
dden
ext
inct
ion.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
o. 1
5: T
he C
hang
ing
Wor
ld P
opul
atio
n
Wor
ld p
opul
atio
n at
the
begi
nnin
g of
196
9 nu
mbe
red
3. 5
bill
ion.
Abo
ut o
ne a
nd a
hal
f ge
nera
tions
ago
, in
1930
, it w
as 2
bill
ion.
Abo
ut e
leve
n or
twel
ve g
ener
atio
ns a
go, i
n 16
50-
the
onse
t of
the
mod
ern
era
- it
was
only
hal
f bi
llion
.In
littl
e m
ore
than
one
gen
erat
ion
henc
e, 2
000,
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n co
uld
easi
ly r
each
7 b
illio
nan
d po
ssib
ly e
xcee
d th
is n
umbe
r.In
abo
ut tw
o hu
man
gen
erat
ions
fro
m n
ow, 2
020,
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n co
uld
appr
oxi-
mat
e 10
bill
ion;
and
in a
bout
fou
r hu
man
gen
erat
ions
, 207
0, w
orld
pop
ulat
ion
coul
d ex
ceed
20
billi
on.
Est
imat
ed w
orld
pop
ulat
ions
are
:N
eolit
hic
peri
od (
new
Sto
ne A
ge)
- 10
mill
ion
Chr
istia
n er
a -
200-
300
mill
ion
mod
ern
era
(165
0) -
500
mill
ion
1969
- 3
. 5 b
illio
n
A r
elat
ivel
y si
mpl
e an
alys
is o
f th
ese
num
bers
dis
clos
es th
at a
n en
orm
ous
incr
ease
in th
e ra
te o
f w
orld
popu
latio
n ha
s oc
curr
ed, e
spec
ially
dur
ing
the
past
thre
e ce
ntur
ies.
Thi
s in
crea
se in
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n co
uld
beat
trib
uted
to th
e fo
llow
ing:
(1)
pres
sure
fro
m s
ocie
ty(2
)po
litic
al p
ress
ure
(3)
vari
ous
relig
ious
bel
iefs
and
(4)
igno
ranc
e.So
ciet
y st
ress
es th
e so
cial
sig
nifi
canc
e of
hav
ing
child
ren.
The
dis
trib
utio
n of
pol
itica
l pow
er is
affe
cted
by
the
prop
ortio
ns o
f ag
e gr
oups
. eth
nic
grou
ps, o
r so
cial
cla
sses
. Any
cha
nges
aff
ectin
g th
ese
grou
ps,
whe
ther
fro
m d
iffe
rent
ial f
ertil
ity r
ates
or
mig
ratio
n ca
n af
fect
the
bala
nce
in a
fed
eral
sys
tem
; for
exa
mpl
e, th
ech
ange
s in
rat
io b
etw
een
Hin
dus
and
Mus
lims
in n
orth
east
ern
Indi
a, C
atho
lics
and
Prot
esta
nts
in N
orth
ern
Irel
and
and
blac
ks a
nd w
hite
s in
Am
eric
an c
ities
hav
e ha
d dr
amat
ic p
oliti
cal c
onse
quen
ces.
Man
y re
ligio
us g
roup
s ha
vede
fini
te b
elie
fs a
bout
con
trol
of
the
popu
latio
n.So
me
belie
ve m
an s
houl
d co
ntro
l his
fam
ily s
ize;
whi
le o
ther
s ar
eag
ains
t maj
or b
irth
con
trol
dev
ices
. Of
cour
se, i
gnor
ance
in m
any
part
s of
the
wor
ld h
ave
a gr
eat i
nflu
ence
on
the
size
of
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n.It
is c
lear
that
gre
atly
acc
eler
ated
gro
wth
occ
urre
d fi
rst a
mon
g th
e na
tions
that
fir
stex
peri
ence
d m
oder
niza
tion.
Exp
losi
ve p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
did
not
rea
ch s
igni
fica
nt p
ropo
rtio
ns a
mon
g tw
o th
irds
of m
anki
nd in
Azi
a, L
atin
Am
eric
a, a
nd A
fric
a un
til a
fter
Wor
ld W
ar I
I-
less
than
one
hum
an g
ener
atio
n ag
o.
71
The
rea
son
for
the
popu
latio
n ex
plos
ion
can
be f
ound
in th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
the
com
pone
nts
of p
opul
atio
ngr
owth
- b
irth
(fe
rtili
ty)
and
deat
hs (
mor
talit
y) f
or th
e w
orld
as
a w
hole
, and
fer
tility
and
mor
talit
y an
d ne
tm
igra
tion
for
any
subd
ivis
ion
of th
e w
orld
.T
he d
ecre
ase
in d
eath
rat
e m
ay, i
n ge
nera
l, be
,Atr
ibut
ed to
a n
umbe
r of
cau
ses:
1.In
crea
sed
prod
uctiv
ity u
sher
ed in
by
the
agri
cultu
ral,
com
mer
cial
, and
indu
stri
al r
evol
utio
nsre
sulti
ng in
hig
her
leve
ls o
f liv
ing-
- in
clud
ing
bette
r nu
triti
on, b
ette
r liv
ing
cond
ition
s, a
ndbe
tter
heal
th.
2.T
he e
mer
genc
e of
nat
iona
l gov
ernm
ents
with
the
elim
inat
ion
of d
eadl
y w
arfa
re a
nd th
eem
erge
nce
of n
atio
nal m
arke
ts w
hich
per
mitt
ed a
mor
e eq
uita
ble
dist
ribu
tion
of th
e na
tion'
s pr
oduc
t.3.
Impr
ovem
ents
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l san
itatio
n an
d pe
rson
al h
ygie
ne, r
esul
ting
in u
ncon
tam
inat
ed f
ood
and
usea
ble
wat
er a
nd a
dec
reas
e in
the
prob
abili
ty o
f in
fect
ion
and
cont
agio
n.4.
The
nat
ural
dis
appe
aran
ce o
f so
me
of th
e ag
ents
of
dise
ase
and
deat
h; f
or e
xam
ple,
sca
rlet
fev
er.
5.T
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f m
oder
n m
edic
ine.
"Wor
ld P
opul
atio
n: R
etro
spec
t and
Pro
spec
t," R
apid
Pop
ulat
ion
Gro
wth
, 197
1.
721
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
6:
PEPP
ER
..
..
and
sittr
Pape
r C
aper
("Pa
per
Com
pani
es C
ome
Out
of
The
ir S
lum
p; R
isin
gD
eman
d an
d Pr
ices
Are
For
e-ca
st."
WSJ
hea
dlin
e)Fo
r bo
ostin
g th
e pa
per
Indu
s-t
Tha
nkryth
e ec
olog
ists
,W
ho tu
rn o
ut to
ns o
f bo
oks
and
trac
ts,
C.'.
.,T
he th
eme
of w
hich
insi
sts
....,7
4,T
hat w
e ar
eal
lex
tinct
ion-
boun
dU
nles
s w
e co
me
in a
id o
fO
ur n
atur
al a
sset
s. T
hat i
n-cl
udes
The
tree
s th
at p
aper
's m
ade
..of
.E
. V. G
iran
d.--
- 73
Wal
l Str
eet J
ourn
al, J
anua
ry 3
, 197
3.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
7: Z
ero
Popu
latio
n: N
ot A
ll G
ood
As
rece
ntly
as
a ye
ar a
go, t
here
was
eer
ie, 1
984-
ish
talk
of
"par
ent l
icen
ses,
" pu
nitiv
e ta
xes
for
over
prod
uctio
n of
chi
ldre
n an
d ev
en "
baby
rat
ion
card
s" f
or c
oupl
es. A
mer
ica'
s --
and
the
wor
ld's
--
popu
latio
n w
as g
row
ing
so f
ast,
we
wer
e to
ld, t
hat w
e'd
soon
run
out
of
spac
e an
d re
sour
ces
to f
eed,
clot
he a
nd h
ouse
us
all.
ZPG
--Z
ero
Popu
latio
n G
row
th--
was
the
new
rel
igio
n, a
nd it
was
win
ning
con
-ve
rts
by th
e th
ousa
nds.
Wel
l, Z
PG is
her
e, a
t lea
st f
or th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, and
now
com
es s
omeb
ody
telli
ng u
s th
at w
e.do
n't
wan
t it a
fter
all.
Tha
t som
ebod
y is
Am
itai E
tzio
ni, P
rofe
ssor
of
Soci
olog
y at
Col
umbi
a U
nive
rsity
, who
say
s w
e m
ay h
ave
paid
so
muc
h at
tent
ion
to s
uch
thin
gs a
s ec
olog
ical
imba
lanc
e an
d di
min
ishi
ng n
atur
al r
esou
rces
that
we
negl
ecte
d to
not
ice
that
ZPG
has
som
e ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s as
wel
l.W
ritin
g in
the
curr
ent i
ssue
of
a ne
w m
agaz
ine,
Eva
luat
ion,
Dr.
Etz
ioni
has
no
doub
t tha
t the
Uni
ted
Stat
es--
as a
res
ult o
f de
liber
ate
indi
vidu
al c
hoic
e, a
n in
crea
se in
the
num
ber
of w
orki
ng w
ives
, ris
ing
z.0
divo
rce
rate
s an
d ch
angi
ng v
alue
s--h
as a
chie
ved
ZPG
, with
may
be a
littl
e to
spa
re.
The
Cen
sus
Bur
eau
says
that
a b
irth
rate
of
2.1
per
wom
an is
"re
plac
emen
t lev
el"
fert
ility
--Z
PG.
In th
e 19
50s,
the
birt
hrat
e w
as 3
.7. A
nd th
ough
t it h
ad f
alle
n to
abo
ut 2
.4 b
y a
year
ago
, the
re w
as s
till
som
e fe
ar th
at o
ur r
ampa
nt v
irtil
ity w
ould
sho
rtly
do
us in
.D
r. E
tzio
ni c
ites
Mar
ch 1
973
figu
res
show
ing
a sh
arp
decl
ine
over
the
past
cou
ple
of y
ears
, to
the
poin
t tha
t we
are
now
dow
n to
the
less
-tha
n-re
plac
emen
t rat
e of
2. 0
3."W
e ha
ve b
een
cond
ition
ed b
y ye
ars
of in
tens
ive
cam
paig
ns to
vie
w p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
as
a so
urce
of
man
y ev
ils, i
nclu
ding
cro
wdi
ng, t
ough
com
petit
ion
over
eve
r sc
arce
r re
sour
ces,
war
, low
sta
ndar
ds o
fliv
ing
and
so o
n,"
Etz
ioni
say
s. "
But
as
with
mos
t pro
paga
ndis
tic c
ampa
igns
, the
fig
ht f
or s
mal
ler
fam
ilies
has
look
ed a
way
fro
m th
e le
ss a
ttrac
tive
face
ts o
f th
e go
al."
Am
ong
the
nega
tive
cons
eque
nces
of
stab
le o
rde
clin
ing
popu
latio
n, h
e lis
ts:
74
An
agin
g po
pula
tion.
ZPG
, alm
ost i
nevi
tabl
y, m
eans
not
just
few
er c
hild
ren,
but
few
er y
oung
adu
lts
and
mor
e ol
d pe
ople
.T
hus
ther
e w
ould
be
incr
easi
ngly
hea
vy d
eman
dsfo
r nu
rsin
g ho
mes
, hos
pita
ls
and
the
like
as w
ell a
s an
incr
ease
in h
ealth
cos
tsbe
caus
e ol
d pe
ople
are
mor
e ill
ness
pro
ne a
nd le
ss
able
to p
ay f
or th
eir
med
ical
cos
ts.
INC
RE
ASI
NG
eth
nic
and
raci
al s
trai
n.Si
nce
mid
dle-
clas
s an
d up
per-
mid
dle-
clas
s w
hite
s se
em m
ore
will
ing
to li
mit
the
size
of
thei
r fa
mili
es th
an th
e po
or,
the
blac
ks a
nd c
erta
in o
ther
eth
nic
grou
ps. t
he
low
er-c
lass
and
dis
adva
ntag
ed g
roup
s w
ill c
ontin
ue to
gro
w m
ore
rapi
dly
than
the
rest
of
the
popu
latio
n.
Etz
ioni
is c
andi
d to
adm
it th
at h
e do
esn'
t kno
w w
hatm
ight
res
ult f
rom
ZPG
or
any
othe
r m
assi
ve
atte
mpt
to m
ap s
ocia
l pol
icy.
His
poi
nt is
that
the
soci
al p
lann
ers
don'
t kno
w e
ither
.
Tod
ay, A
ugus
t 5, 1
973
75
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
8:T
he P
opul
atio
n B
omb'
The
key
to th
e w
hole
bus
ines
s, in
my
opin
ion,
is h
eld
by th
e U
nite
d St
ates
. We
are
the
mos
t inf
lu-
entia
l sup
erpo
wer
; we
are
the
rich
est n
atio
n in
the
wor
ld. A
t the
sam
e tim
e w
e ar
e al
so ju
st o
ne c
ount
ryon
an
ever
-shr
inki
ng p
lane
t.It
is o
bvio
us th
at w
e ca
nnot
exi
st u
naff
ecte
d by
the
fate
of
our
fello
ws
on th
eot
her
end
of th
e go
od s
hip
Ear
th.
If th
eir
end
of th
e sh
ip s
inks
, we
shal
l at t
he v
ery
leas
t hav
e to
put
up
with
the
spec
tacl
e of
thei
r dr
owni
ng a
nd li
sten
to th
eir
scre
ams
We,
of
cour
se, c
anno
t rem
ain
affl
uent
and
isol
ated
. At t
he m
omen
t the
Uni
ted
Stat
es u
ses
wel
l ove
rha
lf o
f al
l the
raw
mat
eria
ls c
onsu
med
eac
h ye
ar. T
hink
of
it.L
ess
than
1/1
5th
of th
e po
pula
tion
of th
ew
orld
req
uire
s m
ore
than
all
the
rest
to m
aint
ain
its in
flat
ed p
ositi
on.
If p
rese
nt tr
ends
con
tinue
, in
20ye
ars
we
will
be
muc
h le
ss th
an 1
/15t
h of
the
popu
latio
n, a
nd y
et w
e m
ay u
se s
ome
80%
of
the
reso
urce
sco
nsum
ed. O
ur a
fflu
ence
dep
ends
hea
vily
on
man
y di
ffer
ent k
inds
of
impo
rts:
fer
roal
loys
(m
etal
s us
ed to
mak
e va
riou
s ki
nds
of s
teel
), ti
n, b
auxi
te (
alum
inum
ore
), r
ubbe
r, a
nd s
o fo
rth.
Will
oth
er c
ount
ries
,m
any
of th
em in
the
grip
of
star
vatio
n an
d an
arch
y, s
till h
appi
ly s
uppl
y th
ese
mat
eria
ls to
a n
atio
n th
atca
nnot
giv
e th
em f
ood?
Eve
n th
e te
chno
logi
cal o
ptim
ists
don
't th
ink
we
can
free
our
selv
es o
f th
e ne
ed f
orim
port
s in
the
near
fut
ure,
so
we'
re g
oing
to b
e up
aga
inst
it.
But
, the
n, a
t lea
st o
ur b
alan
ce o
f pa
ymen
tssh
ould
impr
ove'
Obv
ious
ly o
ur f
irst
ste
p m
ust b
e to
imm
edia
tely
est
ablis
h an
d ad
vert
ise
dras
tic p
olic
ies
desi
gned
to b
ring
our
ow
n po
pula
tion
size
und
er c
ontr
ol. W
e m
ust d
efin
e a
goal
of
a st
able
opt
imum
pop
ulat
ion
size
for
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd d
ispl
ay o
ur d
eter
min
atio
n to
mov
e ra
pidl
y to
war
d th
at g
oal
'Dr.
Pau
l R. E
hrlic
h sp
ecia
lizes
in p
opul
atio
n bi
olog
y. H
e is
a P
rofe
ssor
of
biol
ogy
and
Dir
ecto
r of
Gra
duat
e St
udy
for
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f B
iolo
gica
l Sci
ence
s, S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity.
Dr.
Ehr
lich
has
wri
tten
man
y pa
pers
and
sev
eral
boo
ks c
once
rnin
g th
e da
nger
s of
ove
r-po
pula
tion
and
rela
ted
mat
ters
.
76
The
idea
of
an e
ver-
expa
ndin
g ec
onom
y fu
eled
by
popu
latio
n gr
owth
see
ms
tight
ly e
ntre
nche
d in
the
min
ds o
f bu
sine
ssm
en, i
f no
t in
the
min
ds o
f ec
onom
ists
. Eac
hne
w b
aby
is v
iew
ed a
s a
cons
umer
to s
tim-
ulat
e an
eve
r-gr
owin
g ec
onom
y. E
ach
baby
is, o
f co
urse
, pot
entia
llyon
e of
the
unem
ploy
ed, b
ut a
con
-su
mer
non
ethe
less
. The
Rie
now
s2 e
stim
ate
that
eac
h A
mer
ican
bab
y w
ill c
onsu
me
ina
70-y
ear
life
span
.di
rect
ly o
r in
dire
ctly
: 26
mill
ion
gallo
ns o
f w
ater
, 21
thou
sand
gal
lons
of
gaso
line,
10 th
ousa
nd p
ound
sof
mea
t, 28
thou
sand
pou
nds
of m
ilk a
nd c
ream
, $5,
000
to $
8, 0
00 in
sch
ool b
uild
ing
mat
eria
ls, $
6, 3
00w
orth
of
clot
hing
, and
$7,
000
wor
th o
f fu
rnitu
re.
It's
not
a b
aby,
it's
Sup
erco
nsum
er!
Our
ent
ire
econ
omy
is g
eare
d to
gro
win
g po
pula
tion
and
mon
umen
tal w
aste
. Buy
land
and
hold
it:
the
pric
e is
sur
e to
go
up. W
hy?
Exp
lodi
ng p
opul
atio
non
a f
inite
pla
net.
Buy
nat
ural
res
ourc
es s
tock
s:th
eir
pric
e is
sur
e to
go
up. W
hy?
Exp
lodi
ng p
opul
atio
n an
d fi
nite
reso
urce
s. B
uy a
utom
otiv
e or
air
line
stoc
ks; t
heir
pri
ce is
sur
e to
go
up. W
hy?
Mor
e pe
ople
tom
ove
arou
nd. B
uy b
aby
food
sto
cks;
thei
r)L
pric
e is
sur
e to
go
up. W
hy?
You
gue
ss. A
nd s
o it
goes
. Up
goes
the
popu
latio
n an
d up
goe
s th
at m
agic
alC
)1-
4fi
gure
, the
Gro
ss N
atio
nal P
rodu
ct (
GN
P), A
nd, a
s an
yone
who
take
sa
clos
e lo
ok a
t the
glu
t, w
aste
, pol
-lu
tion,
and
ugl
ines
s of
Am
eric
a to
day
can
test
ify,
it is
wel
l-na
me
-- a
s gr
ass
a pr
oduc
t as
one
coul
d w
ish
for.
We
have
ass
umed
the
role
of
the
robb
er b
aron
s of
all
time.
We
have
dec
ided
that
we
are
the
chos
enpe
ople
to s
teal
all
we
can
get o
f ou
r pl
anet
's g
radu
ally
sto
red
and
limite
dre
sour
ces.
To
hell
with
fut
ure
gene
ratio
ns, a
nd to
hel
l with
our
fel
low
hum
an b
eing
s to
day!
We'
ll fl
y hi
ghno
w -
- ho
pefu
lly th
ey'll
pay
late
rW
ays
mus
t be
foun
d to
pro
mot
e th
e id
ea th
at p
robl
ems
asso
ciat
ed w
ith p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
will
mor
eth
an c
ance
l the
"ad
vant
ages
" of
fin
anci
al p
rosp
erity
. Per
haps
the
best
way
to d
o th
is w
ould
be
to e
ncou
rage
Am
eric
ans
to a
sk e
xact
ly w
hat o
ur f
inan
cial
pro
sper
ity is
for
. Wha
t. w
ill b
e do
ne w
ith le
isur
e tim
e an
dm
oney
whe
n al
l vac
atio
n sp
ots
are
crow
ded
beyo
nd b
elie
f? I
s it
wor
th li
ving
in th
e L
os A
ngel
essm
og f
or
2 Mom
ent i
n th
e Su
n, D
ial P
ress
, Inc
. ,N
. Y.
,P.
3.
77
50 w
eeks
in o
rder
to s
pend
two
wee
ks in
Yos
emite
Val
ley
-- w
hen
the
Val
ley
in th
e su
mm
er m
ay b
e ev
enm
ore
crow
ded
than
L.A
. and
twic
e as
sm
oggy
? W
hat g
ood
is h
avin
g th
e m
oney
for
a f
ishi
ng tr
ip w
hen
fish
are
dead
or
pois
onou
s be
caus
e of
pes
ticid
e po
llutio
n? W
hy o
wn
a fa
ncy
car-
in w
hich
to g
et a
sphy
xiat
ed in
mon
ster
traf
fic
jam
s? D
o w
e w
ant m
ore
and
mor
e of
the
sam
e un
til w
e ha
ve d
estr
oyed
our
selv
es?
Siza
ble
segm
ents
of
our
popu
latio
n, e
spec
ially
the
youn
g, a
re a
lrea
dy a
nsw
erin
g th
at q
uest
ion:
"H
ell,
no!"
The
irre
spon
se s
houl
d be
con
side
red
care
fully
by
popu
latio
n-pr
omot
ing
tyco
ons
Leg
al s
teps
mus
t be
take
n, a
nd ta
ken
fast
, to
see
to it
that
pol
lute
rs p
ay th
roug
h th
e no
se f
or th
eir
dest
ruct
ive
acts
. The
old
idca
that
indu
stry
cou
ld c
reat
e th
e m
ess
and
then
the
taxp
ayer
s m
ust c
lean
it u
pha
s to
go.
The
gar
bage
pro
duce
d by
an
indu
stry
is th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
at in
dust
ry. T
he g
over
nmen
tsh
ould
not
use
oth
er p
eopl
e's
mon
ey to
cle
an it
up.
Kee
p th
e go
vern
men
t out
of
busi
ness
. Let
it p
lay
itspr
oper
rol
e in
a c
apita
listic
soc
iety
see
ing
to it
that
all
segm
ents
of
priv
ate
ente
rpri
se d
o bu
sine
ss h
on-
estly
, see
ing
to it
that
the
inte
rest
s of
the
fish
ing
indu
stry
are
not
sub
ordi
nate
d to
thos
e of
the
petr
oche
mi-
cal i
ndus
try,
see
ing
to it
that
you
r ri
ght t
o sw
im in
a p
ublic
lake
is n
ot s
ubor
dina
ted
to th
e de
sire
of
ast
eel c
ompa
ny to
mak
e an
infl
ated
pro
fit
Dr.
Pau
l R. E
hrlic
h, T
he P
opul
atio
n B
omb
(New
Yor
k: B
alla
ntin
e B
ooks
, Inc
. ,19
68).
78
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
9: A
mer
ica'
s Po
pula
tion
Cri
sis
AM
ER
ICA
is in
the
mid
st o
f a
popu
latio
n cr
isis
that
thre
aten
s ou
r tr
aditi
onal
was
of
life.
It i
sa
cris
is th
at b
ecom
es m
ore
seve
re w
ith e
very
day
of th
e 19
60's
. It p
rom
ises
to b
ecom
e a
na-
tiona
l cat
astr
ophe
and
is a
lrea
dy c
ostin
g us
heav
ily in
mon
ey, t
erri
ble
soci
al p
robl
ems
and
lost
libe
rty.
Unt
il no
w, m
ost A
mer
ican
s ha
ve a
ssum
edth
at th
e w
orst
of
the
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n ex
plo-
sion
was
byp
assi
ng u
s. O
f co
urse
, we
have
note
d th
at o
ur s
choo
ls h
ave
been
sw
ampe
d an
dth
at o
ur h
ighw
ays
are
jam
med
, but
we
rega
rdth
ese
as r
elat
ivel
y m
inor
pen
altie
s. W
e lo
ok f
orth
e "r
eal"
pro
blem
s of
the
popu
latio
n cr
isis
insu
ch f
ar-o
ff a
nd te
emin
g pl
aces
as
Indi
a an
dC
hina
. Am
eric
a, w
e ob
serv
e. h
as f
ood
to b
urn.
Bus
ines
smen
che
er b
ecau
se p
opul
atio
ngr
owth
obv
ious
ly c
ontr
ibut
es to
our
eco
nom
icbo
om p
rovi
ding
mor
e an
d m
ore
peop
le to
buy
good
s an
d se
rvic
es. W
hile
incr
easi
ng o
ur p
opu-
latio
n so
me
70 p
er c
ent b
etw
een
1950
and
198
0,w
e ha
ppily
con
tem
plat
e th
e pr
ospe
ct o
f do
u-bl
ing
our
natio
nal o
utpu
t of
good
s an
d se
rvic
es.
All
of u
s, th
en, s
houl
d liv
e be
tter.
But
will
that
be tr
ue if
our
pop
ulat
ion
cont
inue
s to
incr
ease
atth
e pr
esen
t rat
e of
1.8
per
cen
t a y
ear?
Bet
wee
n 19
10 a
nd 1
960,
our
pop
ulat
ion
gain
of
48 m
illio
n w
as a
lmos
t equ
al to
the
tota
lpo
pula
tion
of th
e U
nite
d K
ingd
om. B
y 19
70.
at o
ur p
rese
nt r
ate
of in
crea
se. w
e w
ould
hav
epo
pula
tion
of 2
15 m
illio
n. B
y 19
80. w
e w
ould
have
260
mill
ion
citiz
ens,
an
incr
ease
ove
r to
-da
y's
180
mill
ion
that
is a
bout
equ
al to
the
popu
latio
n of
the
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
and
Can
ada,
Swed
en, N
orw
ay a
nd D
enm
ark.
By
the
year
2,00
0, o
ur p
opul
atio
n w
ould
be
arou
nd 3
85m
illio
na g
ain
of a
noth
er 1
25 m
illio
neno
ugh
to s
et u
p a
new
cou
ntry
that
, in
tcrm
s of
toda
y's
popu
latio
ns, w
ould
be
the
fift
h la
rges
t nat
ion.
If th
is g
rim
tren
d co
ntin
ues
in th
e fi
rst h
alf
of th
e ne
xt c
entu
ry, w
e w
ill a
dd a
bout
620
mil-
lion
to o
ur p
opul
atio
nabo
ut a
s m
any
as li
vein
all
of C
hina
toda
yand
hav
e a
popu
latio
n of
one
billi
on p
erso
ns. T
his
isn'
t sci
ence
fic
tion.
Som
e pe
rson
s no
w li
ving
will
be
arou
nd in
2050
, whe
n ou
r po
pula
tion
may
rea
ch th
e bi
l-lio
n m
ark.
If y
ou p
roje
ct th
e fi
gure
s fu
rthe
r, y
ou f
ind
that
the
sam
e gr
owth
rat
e, u
ntam
ed, w
ill p
ro.
duce
one
hum
an b
eing
for
eve
ry s
quar
e fo
ot in
the
land
with
in 8
00 s
ears
. But
ther
e is
no
need
to lo
ok th
at f
ar a
head
. Our
pre
sent
pop
ulat
ion
prob
lem
s ar
e ba
d en
ough
.A
dmitt
edly
, Am
eric
a fa
ces
no im
med
iate
food
sho
rtag
es, s
ince
the
crop
land
act
ually
inus
e av
erag
es m
ore
than
two
acre
s fo
r ev
ery
per-
son
livin
g. B
ut a
pop
ulat
ion
of o
ne b
illio
nw
ould
leav
e us
less
than
fou
r te
nths
of
an a
cre
per
pers
on. c
lose
to th
at o
f th
e po
ores
t lan
ds.
The
cri
sis
in r
aw m
ater
ials
is m
ore
ur-
gent
. In
1900
. we
prod
uced
15
per
cent
mor
era
w m
ater
ials
than
we
used
. By
mid
cent
ury,
we
wer
eco
nsum
ing
10 p
er c
ent m
ore
raw
mat
e.ri
als
than
we
prod
uced
. and
a P
resi
dent
ial
com
mis
sion
not
ed th
at 3
3 vi
tal m
iner
als
wer
eal
read
y on
a e
ritic
alsh
orta
ge li
st. W
e m
ay n
otbe
abl
e to
dep
end
on o
ther
cou
ntri
es v
ery
long
for
our
pres
ent r
aw-m
ater
ial n
eeds
, let
alo
neth
e in
crea
sed
need
s of
an
expa
ndin
g po
pula
-tio
n. F
orei
gn n
atio
ns in
crea
sing
ly h
ave
thei
row
n sh
orta
ges
beca
sse
of p
opul
atio
n ga
ins.
Cri
sis
in o
ur c
ities
The
pop
ulat
ion
cris
is is
fel
t rig
ht n
ow in
our
met
ropo
litan
cen
ters
. In
1950
. les
s th
an85
mill
ion
pers
ons
lived
in 1
68 m
etro
polit
anar
eas.
In
1960
. abo
ut 1
13 m
illio
n-63
per
cen
tof
the
tota
llive
d in
212
suc
h ar
eas.
Pop
ulat
ion
conc
entr
ated
in m
etro
polit
an a
reas
incr
ease
dov
er 3
2 pe
r ce
nt b
etw
een
1950
and
196
0, s
ome-
wha
t les
s th
an tw
ice
the
natio
nal g
row
th.
Mos
t of
this
new
gro
wth
has
bee
n in
the
-new
sub
urbs
that
rin
g ou
r ci
ties.
The
gro
wth
is o
ften
unp
lann
ed a
nd u
ncon
trol
led.
Som
e ne
wsu
hurb
s ar
e sl
ums
virt
ually
bef
ore
the
conc
rete
is d
ry. T
hese
are
com
mun
ities
dev
elop
ed w
ith-
out r
egar
d fo
r w
ater
sup
ply,
dra
inag
e, s
anita
-tio
n an
d ot
her
urba
n se
rvic
es. S
omet
imes
this
lack
is d
ue to
a d
elib
erat
e ef
fort
to e
vade
zon
ing
and
code
req
uire
men
ts.
It to
ok 1
6.00
0 go
vern
men
tal u
nits
, eac
hw
ith th
e po
wer
to ta
x an
d sp
end,
to s
ee to
the
dive
rse
need
s of
the
168
tnet
ropo
litan
are
as th
atex
iste
d in
195
0. T
oday
, the
re a
re s
till a
bout
100
gove
rnm
ent u
nits
, on
the
aver
age,
in e
ach
met
-
79
ropu
titan
are
a. \
ew N
otk
and
Chi
t ago
bas
e a
thou
sand
so,
11
... T
he d
utie
s of
hodg
e-po
dge
of g
oset
nm
enta
l uni
ts ',
seri
al,.
lase
s ar
ehi
gh. a
nd e
iltel
eii,
and
ell e
s:us
roc
ate
dou
bt-
ful.
Polic
e ha
s e
prat
es d
ilhtu
lty c
ross
ing
sub.
urba
n bo
unda
ries
than
do
crim
inal
s.W
ith th
e va
stne
ss a
nd c
ompl
exity
of
loca
lgo
vern
men
t. m
any
vita
l ner
ds g
o un
fille
d, a
ndne
w g
over
nmen
tal u
nits
are
con
stan
tly b
eing
crea
ted.
San
itary
dis
tric
ts a
re f
orm
ed. m
osqu
ito-a
hate
men
t hoa
rds
are
set u
p. a
nd w
ater
com
mis
sion
s go
into
act
ion,
cre
atin
g ev
en m
ore
conf
usio
n..;.
fear
the
tren
d to
war
d su
per-
gove
rnm
ent.
The
t on
solid
atio
n of
\ ha
lm a
ndD
ade
Cou
nts
in 1
957
was
an
exam
ple.
The
fai
lure
of
the
y hi
es to
hav
e m
ans
ofth
eir
need
s m
et h
as b
roug
ht o
pen
war
fare
be-
twee
n "h
ome-
rul
e" f
orce
s of
the
big
citie
s an
dth
e ru
ral d
omin
ated
sta
te le
gisl
atur
es. A
sho
w-
dow
n is
in :h
e of
fing
as
the
exod
us f
rom
far
ms
cont
inue
s an
d ru
ral a
reas
lose
pop
ulat
ion.
An-
gere
d ci
ty p
eopl
e m
ore
and
mor
e ar
e by
pass
.in
g st
ate
gove
rnm
ents
to g
et w
hat t
hey
wan
t.T
he u
rgen
t nee
ds f
or u
rban
ren
ewal
, hou
sing
,st
reet
and
hig
hway
pro
gram
s an
d he
alth
ser
v-ic
es a
re b
eing
met
incr
easi
ngls
by
the
Fede
ral
Gov
ernm
ent a
s th
e st
ate
gove
rnm
ents
shu
ffle
help
less
ly o
r ai
mle
ssly
alo
ng. M
any
will
mou
rnth
e pa
ssin
g of
the
pow
ers
and
func
tions
of
stat
ego
vern
men
t and
its
safe
guar
ds. -
Big
" go
vern
-m
ent m
ust,
unfo
rtun
atel
y, b
ring
new
inva
sion
sof
indi
vidu
al f
reed
om.
The
dol
lar
cost
of
the
popu
latio
n bo
om is
high
. Par
t of
the
cost
is th
e 53
3 bi
llion
we
mus
tra
ise
this
dec
ade
to p
ay f
or u
rban
ser
vice
s,su
ch a
s sc
hool
s, f
ire
engi
nes
and
sew
ers
that
our
citie
s w
ill n
eed
for
thei
r ad
ded
popu
latio
n.E
xper
ts e
stim
ate
that
we
mus
t inv
est a
bout
$1,1
00 p
er c
apita
to a
ssur
e ur
ban
serv
ices
.O
ther
cos
ts w
ill b
e hi
dden
, but
just
as
real
. Juv
enile
del
inqu
ency
toda
y co
sts
us a
vas
tfo
rtun
e in
sto
len
and
dam
aged
pro
pert
y, lo
stin
com
es a
nd m
aint
enan
ce o
f co
urts
and
soc
ial
agen
cies
. Eve
n if
the
rate
of
delin
quen
cy r
e-m
ains
con
stan
t, th
e pr
oble
m w
ill in
crea
se b
y44
per
cen
t dur
ing
this
dec
ade,
just
bec
ause
of
the
incr
ease
d si
ze o
f th
e ag
e gr
oup
betw
een
15 a
nd 1
9, w
here
del
inqu
ency
is c
once
ntra
ted.
Iat.
C)
The
re is
no
estim
atin
g th
e co
untle
ss b
il-lio
ns o
f dol
lars
nee
ded
to b
uild
pub
lic tr
ansp
or-
tatio
n sy
stem
s th
roug
hout
the
cour
iers
. Our
city
str
eets
are
hoi
st:le
-Ay
chok
ed w
ith tr
affic
.La
wni
aker
s w
ill u
ltim
atel
y re
cogn
ize
that
a s
in-
gle
lane
of r
apid
tran
sit t
rain
s ca
n do
the
wor
kof
32,
000
priv
ate
cars
and
mor
e th
an 2
0 la
nes
of tr
affic
. It t
akes
mor
e th
an 1
100
ears
and
four
traf
fic la
nes
to d
o th
e w
ork
of o
ne la
ne o
f50
-sea
t bus
es o
r tr
olle
y ca
rs.
Citi
es s
uch
as N
ew Y
ork
soon
mus
t dra
s-tic
ally
lim
it pa
rkin
g an
d dr
is m
g. In
man
yar
eas,
sub
urba
nite
s w
ill b
e al
low
ed to
driv
eon
ly to
the
edge
of t
he c
ity, w
here
pub
lic tr
ans-
port
atio
n w
ill c
arry
then
i to
the
cent
er. P
olak
tran
spor
tatio
n w
ill b
e re
gard
ed a
s a
nece
ssity
.lik
e pi
ped
wat
er a
nd s
ewer
line
s. A
nd it
will
cost
a fo
rtun
e.P
opul
atio
n gr
awth
has
incr
ease
d m
igra
-tio
n w
ithin
our
cou
ntry
. Neg
roes
and
whi
tes
from
the
rura
l Sou
th h
ave
Roc
ked
to th
e ci
ties
in la
rge
num
bers
. Tw
o th
irds
of o
ur 2
0 m
illio
nno
nwhi
tes
now
live
in u
rban
are
as. B
ette
r pu
b-lic
hea
lth a
nd m
edic
ine
avai
labl
e to
Neg
roes
inur
ban
area
s ha
ve n
ot o
nly
grea
tly d
ecre
ased
the
Neg
ro d
eath
rat
e, b
ut s
imul
tane
ousl
y ha
vegr
eatly
incr
ease
d th
e N
egro
birt
h ra
te.
Tod
ay, t
he N
egro
pop
ulat
ion
is in
crea
sing
at a
rat
e 60
per
cen
t ahe
ad o
f the
whi
te p
opu-
latio
n. T
his
cont
ribut
es to
the
fric
tions
bet
wee
nw
hite
s an
d N
egro
es in
our
larg
e ci
ties.
And
the
pove
rty
of c
ity N
egro
es c
ontr
ibut
es to
kee
ping
them
a d
epre
ssed
ghe
tto g
roup
livi
ng in
the
mid
st o
f crim
e, p
over
ty, b
roke
n ho
mes
and
so-
cial
dis
orga
niza
tion.
The
qua
lity
of e
duca
tion
in th
e 19
60's
isbo
und
to b
e re
duce
d by
the
popu
latio
n bo
om,
just
as
it w
as in
the
'50'
s. T
he p
ostw
ar b
aby
boom
has
rad
ical
ly in
crea
sed
our
scho
olag
epo
pula
tion.
Dur
ing
the
1950
's. p
ostw
ar b
abie
sflo
oded
the
educ
atio
nal f
acili
ties
in g
ener
al.
Ele
men
tary
sch
ools
in th
e 19
50's
wer
efo
rced
to m
ake
room
for
abou
t .50
per
cen
tm
ore
stud
ents
. It w
as im
poss
ible
to m
aint
ain
the
qual
ity o
f edu
catio
n in
the
face
of s
uch
ade
luge
. Dur
ing
the
1960
's, t
hese
pos
twar
bab
ies
will
tax
our
high
sch
ools
with
a 1
8 pe
r ce
nt e
n-ro
llmen
t inc
reas
e. O
ur c
olle
ges
mus
t acc
omm
o-da
te 9
2 pe
r ce
nt m
ore
enro
llmen
ts.
Ano
ther
sin
iste
r si
gn is
that
, for
the
first
time.
in o
ur h
isto
ry, t
he n
umbe
r of
mou
ths
we
mus
t fee
d is
gro
win
g m
ore
rapi
dly
than
han
dsth
at c
an w
ork.
Tho
se b
elow
wor
king
age
and
thos
e ab
ove
the
wor
king
sea
rs a
rc in
crea
sing
mor
e ra
pidl
y th
an a
re p
erso
ns o
f pro
duct
ive
age
t20
to 6
1 ye
ars
). T
his
will
mak
e it
incr
eas-
ingl
y di
fficu
lt to
ach
ieve
any
gai
ns in
livi
ngst
anda
rds
for
ours
else
s an
d ou
r ch
ildre
n.Y
oung
peo
ple
look
ing
for
a va
catio
n jo
bla
st s
umm
er h
ad a
har
d tim
e fin
ding
wor
k.O
ne b
y-pr
oduc
t of t
he c
hang
ing
age
stru
ctur
eis
the
acce
lera
ting
rate
of n
ew w
orke
rs e
nter
ing
the
labo
r fo
rce.
In 1
960.
the
first
pos
twar
babi
es r
each
ed w
orki
ng a
ge. S
ome
200,
000
youn
g w
orke
rs a
yea
r w
ere
adde
d to
the
job
forc
e in
the
last
hal
f of t
he 1
950'
s. In
the
'60'
s,th
is n
umbe
r is
trip
ling.
and
ther
e is
ser
ious
doub
t whi
ther
our
evo
noni
s ca
n ex
pand
fast
enon
ah to
abs
orb
such
num
bers
in th
e fa
ce o
fne
w u
nem
ploy
men
t cau
sed
by a
utom
atio
n.W
e fa
ce s
till o
ther
con
sequ
ence
s in
the
rapi
d po
pula
tion
grow
th th
at is
cro
wdi
ng u
sto
geth
er m
ore
and
mor
e. \\
hol
e se
ctio
ns o
f our
agin
g ci
ties
are
urge
ntis
in n
eed
of r
ebui
ldin
g.B
ut a
s w
e ta
ckle
thes
e sl
ums.
new
one
s ar
egr
owin
g at
an
eser
fast
er r
ate.
Ile
mus
t pay
man
y ot
her
cost
s fo
r th
is o
verc
row
ding
.A
nd w
hat c
an w
e do
abo
ut o
ur a
lread
yov
erbu
rden
ed p
arks
and
rec
reat
iona
l are
as?
How
can
we
save
our
pol
lute
d riv
ers
and
stre
ams
for
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns?
Whe
re a
re w
eto
find
mor
e w
ater
for
hom
es a
nd in
dust
ryev
ery
deca
de?
Can
we
mak
c pr
ogre
ss a
gain
stai
r po
llutio
n in
the
face
of m
ore
and
mor
epe
ople
and
indu
stry
doi
ng th
e po
llutin
g?M
any
pers
ons
rega
rd th
e ra
isin
g of
suc
hqu
estio
ns a
s "a
larm
ist."
Oth
ers
reco
gniz
e th
efa
cts
abou
t our
pop
ulat
ion
expl
osio
n, b
ut c
on-
tend
that
we
mus
t out
bree
d C
hina
and
the
Sov
iet U
nion
.S
uch
prop
osal
s ar
e ex
pose
d as
rid
icul
ous
whe
n on
e ac
cept
s th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns' "
med
i-um
" es
timat
es th
at C
hina
and
the
US
SR
will
have
a p
opul
atio
n of
mor
e th
an tw
o bi
llion
by
the
year
20(
X0.
Our
pre
sent
birt
h ra
te w
ould
give
us
abou
t the
sam
e po
pula
tion
as th
e U
SS
R,
400
mill
ion.
All
of E
urop
e co
mbi
ned
!incl
ud-
ing
som
e of
the
smal
ler
Com
mun
ist n
atio
ns)
wou
ld, b
y th
e sa
me
proj
ectio
n, h
ave
less
than
600
mill
ion
pers
ons.
It is
obv
ious
that
we
can-
not h
ope
to w
in a
bre
edin
g co
ntes
t.C
erta
inly
, in
this
age
of t
he H
-bom
b, th
ere
is n
o re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n th
e po
pula
tion
of a
80
coun
try
and
its m
ilita
ry p
ower
.It
wou
ld b
e a
doct
rine
of d
espa
ir to
arg
ue th
at w
ene
ed m
ore
peop
le in
ord
er to
hav
e so
me
sun
kills
- af
ter
the
next
war
! A c
ompe
titio
n in
bree
ding
be-
twee
n th
e fr
ee w
orld
and
the
Com
mun
ist b
loc
wou
ld o
nly
help
red
uce
us to
the
Co
lluni
sta'
mis
erab
ly lo
w le
%el
of h
is in
g. a
nd it
wou
ldpr
obab
ly in
vite
rat
her
than
ret
ard
the
expa
n-si
on o
f com
mun
ism
.T
he a
nsw
er to
our
pro
blem
s lie
s in
the
cont
rol o
f our
pop
ulat
ion
grow
thof
1.8
per
cent
a y
ear.
Tha
t gro
wth
resu
lts fr
om a
birt
hra
te o
f 25
(per
thou
sand
popu
latio
n pe
r )e
ar)
and
a de
ath
rate
of n
ine
(per
thou
sand
popu
la-
tion
per
year
I , t
oget
her
with
afe
w im
mig
rant
s(le
ss th
an 3
00,0
00 a
yea
r in
the
1950
'st.
Sin
ce w
e w
ould
not
wan
t to
incr
ease
our
deat
h ra
te, a
nee
d fo
r re
duct
ion
of th
e bi
rth
rate
bec
omes
es
Wen
t. T
heU
nite
d S
tate
s. u
nlik
eth
e un
derd
evel
oped
are
as o
f the
wor
ld. i
s in
are
lativ
ely
favo
rabl
e po
sitio
n fo
rco
ntro
lling
its
popu
latio
n gr
owth
. We
base
alre
ady
done
a lo
t
abou
t con
trol
ling
our
fert
ility
.T
he p
ostw
arbi
rth
rate
of t
he U
.S..
high
as
it is
. is
only
abo
ut
halt
of w
hat i
t was
in 1
800.
Dec
reas
es in
deat
hs
have
bee
n so
spe
ctac
ular
. how
ever
,th
at h
alvi
ngth
e bi
rth
rate
is n
ot e
noug
h to
pre
sent
con
-tin
ued
expl
osiv
e gr
owth
.
Ach
ievi
ng a
n op
timum
bir
th r
ate
How
muc
h of
a c
ut in
the
birt
h ra
teis
indi
cate
d? It
wou
ld ta
ke a
furt
her
decr
ease
inth
e bi
rth
rate
of a
bout
0 p
er c
ent t
opr
oduc
e
a st
atio
nary
pop
ulat
ion.
Aon
e-th
ird d
ecre
ase
in th
e bi
rth
rate
wou
ld p
rodu
ce a
grow
th o
fab
out o
ne h
alf p
er te
nt a
yea
r. A
t tha
t rat
e,th
e po
pula
tion
of th
e U
.S. w
ould
dou
ble
inab
out 1
40 y
ears
, ins
tead
of 4
0 ye
ars;
this
wou
ldgr
eatly
red
uce
the
terr
ible
con
sequ
ence
s of
our
popu
latio
n ex
plos
ion.
To
achi
eve
such
a r
esul
t,th
e U
.S. n
eed
only
do
mor
e of
wha
t it i
sal
read
ydo
ing
to c
ontr
ol it
s fe
rtili
ty. B
y co
ntra
st, t
heun
derd
evel
oped
are
as, f
aced
with
eve
n m
ore
seve
re c
onse
quen
ces
of e
xplo
sive
popu
latio
n in
-cr
ease
, hav
e ye
t to
begi
n th
e pr
oces
sof
effe
ctiv
e
fert
ility
con
trol
.O
bjec
tions
to s
ome
of th
e m
etho
ds o
fbi
rth
cont
rol a
vaila
ble
shou
ld n
ot p
rove
tobe
a se
rious
obs
tacl
e. W
ithth
e w
ide
varie
ty' o
fm
etho
ds o
f birt
h co
ntro
l ava
ilabl
e to
the
Am
er-
ican
peo
ple.
eac
h of
our
div
erse
gro
ups
can
find
one
that
is m
oral
ly a
ccep
tabl
e.
Muc
h m
ore
impo
rtan
t tha
n th
e de
bate
over
sui
tabl
e m
etho
ds o
f con
trol
ling
fert
ility
is r
ecog
nitio
n of
the
need
for
rrbp
onsi
ble
par-
enth
ood
in th
e in
tere
st o
f the
indi
vidu
al. t
hefa
mily
, the
nat
ion
and
the
wor
ld. N
othi
n el
se,
can
over
com
e th
e ru
naw
ay p
robl
em)
of A
tner
-ic
a's
popu
latio
n cr
isis
.
LOOK MAGAZINE
Copyright (c) coolos Communicet1ons.
Inc.. November, 1961.
BY
PH
ILIP
31.
HA
US
ER
))fo
ld to
JA
CK
ST
AR
100C
115
10a
linfin
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
0:T
he N
onse
nse
Exp
losi
on'
..
Cro
wde
d, c
row
ded,
cro
wde
d, w
e ar
e to
ld.
Slum
s ar
e cr
owde
d, s
ubur
bsar
e cr
owde
d, m
ega-
lopo
lis is
cro
wde
d an
d m
ore
and
mor
e an
d m
ore
peop
le a
re e
atin
g up
, bur
ning
up
and
usin
g up
the
beau
ty a
ndW
ealth
of
Am
eric
a --
turn
ing
the
land
into
a p
ollu
ted,
dep
lete
d sp
raw
l of
scum
my
wat
er a
nd f
licke
ring
neo
n,an
eco
logi
cal c
atas
trop
he s
tret
chin
g fr
om th
e E
verg
lade
s to
the
Paci
fic
Nor
thw
est.
Cri
sis.
Cri
sis.
Cri
sis.
Tha
t so
very
muc
h of
this
is p
repo
ster
ous,
as
we
shal
l see
, sho
uld
com
e as
no
real
sur
pris
e to
thos
e w
ho f
ollo
w th
e fa
ds o
f cr
isis
in A
mer
ica
--T
he c
ritic
al f
acts
are
that
Am
eric
a is
not
by
any
stan
dard
a c
row
ded
coun
try
and
that
the
Am
eric
anbi
rth
rate
has
rec
ently
bee
n at
an
all-
time
low
.--
The
cri
tical
pre
mis
e is
that
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th in
Am
eric
a is
har
mfu
l.In
not
sta
ting
the
fact
s an
d in
not
at l
east
cha
lleng
ing
the
prem
isss
, pol
itici
ans
and
plan
ners
alik
ese
em to
be
leav
ing
them
selv
es o
pen
to b
oth
bad
plan
ning
and
bad
pol
itics
.T
his
happ
ens
by c
once
ntra
ting
onw
hat t
he p
robl
em is
not
, rat
her
than
on
wha
t the
pro
blem
is.
Let
's, t
hen
firs
t loo
k at
the
fact
s.T
he c
ur-
rent
pop
ulat
ion
of th
e U
nite
d St
ates
is 2
05 m
illio
n.T
hat p
opul
atio
n is
dis
trib
uted
ove
r 3,
615,
123
squa
rem
iles,
of
land
, for
a d
ensi
ty o
f ab
out 5
5 pe
rson
s pe
r sq
uare
mile
.In
term
s of
den
sity
, thi
s m
akes
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
ne o
f th
e m
ost s
pars
ely
popu
late
d na
tions
in th
e w
orld
But
whi
le it
is o
f in
tere
st to
kno
w th
at A
mer
ica
has
som
e la
nd th
at is
uni
nhab
itabl
e, w
hat i
s of
far
mor
e im
port
ance
is th
at w
e ha
ve in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es v
ast u
nuse
d ar
eas
of e
min
ently
hab
itabl
e la
nd, l
and
that
in f
act w
as in
habi
ted
until
ver
y re
cent
ly
'Ben
Wat
tenb
erg
serv
ed o
n Pr
esid
ent J
ohns
on's
Whi
te H
ouse
sta
ffH
e co
-aut
hore
d a
book
on
dem
ogra
phy
title
d T
his
U. S
. A.
,pu
blis
hed
by D
oubl
eday
in 1
965.
81
We
can
now
turn
to th
e pr
emis
e se
t for
th b
y th
e E
xplo
sion
ists
i.e.
, mor
e A
mer
ican
s ar
e ba
d.A
re th
ey ?
My
own
judg
emen
t is
-- n
ot n
eces
sari
lyT
he E
xplo
sion
ists
say
peo
ple,
and
the
indu
stry
nee
ded
to s
uppo
rt p
eopl
e,ca
use
pollu
tion.
Erg
o:fe
wer
peo
ple
less
pol
lutio
n.O
n th
e su
rfac
e, a
rea
sona
ble
enou
gh s
tate
men
t; ce
rtai
nly
popu
latio
n is
one
of th
e va
riab
les
in th
epo
llutio
n pr
oble
m. Y
et, t
here
is s
omet
hing
els
e to
be
said
.Pe
ople
not
onl
y ca
use
pollu
tion,
but
onc
e yo
uha
ve a
sub
stan
tial n
umbe
r of
peo
ple,
it is
onl
y pe
ople
that
can
solv
e po
llutio
n.Fu
rthe
r, th
e ca
se c
an b
em
ade
that
, mor
e pe
ople
can
mor
e ea
sily
and
mor
e qu
ickl
y so
lve
pollu
tion
prob
lem
sth
an c
an f
ewer
peo
ple.
For
exam
ple:
let u
s as
sum
e th
at $
60 b
illio
n pe
r ye
arar
e ne
cess
ary
for
natio
nal d
efen
se. T
he c
ost o
fde
fens
e w
ill n
ot n
eces
sari
ly b
e hi
gher
for
a n
atio
n of
thre
e hu
ndre
d m
illio
nth
an f
or a
nat
ion
of tw
o hu
ndre
dm
illio
n.Y
et th
e ta
x re
venu
es to
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ould
be
imm
ense
ly h
ighe
r, f
reei
ng v
ast
sum
s of
tax
mon
eyto
be
used
for
the
very
exp
ensi
ve p
rogr
ams
that
are
nece
ssar
y fo
r ai
r, w
ater
, and
pol
lutio
n co
ntro
l. Sp
read
-l'A
.in
g co
nsta
nt d
efen
se c
osts
ove
r a
larg
e po
pula
tion
base
pro
vide
s pr
opor
tiona
tely
grea
ter
amou
nts
for
non-
c...
0";
defe
nse
spen
ding
. The
sam
e so
rt o
f eq
uatio
nca
n be
use
d fo
r th
e hu
ge, o
ne-t
ime
capi
tal c
osts
of
rese
arch
that
mus
t go
into
any
eff
ectiv
e, lo
ng-r
ange
ant
i-po
llutio
npr
ogra
m. T
he c
osts
are
rou
ghly
the
sam
e fo
r 20
0or
300
mill
ion
peop
le -
- bu
t eas
ier
to p
ay b
y 30
0 m
illio
nN
ext,
the
Exp
losi
onis
ts v
iew
mor
e pe
ople
as
a cr
isis
bec
ause
of
all t
hede
man
ds th
ey w
ill m
ake
upon
the
soci
ety.
So m
any
new
sch
ools
, so
man
y m
ore
hosp
itals
,m
ore
libra
ries
--
serv
ices
and
fac
ilitie
s "A
zhic
hw
e ar
e ha
ving
dif
ficu
lty p
rovi
ding
rig
ht n
ow.
Sim
ilarl
y w
ith "
new
tow
ns."
If
we
are
to a
void
vas
t and
spr
awl-
ing
meg
alop
olita
n sw
aths
, we
are
told
, we
mus
t bui
ld 1
00 b
rand
-new
tow
ns in
30
year
s. U
nfor
tuna
tely
, we'
veon
ly b
een
able
to c
onst
ruct
a f
ew in
the
last
cou
ple
of d
ecad
es--
so,
ala
s, w
hat p
ossi
ble
chan
ce d
o w
e ha
veto
mak
e th
e gr
ade
in th
e ye
ars
to c
ome?
82
Wha
t thi
s ar
gum
ent i
gnor
es, o
f co
urse
, is
that
it is
not
gov
ernm
ents
who
rea
lly c
reat
e sc
hool
s, h
os-
pita
ls, l
ibra
ries
and
eve
n ne
w to
wns
.It
is p
eopl
e w
ho c
reat
e an
d bu
ild.
Peop
le p
ay ta
xes;
the
taxe
s bu
ildan
d st
aff
the
scho
ols;
the
mor
e pe
ople
, the
mot
e ne
ed f
or s
choo
ls, a
nd th
e m
ore
taxe
s.In
an
unca
nny
way
itus
ually
wor
ks o
ut th
at e
very
chi
ld in
Am
eric
a ha
s hi
s ow
n se
t of
pare
nts,
and
a s
choo
l to
atte
nd.
In a
na-
tion
of a
hun
dred
mill
ion
ther
e w
ere
roug
hly
enou
gh s
choo
ls f
or th
e ch
ildre
n th
en p
rese
nt, a
t tw
o hu
ndre
dm
illio
n th
e sa
me
was
true
and
, no
doub
t, it
will
hol
d tr
ue a
t thr
ee h
undr
ed m
illio
n. N
or w
ill q
ualit
y su
ffer
beca
use
of n
umbe
rs; q
ualit
y su
ffer
s if
taxp
ayer
s ar
en't
will
ing
to p
ay f
or q
ualit
y an
d it
is n
ot h
arde
r fo
r 30
0m
illio
n A
mer
ican
s to
pay
for
qua
lity
scho
ols
for
thei
r ch
ildre
n th
an it
is f
or 2
30 m
illio
n to
buy
qua
lity
scho
ol-
ing
for
thei
r of
fspr
ing
The
re is
nex
t the
"re
sour
ces"
arg
umen
t.It
com
es in
two
part
s.Pa
rt o
ne: m
any
of o
ur r
esou
rces
are
fini
te (
oil,
coal
, etc
.); m
ore
peop
le o
bvio
usly
use
mor
e re
sour
ces;
the
few
er th
e pe
ople
, the
less
the
......
drai
n on
the
reso
urce
s. P
art t
wo:
we
Am
eric
ans
are
rich
peo
ple;
ric
h pe
ople
use
mor
e re
sour
ces;
ther
e-C
...,
..../
fore
, we
mus
t cut
bac
k po
pula
tion
part
icul
arly
fas
t, an
d pa
rtic
ular
ly o
ur r
ich
popu
latio
n.T
he r
esou
rces
pro
blem
is d
iffi
cult
to a
sses
s. A
dem
ogra
pher
now
in h
is s
ixtie
s se
emed
to p
ut it
inpe
rspe
ctiv
e. "
Res
ourc
es a
re a
ser
ious
pro
blem
," h
e sa
id, "
We'
ve b
een
runn
ing
out o
f oi
l eve
r si
nce
I w
asa
boy.
" The
fac
t is,
of
cour
se, s
oone
r or
late
r w
e w
ill r
un o
ut o
f oi
l; pe
rhap
s in
thir
ty y
ears
or
fift
y ye
ars,
or a
hun
dred
yea
rs o
r tw
o hu
ndre
d ye
ars.
So to
o w
ill w
e ru
n ou
t of
all n
onre
new
able
res
ourc
es -
- by
def
i-ni
tion.
We
will
run
out
of
oil e
ven
if p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
sto
ps to
day
and
we
will
run
out
of
oil,
som
ewha
tso
oner
, if
popu
latio
n gr
owth
con
tinue
s. W
heth
er o
il re
serv
es a
re d
eple
ted
in 2
020
or 2
040
or 2
140
does
not s
eem
to b
e of
cri
tical
impo
rtan
ce; i
n an
y ev
ent a
sub
stitu
te f
uel m
ust b
e fo
und
-- p
roba
bly
nucl
ear.
If
no a
dequ
ate
subs
titut
e is
dev
elop
ed, t
hen
we.
(al
l us
eart
hmen
) w
ill s
uffe
r so
mew
hat r
egar
dles
s of
num
bers
.
83
Part
two,
that
ric
h pe
ople
are
the
real
men
ace
both
res
ourc
e-w
ise
and
pollu
tion-
wis
e, h
as r
ecen
tlybe
en p
artic
ular
ly s
tres
sed
by D
r. J
ean
May
er w
ho a
dvis
es th
e Pr
esid
ent h
unge
r-w
ise
but w
ould
not
seem
tobe
ful
ly u
p to
dat
e de
mog
raph
y-w
ise.
For
the
sim
ple
fact
is th
at w
ealth
ier
peop
le g
ener
ally
hav
e fa
r fe
wer
chi
ldre
n th
an p
oore
r pe
ople
.W
ith c
urre
nt m
orta
lity
rate
s, p
opul
atio
n st
abili
ty is
mai
ntai
ned
if th
e ty
pica
lw
oman
has
on
the
aver
age
2. 1
3 ch
ildre
n.In
a 1
964
Cen
sus
Bur
eau
surv
ey a
mon
g w
omen
who
had
com
plet
ed th
eir
child
-bea
ring
year
s.it
was
sho
wn
that
fam
ilies
with
inco
mes
of
$10,
000
and
ove
r ha
d 2.
21
child
ren,
just
a tr
ifle
over
rep
lace
-m
ent.
Thi
s co
mpa
red
with
3. 5
3 ch
ildre
n fo
r th
e po
ores
t wom
en. S
ince
196
4, f
ertil
ity r
ates
hav
ego
nedo
wn
amon
g yo
ung
wom
en, a
nd it
is p
ossi
ble
that
whe
n th
ese
low
er r
ates
are
ulti
mat
ely
refl
ecte
d as
"co
m-
plet
ed f
ertil
ity"
we
may
see
that
aff
luen
t Am
eric
an w
omen
of
the
futu
re ju
st b
arel
y re
plac
e th
eir
own
num
-be
r, if
that
.In
sho
rt, c
urre
nt p
opul
atio
n pa
ttern
s sh
ow th
at a
fflu
ent p
eopl
e do
not
cau
se r
apid
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th.
And
if th
e en
tire
popu
latio
n w
ere
entir
ely
affl
uent
, we
cert
ainl
y w
ould
not
be
talk
ing
abou
t a p
opul
atio
nex
plos
ion.
Furt
her,
if th
e en
tire
popu
latio
n w
ere
affl
uent
and
com
mitt
ed to
com
batti
ng p
ollu
tion,
we
wou
ldn'
tbe
talk
ing
abou
t a p
ollu
tion
expl
osio
n ei
ther
.
Wha
t the
n is
Dr.
May
er's
pre
scri
ptio
n? is
he
agai
nst a
fflu
ent p
eopl
e ha
ving
bab
ies
but n
otpo
orpe
ople
, eve
n,th
ough
the
affl
uent
hav
e re
lativ
ely
few
any
way
? O
f pe
rhap
s it
is th
at h
e is
just
aga
inst
the
idea
of
letti
ng a
ny m
ore
poor
peo
ple
beco
me
affl
uent
peo
ple,
bec
ause
they
too
will
then
cons
ume
too
man
yre
sour
ces
and
caus
e m
ore
pollu
tion?
The
re a
re tw
o im
port
ant p
oint
s th
at r
un th
roug
h m
ost o
f th
e ab
ove.
Firs
t is
that
the
sim
ple
num
bers
of p
eopl
e ar
e no
t in
them
selv
es o
f gr
eat i
mpo
rtan
ce in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. T
here
isno
"O
ptim
um"
popu
-la
tion
as s
uch
for
the
U.S
., no
t with
in p
opul
atio
n ra
nges
now
for
ecas
t in
any
even
t. W
heth
er w
e ha
ve 2
50
84
mill
ion
peop
le o
r 35
0 m
illio
n pe
ople
is le
ss im
port
ant t
han
wha
t the
peo
ple
-- h
owev
er m
any
of th
em th
ere
are
deci
de to
do
abou
t the
ir p
robl
ems.
Sec
ond
the
popu
latio
n pr
oble
m, a
t lea
st in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, i
san
ext
rem
ely
long
-ter
m p
ropo
sitio
n, a
nd in
a c
ount
ry o
f th
is s
ize
and
wea
lth, t
he-.
e is
mor
e fl
exib
ility
inso
lvin
g th
e po
tent
ial d
emog
raph
ic p
robl
ems
than
mig
ht b
e as
sum
ed f
rom
the
curr
ent r
heto
ric-
of-c
risi
s..
.
Cer
tain
ly to
o, p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
mus
t soo
ner
or la
ter
leve
l off
.W
hile
Am
eric
a co
uld
sui-
: ,rt
twic
eits
cur
rent
pop
ulat
ion
and
prob
ably
fou
r tim
es it
s cu
rren
t pop
ulat
ion
-- g
row
th c
an o
bvio
usly
not
go
onfo
reve
r an
d it
is w
ise
to u
nder
stan
d th
is f
act n
ow r
athe
r th
an a
hun
dred
yea
rs f
rom
now
But
wha
t is
wro
ng, a
nd d
ange
rous
, and
foo
lhar
dy is
to m
ake
popu
latio
n a
cris
is. D
oing
so
will
sim
ply
allo
w to
o m
any
polit
icia
ns to
take
thei
r ey
es o
ff th
e ba
ll. W
hen
Exp
losi
onis
ts s
ay, a
s th
ey d
o, th
atcr
ime,
rio
ts a
nd u
rban
pro
blem
s ar
e ca
used
by
"the
pop
ulat
ion
expl
osio
n,"
it is
just
too
easy
for
pol
itici
ans
c;,-
;to
agr
ee a
nd s
ay s
ure,
let's
sto
p ha
ving
so
man
y ba
bies
, ins
tead
of
sayi
ng le
t's g
et to
wor
k on
the
real
ur-
ban
prob
lem
s of
this
nat
ion.
(As
a m
atte
r of
gen
eral
inte
rest
it s
houl
d be
not
ed th
at th
e ri
ot a
reas
, the
high
-cri
me
area
s, th
e ar
eas
of tu
g m
ost a
cute
urb
an p
robl
ems
are
area
s th
at a
re ty
pica
lly lo
sing
pop
ulat
ion.
For
exam
ple,
spe
cial
cen
suse
s in
Hou
gh a
nd W
atts
sho
wed
pop
ulat
ion
loss
.G
iven
that
kin
d of
dat
a it
isha
rd to
acc
ept t
he E
xplo
sion
ist n
otio
n th
at c
row
ding
cau
ses
crim
e.)
..
..
Whe
n th
e E
xplo
sion
ists
say
, as
they
do,
that
it's
bec
ause
we
have
so
man
y pe
ople
that
Lak
e E
rie
ispo
llute
d th
en o
nce
agai
n w
e ar
e in
vite
d to
take
our
eye
off
the
tens
-of-
billi
ons-
of-d
olla
rs b
all o
f en
viro
n-m
enta
l saf
ety
and
we
are
sim
ulta
neou
sly
invi
ted
to p
iddl
e ar
ound
with
25-
mill
ion
dolla
r pr
ogra
ms
for
birt
hco
ntro
l, w
hich
are
nic
e, b
ut d
on't
solv
e an
ythi
ng to
do
with
Lak
e E
rie.
Fina
lly, w
e m
ust t
ake
note
of
the
new
thru
st b
y th
e E
xplo
sion
ists
: pop
ulat
iOn
cont
rol.
Not
e th
eph
rase
car
eful
ly.
Thi
s is
spe
cifi
cally
not
"fa
mily
pla
nnin
g,"
whe
re th
e fa
mily
con
cern
ed d
oes
the
plan
ning
.T
his
is c
ontr
ol o
f po
pula
tion
by th
e go
vern
men
t and
this
is w
hat t
he a
poca
lypt
ics
are
dem
andi
ng, b
ecau
se,
85
they
say
, fam
ily p
lann
ing
by it
self
will
not
red
uce
us to
a z
ero
grow
th r
ate.
The
mor
e po
pula
r "s
oft"
posi
tion
of g
over
nmen
t con
trol
invo
lves
wha
t is
calle
d "d
isin
cent
ives
," th
at is
,a
few
min
or m
easu
res
like
chan
ging
the
taxa
tion
syst
em, t
he s
choo
l sys
tem
and
the
mor
al c
ode
tose
e if
that
won
't w
ork
befo
re g
oing
onto
out
righ
t bab
y lic
ensi
ng.
..
.
Wha
t it a
ll ad
ds u
p to
is th
is: w
hy h
ave
a lo
ng-r
ange
man
agea
ble
popu
latio
n pr
oble
m th
atca
n be
cope
d w
ith g
radu
ally
ove
r ge
nera
tions
whe
n, w
ith a
littl
e ex
tra
soup
ed-u
psc
are
rhet
oric
, we
can
drum
up
a fu
ll-fl
edge
d cr
isis
? W
e ce
rtai
nly
need
one
; it's
bee
n m
onth
s si
nce
we'
ve h
ad a
cri
sis.
Aft
er a
ll. V
ietn
am,
we
wer
e to
ld, w
as "
the
grea
test
cri
sis
in a
hun
dred
yea
rs."
Pik
er. H
ere'
s a
cris
is th
at's
a b
eaut
y: th
egr
eate
st c
risi
s in
two
billi
on y
ears
: we'
re a
bout
to b
reed
our
selv
es r
ight
into
obl
ivio
n..
Ben
Wat
tenb
erg,
"T
he N
onse
nse
Exp
losi
on."
The
New
Rep
ublic
, Apr
il 4
and
11, 1
970,
pp.
18-
23.
86
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
1:It
's T
ime
to D
efus
e Po
pula
tion
"Exp
losi
onis
ts"
Am
eric
ans
have
bee
n ov
erw
helm
ed b
yan
ava
lanc
he o
f sc
are
rhet
oric
afr
-ut t
he"p
opul
atio
n ex
plos
ion.
" W
e ha
ve b
een
as-
sure
d th
at it
is n
ot o
nly
the
grea
t:A p
rob-
lem
fac
ing
the
wor
ld, b
ut a
lso
our
grea
test
prob
lem
.T
he r
heto
ric
goes
som
ethi
ng li
ke th
is:
If g
row
th r
ates
con
tinue
unc
heck
ed, I
n 60
0ye
ars
ther
e w
ill b
e on
e pe
rson
for
eve
rysq
uare
yar
d of
the
eart
h's
surf
ace.
In
900
year
s a
build
ing
2,00
0 st
orie
s hi
gh c
over
-in
g th
e w
hole
wor
ld w
ill b
e ne
eded
toho
use
the
imm
ense
thro
ng. T
he e
xplo
ding
U.S
. pop
ulat
ion
will
kee
p pa
ce: 3
75,0
00,0
00A
mer
ican
s by
A.D
. 200
0., 9
39,0
00,0
00 b
y20
50, a
nd 2
,350
,000
,000
by
2100
.
Bir
th R
ate
Dec
lines
Exp
losi
onis
ts a
dvoc
ate
unpr
eced
ente
dm
easu
res
to s
tern
the
forc
e of
this
impe
nd-
ing
tidal
wav
e of
hum
anity
. Sug
gest
ed s
o-lu
tions
for
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es r
ange
fro
mta
x di
sinc
entiv
es to
nea
rly
unlim
ited
abor
-tio
n an
d ev
entu
al g
over
nmen
t con
trol
.A
R o
f th
is is
in th
e fa
ce o
f a
stea
dily
de-
clin
ing
birt
h ra
te in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. T
hebi
rth
:ate
and
the
num
ber
of b
abie
s bo
rnea
ch y
ear
from
195
7 to
the
pres
ent a
re:
Yea
rB
irth
sR
ate
1957
4,30
8,00
025
.319
584,
255,
000
24.5
1959
4,29
5,00
024
.319
604,
257,
850
23.7
1961
4,26
8,32
623
.319
624,
167,
362
22.4
1963
4,09
8,02
021
.719
644,
027,
490
21.0
1965
3,76
0,35
819
.419
663,
808,
274
18.4
1967
3,52
0,99
917
.819
683,
470.
000
17.4
4.,
The
bir
th r
ate
has
decl
ined
eve
ry y
ear
from
a h
igh
of 2
5.3
per
1,00
0 in
195
7 to
alo
w o
f 17
.4 in
196
8. T
he la
tter
figu
re is
the
low
est i
n U
.S. h
isto
ry.
The
dea
th r
ate,
at 9
.6, h
as r
emai
ned
al-
mos
t unc
hang
ed I
n th
e la
st 2
0 ye
ars.
As
our
popu
latio
n gr
ows
olde
r (w
hich
is b
e-gi
nnin
g to
occ
ur in
con
sequ
ence
of
the
smal
ler
num
ber
of b
abie
s bo
rn e
ach
year
)th
e de
ath
rate
mus
t eve
ntua
lly r
ise
to 1
5 in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith o
ur li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y of
70
year
s. (If,
in th
e fa
ce o
f th
e de
clin
ing
birt
hra
te, t
he d
eath
rat
e re
mai
ned
at 9
.6 p
er-
man
ently
, eve
ryon
e co
uld
expe
ct to
live
tobe
104
yea
rs o
ld.)
An
Ove
rcap
acity
A to
tal o
f 80
0,00
0 fe
wer
bab
ies
wer
ebo
rn in
196
8 th
an in
196
1. T
he c
onse
-qu
ence
s of
this
hav
e no
t yet
bee
n fu
lly a
p-pr
ecia
ted,
but
thes
e fi
gure
s m
ean
that
in19
76 th
ere
will
be
800,
000
few
er th
ird-
grad
-er
s in
the
natio
n's
clas
sroo
ms
than
ther
ear
e to
day.
Thi
s is
not
a h
azy
prog
nost
ica-
tion,
bec
ause
thes
e ch
ildre
n ha
ve a
lrea
dybe
en b
orn.
The
re w
ill b
e an
ove
rcap
acity
in te
ache
rs, s
choo
ls, a
nd e
duca
tiona
l fac
il-iti
es. In v
iew
of
thes
e de
clin
ing
num
bers
and
the
rece
nt r
ecor
d-lo
w b
irth
rat
es, i
t is
prob
able
that
the
U.S
. pop
ulat
ion
is a
l-re
ady
mov
ing
tow
ard
stab
iliza
tion.
It h
asbe
com
e ap
pare
nt th
at th
e C
ensu
s B
u-re
au's
196
7 po
pula
tion
estim
ates
for
the
year
200
0 ar
e al
read
y ou
tdat
ed a
nd m
ust
be r
evis
ed s
harp
ly d
ownw
ard.
The
se e
stim
ates
var
ied
from
a h
igh
of39
8,00
0,00
0, to
an
inte
rmed
iate
ran
ge b
e-tw
een
336,
000,
000
and
308,
000,
000,
to a
low
of 2
83,0
00,0
00. T
he h
igh
and
the
inte
rmed
i-at
e es
timat
es n
ow s
eem
to b
e co
mpl
etel
y
87
out o
f th
e qu
estio
n; e
ven
the
low
est
imat
em
ay b
e to
o hi
gh. S
ome
dem
ogra
pher
sno
wth
ink
that
the
U.S
. pop
ulat
ion
will
sta
biliz
ear
ound
the
year
200
0 at
245
,000
,000
to26
5;
04:"
®.
Ext
endi
ng T
oo F
arT
he im
pact
mad
e by
the
expl
osio
nist
sre
sults
par
tly f
rom
thei
r ex
tend
ing
tren
dsfa
r In
to th
e fu
ture
. Suc
h le
ngth
y ex
ten-
sion
s ar
e in
valid
, for
they
ass
ume
that
all
popu
latio
n fa
ctor
s w
ill r
emai
n co
nsta
nt.
Sinc
e po
pula
tion
fact
ors
have
a w
ay o
f no
tre
mai
ning
con
stan
t, th
e lo
nger
a "
tren
d"is
ext
ende
d, th
e gr
eate
r is
the
likei
ihoo
d of
erro
r. It is
pos
sibl
e, m
oreo
ver,
eve
n w
ith th
eus
e of
rea
sona
bly
shor
t ext
ensi
ons,
toac
hiev
e fo
reca
sts
that
con
trad
ict t
hose
of
the
expl
osio
nist
s. O
ne c
an n
ote,
for
exa
m-
ple,
the
"tre
nd"
in th
e U
.S. b
irth
rat
efr
om 2
5.3
in 1
957
to 1
7.4
in 1
968.
If
this
"tre
nd"
is e
xten
ded
only
22
year
s in
to th
efu
ture
, the
bir
th r
ate
will
be
dow
n to
zero
. Sim
ilarl
y,th
ebi
rth
rate
decl
ined
stea
dily
fro
m 3
0.1
in 1
910
to 1
8.4
in 1
936.
If
in 1
936
this
"tr
end"
had
bee
n ex
tend
edon
ly 3
9 ye
ars
into
the
futu
re, b
irth
s in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es w
ould
hav
e ce
ased
alto
-ge
ther
by
975.
Thi
s is
not
onl
y in
valid
,bu
t rid
icul
ous.
Suc
h pr
oced
ure
is. h
ow-
ever
, not
nea
rly
as r
idic
ulou
s as
ext
ra-
pola
tions
that
are
mec
hani
cally
ext
ende
dfo
r 60
0 or
900
yea
rs.
The
chi
ef d
ange
r, h
owev
er, i
n th
e sc
are
rhet
oric
of
alar
mis
ts is
that
they
tend
tore
duce
Man
y of
our
maj
or p
robl
ems
tonu
mbe
rs o
f pe
ople
. The
y th
us d
iver
t atte
n-tio
n aw
ay f
rom
the
actu
al c
ause
s or
tne
prob
lem
s. T
o th
e ex
tent
that
the
dist
or-
tions
and
hal
f-tr
uths
fin
d cr
eden
ce, t
hey
will
ret
ard
muc
h-ne
eded
sol
utio
ns.
Cri
mes
and
Cro
wds
The
eve
r-In
crea
sing
rat
es o
fvi
olen
tcr
ime
are
attr
ibut
ed to
pop
ulat
ion
grow
than
d de
nsity
. If
crow
ded
cond
ition
s ca
use
crim
e, th
e m
ost c
row
ded
area
s of
the
wor
ld m
ight
legi
timat
ely
be e
xpec
ted
toha
ve th
e hi
ghes
t cri
me
rate
s.H
olla
nd, f
or e
xam
ple.
whe
re p
eopl
e ar
ecr
owde
d to
geth
er a
t a d
ensi
ty o
f al
mos
t1,
000
per
squa
re m
ile (
com
pare
d w
ith 5
7pe
r sq
uare
mile
in th
eU
nite
d St
ates
),sh
ould
be
a ve
ry d
ange
rous
pla
ce in
deed
.T
he D
utch
, how
ever
, who
hav
e on
e of
the
low
er c
rim
e ra
tes
in th
e W
este
rn w
orld
,se
em to
be
unaw
are
of th
eir
pred
icam
ent.
Perh
aps
they
hav
e no
t yet
rea
dsu
chbo
oks
asPa
ulE
hrlic
h's
Popu
latio
nB
omb.
To
take
ano
ther
exa
mpl
e, G
reat
Bri
tain
has
50,0
00,0
00 p
eopl
e cr
owde
d in
to a
n ar
easm
alle
r th
an C
alif
orni
a. O
n th
e ba
sis
ofth
e ex
plos
ioni
sts'
rhe
tori
c it
is h
ard
to u
n-de
rsta
nd w
hy th
ere
are
few
er m
urde
rsin
the
entir
e B
ritis
h Is
les
ever
y ye
arth
anth
ere
are
in C
hica
go o
r C
leve
land
, or
grea
ter
Kan
sas
City
. The
se e
xam
ples
sug
-ge
st th
at p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
,in
itse
lf,
does
not
pro
duce
cri
me.
Hin
deri
ng R
efor
ms
The
re I
s da
nger
, how
ever
. tha
t Irr
e-sp
onsi
ble
scar
e ta
ctic
s m
ay d
iver
t pub
licat
tent
ion
to m
e e
num
bers
of
peop
le.
Prog
ress
in e
limin
atin
g sl
ums
may
be r
e-ta
rded
, inc
reas
ed e
duca
tiona
l and
voc
a-tio
nal a
ssis
tanc
e m
ay b
e de
laye
d, a
ndm
uchn
eede
d re
form
sin
pris
ons
and
cour
ts m
ay n
ot b
e un
dert
aken
.A
noth
er f
avor
ite th
eme
of th
e ex
plos
i-on
ists
is e
nvir
onm
enta
l pol
lutio
n.T
his
is,
of c
ours
e, a
pro
blem
of
para
mou
nt I
mpo
r-ta
nce.
It c
anno
t, ho
wev
er, b
e re
duce
dto
mer
e nu
mbe
rs o
f pe
ople
. Alth
ough
mor
epe
ople
pro
duce
mor
e po
llutio
n, th
eyal
sopr
oduc
e th
e w
ealth
and
the
tech
nolo
gy to
com
bat i
t. T
he c
ruci
al f
acto
r is
det
erm
ina-
tion.
Ala
rmis
ts,
by d
irec
ting
atte
ntio
nso
lely
to n
umbe
rs o
f pe
ople
, ten
d to
ob-
scur
e th
e fa
ct, a
dmitt
edly
unp
leas
ant,
that
com
batin
g po
llutio
n re
quir
es la
rge
sum
sof
mon
ey.
Ove
rsim
plif
icat
ion
is h
eard
eve
n fr
omgo
vern
men
t off
icia
ls. R
ober
t H. F
inch
,fo
rmer
Sec
reta
ry o
f H
ealth
, Edu
catio
n.an
d W
elfa
re, w
hen
aske
d w
hat p
eopl
eco
uld
do o
n a
volu
ntar
y ba
sis
to im
prov
eth
e en
viro
nmen
t, sa
id: "
I w
ould
beg
in b
yre
com
men
ding
that
they
sta
rt b
y ha
ving
only
two
child
ren.
"T
his
is n
ot th
e he
art o
f th
e pr
oble
m. I
fpo
pula
tion
grow
th in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esce
ases
toda
y, r
iver
s w
ill r
emai
n ec
olog
ical
slum
s, a
nd a
ir o
ver
som
e ci
ties
will
re-
mai
n un
brea
thab
leun
tilm
assi
vean
dco
stly
eff
orts
are
und
erta
ken
to r
emed
yth
ese
depl
orab
le c
ondi
tions
. To
the
exte
ntth
at e
nvir
onm
enta
l pro
blem
s ar
e ob
scur
edby
sim
plis
tic r
heto
ric,
they
will
con
tinue
to g
o un
reso
lved
.C
onge
stio
n in
Citi
esFi
nally
, the
exp
losi
onis
ts d
elig
ht in
de-
plor
ing
the
ever
-inc
reas
ing
crow
ds in
our
citie
s an
d in
our
nat
iona
l par
ks. T
hey
ig-
nore
the
fact
that
a la
rge
part
of
the
urba
nco
nges
tion
is a
res
ult o
f th
e co
ntin
uing
flig
ht f
rom
the
farm
to th
e ci
ty. F
ewer
farm
ers
are
prod
ucin
g m
ore
food
on
less
tota
l acr
eage
. As
a re
sult
of th
e co
ntin
uing
exod
us f
rom
the
coun
try,
one
-thi
rd o
f th
eco
untie
s in
the
natio
n ar
e lo
sing
pop
ula-
tion;
mor
e an
d m
ore
of th
e po
pula
ce is
bein
g co
ncen
trat
ed in
met
ropo
litan
are
as.
Fort
y-fo
ur K
ansa
s an
d 49
Mis
sour
ico
untie
s lo
st p
opul
atio
n be
twee
n 19
60 a
nd19
66. T
he la
tter
stat
e, w
ith 6
9,00
0 sq
uare
mile
s of
terr
itory
, has
thre
e-fi
fths
of
itspe
ople
con
cent
rate
d in
two
urba
n ar
eas.
Sim
ilar
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f pe
ople
are
oc-
curr
ing
thro
ugho
ut th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.It
is a
ppar
ent t
hat m
ore
citie
s ar
ene
eded
, not
mer
ely
addi
tiona
l gro
wth
In
afe
w m
etro
polit
an a
reas
. Mos
t of
all p
lan-
ning
is n
eede
d, s
o th
at th
e ci
ties,
new
and
old,
will
not
be
ham
pere
d by
unr
ealis
ticpo
litic
al b
ound
arie
s, s
egre
gate
d ho
usin
g,an
d an
tiqua
ted
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
s.
88
Vis
itors
to N
atio
nal P
arks
Nat
iona
l par
ks, a
s no
ted
by p
opul
atio
nal
arm
ists
. are
muc
h m
ore
crow
ded
than
they
wer
e ju
st a
few
yea
rs a
4o. A
tten-
danc
e ha
s in
fac
t inc
reas
ed b
y 43
0 pe
r ce
ntin
few
er th
an 2
0 ye
ars
whi
le th
e po
pnia
tion
incr
ease
d by
30
per
cent
. The
se f
igur
esm
ight
sug
gest
all
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
(a)
we
are
inde
ed b
ecom
ing
an. a
fflu
ent s
ocie
ty.
(b)
cam
ping
is b
ecom
ing
mor
e an
d m
ore
popu
lar,
(c)
we
need
mor
e na
tiona
l par
ks.
Som
e de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es h
ave
seve
repo
pula
tion
prob
lem
s. T
he U
nite
d St
ates
does
not
. The
ser
ious
dif
ficu
lties
fac
ing
our
natio
n ca
n on
ly g
et w
orse
if th
ey a
resi
mpl
y re
duce
d to
num
bers
of
peop
le.
Cri
me,
envi
ronm
enta
lpo
llutio
n.an
dur
ban
cong
estio
n ca
nnot
be
elim
inat
ed b
ysu
ch s
impl
istic
thin
king
.It
is ti
me
to d
efla
te th
e "p
opul
atio
nbo
mb"
rhe
tori
c so
that
we
can
have
acl
ear
view
of
the
real
pro
blem
s.
By
Tho
mas
C je
rata
nn
hRep
rint
ed f
rom
,T
HE
NA
TIO
NA
L O
BSE
RV
ER
,Ju
ly 2
7, 1
970.
"
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
22: P
opul
atio
n M
yths
Dur
ing
an e
ra w
hen
per
capi
ta r
esou
rces
are
mor
e ab
unda
nt th
an e
ver
befo
re in
his
tory
and
incr
eas-
ing
at a
n un
prec
eden
ted
rate
, the
pop
ular
and
sci
entif
ic n
ews
med
ia a
re f
illed
with
sta
tem
ents
like
the
fol-
low
ing:
"Too
man
y pe
ople
, with
too
little
foo
d, o
n a
dyin
g pl
anet
.""G
row
th is
not
hing
but
exp
loita
tion;
indu
stri
al c
apita
lism
wou
ld b
e un
viab
le if
it h
ad to
nou
rish
itse
lfon
rea
l gro
wth
inst
ead
of r
obbi
ng th
e ea
rth.
""T
he s
ea is
dyi
ng, t
ime
has
run
out,
no w
orld
for
our
gra
ndch
ildre
n is
rem
otel
y po
ssib
le."
"The
ear
th w
ill b
e un
inha
bita
ble
with
in th
e ne
xt 1
30 y
ears
if d
eple
tion
of-n
atur
al r
esou
rces
con
tinue
sat
the
pres
ent r
ate.
""T
he f
utur
e w
hich
we
now
hol
d ou
t to
the
pres
ent c
olle
ge g
ener
atio
n is
one
in w
hich
thei
r ch
ildre
nw
ill a
t bes
t lea
d m
iser
able
live
s an
d di
e yo
ung.
""T
o so
me
over
crow
ded
popu
latio
ns, t
he b
omb
may
one
day
no
long
er s
eem
a th
reat
but
a r
elea
se."
The
se li
nes,
whi
ch s
houl
d fr
ight
en e
ven
the
stro
nges
t rea
ders
, wer
e w
ritte
n by
som
e le
adin
g sc
ho-
lars
and
inte
llect
uals
. As
a re
sult
they
are
use
d as
maj
or th
emes
by
thou
sand
s of
teac
hers
acr
oss
the
natio
n. T
hey
have
insp
ired
inte
llige
nt p
oliti
cian
s to
pro
pose
legi
slat
ion
for
fam
ily c
ontr
ol a
nd h
ave
cont
ri-
bute
d gr
eatly
to th
e la
ck o
f co
nfid
ence
that
you
ng p
eopl
e ev
eryw
here
so
over
tly e
xpre
ss f
or o
ur p
rese
ntso
cial
eco
nom
ic a
nd p
oliti
cal s
yste
ms.
The
y ha
ve f
urth
er r
esul
ted
in.-
the
prol
ifer
atio
n of
a li
tera
ture
that
fills
our
new
ssta
nds
with
eve
r gr
eate
r pr
ophe
cies
of
doom
and
hav
e ar
ouse
d ev
en th
e m
ost s
taun
ch a
mon
gth
ose
conf
iden
t mem
bers
of
mid
dle
Am
eric
a to
dou
bt th
e ef
fica
cy o
f ou
r na
tiona
l dem
ocra
cy a
nd b
egin
toqu
estio
n th
e vi
rtue
of
the
cont
empo
rary
Am
eric
an w
ay o
f lif
e w
hich
they
par
ticip
ated
in m
oldi
ng a
nd s
hap-
ing.
Thi
s is
at b
est a
ble
ak a
nd m
orbi
d pi
ctur
e of
our
so-
calle
d "g
reat
soc
iety
" an
d on
e th
at p
roje
cts
little
89
hope
for
the
futu
re o
f ou
r ch
ildre
n.
Incr
edib
le D
isto
rtio
ns o
f R
ealit
y
The
peo
ple
who
aut
hore
d th
ese
part
icul
ar s
tate
men
ts, a
s w
ell a
s th
e hu
ndre
ds o
f ot
hers
who
fill
the
daily
lite
ratu
re w
ith s
imila
r gr
im p
redi
ctio
ns, a
re g
ener
ally
wel
l-m
eani
ng, t
houg
htfu
l peo
ple.
One
mus
tre
spec
t the
ir d
edic
atio
n to
one
of
the
mos
t ser
ious
pro
blem
s of
our
tim
e.B
ut s
uch
stat
emen
ts a
nd o
pini
ons
are
for
the
mos
t par
t inc
redi
ble
dist
ortio
ns o
f th
e re
ality
of
the
times
in w
hich
we
live.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, w
e ha
ve h
ad s
uch
a m
assi
ve o
verd
ose
of "
the
wor
ld is
goi
ng to
hel
l" p
ropa
gand
a th
atit
is a
lmos
t im
poss
ible
to c
onvi
nce
anyo
ne th
at it
is n
ot. O
ne o
nly
need
s to
mov
e tw
o or
thre
e de
gree
s fr
omth
e ne
gativ
e po
le (
let a
long
180
deg
rees
) an
d he
fin
ds c
once
ntra
ted
and
radi
caliz
ed o
ppos
ition
. Cal
m a
ndra
tiona
l dis
cuss
ion
of th
e va
lidity
of
som
e of
the
cent
ral p
opul
atio
n ex
plos
ion
conc
epts
is a
lmos
t im
poss
ible
.T
he e
asy
rece
ptiv
ity w
ith w
hich
Am
eric
ans
-- e
spec
ially
edu
cato
rs, a
nd r
elig
ious
and
com
mun
ity le
ader
sP" h-
a.ha
ve s
o re
adily
acc
epte
d th
e m
any
doom
-say
ings
off
ered
up
duri
ng r
ecen
tye
ars
is b
oth
impr
essi
ve a
ndii;
=..
alar
min
g. The
re a
re m
any
caus
e of
the
nega
tivis
m th
at p
erva
des
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty to
day.
How
ever
,no
neha
s be
en s
o co
nsis
tent
and
sig
nifi
cant
as
the
fear
of
over
-pop
ulat
ion
so s
tron
gly
expr
esse
d in
the
popu
lar
med
ia th
ese
last
two
deca
des.
Ind
eed
it is
pos
sibl
e th
at th
e ex
trem
ist v
iew
sno
w d
evel
opin
g in
reg
ard
toec
olog
y, f
ree
ente
rpri
se a
nd th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent (
wha
teve
r th
at is
) ha
vegr
own
from
and
bee
n pr
ejud
iced
by
the
over
-pop
ulat
ion
fear
syn
drom
e. Myt
hs o
f th
e Po
pula
tion
Fear
Syn
drom
e
that
the
wor
ld h
as r
each
ed o
r pa
ssed
the
tota
l num
ber
of p
eopl
e it
can
supp
ort a
t ahi
gh li
ving
sta
ndar
d
90
.that
the
reso
urce
bas
e of
the
wor
ld is
dim
inis
hing
and
will
con
tinue
to d
imin
ish
if th
e po
pula
tion
cont
inue
s to
incr
ease
.that
the
pres
ent w
orld
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th tr
end
of in
crea
sing
incr
ease
s w
ill c
on-
tinue
inde
fini
tely
that
the
plac
es in
the
wor
ld w
ith th
e m
ost s
ever
e po
pula
tion
prob
lem
s ar
e th
epl
aces
with
the
mos
t den
se p
opul
atio
ns.
Arg
umen
ts c
an b
e gi
ven
brie
fly
to r
efut
e th
e la
st tw
o m
yths
. The
re is
cle
ar e
vide
nce
that
a "
dem
o-gr
aphi
c tr
ansi
tion"
is o
ccur
ring
thro
ugho
ut m
ost o
f th
e w
orld
whi
ch w
ill in
sev
eral
dec
ades
low
er g
row
thra
tes
to a
n av
erag
e of
aro
und
1 pe
r ce
nt -
- a
situ
atio
n ne
arly
rea
ched
in th
e w
este
rn w
orld
. Als
o, p
opu-
latio
n de
nsity
, esp
ecia
lly r
egar
ding
the
ratio
of
popu
latio
n to
ara
ble
land
, is
grea
ter
in B
enel
ux, U
nite
dK
ingd
om, J
apan
, Wes
t Ger
man
y th
an in
Ind
ia, C
hina
, Afr
ica
and
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Now
to lo
ok m
ore
exte
nsiv
ely
at th
e fi
rst t
wo
myt
hs.
In n
earl
y al
l dis
cuss
ions
and
wri
ting
abou
t the
popu
latio
n ex
plos
ion,
the
hear
t of
the
mat
ter
alm
ost a
lway
s re
volv
es a
roun
d th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
foo
d --
the
ques
tion
of w
heth
er o
r no
t we
can
find
mor
e an
d m
ore
food
for
mor
e an
d m
ore
peop
le.
It is
gen
eral
ly c
on-
clud
ed -
- an
d us
ually
with
dog
mat
ic c
erta
inty
--
that
we
cann
ot.
The
re is
no
ques
tion
but t
hat m
any
of th
e pe
ople
in th
e w
orld
do
not h
ave
enou
gh f
ood
and
unfo
rtu-
nate
ly la
rge
num
bers
of
peop
le d
ie o
f st
arva
tion
ever
y da
y.B
ut th
is tr
aged
y pr
imar
ily r
esul
ts f
rom
un-
deve
lope
d re
sour
ces
or f
ood
dist
ribu
tion
prob
lem
s an
d no
t a. r
efle
ctio
n of
an
infe
rtile
ear
th.
No
doub
t the
ear
th c
ould
fee
d tw
o, f
ive,
ten'
times
its
pres
ent p
opul
atio
n w
ith f
ew a
dvan
ces
in a
gri-
cultu
ral k
now
-how
. The
Uni
ted
Stat
es c
ould
, for
exa
mpl
e, g
row
to s
even
tim
es it
s pr
esen
t pop
ulat
ion
with
out e
xcee
ding
the
farm
land
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity o
f W
est G
erm
any;
to th
irty
tim
es it
s pr
esen
t pop
ulat
ion
--or
twic
e th
e cu
rren
t pop
ulat
ion
of th
e w
orld
--
with
out
exce
edin
g th
e pr
ess
of p
opul
atio
n up
on a
gric
ultu
ral
land
in 1
970
Japa
n.
91
And
with
gre
at a
dvan
ces
in a
gric
ultu
ral t
echn
olog
y --
who
kno
ws?
It i
s pr
obab
ly th
at a
gric
ultu
reco
uld
cont
inue
to s
uppo
rt p
opul
atio
n gr
owth
unt
il m
an b
ecam
e so
num
erou
s an
d he
avy
som
e th
ousa
nds
ofye
ars
henc
e th
at "
his
com
bine
d w
eigh
t cou
ld c
ause
an
imba
lanc
e in
the
eart
h's
rota
tion
and/
or r
evol
utio
nan
d ca
use
the
plan
et to
fly
cra
zily
off
into
out
er s
pace
."H
ere
are
just
a f
ew e
xam
ples
of
how
we
mig
ht e
xpan
d fu
ture
foo
d su
pplie
s:(1
) A
pply
wes
tern
agr
icul
tura
l tec
hnol
ogy
to th
e re
st o
f th
e w
orld
; spr
ead
know
ledg
e ab
out n
ewch
emic
al f
ertil
izer
s, p
lay
hybr
ids,
met
hods
of
dise
ase
cont
rol.
Cha
rles
Kel
log,
one
of
the
wor
ld's
gre
ates
tso
il sc
ient
ests
, est
imat
es th
at w
orld
wid
e ut
iliza
tion
of m
oder
n so
il-im
prov
emen
t pro
cess
es c
ould
incr
ease
agri
cultu
ral y
ield
s by
two
to f
ive
times
with
in a
rel
ativ
ely
shor
t per
iod.
A r
ecen
t stu
dy o
f M
iddl
e E
ast p
ro-
duct
ivity
con
duct
ed b
y R
esou
rces
for
the
Futu
re a
lso
conc
lude
d th
at th
e in
trod
uctio
n of
mod
ern
farm
ing
I--
prac
tices
in th
e M
iddl
e E
ast c
ould
res
ult i
n in
crea
sed
agri
cultu
ral o
utpu
ts r
angi
ng f
rom
50
per
cent
in3.
"C
.:Is
rael
to a
s m
uch
as 1
000
per
cent
in I
raq.
(2)
Irri
gate
the
35 p
er c
ent o
r so
of
the
eart
h's
surf
ace
now
dry
and
rel
ativ
ely
unus
ed. O
ne m
etho
d,ir
riga
tion
by d
esal
iniz
ed s
alt w
ater
, is
alre
ady
in u
se. T
hree
oth
er a
ltern
ativ
es a
re b
eing
stu
died
: sal
tw
ater
irri
gatio
n, u
se o
f at
omic
ene
rgy,
sat
ellit
e se
nsin
g te
chni
ques
.(3
) D
rain
mill
ions
of
acre
s of
land
for
ada
ptat
ion
to a
gric
ultu
re. S
ome
of th
e be
st f
arm
land
in u
seto
day
-- G
reat
Lak
es R
egio
n, S
outh
east
Uni
ted
Stat
es, t
he L
ow C
ount
ries
, the
Gan
ges
Del
ta -
- is
dra
ined
swam
p la
nd.
Mill
ions
of
acre
s of
und
rain
ed s
wam
p la
nds
offe
r po
tent
ially
ric
h ag
ricu
ltura
l lan
d.(4
) C
ultiv
ate
food
fro
m th
e" s
ea.
FouP
-fif
ths
of th
e pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s kn
own
to m
an li
ve in
the
sea.
The
oce
an e
nvir
onm
ent i
s so
des
irab
le f
or li
fe (
beca
use
of it
s le
ss v
aria
ble
"wea
ther
") th
at g
row
th r
ates
are
rapi
d an
d cr
ops
mat
ure
in a
muc
h sh
orte
r tim
e th
an in
the
atm
osph
ere.
(5)
Use
yea
st a
nd s
imila
r so
urce
s of
pro
tein
that
will
rep
rodu
ce th
emse
lves
nat
ural
ly, a
lmos
t as
fast
as
they
are
con
sum
ed.
92
(6)
Cul
tivat
e lic
hens
and
oth
er p
lant
s gr
owin
g in
tund
ra a
reas
. A p
rom
inen
tge
ogra
pher
, J. R
usse
ll
Smith
, onc
e es
timat
ed th
at th
ere
is e
noug
h fo
od in
tund
ra r
egio
nsto
fee
d th
e w
orld
.
(7)
Har
vest
var
ious
tree
leav
es w
hich
fal
l use
less
ly to
the
grou
nd e
ach
year
but
whi
ch, w
ith s
ome
diet
ary
adap
tatio
n, c
ould
pro
vide
goo
golp
lexe
s of
ann
ually
repl
enis
habl
e ca
lori
es.
Mal
thus
sai
d th
at a
s th
e fe
rtili
ty o
f m
an in
crea
ses,
the
fert
ility
of th
e so
il de
crea
ses.
Tha
t is
pure
nons
ense
. Man
not
onl
y ha
s th
e in
genu
ity to
incr
ease
the
fert
ility
of
the
soil
as h
e ha
s do
ne in
so
man
yof
the
pros
pero
us a
gric
ultu
ral a
reas
in th
e U
.S. (
i. e.
the
Sout
heas
t whe
re h
e ha
s de
velo
ped
a he
alth
y ag
ri-
cultu
ral e
cono
my
on n
atur
ally
infe
rior
soi
ls)
-- b
ut if
nec
essa
ry,
he h
as th
e ab
ility
to m
ake
his
own
"soi
l"
as h
e is
now
doi
ng in
som
e pl
aces
--
usin
g sa
wdu
st a
nd o
ther
sim
ilar
mat
eria
ls. A
nd it
may
be th
at in
the
,-,L
futu
re h
e w
ill u
se s
olid
less
and
less
and
turn
to o
ther
subs
tanc
es, e
.g.,
wat
er in
whi
ch. t
o gr
ow h
is f
ood.
1%--
t
..1R
esou
rces
Don
't E
xist
, The
y B
ecom
e
The
sec
ond
myt
h sa
ys th
at th
e re
sour
ce b
ase
of th
e w
orld
isdi
min
ishi
ng a
nd w
ill c
ontin
ue to
dim
inis
h
if p
opul
atio
n co
ntin
ues
to in
crea
se. M
alth
us w
as o
ne o
f th
efi
rst t
o st
ate
the
alle
ged
prob
lem
whe
n he
sai
d
esse
ntia
lly th
at m
an e
xpan
ds g
eom
etri
cally
--
som
ethi
ng li
kera
bbits
, 2-4
-8-1
6 --
and
that
res
ourc
es g
row
arith
met
ical
ly -
- 1-
2-3-
4. A
mor
e re
cent
exp
ert e
mph
asiz
edth
e sa
me
prob
lem
whe
n he
sta
ted:
"T
he
eart
h w
ill b
e un
inha
bita
ble
with
in th
e ne
xt 1
30 y
ears
ifde
plet
ion
of n
atur
al r
esou
rces
con
tinue
s at
the
pres
-
ent r
ate.
" A
lthou
gh h
e an
d M
alth
us g
ave
thei
r w
arni
ng m
ore
than
a 1
00 y
ears
apa
rt b
oth
wer
e sa
ying
ba-
sica
lly th
e sa
me
thin
g: a
s po
pula
tion
expa
nds,
res
ourc
esbe
com
e m
ore
scar
ce.
The
hyp
othe
sis
is w
rong
. Res
ourc
es d
on't
exis
t --
they
beco
me.
The
y ar
e cr
eatio
n/in
vent
ions
of
man
's m
ind.
The
y th
eref
ore
repr
oduc
e at
a r
ate
rela
ted
toth
e re
prod
uctio
n ra
te o
f pe
ople
. And
in f
act -
-
som
ethi
ng th
at p
eopl
e w
ill f
ind
near
ly im
poss
ible
tobe
lieve
aft
er h
avin
g be
en e
xpos
ed to
gen
erat
ions
of
dist
ortio
ns -
- as
long
as
the
educ
atio
nal l
evel
of
man
kind
cont
inue
s to
ris
e --
whi
ch m
ost e
xper
ts w
ill a
gree
93
is o
ccur
ring
(no
mat
ter
how
slo
wly
) --
the
min
d w
ill b
ecom
e in
crea
sing
ly c
apab
le o
f in
vent
ing
reso
urce
s.A
nd th
e m
ore
educ
ated
the
min
d, th
e m
ore
the
reso
urce
cre
atio
n of
a s
ingl
e m
ind
exce
eds
the
need
s of
that
per
son
-- th
eref
ore
prov
idin
g a
surp
lus
for
othe
rs. T
his
mea
ns th
e po
pula
tion
expl
osio
n is
res
ultin
gin
a le
ssen
ing
of p
ress
ure
upon
res
ourc
es r
athe
r th
an a
n in
crea
sing
of
pres
sure
upo
n re
sour
ces.
(Whi
ch
in f
act i
s cl
earl
y re
flec
ted
in th
e sl
owly
ris
ing
stan
dard
of
livin
g of
the
wor
ld's
peo
ple
-- e
vide
nce
that
isei
ther
unk
now
n to
or
igno
red
by m
any
popu
latio
n ex
pert
s.)
The
re is
alm
ost n
o im
port
ant r
esou
rce
in th
e w
orld
toda
y th
at ju
st s
udde
nly
was
hed
up o
n th
e be
ach
or d
ropp
ed o
ut o
f th
e sk
y.Pe
ople
lear
ned
how
to u
se s
omet
hing
to th
e ad
vant
age
of s
ocie
ty a
nd th
en--
and
only
then
--
did
it "b
ecom
e" a
res
ourc
e.A
s a
resu
lt of
this
dyn
amic
pro
cess
by
whi
ch m
an d
evel
ops
reso
urce
s (r
athe
r th
an s
tum
blin
g ov
erth
em in
the
dark
), th
e re
sour
ce b
ase
of th
e w
orld
has
exp
ande
d m
ore
rapi
dly
than
the
need
gen
erat
ed b
y th
epo
pula
tion
expl
osio
n. O
ur to
tal r
esou
rce
supp
ly is
not
bei
ng s
tead
ily d
ecre
ased
by
over
-con
sum
ptio
n as
has
been
bro
adca
st e
very
whe
re b
ut is
rat
her
grow
ing
at a
n un
prec
eden
ted
rate
.Pe
r-ca
pita
foo
d co
nsum
p-tio
n is
incr
easi
ng, l
ife-
span
s ar
e le
ngth
enin
g, li
tera
cy r
ates
are
ris
ing,
leis
ure
time
is in
crea
sing
and
the
crea
tive
fron
tier
is e
xpan
ding
at a
n ex
pand
ing
rate
.W
e ar
e no
t liv
ing
in a
tim
e of
incr
easi
ng s
carc
ity b
ut o
f in
crea
sing
abu
ndan
ce. A
nd it
is ti
me
we
cham
pion
ed in
the
med
ia, i
n th
e sc
hool
s, in
the
chur
ches
and
in th
e st
reet
s th
e re
al n
atur
e of
our
civ
ili-
zatio
n an
d of
the
oppo
rtun
ity it
off
ers
for
ours
elve
s, o
ur c
hild
ren
and
the
wor
ld.
Schm
iede
r, A
llen,
Som
e M
yths
of
the
Popu
latio
n E
xplo
sion
. Rep
rint
ed w
ith p
erm
issi
on f
rom
the
Dec
. 197
1is
sue
of e
ngag
e, c
opyr
ight
197
1 by
the
Boa
rd o
f C
hris
tian
Soci
al C
once
rns
of T
he U
nite
d M
etho
dist
Chu
rch.
94
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
23: D
ublin
Che
ers
Popu
latio
n R
ise
If th
e la
test
Iri
sh c
ensu
s fi
gure
s fo
rth
epe
riod
196
6-'7
1 ca
n be
take
n as
an
indi
catio
nof
the
prog
ress
of
the
coun
try,
it w
ould
ap-
pear
that
Ire
land
is f
arin
gbe
tter
than
it h
asfo
r a
very
long
tim
e.Fo
r th
e re
cent
ly p
ublis
hed
retu
rns
indi
-
cate
that
the
popu
latio
n of
the
Rep
ublic
now
stan
ds a
t 2.9
71 m
illio
n, a
n in
crea
se o
f 87
,228
in f
ive
year
s an
d th
e se
cond
con
secu
tive
in-
crea
se in
pop
ulat
ion
to b
e re
cord
ed a
tth
ese
five
-yea
rly
coun
ts s
ince
the
disa
stro
us p
otat
ofa
min
e in
the
1840
's.
Iris
h po
pula
tion
figu
res
this
cen
tury
mak
ede
pres
sing
rea
ding
. The
dec
line
innu
mbe
rs,
larg
ely
due
to e
mig
ratio
n an
d la
ckof
opp
or-
l--
tuni
ty a
t hom
e, b
egan
in th
e la
st c
entu
ryC
Oan
d by
191
1 ha
d cu
t the
8 5
mill
ions
who
lived
on
the
isla
nd in
184
5 to
hal
f
Real change in 1960's
Self
-gov
ernm
ent a
nd th
e co
nseq
uent
ef-
fort
s to
pro
vide
jobs
at h
ome
faile
dto
rem
edy
the
situ
atio
n to
any
impo
rtan
tde
-gr
ee. E
ven
as la
te a
s th
em
id-1
950'
s tw
o ou
tof
eve
ry th
ree
Iris
h sc
hool
-lea
vers
(hi
ghsc
hool
gra
duat
es)
wen
t abr
oad
to w
ork.
The
rea
l cha
nge
in th
e gr
aph
cam
e in
the
peri
od 1
960-
1965
, whe
n a
sin
p in
crea
se in
popu
latio
n w
as r
etur
ned.
ThZ
- la
test
fig
ures
indi
cate
that
this
tren
d is
con
tinui
ng a
ndin
crea
sing
.T
he m
ain
reas
on f
or w
hat i
s in
Ire
land
a dr
amat
ic c
hang
e is
cer
tain
ly th
e in
crea
sed
econ
omic
act
ivity
gen
erat
ed b
y th
e la
teSe
an L
emas
s w
hen
he b
ecam
e Pr
ime
Min
-is
ter
in 1
959.
and
con
tinui
ng u
nder
Jac
kL
ynch
.
The
pop
ulat
ion
of th
e Ir
ish
Rep
ublic
isno
w a
s la
rge
as it
was
whe
n th
e st
ate
was
foun
ded
in 1
922,
and
in a
dditi
on th
e ec
o-no
my
is g
eare
d fo
r fu
rthe
r gr
owth
. Als
o th
e2.
97 m
illio
n en
joy
a m
uch
high
er s
tand
ard
of li
ving
than
the
sam
e nu
mbe
r di
d in
192
2.T
he m
ost d
ram
atic
cha
nge
in th
e po
pu-
latio
n tr
ends
is th
e de
clin
e in
the
num
ber
of y
oung
peo
ple
who
are
em
igra
ting.
Thi
sno
w r
uns
at a
bout
10,
000
pers
ons
per
year
.So
me
15 y
ears
ago
the
figu
re w
as a
s hi
ghas
50,
000.
Incr
ease
d jo
b op
port
unity
at h
ome,
pro
-vi
ded
in m
any
case
s by
inje
ctio
ns o
f fo
reig
nca
pita
l, ha
s be
en th
e m
ain
reas
on f
or th
isch
ange
. But
a d
eclin
ing
attr
actio
n to
the
trad
ition
al c
ente
rs o
f Ir
ish
emig
ratio
n in
Bri
tain
and
the
U.S
. is
also
a c
ause
. Iri
sh-
men
goi
ng to
eith
er th
e U
.S. o
r E
ngla
nd in
the
1960
's o
ften
ran
the
risk
of
cons
crip
tion.
Sinc
e th
e m
id-1
960'
s, it
has
bec
ome
in-
crea
sing
ly d
iffi
cult
for
Iris
h ci
tizen
s to
ent
erth
e U
nite
d St
ates
, whi
le th
e le
velin
g-of
f of
livin
g st
anda
rds
betw
een
the
Rep
ublic
and
the
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
has
mad
e op
port
uniti
esin
Bri
tain
less
attr
activ
e.T
here
are
inte
rest
ing
deve
lopm
ents
with
-in
the
coun
try
also
. Dub
lin, t
he c
apita
l, co
n-tin
ues
to g
row
far
mor
e qu
ickl
y th
an th
ere
st o
f th
e co
untr
y an
d th
e ar
eas
near
Dub
lin a
re p
rosp
erin
g. T
he g
reat
er D
ublin
area
now
con
tain
s al
mos
t 1 m
illio
n pe
ople
27 p
erce
nt o
f th
e to
tal p
opul
atio
n of
the
natio
n.B
ut D
ublin
's g
row
th h
as n
ot b
een
quite
as s
pect
acul
ar in
the
past
fiv
e ye
ars
and
the
grea
ter
part
of
the
extr
a po
pula
tion
isce
nter
ed a
roun
d ot
her
regi
onal
citi
es, w
hich
seem
to b
e bi
g en
ough
to e
nsur
e co
ntin
uing
expa
nsio
n w
ithou
t ext
ra g
over
nmen
t eff
ort.
Cor
k, L
imer
ick,
Sha
nnon
, Wat
erfo
rd, a
nd
95
Gal
way
all
show
con
side
rabl
ein
crea
ses
inpo
pula
tion,
and
so
do th
e ar
eas
arou
ndth
em.
The
dep
ress
ed a
reas
of
the
wes
t and
nort
h-w
est c
ontin
ue to
lose
pop
ulat
ion.
but a
t afa
r lo
wer
rat
e th
an in
for
mer
dec
ades
. If
ther
e is
any
less
on in
the
late
st f
igur
es f
orth
e ec
onom
ic p
lann
ers
itis
that
spe
cial
cent
ers
of g
row
th w
ill h
ave
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
din
thes
e re
gion
s al
so
Losses slowing
Mor
e im
port
ant,
how
ever
, are
the
shif
tsin
pop
ulat
ion
with
in th
e co
untr
y its
elf.
The
big
incr
ease
in p
opul
atio
n in
the
Dub
linar
ea a
nd a
roun
d th
e ot
her
citie
s, a
nd th
ede
clin
e in
rur
al a
reas
in th
e w
est a
nd n
orth
-w
est m
eans
that
som
e of
the
cons
titue
ncie
sw
ill h
ave
to b
e re
draw
n be
fore
the
next
gene
ral e
lect
ion.
Thi
s tr
end
coul
d ca
use
diff
icul
ties
for
the
gove
rnm
ent (
Fian
na F
ail)
par
ty, w
hich
isst
rong
est i
n th
e ru
ral w
este
rn a
reas
and
tend
s to
do
less
wel
l in
the
citie
s. T
he in
-cr
ease
in th
e ur
ban
vote
sho
uld
also
hel
pth
e Ir
ish
Lab
or P
arty
, whi
ch is
bet
ter
orga
-ni
zed
in th
e ci
ties
and
enjo
ys th
e co
oper
a-tio
n, if
not
alw
ays
the
activ
e su
ppor
t, of
man
y ur
ban
trad
euni
onis
ts.
By
Nol
laig
0 G
adhr
aSp
ecia
l to
The
Chr
istia
n Sc
ienc
e M
onito
r
Dub
lin
Reprinted by permission from the Christian
Science Monitor (c) 1971 the Christian
Science Publishing Sociey
. All rights reserved
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
4: M
an a
nd W
ater
- 90
0i)
of th
e w
eigh
t of
our
bodi
es is
wat
er.
- W
e ca
n lo
se u
p to
5 g
allo
ns o
f th
is w
ater
per
day
thro
ugh
pers
pira
tion.
- W
e co
nsum
e ab
out 4
.5 p
ound
s of
wat
er p
er d
ay.
- A
vera
ge w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n in
the
wor
ld is
app
roxi
mat
ely
10 g
allo
ns p
er p
erso
n pe
r da
y.
- A
vera
ge w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n in
the
U. S
. A. i
s ap
prox
imat
ely
1,80
0 ga
llons
per
per
son
per
day.
- M
an c
an li
ve w
ithou
t wat
er f
or o
nly
abou
t 5 d
ays.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
5: W
ater
Con
sum
ptio
n Pa
ttern
s
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
PA
TT
ER
NS
OF
WA
TE
R
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
OF
WA
TE
R IN
TH
E C
ON
TE
MP
OR
AR
Y U
.S. H
OU
SE
HO
LD
Use
Am
ount
(ga
llons
/per
cap
ita/d
ay)
Flu
shin
g to
ilets
20.5
Was
hing
and
bat
hing
18.5
Kitc
hen
use
3.0
Drin
king
wat
er2.
5
Was
hing
clo
thes
2.0
Gen
eral
hou
seho
ld c
lean
sing
1.5
Wat
erin
g th
e ga
rden
1.5
Was
hing
the
car
0.5
One
fauc
et d
rip12
.0
One
toile
t bow
l lea
k60
.0
Sou
rce:
Gor
don
M F
air.
et a
l.. W
ater
and
Was
tew
ater
Eng
inee
ring.
I. N
ew Y
ork.
Joh
n W
iley
& S
ons.
196
6.C
hapt
er V
. pp.
134
5: a
nd C
ity o
f New
Yor
k D
epar
tmen
t of W
ater
Sup
ply.
Onn
ston
of W
ater
Con
serv
atio
n.un
publ
ishe
d da
ta. 1
967.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
6: W
ill W
e R
un O
ut o
f W
ater
?
Our
dem
and
for
fres
h w
ater
may
soo
n ex
ceed
our
sup
ply.
The
am
ount
of
usab
le w
ater
in th
e at
mos
pher
e re
mai
ns r
elat
ivel
y co
nsta
nt, b
ut d
eman
d fo
r w
ater
,bo
th in
this
cou
ntry
and
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
orld
, is
incr
easi
ng s
harp
ly. T
he U
. S. i
s pa
rtic
ular
ly d
eman
ding
of it
s w
ater
sup
ply.
In m
any
natio
ns o
f th
e w
orld
, the
ave
rage
dai
ly c
onsu
mpt
ion
of w
ater
for
all
purp
oses
(dom
estic
, agr
icul
tura
l and
indu
stri
al)
is a
bout
10
gallo
ns p
er p
erso
n. A
t pre
sent
, the
ave
rage
dai
ly c
on-
sum
ptio
n of
wat
er in
the
U. S
. is
appr
oxim
atel
y 1,
800
gallo
ns p
er p
erso
n! W
e ar
e pr
esen
tly u
sing
abo
ut35
5bi
llion
gal
lons
per
day
in th
is c
ount
ry, m
ostly
for
agr
icul
ture
and
indu
stry
. The
dem
and
is e
xpec
ted
to d
oubl
e or
trip
le b
y th
e en
d of
the
cent
ury.
A la
rge
amou
nt o
f ad
ditio
nal w
ater
will
be
requ
ired
just
to s
usta
in a
rap
idly
gro
win
g po
pula
tion.
Eve
n if
no
new
use
s fo
r w
ater
are
dev
elop
ed, u
sage
will
pro
babl
y do
uble
by
the
year
200
0 in
this
cou
ntry
.A
reas
of
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
Asi
a an
d A
fric
a w
here
pop
ulat
ion
is g
row
ing
muc
h ra
pidl
y m
ay f
ace
an e
ven
mor
ese
riou
s sh
orta
ge o
f w
ater
.T
his
char
t sum
mar
izes
the
incr
ease
d de
man
d fo
r w
ater
by
the
thre
e pr
imar
y w
ater
use
rs in
this
coun
try:
1900
1960
1980
(es
t.)In
dust
ry15
BG
D16
0 B
GD
394
BG
D
Agr
icul
ture
.22
BG
D14
1 B
GD
166
BG
D
Mun
icip
al3
BG
D22
BG
D37
BG
D
TO
TA
L40
BG
D32
3 B
GD
597
BG
D
BG
DB
illio
n G
allo
ns p
er D
ay.
98
At t
he r
ate
indi
cate
d on
this
cha
rt, w
e m
ay w
ell n
eed
a tr
illio
n (1
,000
bill
ion)
gal
lons
of
wat
er p
er d
ayby
the
turn
of
the
next
cen
tury
. The
dep
enda
ble
supp
ly o
f fr
esh
wat
er in
the
atm
osph
ere
is e
stim
ated
at 6
50B
GD
. Thu
s, th
e de
man
d fo
r w
ater
will
mat
ch th
e su
pply
with
in te
n ye
ars
(rig
ht a
roun
d 19
84!)
, and
the
dem
and
will
far
exc
eed
the
supp
ly b
y th
e ye
ar 2
000.
Lav
aron
i, C
harl
es W
.,L
indb
erg,
Law
renc
e A
. ,an
d O
'Don
nell,
Pat
rick
A.,
Wat
er P
ollu
tion,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Publ
ishi
ng C
o.,
Inc.
,M
enie
Par
k, C
alif
.,
1971
, "W
ater
Sho
rtag
e,"
pp. 1
4-15
.
15
99
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
7: W
ater
Was
ters
and
Wat
er W
aste
s
Mak
e so
met
hing
rea
dily
ava
ilabl
e to
som
eone
in a
see
min
gly
inex
haus
tible
sup
ply,
and
he
will
soo
nle
arn
to u
se it
was
tefu
lly.
Tha
t is
prec
isel
y w
hat h
as h
appe
ned
with
fre
sh w
ater
in th
is c
ount
ry. F
arm
fam
ilies
who
had
to lu
gal
lw
ater
into
the
hous
e fr
om w
ells
wer
e no
t inc
lined
to w
aste
any
.C
ity f
amili
es w
ho c
an h
ave
as m
uch
.s th
i.w w
ant w
ith th
e tw
ist o
f a
fauc
et a
re m
uch
less
con
serv
ativ
e in
thei
r us
age.
In f
act u
rban
fam
ilies
with
plu
mbi
ng u
se a
lmos
t six
tim
es a
s m
uch
wat
er a
s fa
rm f
amili
es w
ith w
ells
. Eve
r si
nce
indo
or p
lum
bing
beca
me
com
mon
plac
e in
indi
vidu
al h
omes
, Am
eric
ans
have
bee
n sq
uand
erin
g th
eir
prec
ious
wat
er s
uppl
y.M
oder
n ho
mes
are
equ
ippe
d w
ith m
ore
bath
room
s, a
pplia
nces
, hom
e la
undr
ies
and
othe
r pr
oduc
ts w
hich
re-
quir
e w
ater
. Tod
ay e
ach
Am
eric
an u
ses
at h
ome
appr
oxim
atel
y fo
ur ti
mes
as
muc
h w
ater
as
he d
id in
190
0.W
alki
ng h
and
in h
and
with
the
prob
lem
of
incr
ease
d w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n is
the
prob
lem
of
incr
ease
dw
ater
pol
lutio
n. T
he s
ame
city
dw
elle
rs w
ho u
se m
ore
wat
er a
lso
cont
amin
ate
the
wat
er s
uppl
y m
ore
than
ever
bef
ore.
Sew
ers
from
citi
es c
arry
not
onl
y se
wag
e, b
ut d
eter
gent
s, D
DT
and
a h
ost o
f ot
her
pollu
tant
sfr
om h
omes
and
bus
ines
ses
into
the
wat
er s
uppl
y. A
larg
e ci
ty c
onsu
mes
an
aver
age
of 7
0 m
illio
n ga
llons
per
day
of w
ater
.It
als
o ad
ds 1
7 to
ns o
f or
gani
c su
spen
ded
solid
s, 1
7 to
ns o
f or
gani
c di
ssol
ved
solid
s, e
ight
tons
of
inor
gani
c di
ssol
ved
solid
s an
d 60
cub
ic f
eet o
f gr
it to
the
wat
er s
yste
m -
- D
AIL
Y.
How
ever
, des
pite
the
trem
endo
us in
crea
se b
oth
in u
se o
f w
ater
and
in p
ollu
tion,
mun
icip
aliti
es s
till
only
con
sum
e ab
out 1
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f th
e de
pend
able
wat
er s
uppl
y in
the
natio
n. T
he v
ast m
ajor
ity o
f th
e w
ater
is u
tiliz
ed b
y ag
ricu
lture
and
indu
stry
.
Lav
aron
i, C
harl
es W
.,L
indb
erg,
Law
renc
e A
., an
d O
'Don
nell,
Pat
rick
A.,
Wat
er P
ollu
tion,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Publ
ishi
ng C
o., I
nc.,
Men
ie P
ark,
Cal
if.,
1971
, "W
ater
Use
rs,"
pp.
16-
17.
100
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
8.
Wat
ersu
pply
pro
tect
ion
urge
d in
St.
John
s pl
ans
Mun
icip
al o
ffic
ials
bid
star
t with
eye
on
ecol
ogy
Z,T
IB
y L
LO
YD
SH
AN
NO
N
Env
iron
men
talis
tsan
dpr
opon
ents
of
the
St. J
ohns
liver
flo
od c
ontr
ol p
roje
ctlo
cked
hor
ns th
is m
orni
ng a
sm
unic
ipal
off
icia
ls m
ade
anim
pass
ione
dpl
eath
atth
ego
vern
ing
boar
d of
the-
Cen
tral
1an
d So
uthe
rn F
lori
da F
lood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t' (F
CD
) do
som
ethi
ng to
ass
ure
Sout
hB
reva
rd o
f a
pota
ble
wat
ersu
pply
.O
ffic
ials
repr
esen
ting
Mel
bour
ne, S
atel
lite
Bea
ch,
Mel
bour
neV
illag
eal
lap
-pe
ared
bef
ore
the
boar
d al
ong
with
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
Cha
irm
an L
ee W
enne
r an
dex
pres
sed
conc
ern
over
Lak
eW
ashi
ngto
n's
capa
bilit
y of
supp
lyin
g So
uth
Bre
vard
with
all t
he w
ater
it n
eeds
now
and
in th
e fu
ture
.
Wen
ner
to,ld
the
boar
d be
thou
ght i
t 'ic
ulot
ts to
thro
waw
ay a
ll th
e m
otle
y th
at h
asbe
en in
vest
ed in
the
St. J
ohns
Riv
er f
lood
con
trol
pro
ject
,w
hile
obse
rvin
g"e
n-vi
ronm
enta
lco
ntro
lsa
fegu
ards
."T
he F
CD
has
spe
ntap
-pr
oxim
atel
y;2
0m
illio
nde
v lo
ping
asy
stem
ofre
serv
oirs
on
the
upla
nds
ofth
e ri
ver
basi
n to
pro
vide
Bre
vard
with
flo
od p
rote
ctio
nan
d a
supp
lem
enta
l wat
ersu
pply
, as
wel
l as
prov
idin
gw
ater
that
can
be
used
for
irri
gatin
g ag
ricu
lture
are
aspr
imar
ilyin
Indi
an R
iver
Cou
nty.
Wor
k on
the
proj
ect h
asbe
en s
topp
ed p
endi
ng th
eco
mpl
etio
n of
env
iron
men
tal
stud
ies.
May
or M
ilton
McG
rath
of
Mel
bour
ne s
impl
y as
kell
the
FCD
to d
o "S
omet
hing
.. . a
ndas
soo
n as
. pos
sibl
e,"
topr
ovid
e M
elbo
urne
with
agu
aran
teed
sup
ply
of p
otab
lew
ater
.M
elbo
urne
City
Cou
ncilm
anV
erno
nD
icks
expr
esse
d,co
nfid
ence
that
en-
viro
nmen
tal p
robl
ems
the
proj
ect m
ay c
reat
e ca
n be
take
n ca
re o
f in
tim
e. H
eas
ked
the
FCD
to m
ove
ahea
dw
ithth
eSt
.Jo
hns
Riv
erpr
ojec
t spe
edily
.Sa
telli
teB
each
May
orPe
rcy
Hed
geco
ck M
elbo
urne
Vill
age
May
or R
ay H
ende
rson
both
urg
ed th
e FC
D to
pro
ceed
with
the
proj
ect.
"I li
ke to
fis
h an
d hu
ntw
ildlif
e,"
Hed
geco
ck n
oted
,"b
ut-I
like
peo
ple
bette
r."
Hen
ders
on a
sked
the
boar
dto
do
som
ethi
ng to
dive
rtw
ater
bei
ng lo
st th
roug
hca
nals
bac
k in
to th
e ri
ver.
f01
Art
hur
Mar
shal
l, a
mem
ber
of th
e FC
D b
oard
, sai
d ba
wou
ld "
rem
embe
r th
e le
sson
sof
the
Kis
sim
mee
" in
any
deci
sion
he
mak
es c
once
rnin
gth
e pr
ojec
t and
em
phas
ized
the
impo
rtan
ce o
fus
ing
"nat
ural
sys
tem
s" w
here
poss
ible
. He
said
he
was
conc
erne
d ab
out w
ater
qua
lity
but k
new
of
no w
ay to
pre
dict
qual
ity "
in a
Man
aged
wat
er
Que
stio
ns c
once
rnin
g w
ater
qual
ity a
nd th
e sh
ipm
ent o
fw
ater
sou
th f
rom
the
rese
r-vo
irs
to a
gric
ultu
re a
reas
for
irri
gatio
npu
rpos
es w
ere
rais
ed b
y so
me
offi
cial
s an
dco
nser
vatio
nist
s.B
ill S
tarc
h, th
e FC
D's
chi
efen
gine
er, a
dmitt
ed th
ere
may
be w
ater
qua
lity
prob
lem
s."S
urfa
ce w
ater
qua
lity
alw
ays
vari
es,"
he
said
, but
note
d th
e en
gine
ers
who
bui
ltth
e M
elbo
urne
wat
er p
lant
san
d di
stri
butio
n sy
stem
ob-
viou
sly
took
that
into
acc
ount
from
the
star
t.It
was
em
phas
ized
by
Jack
Mal
loy
and
othe
r FC
D o
f-fi
cial
s th
at p
eopl
e w
ill b
e th
efi
rst p
rior
ity w
hen
wat
er u
seis
con
side
red.
"The
ass
umpt
ion
man
ype
ople
hav
e th
at a
llth
ere
serv
oir
wat
er is
goi
ng to
beus
ed f
or ir
riga
tion
purp
oses
isw
rong
," M
allo
y po
inte
d ou
t.H
e ex
plai
ned
disc
harg
esto
agri
cultu
ral a
reas
wou
ld b
ere
gula
ted
acco
rdin
g to
wat
erle
vels
in th
e ri
ver
valle
y.M
argi
ret S
cott
appe
ared
befo
re th
e bo
ard
in b
ehal
f of
the
Sout
h B
reva
rd L
eagu
e of
*om
en V
oter
s an
d ch
alle
nged
the
boar
d sp
out w
ater
qua
lity.
She
also
poi
nted
out
that
the
leag
ue w
as in
fav
or o
f th
e St
.Jo
hns
bein
g pl
aced
in a
sin
gle
wat
er m
anag
emen
t dis
tric
t.N
ew w
ater
man
agem
ent
dist
rict
s ar
e be
ing
esta
blis
hed
thro
ugho
ut th
e st
ate
by th
eL
egis
latu
re a
nd th
ere
is a
poss
ibili
ty th
at th
e U
pper
St.
John
s R
iver
Bas
in w
ill b
em
ade
a pa
rt o
f th
e ne
w S
t.Jo
hns
Wat
er M
anag
emen
tD
istr
ict.
The
bas
in h
as b
een
are
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e FC
D f
orm
ore
than
20
year
s,M
rs. S
cott
expr
esse
d fe
ars
com
plet
ion
of th
e pr
ojec
t"c
ould
jeop
ardi
zeSo
uth
Bre
vard
's w
ater
sup
ply.
"
Ret
. Maj
. Gen
. Har
ry J
.Sa
nds,
a f
orm
er m
embe
r of
the
FCD
boa
rd, a
ddre
ssed
ase
ries
of q
uest
ions
toth
ebo
ard.
He
aske
d if
pri
oriti
esco
uld
and
wou
ld b
e m
ade
onth
e us
e of
wat
er in
the
basi
nan
d w
as a
dvis
ed b
y M
allo
yth
at p
rior
ities
'def
inite
ly w
ould
be s
et. E
d D
ail,
exec
utiv
edi
rect
or o
fth
e FC
D, s
aid
peop
le w
ould
hav
e "f
irst
prio
rity
."
"I w
ant t
he p
eopl
e of
the
coun
ty a
ssur
ed th
eir
fear
sre
gard
ing
the
mis
use
of w
ater
are
unfo
unde
d an
d I
belie
veyo
u ha
ve ta
ken
care
of
that
,"Sa
nds
told
Dai
l.
Sand
s al
so a
sked
if w
ater
qual
ity w
ill b
e as
sure
d be
fore
spill
way
sin
the
upla
ndre
serv
oirs
are
clo
sed.
Stor
ch e
xpla
ined
that
whi
leth
ere
was
no
way
to b
uild
qual
ity g
uara
ntee
s in
toth
ede
sign
of
a pr
ojec
t, th
ere
wer
eop
erat
iona
l pro
cedu
res
that
coul
d be
use
d to
gua
rant
eequ
ality
. Sto
rch
expl
aine
d ho
ww
ater
is n
ow b
eing
dra
wn
dow
n in
one
of
the
FCD
'sSo
uth
Flor
ida
cons
erva
tion
area
s in
ord
erto
clea
nse
wat
er s
tore
d in
the
area
.
Wat
er s
uppl
ygu
ard
urge
d
Stor
chno
ted
duri
ngth
em
eetin
g th
at th
ere
are
wat
erqu
ality
pro
blem
s in
Tay
lor
Cre
ek, t
he F
CD
's o
nly
com
-pl
eted
impo
undm
ent a
rea
inB
reva
rd C
ount
y. M
allo
y, s
aid
that
it is
thou
ght w
ater
qua
lity
will
impr
ove
inth
e im
-po
undm
ent a
rea
with
age
.Sa
nds
part
icul
arly
str
esse
dth
e ne
ed f
or f
lood
con
trol
inth
eri
ver
basi
n,ci
ting
"dev
asta
ting
floo
ds"
whi
ch'o
ccur
red
in B
reva
rd s
ever
alye
ars
ago.
Woe
rten
dyke
took
issu
e w
ith S
ands
' use
of
the
wor
d "d
evas
tatin
g"an
dch
arge
d th
at f
lood
cont
rol
issu
e w
as b
eing
use
d as
"bla
ckm
ail."
Mel
bour
ne C
ity C
ounc
ilman
Dav
e W
oert
endy
ke e
xpre
ssed
conc
ern
over
wat
er q
ualit
yan
dth
eef
fect
wat
erdi
scha
rged
fro
m th
e re
ser-
voir
s m
ight
hav
e on
Lak
eW
ashi
ngto
n."I
kno
w th
atpe
ople
are
not
will
ing
to p
ay a
grea
t dea
l mor
e fo
r w
ater
trea
tmen
t."
Mel
bour
ne T
imes
, Feb
ruar
y 16
, 197
310
2
Woe
rten
dyke
ask
edth
ebo
ard
if it
cou
ld c
onsi
der
only
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
dam
on
Lak
e W
ashi
ngto
n an
d fo
rget
abou
t con
stru
ctio
n of
the
rese
rvoi
rs.
Dai
lad
vise
dW
oert
endy
ke th
at th
e bo
ard
coul
dn't
appr
ove
such
con
-st
ruct
i ',n
"be
caus
e of
the
way
thin
gs a
re n
ow c
onst
itute
d."
Woe
rten
dyke
als
o as
ked
the
FCD
boa
rd "
who
is p
ushi
ngth
e pr
ojec
t?"
and
ques
tione
dw
hy h
e al
way
s "s
aw th
e sa
me
face
s"at
rece
nt m
eetin
gsco
ncer
ned
with
the
proj
ect.
Thr
ee m
embe
rs o
fth
eM
elbo
urne
City
Cou
ncil
op-
pose
d to
the
proj
ect w
ould
like
to s
ee th
e FC
D b
uild
a d
am o
nth
ela
ke a
nd le
ave
the
rese
rvoi
rs e
mpt
y ex
cept
intim
es o
f em
erge
ncy.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
9:
Offi
cial
s P
ore
Ove
rS
outh
Wat
er S
hort
age
Sy D
AV
E T
HO
IVIP
SON
TO
OA
YSt
ollW
riter
Bre
vard
legi
slat
ors.
cou
nty
com
mis
sion
ers
and
Mel
bour
neci
ty c
ounc
ilmen
hav
e m
et to
try
and
dete
rmin
e w
hat a
ctio
nth
ey'll
take
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
drin
king
wat
er s
uppl
ies
for
fu-
ture
Sou
th B
reva
rd n
eeds
.A
fter
the
mee
ting,
it s
till
was
n't q
uite
cle
ar w
hat t
he a
c-tio
n w
ill b
e."1
thin
k w
e ne
ed to
for
mul
ate
a un
ited
fron
t on
this
so
we'
llha
ve s
omet
hing
to p
rese
nt w
hen
the
floo
d co
ntro
l dis
tric
t mee
tshe
re."
Mel
bour
ne M
ayor
Milt
onM
cGra
th to
ld th
e as
sem
bled
of-
fici
als.
"T
his
thin
g ha
s be
enta
lked
abo
ut f
or 1
7 ye
ars,
and
ther
e st
ill h
asn'
t bee
n a
solu
-tio
n."
The
Cen
tral
and
Sou
ther
nFl
orid
a Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t(F
CD
) w
ill m
eet i
n M
elbo
urne
Feb.
16
at th
e re
ques
t of
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
Cha
irm
an L
eeW
enne
r. M
cGra
th s
aid.
Wen
ner
said
one
ans
wer
toso
lvin
g fu
ture
Sou
th B
reva
rdw
ater
nee
ds w
ould
be
com
ple
tion
of r
eser
voir
s w
est o
f M
el-
bour
ne a
lrea
dy s
tart
ed b
y th
eFC
D. T
his
wou
ld in
clud
e fl
ood-
ing
of th
e Ja
ne G
reen
Res
ervo
iran
d co
mpl
etio
n of
spi
llway
s to
cont
rol r
unof
f in
the
St. J
ohns
basi
n ar
ea, h
e sa
id.
"I th
ink
we
mus
t loo
k to
wat
er
cons
erva
tion,
con
vinc
e th
e FC
Dto
go
ahea
d w
ith th
eir
prog
ram
san
d ha
veth
eL
egis
latu
rere
leas
e fu
nds
to g
et th
ese
prog
ram
s go
ing,
" he
sai
d.
Tod
ay, F
ebru
ary
8, 1
973
How
ever
. Mel
bour
ne C
ounc
il-m
en D
avid
Woe
rten
dyke
and
Ed
Von
Nor
deck
sai
d th
ey w
eren
'tsu
re th
e Ja
ne G
reen
FC
Dpr
ojec
ts s
houl
d be
com
plet
ed.
"I'm
not
at a
ll th
orou
ghly
conv
ince
dth
e Ja
ne G
reen
Res
ervo
ir w
ould
be
the
answ
erto
pro
blem
s in
this
are
a,"
Woe
rten
dyke
sai
d. "
I do
n't s
eeho
w la
rge
quan
titie
s of
poo
rw
ater
wou
ld b
e a
solu
tion.
"So
me
biol
ogic
al a
udie
s ha
Ve
indi
cate
dth
e Ja
ne G
reen
Res
ervo
ir c
ould
be
cont
amin
at-
ed w
ith o
rgan
ic n
utri
ents
, cau
s-in
g bl
oom
s of
toxi
c al
gae,
if th
eFC
D p
roje
ct is
com
plet
ed.
"I d
on't
see
how
we
coul
ddr
aw c
oncl
usio
ns o
n th
e go
od o
rba
d w
ater
yet
," C
ount
y C
om-
mis
sion
er J
oe W
ickh
am s
aid.
103
"Eve
ry a
rea
that
is f
lood
ed h
aspo
or q
ualit
y fo
r a
tlme.
afte
rth
at. 1
do
know
that
we'
ll be
inre
al 't
roub
le if
som
e w
ater
isn'
tsa
ved.
"W
oert
endy
ke s
aid
he f
elt
som
e of
the
prob
lem
s co
uld
beso
lved
if P
opul
atio
n gr
owth
was
limite
d in
Sou
th B
reva
rd a
ndso
me
sort
of
cont
rols
pla
ced
onou
tsid
e de
velo
pers
. But
oth
erof
fici
als
said
they
did
not
fee
lth
is w
as p
ract
ical
."T
here
's n
o w
ay w
e're
goi
ngto
sto
p pe
ople
fro
m m
ovin
ghe
re,"
Cou
ncilm
an V
erno
nD
icks
sai
d.So
me
of th
4 of
fici
als
said
the
FCD
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e co
nvin
ced
to g
o th
roug
h w
ith th
e So
uth
Bre
vard
pro
ject
s, s
ince
ther
e is
a go
od c
hanc
e B
teva
rd w
ill b
epu
lled
out o
f th
e FC
D a
nd p
lace
d
in a
new
St.
John
s B
asin
Wat
erM
anag
emen
t Dis
tric
t by
stat
ele
gisl
ator
s.If
irev
ard
Rep
. Jac
k Sh
reve
said
it is
n't a
bsol
utel
y ce
rtai
nye
t how
the
new
dis
tric
ts w
ill b
eor
gani
zed.
How
ever
. ret
ired
Gen
. Har
rySa
nds,
a f
orm
er F
CD
boa
rdm
embe
r,. s
aid
the
FCD
had
n't
held
up
wor
k on
the
Sout
hB
reva
id p
roje
cts
in th
e M
itpl
ace-
"The
y've
bee
n w
aitin
i for
wor
d on
an
Arm
y C
orps
of
En-
gine
ers
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
stud
y, w
hich
mig
ht c
ome
out i
nth
ree
or f
our
wee
ks,"
he
said
."A
nd m
oney
that
was
set
asi
defo
r th
e B
reva
rd p
roje
cts
has
been
re-
allo
cate
d du
ring
that
time.
"
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
0: W
ater
Res
ourc
es Q
uest
ions
1.L
ocat
e as
pre
cise
ly a
s po
ssib
le th
e ar
ea (
wat
ersh
ed)
in th
e St
ate
or C
ount
y w
here
the
rain
fal
ls w
hich
is u
sed
in y
our
hous
ehol
d. O
ver
how
larg
e an
are
a do
es th
is r
ainf
all o
ccur
?
2.In
wha
t lak
es o
r re
serv
oirs
is th
is w
ater
col
lect
ed?
How
hav
e th
ese
rese
rvoi
rs b
een
impr
oved
?
3.W
here
is th
e w
ater
pur
ific
atio
n pl
ant f
or y
our
area
loca
ted?
4.H
ow is
this
wat
er tr
eate
d in
ord
er to
pur
ify
it? W
hat i
s re
mov
ed a
nd h
ow is
it r
emov
ed?
Wha
tis
add
ed to
the
wat
er a
nd w
hy a
re th
ese
subs
tanc
es a
dded
?
5.H
ow is
this
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ed to
you
r ho
me?
6.W
hich
gov
ernm
enta
l age
ncie
s ar
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r ge
tting
goo
d an
d su
ffic
ient
wat
eryo
ur h
ome?
For
whi
ch a
spec
ts o
f th
e pr
oces
s is
eac
h ag
ency
res
pons
ible
?
7.W
hat s
peci
fic
prob
lem
s ha
ve r
esul
ted
from
the
need
for
a c
ity to
obt
ain
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of p
urif
ied
wat
er a
nd h
ow m
ight
thes
e pr
oble
ms
be r
esol
ved?
104
N-.
4.
t\:.:
phur
dio
xide
, whe
rein
the
pers
on d
ream
s he
is b
eing
asp
hyxi
ated
(su
ffoc
ated
). T
hat d
ream
may
soo
n be
com
e a
real
ity.
co
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
1:C
autio
n: B
reat
hing
May
be
Haz
ardo
us to
You
r H
ealth
Fiel
d tr
ips
have
alw
ays
been
pop
ular
in s
choo
l, es
peci
ally
ele
men
tary
sch
ool.
Stud
ents
cro
wd
onto
bus
es to
visi
t mus
eum
s, p
arks
, the
ater
s an
d ot
her
sour
ces
of c
ultu
ral e
nric
hmen
t or
recr
eatio
n. J
apan
has
rec
ently
com
eup
with
a r
athe
r un
usua
l kin
d of
fie
ld tr
ip -
- bu
sloa
ds o
f ci
ty c
hild
ren
are
bein
g ta
ken
out t
o th
e co
untr
y so
they
can
see
wha
t cle
an a
ir lo
oks
like!
Alth
ough
the
idea
of
taki
ng a
fie
ld tr
ip ju
st to
fin
d so
me
fres
h ai
r m
ay a
t fir
st s
trik
e yo
u fu
nny,
if y
ou th
ink
abou
t it t
he h
umor
is r
athe
r gr
im. W
e m
ay, i
n fa
ct, b
e la
ughi
ng a
ll th
e w
ay to
the
cem
eter
y. A
ll ar
ound
the
eart
h,bu
t esp
ecia
lly in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd in
Eur
ope,
pol
lutio
n is
incr
easi
ng.
In M
exic
o C
ity, t
he f
low
ers
on th
e ce
n-tr
al b
oule
vard
hav
e to
be
repl
aced
eve
ry tw
o m
onth
s, b
ecau
se th
ey d
ie o
f ai
r po
llutio
n. I
n It
aly,
peo
ple
have
lear
ned
to ta
ke th
e tr
ain
to M
ilan
duri
ng th
e w
inte
r sm
og s
easo
n, b
ecau
se. t
he s
ituat
ion
is s
o ba
d th
at p
lane
s of
ten
can'
t lan
d du
e to
poo
r vi
sibi
lity.
In B
irm
ingh
am, A
laba
ma,
ther
e ha
ve b
een
caus
es o
f ni
ghtm
ares
indu
ced
by s
ul-
Air
Pol
lutio
n K
ills
As
soon
as
man
fac
es th
at f
act,
he m
ay b
e ab
le to
do
som
ethi
ng a
bout
it.
It s
eem
s th
at p
eopl
e in
this
cou
n-tr
y (a
nd a
roun
d th
e w
orld
) ar
e fi
nally
wak
ing
up to
the
urge
nt c
risi
s w
hich
has
bee
n th
rust
upo
nus
in th
e 19
70's
as a
res
ult o
f ou
r ex
tens
ive
indu
stri
aliz
atio
n du
ring
the
prev
ious
fou
r de
cade
s. I
n th
e 19
30's
, for
exa
mpl
e, J
a-pa
nese
chi
ldre
n sa
ng p
roud
ly o
f "T
he F
lam
es o
f B
elch
ing
Smok
e,"
as th
e na
tion
rapi
dly
indu
stri
aliz
ed p
rior
toW
orld
War
II.
Tha
t son
g is
no
long
er v
ery
popu
lar
in a
cou
ntry
whe
re s
ome
of th
ese
sam
e ch
ildre
nm
ay h
ave
been
amon
g 20
"po
llutio
n pa
tient
s" w
ho h
ave
died
in K
awas
aki a
lone
sin
ce F
ebru
ary,
197
0. I
n A
laba
ma,
mill
wor
kers
used
to s
ay, "
Dir
ty s
kies
mea
n fu
ll lu
nch
bask
ets.
" T
oday
's m
ill h
ands
, lis
teni
ng to
thei
r ch
ildre
n w
heez
e w
ithas
thm
a ca
used
by
air
pollu
tion,
are
no
long
er e
choi
ng th
at r
efra
in w
hen
they
look
at t
he s
ky.
A W
orld
wid
e Pr
oble
mA
lthou
gh a
ir p
ollu
tion
is e
spec
ially
ser
ious
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
Wes
tern
Eur
ope,
it is
bec
omin
ga
105
wor
ldw
ide
prob
lem
. In
gene
ral,
the
mor
e in
dust
rial
ized
a n
atio
nbe
com
es, t
he g
reat
er it
s ai
r po
llutio
n pr
oble
ni.
It is
ther
efor
e no
sur
pris
e th
at th
e U
. S. i
s in
"fi
rst p
lace
"in
the
air
pollu
tion
depa
rtm
ent.
Of
the
28 c
ities
liste
d
in a
Los
Ang
eles
Tim
es s
tudy
of
the
wor
ld's
wor
st p
ollu
tion
cent
ers,
the-
U. S
. has
no
less
than
nin
e --
New
Yor
k;
Pitts
burg
h; W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C. ;
Bir
min
gham
, Ala
bam
a; N
ew O
rlea
ns;
Hou
ston
; St.
Lou
is; C
hica
go a
nd L
os A
ngel
es.
Eur
ope
has
six:
Lon
don
and
Shef
fiel
d in
Eng
land
; Rot
terd
amin
the
Net
herl
ands
; Par
is, F
ranc
e; R
uhr,
Wes
t Ger
-
man
y; a
nd M
ilan,
Ita
ly.
In th
e Fa
r E
ast,
the
six
maj
or p
ollu
tion
cent
ers
are
Tok
yo, J
apan
; Seo
ul, S
outh
Kor
ea;
Tia
pei,
Tai
wan
; Sai
gon,
Sou
th V
ietn
am; B
angk
ok, T
haila
nd; a
ndN
ew D
elhi
, Ind
ia.
Sout
h A
mer
ica
has
four
sev
ere
pollu
tion
cent
ers
-- R
io d
e Ja
neir
o an
d Sa
o Pa
ulo
in B
razi
l; B
ueno
sA
ires
, Arg
entin
a; a
nd S
antia
go, C
hile
. The
othe
r fo
cal p
oint
s of
pol
lutio
n in
the
wor
ld a
re A
nkar
a, T
urke
y;M
osco
w; a
nd M
exic
o C
ity.
The
Los
Ang
eles
Tim
es s
tudy
poi
nted
out
fiv
e m
ajor
eff
ects
of a
ir p
ollu
tion,
and
list
ed s
ix p
rim
ary
caus
es.
The
maj
or e
ffec
ts w
ere:
..-1.
C.:.
1)O
n he
alth
.In
the
last
10
year
s, a
t lea
st 1
,000
dea
ths
have
bee
nat
trib
uted
dir
ectly
to a
ir p
ollu
tion,
c.an
d co
untle
ss th
ousa
nds
mor
e w
ere
prob
ably
hast
ened
by
air
pollu
tion.
2)O
n na
ture
.Pl
ants
, flo
wer
s an
d tr
ees
in c
ities
hav
e pe
rish
ed, a
nd m
any
spec
ies
of b
irds
and
inse
cts
have
fle
d.3)
On
aest
hetic
s. M
uch
beau
ty, b
oth
natu
ral a
nd m
an-m
ade,
has
been
lost
or
tarn
ishe
d. F
amili
ar v
iew
sha
ve f
aded
, ple
asan
t odo
rs h
ave
been
turn
ed in
to h
orri
ble
smel
ls, a
nd f
amou
s bu
ildin
gs a
nd s
tatu
esar
e be
ing
disc
olor
ed a
nd c
orro
ded.
4)O
n lif
e-st
yles
.In
soo
t-co
lore
d ci
ties,
peo
ple
have
beg
un to
wea
rso
ot-c
olor
ed c
loth
ing.
Hom
e-ow
ners
have
giv
en u
p on
rep
aint
ing
hom
es s
tain
ed b
y in
dust
rial
effl
uent
. Peo
ple
have
flo
cked
fro
m th
e ci
ties
toth
e su
burb
s to
avo
id s
mog
, but
they
onl
y cr
eate
mor
e sm
ogw
hen
they
com
mut
e to
and
fro
m w
ork
byau
tom
obile
.5)
On
the
wea
ther
. Sun
shin
e is
a r
are
even
t in
som
e ci
ties,
and
the
air
pollu
tion
inde
x ha
s be
com
e a
rou-
tine
part
of
the
wea
ther
rep
ort.
(Can
you
imag
ine
turn
ing
onth
e ra
dio
in th
e m
orni
ng to
see
whe
ther
or
not y
ou h
ad to
wea
r yo
ur g
as m
ask
to s
choo
l tha
tda
y?)
Pollu
ting
part
icle
s m
ay c
ause
incr
ease
d ra
in-
fall
dow
nwin
d of
indu
stri
al c
ompl
exes
, by
seed
ing
the
clou
ds. I
roni
cally
, fai
r an
d ca
lm w
eath
er h
asbe
com
e un
wel
com
e in
man
y ci
ties,
bec
ause
it c
ause
s a
build
-up
of s
mog
. Chi
lly, b
lust
ery
days
are
actu
ally
pre
ferr
ed in
man
y pl
aces
, bec
ause
at l
east
the
raw
wea
ther
pro
vide
s a
brie
f re
lief
from
the
smog
.
106
The
maj
or c
ause
s of
air
pol
lutio
n ar
e:1)
Indu
stri
al e
mis
sion
s. C
arbo
n m
onox
ide,
sul
fur
diox
ide,
oxid
es o
f ni
trog
en a
nd a
cid
gass
es a
re m
ost
wid
ely
exis
ting.
2)Sm
oke
from
hig
h-su
lfur
fue
ls.
Sulf
uric
oxi
des
pour
into
the
air
from
the
com
bust
ion
ofbo
th c
oal a
ndoi
l with
a h
igh
sulf
ur c
onte
nt.
Lat
in A
mer
ican
and
Mid
dle
Eas
tern
mill
s ar
e hi
gh in
sulf
ur -
- up
to5%
-- a
nd th
e re
mov
al o
fth
is s
ubst
ance
may
incr
ease
the
cost
of
the
fuel
by u
p to
10%
.
3)Pa
rtic
ulat
es (
very
sm
all p
iece
s). C
oal p
artic
ulat
es c
anbe
con
trol
led
if "
smok
eles
s" (
trea
ted)
coa
l is
used
, but
ther
e ar
e m
any
othe
r so
urce
s of
sol
id p
artic
les
--tr
ash
inci
nera
tors
, ste
el m
ill e
fflu
ents
(out
flo
w),
dus
t fro
m r
ubbe
r an
d gr
ain-
mill
ing
plan
ts, a
nd n
atur
aldu
st.f
rom
land
str
ippe
d of
veg
eta-
tion
by f
arm
ing
or e
rosi
on.
4)C
arbo
n m
onox
ide.
Thi
s in
visi
ble,
odo
rles
s po
ison
ous
gas
com
esla
rgel
y fr
om a
utom
obile
exh
aust
.It
is a
thre
at in
nea
rly
ever
y ci
ty th
at h
as h
eavy
traf
fic.
5)L
ead.
Lea
d ox
ides
are
hig
hly
toxi
c (p
oiso
nous
) su
bsta
nces
prod
uced
in th
e co
mbu
stio
n of
gas
olin
esco
ntai
ning
lead
add
itive
s to
red
uce
engi
ne k
nock
.co
Phot
oche
mic
al s
mog
. Thi
s co
mes
fro
m a
com
plex
che
mic
alre
actio
n in
volv
ing
hydr
ocar
bons
and
ni-
trog
en o
xide
s fr
om th
e in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
.It
is a
ctiv
ated
by
sunl
ight
. Man
y ox
idan
ts a
re in
-cl
uded
in s
mog
; pro
babl
y th
e m
ost c
omm
on is
ozo
ne, a
high
cor
rosi
ve f
orm
of
oxyg
en (
03).
The
des
truc
tiven
ess
of th
ese
type
s of
air
pol
lutio
n de
pend
s on
fact
ors
such
as
the
geog
raph
y of
the
regi
on
surr
ound
ing
the
city
(do
mou
ntai
ns tr
ap th
e po
llute
d ai
r?);
met
eoro
logy
(su
n, w
inds
, tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
ns);
indu
stry
(ho
w m
uch,
and
how
wel
l is
it re
gula
ted?
); p
opul
atio
nde
nsity
, and
the
num
ber
of p
eopl
e w
ho u
se c
ars
(and
how
oft
en).
Publ
ic A
war
enes
s an
d C
oope
ratio
n N
eede
d
" 'S
mog
is a
soc
ieta
l pro
blem
," s
aid
Dr.
Joh
n M
iddl
eton
,de
puty
ass
ista
nt a
dmin
istr
ator
of
air
prog
ram
s
for
the
fede
ral o
ffic
e of
air
pro
gram
s in
Roc
kvill
e,M
d, 'I
t mus
t be
appr
oach
ed th
at w
ay.'
"A
s se
riou
s as
air
pol
lutio
n is
, it C
AN
be
corr
ecte
d --
if th
ere
is s
tron
g pu
blic
pre
ssur
e an
d co
oper
atio
n. A
perf
ect e
xam
ple
of c
omm
unity
act
ion
agai
nst a
irpo
llutio
n ca
n be
see
n in
the
case
of
Lon
don.
The
Bri
tish
capi
tal
was
one
of
the
firs
t pla
ces
in th
ew
orld
to b
e in
dust
rial
ized
, beg
inni
ng a
s ea
rly
as th
e A
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion.
For
150
year
s, th
e ci
ty w
as s
hrou
ded
in a
ste
adily
wor
seni
ng h
aze
of c
oal s
mok
e.L
ondo
n fo
gs b
ecam
e fa
mou
s, b
ut
107
they
wer
e m
ore
than
just
fog
s.B
its o
f co
al a
sh f
rom
hom
e-ow
ner&
ope
n co
al h
eart
hs c
logg
ed th
e ai
r, r
etai
ning
moi
stur
e an
d m
akin
g th
e fo
gs p
ersi
st lo
nger
. As
indu
stry
gre
w, i
t spe
wed
mor
e so
ot a
nd ir
rita
ting
sulf
uric
ox-
ides
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
Lon
don
beca
me
a gr
imy
gray
city
. Sco
res
of s
peci
es o
f bi
rds
disa
ppea
red.
Res
pira
tory
illne
sses
incr
ease
d. T
he tu
rnin
g po
int c
ame
in 1
952.
Tra
pped
by
an a
ir in
vers
ion,
sm
og p
aral
yzed
Lon
don
for
four
day
s. B
efor
e it
fina
lly li
fted
, som
e 4,
000
peop
le w
ith il
lnes
ses
had
died
due
to c
ompl
icat
ions
cau
sed
by a
irpo
llutio
n --
dea
ths
whi
ch n
orm
ally
mig
ht h
ave
been
long
del
ayed
. Gre
at B
rita
in a
wok
e. I
n 19
56, t
he C
lean
Air
Act
was
pas
sed,
ord
erin
g st
rict
sm
oke
cont
rol.
Indu
stri
al e
mis
sion
s w
ere
curt
aile
d. L
arge
are
as, i
nclu
ding
Lon
-do
n, w
ere
decl
ared
"sm
okel
ess
zone
s."
The
old
ope
n he
arth
s w
ere
bann
ed, a
nd h
ome-
owne
rs h
ad to
use
gas
, ele
c-tr
icity
or
sp.c
ially
trea
ted
smok
eles
s co
al. T
he s
tric
t mea
sure
s pa
id o
ff. G
radu
ally
Lon
don
has
emer
ged
out o
fth
e ha
ze. S
unsh
ine
incr
ease
d by
an
aver
age
of 4
0%, a
nd in
Dec
embe
r, tr
aditi
onal
ly th
e w
orst
mon
th f
or s
mog
, it
incr
ease
d by
70%
. Gar
dene
rs f
ound
it p
ossi
ble
to g
row
pla
nts
whi
ch h
ad b
een
kille
d by
the
smog
. Bir
ds r
etur
ned.
The
pol
ar b
ears
in L
ondo
n Z
oo w
ere
whi
te in
stea
d of
gra
y. L
ondo
ners
beg
an to
wea
r lig
hter
-col
ored
clo
thin
g. T
hene
w r
egul
atio
ns a
lso
bene
fite
d Sh
effi
eld,
onc
e th
e di
rtie
st o
f B
rita
in's
man
ufac
turi
ng c
ente
rs, a
nd n
ow o
ne o
f th
ec.
;.1cl
eane
st. O
ne o
f th
e te
chni
ques
use
d to
cle
ar S
heff
ield
was
to b
uild
900
-foo
t sm
okes
tack
s fr
om s
ome
of th
e m
ills,
thus
dis
pers
ing
the
irri
tatin
g su
lfur
dio
xide
s in
the
uppe
r w
ind
curr
ents
, rat
her
than
allo
win
g th
em to
set
tle o
n th
egr
ound
. Cle
arly
, thi
s so
lutio
n ha
s its
lim
itatio
ns, b
ecau
se th
e po
lluta
nts
coul
d fa
ll el
sew
here
and
bec
ome
som
e-on
e el
se's
pro
blem
. Nev
erth
eles
s, E
ngla
nd's
act
ions
hav
e cl
earl
y de
mon
stra
ted
that
eve
n if
air
pol
lutio
n ca
n't b
eel
imin
ated
, it c
an b
e co
ntro
lled.
Proo
f th
at a
ir p
ollu
tion
can
be b
roug
ht u
nder
con
trol
can
als
o be
see
n in
the
case
of
Pitts
burg
h in
this
cou
n-tr
y. K
now
n as
the
"Sm
oky
City
" du
ring
the
1930
's d
ue to
its
stee
l mill
s, th
e w
este
rn P
enns
ylva
nia
met
ropo
lisca
me
squa
rely
to g
rips
with
its
prob
lem
aft
er W
orld
War
II,
and
it h
as s
ucce
eded
in r
educ
ing
air
pollu
tion
tolo
wer
leve
ls th
an m
any
othe
r ci
ties,
with
out h
eavi
ly c
urta
iling
its
indu
stry
.T
he e
xam
ples
of
Lon
don
and
Pitts
burg
h ar
e en
cour
agin
g. O
ther
com
mun
ities
nee
d to
follo
w s
uit -
- an
d ra
pidl
y.It
's a
mat
ter
of li
fe a
nd b
reat
h.--
Dia
l Tor
gers
on, L
os A
ngel
es T
imes
Dis
patc
h, "
Pollu
tion:
Yel
low
Clo
ud f
rom
Spa
ce, K
iller
on
Ear
th,"
pri
nted
in O
rlan
doSe
ntin
el, S
unda
y, J
anua
ry 2
3, 1
972,
p.1
8A.
108
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
2: N
atur
al A
irPo
lluta
nts
The
re a
re tw
o ba
sic
clas
ses
of a
ir p
ollu
tant
s--n
atur
alan
d m
an-m
ade.
Alth
ough
nat
ural
pol
luta
nts
are
not g
ener
ally
con
side
red
in d
iscu
ssin
g th
epr
oble
m o
f di
rty
air,
man
y pa
rtic
les
such
as w
ater
, dus
t and
polle
n, a
nd s
ome
gase
s re
leas
ed in
to th
eai
r du
ring
nat
ural
pro
cess
esca
n be
com
e a
prob
lem
bec
ause
of
chan
ges
in te
mpe
ratu
re, t
he a
mou
nt o
fsu
nlig
ht o
r in
the
type
and
am
ount
of
plan
t gro
wth
. Eve
n th
ough
natu
ral p
ollu
tion
cann
ot b
e co
ntro
lled
toan
y ap
prec
iabl
e de
gree
, nei
ther
can
man
aff
ord
to ig
nore
it en
-tir
ely.
Five
maj
or s
ourc
es o
f na
tura
l pol
lutio
nar
e vo
lcan
oes,
for
est f
ires
, soi
l par
ticle
s, s
alt p
artic
les
and
cosm
ic d
ust.
Whe
n a
volc
ano
erup
ts, v
ast q
uant
ities
of
smok
e an
d de
bris
are
hur
led
into
the
air.
A p
ower
ful e
rupt
ion
may
dis
char
ge 1
00 b
illio
n cu
bic
yard
s of
par
ticle
sin
to th
e at
mos
pher
e. S
ome
may
ris
e to
a h
eigh
t of
13 m
iles
and
take
yea
rs to
dri
ft b
ack
to e
arth
.It
is p
ossi
ble
for
such
par
ticle
s to
aff
ect
the
eart
h's
clim
ate
by b
lock
ing
out s
ome
of th
e su
n's
rays
and
cau
sing
a gr
ictu
al c
oolin
g of
the
eart
h's
atm
osph
ere.
How
ever
,th
e si
gnif
ican
ceof
vol
cano
es a
s a
sour
ce o
f ai
r po
llutio
nis
stil
l a v
ery
cont
rove
rsia
l sci
entif
ic to
pic.
Som
e sc
ient
ists
arg
ueth
at th
e am
ount
of
part
icle
s re
leas
ed b
yvo
lcan
oes
in p
ropo
rtio
n to
par
ticle
s fr
om o
ther
pollu
tion
sour
ces
is).
.a.
CA
Din
sign
ific
ant.
Oth
ers
feel
that
vol
cano
esm
ay b
e a
mor
e se
riou
s so
urce
of
pollu
tion
than
pre
viou
sly
thou
ght.
Co
Fore
st F
ires
Red
uce
Vis
ibili
tyFo
rest
fir
es a
re, i
n a
sens
e, b
oth
natu
ral a
nd m
an-m
ade;
they
occu
r in
nat
ure,
but
mor
e of
ten
than
not
.
they
are
sta
rted
by
the
care
less
ness
of
man
. The
gre
ates
t sig
nifi
canc
e of
for
est f
ires
is th
eam
ount
of
timbe
rde
stro
yed.
The
U.S
. Nat
iona
l For
est S
ervi
cees
timat
ed th
at f
rom
195
4-19
63 a
tota
l of
1,20
0,00
0fo
rest
fir
esin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es c
onsu
med
over
6 m
illio
n ac
res
of f
ores
t. H
owev
er, s
mok
e fr
om th
ese
fire
s ca
n ad
d su
b-st
antia
lly to
air
pol
lutio
n. U
sual
ly th
is e
ffec
tis
fel
t onl
y in
the
vici
nity
of
the
fire
, but
in th
e ca
se o
f m
ajor
fire
s a
sign
ific
ant d
ange
rm
ay b
e po
sed
for
mot
oris
ts a
nd a
viat
ors
in th
e fo
rm o
fre
duce
d vi
sibi
lity.
Und
er c
erta
in c
ondi
tions
, lar
ge q
uant
ities
of
soil
part
icle
s ca
n be
sw
ept i
nto
the
atm
osph
ere
by w
inds
.Su
ch s
and
and
dust
sto
rms
resu
lt fr
omdr
ough
t, th
e ab
senc
e of
pla
ntgr
owth
, and
an
abun
danc
e of
fin
e,po
wde
ry s
oil.
The
proc
ess
of w
ind
pick
ing
up s
oil p
artic
les
is k
now
n as
sal
tatio
n. T
hese
part
icle
s re
mai
n10
9
in th
e at
mos
pher
e un
til th
ey a
re b
roug
ht b
ack
to e
arth
by
grav
ityor
with
pre
cipi
tatio
n.Sa
ltata
tion
is a
pro
-bl
em in
win
dy a
reas
whe
re to
psoi
l has
bee
n di
stur
bed;
str
ong
win
ds b
low
ing
over
rec
ently
-plo
wed
fie
lds
can
carr
y of
f m
uch
of th
e to
psoi
l. In
the
1930
's d
roug
ht a
nd o
ver-
culti
vatio
n in
wid
e ar
eas
of th
e M
idw
est
led
to s
uch
seve
re s
alta
tion
that
the
entir
e re
gion
bec
ame
know
sas
the
"Duq
tbow
l." P
robl
ems
of n
atur
al a
irpo
llutio
n fr
om s
alta
tion
are
redu
ced
thre
e fa
ctor
s: 1
) ad
equa
te r
ainf
all,
2) la
rger
par
ticle
s of
soil,
and
3)
abou
ndan
t pla
nt g
row
th. M
an m
ust d
epen
d pr
imar
ilyon
the
thir
d fa
ctor
in h
is e
ffor
t to
cont
rol t
he p
robl
em.
Salt
part
icle
s en
ter
the
atm
osph
ere
whe
n oc
ean
wav
es c
rash
aga
inst
the
shor
e, th
row
ing
smal
l wat
erdr
ople
ts in
to th
e ai
r. M
any
of th
ese
part
icle
s m
ove
to h
igh
altit
udes
on c
urre
nts
of r
isin
g ai
r an
d ar
e th
ensw
ept i
nlan
d. E
vent
ually
wat
er d
ropl
ets
form
aro
und
the
salt
part
icle
s an
d th
ey r
etur
n to
ear
thas
rai
n. S
alt
part
icle
s th
emse
lves
are
invi
sibl
e, b
ut th
eir
effe
cts
on p
aint
and
aut
omob
iles
are
obvi
ous.
Air
pol
lutio
n ca
used
by s
alt p
artic
les
is a
ser
ious
pro
blem
in m
any
coas
tal a
reas
, esp
ecia
lly a
long
the
beac
h. I
t is
not a
ser
ious
prob
lem
for
thos
e liv
ing
furt
her
inla
nd.
1-a
The
Ear
th is
Bom
bard
ed w
ith C
osm
ic D
ust
.C.3
.1?T
he o
ther
maj
or ty
pe o
f ai
r po
llutio
n w
hich
exi
sts
in n
atur
eco
mes
fro
m o
utsi
de th
e ea
rth'
s at
mos
pher
e.A
s th
e ea
rth
orbi
ts a
roun
d th
e su
n it
pass
es c
ontin
uous
ly th
roug
h la
rge
clou
ds o
f co
smic
dust
. The
larg
erpa
rtic
les
are
visi
ble
from
the
eart
h as
"sh
ootin
g st
ars.
" M
illio
ns o
f th
ese
met
eors
are
vis
ible
to a
stro
nom
ers
each
day
. It h
as b
een
estim
ated
that
at l
east
1,0
00 to
ns o
f th
ese
tiny
part
icle
sen
ter
the
eart
h's
atm
osph
ere
each
yea
r, b
ut b
ecau
se th
ey a
re s
prea
d eq
ually
ove
r th
e ea
rth'
s su
rfac
e, th
eov
eral
l eff
ects
of
cosm
ic d
tist o
nai
r po
llutio
n ar
e pr
obab
ly n
ot s
erio
us.
Non
e of
the
five
maj
or n
atur
al s
ourc
es o
f ai
r po
llutio
npo
ses
a se
riou
s th
reat
to h
ealth
.It
is im
port
ant t
obe
aw
are
of th
em, h
owev
er. E
ven
if m
an.h
ad n
ever
" en
tere
d th
e pi
ctur
e, th
ere
wou
ld b
e no
suc
h th
ing
aspe
rfec
tly "
pure
air
."--
Cha
rles
W. L
avar
oni &
Pat
rick
O'D
onne
ll, A
ir P
ollu
tion,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Publ
ishi
ng C
o.,
Inc.
Men
le P
ark,
Cal
if. ,
Ch.
2, "
Air
: A V
ital R
esou
rce,
" pp
. 9 -
35.
110
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
3: E
xper
imen
t 1Pa
rtic
les
in th
e A
ir
PUR
POSE
: To
obse
rve
part
icul
ate
cont
amin
atio
n in
the
air.
i
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
1.
seve
ral w
hite
inde
x ca
rds
2.a
jar
of V
asel
ine
3.a
roll
of S
cotc
h T
ape
4.a
mag
nify
ing
lens
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: Mill
ions
of
diff
eren
t kin
ds o
f pa
rtic
les
are
dum
ped
into
our
atm
osph
ere
each
day
.So
me
of th
ese
part
icle
s co
me
from
nat
ural
sou
rces
: soi
l par
ticle
s pi
cked
up
by th
e w
ind,
sal
tpa
rtic
les
from
oce
an s
pray
, and
sm
oke
from
for
est f
ires
and
vol
cano
es. M
any
of th
ese
air-
born
e pa
rtic
les
com
e fr
om m
an's
act
iviti
es. T
he b
urni
ng o
f va
st a
mou
nts
of f
uel f
or h
eat
and
pow
er, c
onst
ruct
ion
and
man
ufac
turi
ng a
ctiv
ities
of
all k
inds
, the
dis
posa
l of
was
tes,
all a
dd s
olid
pol
luta
nts
to th
e ai
r.Ii C
AD
Man
y ci
ties
are
cove
red
by a
gra
y cl
oud
of d
ust p
artic
les
floa
ting
a m
ile o
r so
abo
ve th
e gr
ound
.tr
tA
ccor
ding
to s
cien
tists
, the
se d
ust c
loud
s ab
sorb
20%
to 5
0% o
f th
e su
n's
rays
cau
sing
the
day-
time
to b
e cl
oudy
and
dul
l.
Mea
sure
men
ts o
nce
mad
e in
Pitt
sbur
g sh
owed
that
an
aver
age
of 6
10 to
ns o
f du
st f
ell e
ach
year
on
a si
ngle
squ
are
mile
of
the
city
. The
dus
t in
othe
r ci
ties
may
be
even
wor
se.
In
the
cent
er o
f T
okyo
, 57
tons
of
dust
per
squ
are
mile
wer
e m
easu
red
in o
ne m
onth
.
PRO
CE
DU
RE
: Wha
t is
it lik
e w
here
you
live
? H
ere'
s ho
w y
ou c
an b
egin
to f
ind
out.
1.N
umbe
r th
e in
dex
card
s.2.
Smea
r a
very
thin
laye
r of
Vas
elin
e in
the
cent
er o
f ea
ch c
ard.
3.T
ape
the
card
s in
var
ious
pla
ces
arou
nd th
e sc
hool
, bot
h in
side
and
out
side
.4.
Aft
er o
ne d
ay c
olle
ct th
e ca
rds
for
obse
rvat
ion.
5.U
se a
mag
nify
ing
lens
or
a lo
wpo
wer
mic
rosc
ope
to c
heck
on
the
num
ber
of p
artic
les.
a.O
nly
coun
t tho
se th
at y
ou c
an e
asily
see,
bec
ause
ther
e w
ill b
e m
any
mor
eth
at a
re to
o sm
all t
o se
e w
ithou
ta
mor
e po
wer
ful l
ens.
b. O
bser
ve th
e ki
nds
of p
artic
les,
thei
r sh
apes
,co
lors
and
siz
es.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N:
Whe
re d
o yo
u th
ink
the
part
icle
s co
me
from
? H
owm
ight
you
exp
lain
som
e of
thes
edi
ffer
ence
s? W
ould
you
exp
ect t
he w
eede
nds
to h
ave
mor
e or
less
dus
t tha
n th
e w
eekd
ays?
Why
?W
rite
a p
aper
exp
lain
ing
your
answ
ers
to th
ese
ques
tions
and
oth
er r
esul
ts o
f th
e ex
peri
men
t.
112
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
4:E
xper
imen
t 2A
ir P
ollu
tion
and
Aut
omob
iles
PUR
POSE
:T
o ob
serv
e po
lluta
nts
in a
utom
obile
exh
aust
.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
:
1.R
ound
dis
cs o
f fi
lter
pape
r ca
n be
obt
aine
d fr
om a
sci
ence
inst
ruct
or.
2.E
ncou
rage
stu
dent
var
iatio
n of
the
basi
c tr
ial.
Obv
ious
ly a
bla
ck r
ing
of c
arbo
n co
mpo
unds
and
oil w
ill s
tain
the
pape
r.In
tere
stin
g co
mpa
riso
ns c
an b
e m
ade
but t
he v
aria
bles
mus
t be
held
con
stan
t. Fo
r ex
ampl
e it
mig
ht b
e in
tere
stin
g to
com
pare
car
s in
gen
eral
but
the
expe
ri-
men
t can
be
mad
e m
ore
prec
ise
by h
avin
g co
ntro
l ove
r as
man
y va
riab
les
as p
ossi
ble.
PRO
CE
DU
RE
S: Usi
ng f
ilter
pap
er o
r so
me
poro
us w
hite
pap
er, p
lace
the
pape
r ov
er th
e ta
il pi
pe o
f a
runn
ing
idle
car
eng
ine
for
a pe
riod
of
10 s
econ
ds.
Obs
erve
the
resu
lts.
Com
pare
the
resu
lts o
f ot
her
tria
ls o
f di
ffer
ent m
ake
auto
mob
iles.
Not
e su
ch d
iffe
renc
es a
s ag
eof
aut
o, n
umbe
r of
hor
se p
ower
, etc
.O
bser
ve th
e re
sults
fro
m th
e ca
rs u
sing
dif
fere
nt g
rade
s an
d br
ands
of
gaso
line.
1-4
1.C
O-.
.1
2. 3. 4.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N:
Wri
te a
pap
er e
xpla
inin
g th
e re
sults
of
your
exp
erim
ent.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
5:E
xper
imen
t 3A
irbo
rne
Part
icul
ates
i
PUR
POSE
: To
dete
rmin
e th
e de
risi
ty o
f sm
oke
by th
e us
e of
Rin
gelm
ann
char
ts.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: In
the
burn
ing
of a
ny m
ater
ial
if c
ompl
ete
com
bust
ion
take
s pl
ace
the
by-p
rodu
cts
are
carb
on d
ioxi
de a
nd w
ater
vap
or. T
he p
rodu
cts
are
colo
rles
s an
d ha
rmle
ss.
In a
ctua
lity,
it is
usu
ally
impo
ssib
le to
bur
n an
y pr
oduc
t with
out s
ome
othe
rby
-pro
duct
s th
an C
O2
and
wat
er v
apor
eve
n if
exc
es-
sive
oxy
gen
is s
uppl
ied.
Thu
s, th
e un
burn
ed c
arbo
npa
rtic
les
com
bine
with
oth
er g
ases
to p
rodu
ce v
ario
us
shad
es o
f gr
ay.
To
gaug
e th
e am
ount
of
pollu
tion
bein
g di
scha
rged
aPo
wer
's M
icro
-rin
gelm
ann
or a
cha
rt c
an b
eus
ed
in a
ser
ies
of o
ne th
roug
h fi
ve. A
cop
y of
a R
inge
lman
nch
art c
an b
e fo
und
on th
e la
st p
age
of th
is C
omm
ent.
Rin
gelm
ann
char
ts m
ay b
e or
dere
d fr
om s
cien
ceeq
uipm
ent s
uppl
y co
mpa
nies
, suc
h as
Edm
und
Scie
ntif
ic.
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:i-
,C
o1.
Sele
ct s
ite to
be
mea
sure
d. S
tand
mor
e th
an 1
00fe
et f
rom
site
. Mak
e su
re th
e st
ack
or s
iteco
back
grou
nd is
cle
ar o
f bu
ildin
gs.
2.H
old
the
Rin
gelm
ann'
s ch
art b
y th
e ri
ght h
and
corn
erbe
twee
n th
umb
and
inde
x fi
nger
with
repr
oduc
ed g
rids
tow
ard
the
stac
k.
3.Fa
ce th
e st
ack
and
hold
it a
t arm
's le
ngth
. Mov
eth
e ch
art b
ack
and
fort
h un
til th
e sm
oke
mat
ches
the
shad
e of
one
of
the
pair
s of
gri
ds.
4. O
bser
ve o
ver
a pe
riod
of
time
usin
g in
crem
ents
of
1 m
inut
e fo
r 15
min
utes
,
5.R
ecor
d nu
mbe
r of
obs
erva
tions
and
eac
h R
inge
lman
nnu
mbe
r.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N: W
rite
a p
aper
exp
lain
ing
the
resu
ltsof
you
r ex
peri
men
t.
RIN
GE
LM
AN
N C
HA
RT
S
111
(Cut
out
cha
rt a
nd d
irec
tions
, pas
te o
n th
in c
ardb
oard
;C
rycu
t out
this
hor
izon
tal s
trip
bet
wee
n sm
oke
puff
s; v
iew
Vr
smok
e em
issi
ons
thro
ugh
slit.
)
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
6: E
xper
imen
t 4A
ir P
ollu
tion
and
Plan
t Lif
e'ft
PUR
POSE
: To
obse
rve
effe
cts
of a
ir p
ollu
tion
on p
lant
life
.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
:
1.W
eeds
may
be
colle
cted
fro
m e
ither
sch
ool o
r ho
me
site
. Ger
min
ated
flo
wer
see
ds m
ay b
epr
efer
red.
2.T
he s
eal a
roun
d th
e cu
p ca
n be
mad
e tig
ht if
the
soil
is u
sed
as a
hol
der
or y
ou c
an s
impl
y us
eru
bber
ban
ds.
3.E
xhau
st f
umes
may
be
hof
enou
gh to
cau
se r
esul
ts, t
here
fore
it m
ay b
e w
ise
to u
se a
vac
uum
hose
to r
educ
e te
mpe
ratu
re. T
ry to
avo
id to
o m
uch
heat
!
).-+
.4.
Tw
o si
mila
r pl
ants
sho
uld
be u
sed
in o
rder
to r
epla
ce th
ose
lost
by
diff
usio
n th
roug
h th
e Sa
ran
$1.-
C>
Wra
p. D
on't
forg
et to
wat
er th
e pl
ants
!
PRO
CE
DU
RE
1.T
rans
plan
t tw
o si
mila
r pl
ants
into
sep
arat
e cu
ps.
2.L
abel
the
two
sepa
rate
cup
s A
and
B.
3.W
rap
cup
A in
Sar
an w
rap
so th
at a
dom
e is
for
med
ove
r th
e pl
ant.
4.C
ut a
hol
e in
the
Sara
n W
rap
so th
e ho
le w
ill f
it ov
er a
car
exh
aust
pip
e (o
r va
cuum
cle
aner
hose
to r
educ
e he
at).
Cra
nk th
e ca
r en
gine
and
allo
w th
e fu
mes
to e
nter
the
dom
e fo
r ab
out o
ne m
inut
e.5.
Qui
ckly
sea
l the
hol
e w
ith a
noth
er p
iece
of
Sara
n W
rap.
6.R
epea
t the
pro
cedu
re f
or s
ever
al d
ays.
(Dur
ing
this
tim
e co
nduc
t Exp
erim
ent 5
on
tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
n).
7.O
bser
ve a
ny c
hang
es in
the
phys
ical
app
eara
nce
of th
e cu
p A
pla
nt a
nd c
ompa
re w
ith th
e cu
p B
pla
nt.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N: U
pon
com
plet
ion
of th
e ex
peri
men
t, w
rite
a p
aper
exp
lain
ing
the
resu
lts.
116
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
7:E
xper
imen
t 5T
empe
ratu
re I
nver
sion
PUR
POSE
: To
obse
rve
the
effe
cts
of a
tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
n
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: Und
er n
orm
al c
ondi
tions
, whe
n th
e at
mos
pher
ic te
mpe
ratu
re d
ecre
ases
rap
idly
with
alti
tude
.an
air
mas
s is
uns
tabl
e.Po
lluta
nts,
rel
ease
d at
gro
und
leve
l, ar
e ca
rrie
d by
ver
tical
turb
ulen
ce h
igh
into
the
cool
er a
ir a
bove
. How
ever
, whe
n th
e ai
r at
or
near
gro
und
leve
l is
cool
er th
an th
e ai
r ab
ove,
a st
able
air
mas
sis
pro
duce
d. W
hile
this
tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
n pr
evai
ls, v
ertic
al m
ovem
ent o
f th
e ai
rm
ass
is r
estr
icte
d.C
on-
tam
inan
ts e
mitt
ed a
t gro
und
leve
l acc
umul
ate
arou
nd th
eir
sour
ces.
The
con
cent
ratio
n of
pollu
tant
s co
ntin
ues
to b
uild
unt
il th
e te
mpe
ratu
re in
vers
ion
ends
. The
eff
ects
of
a te
mpe
ratu
re in
vers
ion
can
be d
emon
stra
ted
with
a m
odel
sys
tem
.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
1.1
liter
gra
duat
ed c
ylin
der
2.2
or 3
lite
r be
aker
3.m
ixtu
re o
f ic
e, s
alt,
and
wat
er4.
2 th
erm
omet
ers
5.gl
ass
tubi
ng w
ith e
lbow
join
t6.
rubb
er tu
bing
7.st
ring
or
thre
ad8.
ring
sta
nd w
ith th
erm
omet
er c
lam
p9.
heat
lam
p w
ith c
lam
p10
.M
illip
ore
Han
d V
acuu
m A
ssem
bly
11.
ciga
rette
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:
1.Se
t up
the
appa
ratu
s sh
own
belo
w. D
o no
t act
ivat
e th
e sm
oke
sour
ce o
r th
e he
at la
mp
until
the
ice-
salt-
wat
er m
ixtu
re h
as c
oole
d th
e ai
r in
the
low
er p
ortio
nof
the
grad
uate
d cy
linde
r.2.
Use
the
heat
lam
p to
war
m th
e ai
r in
the
uppe
r po
rtio
n of
the
grad
uate
dcy
linde
r.3.
Whe
n a
sign
ific
ant t
empe
ratu
re d
iffe
renc
e ex
ists
bet
wee
nth
e up
per
and
low
er r
egio
ns o
f th
ecy
linde
r, li
ght t
he c
igar
ette
.Sl
owly
intr
oduc
e sm
oke
into
the
botto
m o
f th
e cy
linde
r.
117
4.O
bser
ve th
e di
stri
butio
n of
sm
oke
with
in th
e cy
linde
r.5.
Aft
er a
den
se la
yer
of s
mok
e ha
s fo
rmed
insi
de th
e cy
linde
r, c
aref
ully
rem
ove
the
beak
er c
onta
inin
g th
e ic
e-sa
lt-w
ater
mix
ture
. Not
e th
e re
sulti
ng te
mpe
ratu
rech
ange
s an
d th
e ef
fect
on
smok
e di
sper
sal.
(To
spee
d th
is p
roce
ss, m
ove
the
heat
lam
p cl
oser
to th
e ba
se o
f th
e gr
adua
ted
cylin
der.
)6.
Dem
onst
rate
the
disp
ersa
l of
smok
e un
der
norm
al c
ondi
tions
. Use
the
heat
lam
pto
war
m th
e ai
r in
the
botto
m o
f th
e gr
adua
ted
cylin
der
to a
hig
her
tem
pera
ture
than
the
air
in th
e up
per
port
ion.
The
rmom
eter
clam
p-
Hea
t tam
p
Low
erth
erm
omet
er-
Sm
oke
outle
t-i
_r--
Upp
er th
erm
omet
er
Cip
arltt
e sm
oke
sour
ce
r.
'C41
L:S
r.:1
1a...
=..
.
Rub
ber
tubi
ng
-Gla
ss tu
bing
Ice-
salt-
wat
er m
ixtu
re
Mod
el d
emon
stra
ting
the
effe
cts
of a
tem
pera
ture
inve
rsio
n.
118
Mdh
pore
han
dva
cuum
ass
embl
y
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N: W
hat i
s th
e m
inim
um te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffe
renc
ene
cess
ary
to m
aint
ain
a st
able
laye
rof
sm
oke
in th
e gr
adua
ted
cy,li
nder
? D
oes
the
exte
nt o
f th
ete
mpe
ratu
re d
iffe
renC
e be
twee
nth
e up
per
and
the
low
er r
elio
ns o
f th
e cy
linde
r gr
eatly
aff
ect t
heup
war
d di
sper
sion
of
smok
e?W
hat n
atur
al s
ituat
ions
wer
e. b
eing
sim
ulat
ed b
oth
prio
r to
and
follo
win
g th
e re
mov
al o
f th
eic
e-sa
lt-w
ater
mix
ture
?W
rite
a p
aper
exp
lain
ing
your
ans
wer
s to
thes
e qu
estio
ns a
nd o
ther
res
ults
of
the
expe
rim
ent.
---
A G
uide
to th
e St
udy
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pol
lutio
n,W
illia
m A
.. A
ndre
ws,
ed.
, Pre
ntic
e-H
all,
Inc.
,E
ngle
woo
d C
liffs
, New
Jer
sey,
197
2, p
p. 2
30-2
32.
119
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
8:W
ays
You
Can
Hel
p C
lean
Up
the
Env
iron
men
t Now
AV
OID
WA
STE
IN
TH
E H
OM
E A
ND
WH
EN
SH
OPP
ING
1.U
se d
ispo
sabl
e pa
per
and
plas
tic g
oods
onl
y as
nec
essa
ry.
2.M
ake
garb
age
com
pact
. Fla
tten
cans
, box
es a
nd c
arto
nsor
sta
ck th
em in
side
eac
h ot
her
to c
on-
serv
e sp
ace.
3.B
e su
re th
e ga
rbag
e ca
n lid
is ti
ghtly
clo
sed
to d
isco
urag
ein
sect
s an
d an
imal
s fr
om b
eing
attr
acte
dto
the
cont
ents
.4.
Do
not l
itter
. Thi
s is
the
easi
est p
ollu
tion
to s
top.
5.W
hen
poss
ible
, try
to. b
uy o
ne la
rge-
size
pro
duct
rat
her
than
indi
vidu
al s
ervi
ngs
or in
divi
dual
lyw
rapp
ed p
rodu
cts.
It c
an b
e le
ss e
xpen
sive
and
less
was
tefu
l.6.
Use
a s
tron
g m
esh
shop
ping
bag
inst
ead
of a
pap
er o
ne.
7.W
ash
and
reus
e pl
astic
bag
s an
d co
ntai
ners
. Con
serv
em
ater
ials
rat
her
than
thro
win
g th
em a
way
.8.
Ret
urn
wir
e ha
nger
s to
the
clea
ners
.9.
Try
to b
uy g
ood-
qual
ity, l
ong-
last
ing
toys
. Bro
ken
toys
add
to d
ispo
sal p
robl
ems.
1--t
10.
Pack
chi
ldre
n's
lunc
hes
in lu
nch
boxe
s.14
Za*
11.
Try
to b
uy to
ys th
at a
re n
ot e
xces
sive
ly p
acka
ged.
:-U
SE H
OU
SEH
OL
D C
LE
AN
ING
PR
OD
UC
TS
CA
RE
FUL
LY
12.
Use
det
erge
nts
with
car
e. P
hosp
hate
det
erge
nts
can
upse
t the
eco
logi
cal b
alan
ce o
f aq
uatic
life
.Su
bstit
utes
are
bei
ng d
evel
oped
, but
unt
il th
ey a
re p
erfe
cted
you
may
wis
h to
use
a d
eter
gent
with
little
or
no p
hosp
hate
. Use
the
min
imum
mea
sure
dam
ount
eff
ectiv
e.13
.U
se s
oap
for
was
hing
all
but h
eavi
ly s
oile
d ite
ms,
if y
ouliv
e in
a s
oft-
wat
er a
rea.
14.
Use
am
mon
ia, t
oile
t-bo
wl c
lean
ers
and
chlo
rine
blea
ch w
ith c
are.
Mix
ing
them
can
cau
se d
ange
rous
gase
s to
esc
ape.
15.
Use
pai
nt-o
n ov
en c
lean
ers
inst
ead
of s
pray
s. W
hile
both
are
har
sh, s
pray
s ca
n be
eas
ily m
is-
dire
cted
and
may
cau
se r
espi
rato
ry p
robl
ems,
ski
nan
d ey
e da
mag
e.16
.D
o no
t use
pro
duct
s th
at c
onta
in s
olve
nts
(pet
role
um d
istil
late
s) if
alte
rnat
es a
re a
vaila
ble,
suc
h as
wat
er-b
ased
pai
nts.
CO
NSE
RV
E W
AT
ER
1 ?.
Run
wat
er o
nly
as y
ou n
eed
it w
hen
brus
hing
teet
h, s
havi
ng,
was
hing
hai
r or
dis
hes.
120
18.
Kee
p a
jar
of w
ater
in th
e re
frig
erat
or to
avo
id th
e ne
ed o
f ru
nnin
g w
ater
fro
m th
e ta
p to
coo
l it.
19.
Nev
er d
rop
tras
h in
the
toile
t.T
his
caus
es s
ewag
e ov
erfl
ow a
nd c
an le
ad to
exp
ensi
ve r
epai
rs.
20.
Tak
e re
ason
ably
sho
rt s
how
ers
inst
ead
of b
aths
. The
aver
age
bath
use
s m
ore
wat
er th
an a
sev
en-
min
ute
show
er.
21.
Rep
air
leak
ing
fauc
ets
imm
edia
tely
.22
.A
sk y
our
plum
ber
the
next
tim
e he
is in
your
hou
se to
set
toile
ts f
or th
e m
inim
um a
mou
nt o
f w
ater
.23
.D
o no
t ove
rwat
er la
wns
and
gar
dens
. Mos
t req
uire
onl
yon
e de
ep w
ater
ing
each
wee
k.
CO
NSE
RV
E E
LE
CT
RIC
ITY
24.
If y
ou h
ave
an a
ir c
ondi
tione
r, tu
rn it
off
if n
o on
e w
ill b
e ho
me.
Set
it a
t mod
erat
era
ther
than
hig
h.25
.T
urn
off
light
s in
roo
ms
not i
n us
e.26
.T
ry to
avo
id u
sing
maj
or a
pplia
nces
in la
te a
fter
noon
and
ear
ly e
veni
ng--
the
peri
ods
of p
eak
dem
and.
27.
Run
the
dish
was
her
and
was
hing
mac
hine
with
one
ful
l loa
d ra
ther
than
sev
eral
sm
all
ones
.28
.T
ry to
sav
e on
ce-i
n-a-
whi
le jo
bs, s
uch
as v
acuu
min
g or
wor
king
with
pow
er to
ols,
for
the
wee
kend
,w
hen
pow
er d
eman
ds a
re u
sual
ly lo
w.
29.
Tur
n of
f el
ectr
ic a
pplia
nces
whe
n no
t in
use.
30.
In h
ot w
eath
er, a
djus
t blin
ds a
nd s
hade
s to
kee
p ou
t the
sun.
Air
con
ditio
ners
will
then
hav
e le
ss w
ork.
31.
Tur
n ho
use
heat
dow
n at
nig
ht in
win
ter,
bet
wee
n fi
ve a
nd te
n de
gree
s lo
wer
than
day
time
tem
pera
ture
s.
le+
AV
OID
EX
CE
SS N
OIS
Ecr
t32
.K
eep
radi
o, T
V, o
r ph
onog
raph
tune
d to
a r
easo
nabl
e le
vel.
33.
Do
not b
uy e
xces
sive
ly n
oisy
toys
for
chi
ldre
n.34
.K
eep
hous
ehol
d ap
plia
nces
in g
ood
cond
ition
.35
.In
stal
l ine
xpen
sive
, thi
ck, p
erfo
rate
d, s
ound
-abs
orbi
ng w
all
or c
eilin
g pa
nels
in p
artic
ular
ly n
oisy
area
s.36
.D
o no
t use
you
r ca
r ho
rn u
nles
s ne
cess
ary.
KE
EP
YO
UR
GA
RD
EN
"N
AT
UR
AL
"37
.B
uild
a c
ompo
st h
eap.
Incl
ude
vege
tatio
n, s
uch
as h
edge
and
law
n cl
ippi
ngs
and
leav
es. C
ount
yag
ricu
ltura
l age
nts
can
prov
ide
spec
ific
inst
ruct
ions
.38
.A
void
the
use
of p
ersi
sten
t pes
ticid
es. T
hese
incl
ude
the
chlo
rina
ted
hydr
ocar
bons
(al
drin
, die
ldri
n,en
drin
, hep
tach
lor,
chl
orda
ne, a
nd li
ndan
e) p
lus
com
mer
cial
com
poun
ds c
onta
inin
gar
seni
c, le
ad,
or m
ercu
ry.
121
39.
Buy
hel
pful
inse
cts-
-suc
h as
lady
bugs
, pra
ying
man
tises
, aph
is li
ons,
and
par
asiti
c w
asps
--to
con
-tr
ol d
estr
uctiv
e ga
rden
pes
ts. A
ll ar
e re
ason
ably
pri
ced.
40.
Car
eful
ly f
ollo
w d
irec
tions
for
gar
den
spra
ys.
41.
Use
org
anic
fer
tiliz
ers
(ava
ilabl
e fr
om y
our
nurs
ery)
und
er a
nd a
roun
d tr
ees
and
shru
bs.
42.
Stro
ng-s
mel
ling
herb
s, s
uch
as m
int,
sage
, and
bas
il, r
epel
inse
cts
and
help
kee
p do
wn
your
use
of p
estic
ides
.
RE
DU
CE
AIR
PO
LL
UT
ION
43.
Whe
n po
ssib
le, u
se m
ass
tran
sit s
yste
ms,
wal
k, r
ide
a bi
cycl
e, o
r fo
rm c
ar p
ools
to h
elp
redu
ceth
e nu
mbe
r of
car
s -
-a m
ajor
sou
rce
of a
ir p
ollu
tion
- -o
n th
e ro
ad.
44.
Kee
p yo
ur c
ar in
goo
d op
erat
ing
cond
ition
.45
.D
o no
t idl
e th
e ca
r un
nece
ssar
ily.
46.
Con
side
r bu
ying
a lo
w-h
orse
pow
er c
ar.
47.
Che
ck th
at y
our
car
is e
quip
ped
with
one
or
mor
e em
issi
on-c
ontr
ol u
nits
and
that
they
ope
rate
pro
perl
y.48
.U
se a
han
d m
ower
if y
our
law
n is
sm
all.
Pow
er m
ower
s em
it ga
s fu
mes
.49
.D
o no
t bur
n le
aves
.50
.N
ever
use
cha
rcoa
l ind
oors
. Whe
n bu
rned
, it r
elea
ses
pois
onou
s ga
ses.
)4.z
.51
.D
o no
t bur
n pl
astic
mat
eria
ls. S
ome
rele
ase
noxi
ous
gase
s w
hen
impr
oper
ly in
cine
rate
d.0'
)52
.D
o no
t use
coa
l, le
aves
, or
garb
age
in th
e fi
repl
ace.
RE
CY
CL
E P
APE
R, G
LA
SS, A
LU
MIN
UM
53.
Buy
pro
duct
s in
ret
urna
ble
bottl
es.
54.
Was
h an
d re
use
jars
and
jar
cove
rs f
or s
tori
ng a
nd f
reez
ing.
55.
Bri
ng n
onre
turn
able
bot
tles
and
jars
to r
ecla
mat
ion
cent
ers.
56.
Save
pap
er!:
Mak
e bu
ndle
s of
new
spap
ers
and
flat
ten
card
boar
d bo
xes.
Ask
env
iron
men
tal g
roup
sw
heth
er th
ere
is a
nea
rby
colle
ctio
n ce
nter
.57
.Sa
ve c
ans
for
recy
clin
g.58
.E
ncou
rage
man
ufac
ture
rs to
est
ablis
h re
cycl
ing
cent
ers.
59.
Enc
oura
ge m
oney
-rai
sing
pro
gram
s fo
r yo
ung
pers
ons
and/
or o
rgan
izat
ions
thro
ugh
colle
ctin
g ca
ns,
bottl
es, p
aper
, and
gla
ss f
or r
ecyc
ling.
60.
Be
will
ing
to p
urch
ase
and
use
recy
cled
pro
duct
s.
HE
LP
MA
KE
YO
UR
CO
MM
UN
ITY
BE
TT
ER
61.
Be
info
rmed
. Kno
w y
our
com
mun
ity's
law
s co
ncer
ning
pol
lutio
n co
ntro
l, zo
ning
, bui
ldin
g re
gula
tions
and
beau
tific
atio
n st
anda
rds.
122
62.
Wri
te to
per
tinen
t off
icia
ls a
bout
you
r co
ncer
n an
d as
k th
em w
hat t
hey
are
doin
g ab
out
envi
ronm
enta
lpr
oble
ms
that
inte
rest
you
. Fin
d ou
t how
you
can
hel
p.63
.H
elp
orga
nize
a n
eigh
borh
ood
citiz
en's
gro
up w
ith s
uppo
rt f
rom
loca
l env
iron
men
tal g
roup
s.64
.W
ork
with
exi
stin
g gr
oups
for
pol
lutio
n co
ntro
l.65
.E
ncou
rage
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d cl
ean-
up c
ampa
igns
.66
.Su
gges
t to
loca
l env
iron
men
tal g
roup
s th
at th
ey u
rge
mun
icip
aliti
es to
impr
ove
sew
age
trea
tmen
tan
d so
lid-w
aste
dis
posa
l fac
ilitie
s.67
.E
ncou
rage
inte
rest
ed y
oung
peo
ple
to c
onsi
der
care
ers
in th
e en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
fie
ld.
68.
Let
loca
l can
dida
tes
know
you
are
inte
rest
ed in
pol
lutio
n co
ntro
l and
ask
abo
ut th
eir
prog
ram
s.69
.B
ring
old
usa
ble
clot
hing
to th
rift
sho
ps f
or r
esal
e, o
r do
nate
it to
cha
rita
ble
orga
niza
tions
.70
.D
onat
e m
agaz
ines
and
pap
erba
cks
to h
ospi
tals
.71
.T
ry to
get
an
envi
ronm
enta
l she
lf e
stab
lishe
d in
loca
l and
sch
ool l
ibra
ries
.
USE
FE
WE
R D
ISPO
SAB
LE
WA
STE
S (A
vera
ge 1
800
lbs.
per
per
son
per
year
)
72.
Buy
ret
urna
ble
bottl
es in
stea
d of
pla
stic
- -
milk
and
dri
nks.
73.
Elim
inat
e as
man
y of
you
r pa
per
prod
ucts
as
poss
ible
.a.
Use
spo
nge
or c
loth
inst
ead
of p
aper
tow
els.
b.U
se w
asha
ble
diap
ers
--no
t dis
posa
ble
ones
.c.
Use
was
habl
e gl
asse
s an
d pl
ates
inst
ead
of d
ispo
sabl
e on
es.
d.U
se c
loth
nap
kins
inst
ead
of p
aper
one
s.74
.St
art a
com
post
for
fer
tiliz
er a
nd m
ulch
. Veg
etab
le s
crap
s -
leav
es -
gra
ss -
etc
.75
.R
euse
pap
er b
ags.
76.
Whe
n us
ing
tissu
e, p
aper
tow
els
and
napk
ins-
-use
whi
te, i
t det
erio
rate
s fa
ster
than
the
colo
red.
RE
CY
CL
E A
ND
RE
USE
MA
TE
RIA
LS
WH
ER
E P
OSS
IBL
E
77.
Save
all
glas
s. T
ake
to lo
cal c
olle
ctio
n po
int.
(Bre
vard
Rec
yclin
g C
ente
r, 4
40 R
ailr
oad
Ave
nue,
Coc
oa, F
lori
da.
Satu
rday
, 8:0
0 A
. M.
5:00
P. M
. )78
.Sa
ve a
ll al
umin
um c
ans.
(T
ake
to C
arro
ll D
istr
ibut
ing
Com
pany
, 256
Oliv
e St
reet
, Coc
oa.)
79.
Save
all
pape
r. (
Tak
e to
Eas
t Coa
st P
aper
, Sta
te U
. S. 1
. Coc
oa.)
CO
NSE
RV
AT
ION
AN
D O
UR
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
80.
Use
onl
y re
com
men
ded
amou
nt o
f de
terg
ent.
123
-101
p111
1
81.
Use
low
pho
spha
te d
eter
gent
s.82
.If
sof
t wat
er, u
se s
oap
or le
ss d
eter
gent
.83
.U
se b
akin
g so
da in
stea
d of
str
ong
com
mer
cial
cle
aner
.84
.R
euse
pla
stic
con
tain
ers.
85.
Reu
se f
oil a
nd d
ispo
sabl
e al
umin
um c
onta
iner
s un
til n
ot u
sabl
e an
d th
ensa
ve th
em f
or r
ecyc
ling.
86.
Use
onl
y ne
cess
ary
amou
nts
of f
ertil
izer
.87
.U
se o
nly
nece
ssar
y am
ount
s of
inse
ctic
ides
.88
.A
void
exc
essi
vely
pac
kage
d pr
oduc
ts.
89.
Wal
k or
rid
e a
bicy
cle
inst
ead
of d
rivi
ng w
hen
poss
ible
(im
prov
es h
ealth
, air
,an
d bu
dget
).90
.D
rive
less
--po
ol r
ides
; pla
n tr
ips
whe
n dr
ivin
g to
avo
idun
nece
ssar
y tr
ips
(car
s ca
use
60`c
of
air
pollu
tion)
.91
.K
eep
car
tune
d an
d m
uffl
ers
repa
ired
and
avo
id a
ccel
erat
ion
and
sudd
en s
tops
. Do
not l
et m
otor
idle
whi
le w
aitin
g fo
r so
meo
ne.
92.
Don
't sm
oke.
93.
Con
serv
e us
e of
ele
ctri
city
:a.
Was
h cl
othe
s on
ly w
hen
need
ed.
)--i
.b.
Run
dis
hwas
her
and
was
hing
mac
hine
onl
y w
ith f
ull l
oad.
NZ
..c.
Do
not l
eave
the
wat
er r
unni
ng w
hen
you
brus
h yo
ur te
eth.
00d.
Show
er -
wet
- tu
rn o
ff s
how
er-
soap
- r
inse
off
.e.
A tu
b ne
ed n
ot b
e fu
ll to
get
a g
ood
bath
.f
.D
on't
use
a fl
ush
toile
t to
disp
ose
of a
cig
aret
te b
utt,
each
cyc
leus
es a
bout
thre
e ga
llons
of w
ater
.g.
Hav
e fa
ucet
dri
ps a
nd o
ther
leak
s re
pair
ed p
rom
ptly
.h.
Lim
it ca
r w
ashi
ng-
-han
d w
ashi
ng ta
kes
less
wat
er.
i.
Kee
p a
pan
in th
e si
nk-
-muc
h w
ater
can
be
reus
ed f
or w
ater
ing
plan
ts.
94.
If e
very
per
son
in th
e ci
ty o
f O
rlan
dow
ere
to p
lace
a b
rick
in th
eir
toile
t tan
k--(
disp
laci
ng w
ater
and
usin
g le
ss to
flu
sh to
ilet)
then
30,
000
gallo
ns o
f w
ater
wou
ld b
e sa
ved
daily
.95
.Pl
ant a
tree
. Whi
le h
uman
s in
hale
oxy
gen
and
exha
le c
arbo
ndi
oxid
e, tr
ees
take
in c
arbo
n di
oxid
ean
d di
scha
rge
oxyg
en, g
reat
ly h
elpi
ng to
pur
ify
the
air.
Bre
varc
Cou
nty
Ext
ensi
on H
omem
aker
s C
ounc
il
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
9:
BO
CA
RA
TO
N (
UPI
)T
hree
smal
lci
ties
have
take
non
the
forc
esof
indu
stry
and
two
big
land
deve
lopm
ent
corp
orat
ions
in a
ttem
pt' t
o cu
re g
row
ing
pain
san
dpr
eser
veth
equ
ality
of
life
on F
lori
da's
Gol
d C
oast
.T
heb
attic
has
been
join
ed in
Ilo
ca R
aton
, Hol
-ly
woo
dan
dH
alla
ndal
e.T
he e
vent
ual o
utco
me
may
requ
ire
a la
nd m
ark
deci
-si
on f
rom
the
U.S
. Sup
rem
eC
ourt
and
set
a p
atte
rn f
orm
any
subu
rban
citi
es.
The
thre
e m
unic
ipal
ities
are
tryi
ngtw
odi
ffer
ent
appr
oach
es, b
ut th
e go
al I
sth
e sa
me:
Lim
it th
e nu
m-
ber
of r
esid
ents
in o
rder
tom
aint
ain
the
qual
ity o
f lif
e.
BO
CA
RA
TO
N h
as a
dopt
-ed
a c
ity c
hart
er to
lim
it to
40.0
00 th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
dwel
ling
units
with
inth
eci
ty's
limits
.H
olly
woo
dan
d H
aiia
nuat
e na
vepa
ssed
ord
inan
ces
to r
es-
tric
t the
pop
ulat
ion
dehs
itype
r ac
re.
Bot
h ap
proa
ches
con
fron
tth
eco
urts
with
furt
her
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
Fift
hA
men
dmen
tto
the
U.S
.C
onst
itutio
nw
hich
says
:
3 C
ities
Set
Gro
wth
Lim
its.
..
nor
shal
l pri
vate
prop
erty
be
take
n fo
r pu
b-lic
use
with
out j
ust
com
pens
atio
n."
Non
e of
the
thre
e ci
ties
plan
to c
onde
mn
disp
uted
land
and
pay
wha
t the
owne
rs th
ink
it's
wor
th. T
heci
ties
coul
dn't
affo
rd th
ehu
ndre
dsof
mill
ions
ofdo
llars
such
cond
emna
-tio
ns w
ould
cos
t.B
UT
AT
TH
E s
amt t
ime,
the
city
fat
hers
are
telli
ngth
e la
nd o
wne
rs th
ey c
an-
not d
evel
op th
e fu
ll po
ten-
tial t
hey
expe
cted
of
thei
rpr
oper
ty.
Hol
lyw
ood
and
Hal
lan-
dale
are
In
Bro
war
dC
oun-
ty, o
ne o
f th
e fa
stes
t gro
w-
ing
coun
ties
in th
e na
tion.
It
adds
mor
e th
an 4
1,00
0 ne
wre
side
nts
per
year
. Boc
aR
aton
is to
the
nort
h in
Palm
Bea
ch C
ount
y, w
here
the
mus
hroo
min
g gr
owth
issp
read
ing
ragi
dly.
At B
oca
Rat
on, R
icha
rdM
ayo
head
ed a
"C
itize
nsfo
rR
easo
nabl
eG
row
th"
mov
emen
t whi
ch s
uc-
cess
fully
petit
ione
dfo
ra
char
ter
refe
rend
um. I
tpa
ssed
7,7
22 to
5,6
26 v
otes
Nov
. 7.
Orl
ando
Sen
tinel
Febr
uary
20,
197
3
"PE
OPL
E W
AN
T T
Oke
ep B
oca
Rat
on a
low
dens
ityci
ty,"
May
o sa
id.
"Tha
t is
wha
t cau
sed
them
to c
ome
here
initi
ally
.".
Hal
land
ale
rece
ived
bad
new
sat
a re
cent
pub
liche
arin
g fr
om p
lann
ing
cons
ulta
ntW
alte
rSa
chs,
Phila
delp
hia.
"Thi
s co
mm
unity
isin
deed
at a
cro
ssro
ads
in it
sde
velo
pmen
t," S
achs
sai
d."I
f un
cont
rolle
d, w
e w
ould
pred
ict a
dec
ided
and
rap
idde
clin
ein
the
qual
ity o
flif
e in
this
com
mun
ity."
Hol
lyw
ood'
s co
mm
issi
on-
ers
wer
esl
appe
din
divi
dual
lyw
itha
$54
mill
ion
dam
age
suit
for
t r y
in g
to d
ampe
n th
epo
pula
tion
expl
osio
n.T
HE
SIT
UA
TIO
N in
the
thre
e ci
ties
at p
rese
nt:
BO
CA
RA
TO
NH
as a
popu
latio
n of
33,
000-
37,0
00pe
rson
sliv
ing
in14
,000
dwel
ling
units
built
on16
,000
of
the
city
's 4
4,00
0ac
res.
Cou
ncilm
an N
orm
anW
y m
b s
,fa
ther
ofth
e"g
row
th c
ap"
amen
dmen
t,sa
idth
eto
tal
of40
,000
125
dwel
lings
wou
ld li
mit
Boc
a R
aton
's p
opul
atio
n to
abou
t 105
,000
. Unr
estr
icte
d.he
sai
dIt
mig
ht g
o ov
er20
0,00
0.H
AL
LA
ND
AL
EO
nly
one
mile
wid
e an
d 2.
5 m
iles
Ilo
ng,
the
tow
n ha
s 2,
000
vaca
nt a
cres
left
. Con
sul-
tent
Sac
hs s
aid
if 2
0 un
itspe
r ac
re w
ere
perm
itted
on
the
vaca
nt p
rope
rty.
Hal
-la
ndal
ew
ould
win
dup
with
anav
erag
eof
SSpe
rson
s pe
r ac
re, w
hich
Is
"tw
o an
d a
half
tim
es th
ecu
rren
t den
sity
of
San
Fran
cisc
o,"
HO
LL
YW
OO
DO
nce
asm
all "
bedr
oom
con
unun
l-ty
" ly
ing
beiw
een
Mia
mi
to'
the
sout
h an
d Fo
rt L
aude
r-da
leto
the
nort
h,no
wha
s a
popu
latio
n of
102
.000
inits
roug
hly
six
-by
-six
mile
squa
rem
unic
ipal
ityst
retc
hing
bac
k fr
om th
eoc
ean.
Boc
a R
aton
's g
row
th la
wha
s be
en ta
ken
to f
eder
alco
urt o
nco
nstit
utio
nal
grou
nds
by th
e hu
ge A
rvid
aC
orp.
, Arv
ida
foun
ded
byth
ela
teA
rthu
rV
inin
gD
avis
, who
als
o fo
unde
dA
lcoa
, had
itspl
ans
for
deve
lopm
ent o
f U
nive
rsity
Park
sha
rply
res
tric
ted
byB
oca
Rat
on's
popu
latio
nth
rottl
e.
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
S
126
Cit
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.1
:L
ivin
g /N
o -L
ivin
g?
One
of
the
hard
est t
hing
s fo
r a
stud
ent t
o do
is to
dec
ide
wha
t is
cons
ider
ed b
iotic
or
abio
tic.
Ifbi
otic
is d
efin
ed a
s liv
ing
or r
ecen
tly li
ving
,it
mus
t be
dete
rmin
ed w
hat c
onst
itute
s lif
e.L
ife
invo
lves
ten
basi
c pr
oces
ses
that
are
inte
grat
ed in
to a
sin
gle
prod
uct,
that
of
Jivi
ng.
If a
nyof
thes
e fu
nctio
ns a
re a
bsen
t, th
en th
e ob
ject
bein
g in
vest
igat
ed is
not
aliv
e.T
he te
n el
emen
ts o
f lif
e ar
eas
fol
low
s:1.
Nut
ritio
n (f
ood
getti
ng)
6.A
ssi_
nila
tion
2.L
ocom
otio
n or
mot
ion
7.C
ircu
latio
n3.
Irri
tabi
lity
(sen
sitiv
ity)
8.Se
cret
ion
4.D
iges
tion
9.E
xcre
tion
5.A
bsor
btio
n10
.R
epro
duct
ion
Thi
s is
an
all i
nclu
sive
list
of
elem
ents
. Oth
er s
cien
tists
use
lists
of
vary
ing
size
but
mos
t pla
cetw
o or
thre
e of
thes
e ba
sic
elem
ents
into
oth
er e
ncom
pass
ing
cate
gori
es.
127
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.2:
Eva
luat
ing
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
a sa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
e ou
tcom
e of
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
tof
stu
dy, w
e su
gges
t the
use
of
the
follo
win
g pr
oces
s fo
r ch
ecki
ng th
e re
sults
of
grou
ps in
vest
igat
ing
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
is p
ract
ical
to d
o so
.I.
At t
he e
nd o
f th
e st
udy
of e
ach
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, th
ere
will
be
an e
xerc
ise
in th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es c
olum
n en
title
d C
heck
I. Q
.A
t thi
s po
int h
ave
each
indi
vidu
al w
ithin
a s
mal
lgr
oup
wri
te o
ut w
hat h
e th
inks
is th
e an
swer
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
by
filli
ng o
ut th
eup
per
half
of
the
I. Q
. (In
quir
y Q
uest
ion)
Che
ck in
Stu
dent
Com
men
t No.
1, P
age
48.
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
I. Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
l gro
up f
or g
radi
ng.
i3.
Cla
ss m
embe
rs w
ill:
a.H
ave
in f
ront
of
them
a c
opy
of c
lass
con
clus
ion
for
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nar
rive
d at
dur
ing
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
b.D
ecid
e ho
w m
any
tota
l gra
de-p
oint
s sh
ould
be
poss
ible
for
the
prop
er r
espo
nse
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
4.E
ach
smal
l gro
up w
ill c
ompa
re th
e an
swer
she
et h
ande
d it
with
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n an
dth
en f
ill o
ut th
at lo
wer
hal
f of
the
I. Q
. Che
ck f
orm
. Exp
erie
nce
has
show
n th
at m
ore
hone
st a
nd s
erio
us e
valu
atio
ns a
re m
ade
whe
n st
uden
ts d
o no
t kno
w w
ho is
che
ckin
gw
hose
pap
er. T
he n
ame
of th
e ch
ecke
r on
the
I. Q
. Che
ck f
orm
is f
or th
e te
ache
r on
ly.
5.R
etur
n I.
Q. C
heck
s to
teac
her
who
may
rev
eal s
core
s to
stu
dent
s.
If th
is m
etho
d of
eva
luat
ion
is e
mpl
oyed
, it w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
stu
dent
s to
rem
ain
in th
esa
me
smal
l gro
up u
ntil
com
plet
ion
is m
ade
of a
ll in
vest
igat
ions
for
any
one
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n.
128
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.3:
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Eva
luat
ion
The
fol
low
ing
chec
klis
t is
offe
red
as a
n ex
ampl
e of
a d
evic
e w
hich
may
be
used
to le
nd a
deg
ree
of o
bjec
tivity
to e
valu
atin
g st
uden
t par
ticip
atio
n in
'Cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns. T
he te
ache
r m
ay in
volv
e st
uden
tsin
the
eval
uativ
e pr
oces
s by
dev
isin
g a
rota
tion
syst
em w
here
by tw
o or
thre
e st
uden
ts w
ould
eva
luat
e cl
ass
mem
bers
dur
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
per
iods
.W
hen
eval
uatin
g st
uden
t com
men
ts in
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n co
nsid
er th
e fo
llow
ing
item
s:a.
Qua
ntity
of
stud
ent c
ontr
ibut
ion.
b.C
onte
nt o
f st
uden
t's r
emar
ks a
s th
ese
indi
cate
kno
wle
dge
of to
pic,
cri
tical
and
/or
inno
vativ
e th
inki
ngby
stu
dent
c.R
elev
ance
of
stud
ent's
rem
arks
to s
ubje
ct u
nder
con
side
ratio
n.d.
Cla
rity
of
expr
essi
on a
nd p
rese
ntat
ion
by s
tude
nt.
1-4
Bas
ed o
n th
e fo
ur c
onsi
dera
tions
abo
ve, p
oint
s sh
ould
be
awar
ded
on a
fiv
e po
int r
atin
g sc
ale:
Cat
5 po
ints
-exc
elle
nt4
poin
ts-a
bove
ave
rage
3 po
ints
-ave
rage
2 po
ints
-bel
ow a
vera
ge1
poin
t-po
orSe
para
te p
oint
s sh
ould
be
give
n fo
r ea
ch c
omm
ent m
ade
by a
stu
dent
and
rec
orde
d in
the
appr
o-pr
iate
col
umn
in th
e sa
mpl
e E
valu
atio
n Sh
eet f
or L
arge
Gro
up D
iscu
ssio
n be
low
:el
171
reva
luat
ion
Shee
t 'or
Lar
ge c
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
NA
ME
POIN
TS
TO
TA
L'
1.Sa
m S
unsh
ine
4, 3
, 4,
213
2.M
ary
Mus
hroo
m1,
5,
28
3.Fr
ed F
rog
3, 3
,2,
19
129
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 4:
Des
crip
tions
of
a C
ity
Flor
ida
Stat
utes
165
.02
- D
istin
ctio
n of
Citi
es a
nd T
owns
Whe
neve
r an
y m
unic
ipal
gov
ernm
ent i
s es
tabl
ishe
d an
d it
shal
l app
ear
that
ther
ear
e 30
0 re
gist
ered
vote
rs w
ithin
the
limits
to b
e de
sign
ated
, it i
s in
corp
orat
ed a
nd d
esig
nate
d as
a c
ity, e
ntitl
ed to
pri
vile
ges
of a
city
.A
ll m
unic
ipal
gov
ernm
ents
hav
ing
a le
ss n
umbe
r of
vot
ers
than
thos
e na
med
abo
vear
e de
sign
ated
and
decl
ared
inco
rpor
ated
tow
ns, e
ntitl
ed to
pri
vile
ges
of in
corp
orat
ed to
wns
.
U. S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau
- U
rban
Are
asA
ccor
ding
to th
e 19
70 c
ensu
s de
fini
tion,
the
urba
n po
pula
tion
com
pris
es a
llpe
rson
s in
(a)
pla
ces
of2,
500
inha
bita
nts
or m
ore
inco
rpor
ated
as
citie
s, v
illag
es, b
orou
ghs
(exc
ept A
lask
a), a
nd to
wns
(ex
cept
1,t"
iC
Y1
New
Eng
land
, New
Yor
k, a
nd W
isco
nsin
), b
ut e
xclu
ding
per
sons
livi
ng in
the
rura
l por
tions
of
exte
nded
4...
citie
s; (
b) u
ninc
orpo
rate
d pl
aces
of
2,50
0 in
habi
tant
s or
mor
e; a
nd (
c) o
ther
terr
itory
, inc
orpo
rate
dor
un-
inco
rpor
ated
, inc
lude
d in
urb
aniz
ed a
reas
.
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
- D
emog
raph
ic Y
earb
ook
- 19
71 -
p. 2
3A
City
pro
per
is a
larg
e lo
calit
y of
lega
lly f
ixed
bou
ndar
ies
and
an a
dmin
istr
ativ
ely
reco
gniz
edur
ban
stat
us w
hich
is u
sual
ly c
hara
cter
ized
by
som
e fo
rm o
f lo
cal g
over
nmen
t.T
he u
rban
agg
lom
erat
ion
has
been
def
ined
as
com
pris
ing
the
city
prop
er a
nd a
lso
the
subu
rban
frin
ge o
r th
ickl
y se
ttled
terr
itory
lyin
g ou
tsid
e of
, but
adj
acen
t to,
the
city
bou
ndar
ies.
130
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 5:
Eva
luat
ion
Form
for
Vis
uals
Four
are
as f
or th
e ev
alua
tion
of v
isua
ls a
re s
ugge
sted
. Eac
h ar
ea s
houl
d be
rat
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
scal
e: 5
poi
nts
- ex
celle
nt; 4
poi
nts
- ab
ove
aver
age;
3 p
oint
s -
aver
age;
2 p
oint
s -
belo
w a
vera
ge; 1
poi
nt -
poor
.N
ote:
Par
t 4, C
lari
ty, h
as f
our
sub-
area
s w
hich
com
bine
to m
ake
the
tota
l val
ue f
or P
art 4
.
Stud
ent's
Nam
eT
itle
or T
opic
POIN
TS
AR
EA
OF
EV
AL
UA
TIO
N
1. A
PPR
OPR
IAT
EN
ESS
If th
e st
uden
t has
had
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
sel
ect e
ither
the
topi
c or
met
hod
of h
is p
rese
ntat
ion,
isth
e ch
oice
of
eith
er o
r bo
th a
ppro
pria
te to
the
assi
gnm
ent?
2. A
CC
UR
AC
YA
re th
e fa
cts
used
in th
e pr
esen
tatio
n ac
cura
te?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e in
accu
racy
?
3. C
OM
PLE
TE
NE
SSD
oes
the
pres
enta
tion
repr
esen
t a c
ompl
ete
stat
emen
t or
cove
rage
of
the
subj
ect (
is th
ere
mat
eria
lor
fac
ts o
mitt
ed w
hich
mak
es th
e pr
esen
tatio
n m
isle
adin
g)?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e pr
esen
tatio
nla
ckin
g?ti
4. C
LA
RIT
YIs
the
pres
enta
tion
clea
r to
the
view
er ?
a.Is
the
view
er r
eadi
ly a
ble
to d
eter
min
e th
e po
int o
r m
essa
ge c
onta
ined
in th
epr
esen
tatio
n?b.
Is th
e pr
esen
tatio
n fr
ee f
rom
unn
eces
sary
dis
trac
tions
? (p
ictu
res,
dra
win
gs, e
tc.
whi
ch d
o no
t con
trib
ute
to th
e pu
rpos
e?c.
Are
the
colo
rs a
nd s
izes
of
lines
, bar
s, a
nd/o
r pi
ctur
es s
uita
ble?
d.In
the
case
of
a co
llage
or
draw
ing,
is th
e fo
cal p
oint
cle
arly
det
erm
ined
?
CO
MM
EN
TS:
(Tot
al P
oint
s)
131
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.6:
Eva
luat
ion
Form
For
Ora
l Rep
ort
(To
be f
illed
in b
y st
uden
ts a
nd/o
r te
ache
r)
Subj
ect o
f R
epor
tSt
uden
tre
port
ing
I. K
now
ledg
e of
sub
ject
mat
ter
and/
or w
hat
way
que
stio
ns w
ere
answ
ered
.a.
Exc
elle
nt (
5 po
ints
)d.
Poo
r (1
poi
nt)
b. G
ood
(4 p
oint
s)c.
Fai
r (3
poi
nts)
Poin
ts E
arne
d
II. P
rese
ntat
ion
of m
ater
ial b
y us
ing
audi
o/vi
sual
aid
s. E
valu
ate
each
aid
used
fro
m 0
--5
poin
ts.
a. C
hart
sb.
Map
sc.
Gra
phs
d. G
uest
Spe
aker
e. S
lides
f. F
ilms
g. F
ilmst
rips
h. T
able
Dis
play
i. St
udy
Gui
des
1j.
Puzz
les/
Gam
esk.
Ski
ts1.
Oth
erPo
ints
Ear
ned
III.
Equ
ipm
ent u
sed
in p
rese
ntat
ion.
Eva
luat
e ea
ch a
id u
sed
from
0--
5po
ints
.a.
Opa
que
Proj
ecto
rb.
Film
stri
p Pr
ojec
tor
c. O
verh
ead
Proj
ecto
rd.
Film
Pro
ject
ore.
Glo
bef .
Cha
lkbo
ard
Poin
ts E
arne
dIV
. Spe
aker
's a
ttitu
de to
war
dslis
tene
rs, t
one,
and
qua
lity
of v
oice
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
. Eva
luat
eas
#1.
a. E
xcel
lent
d. P
oor
b. G
ood
c. F
air
Poin
ts E
arne
d
V. E
valu
atio
n of
the
part
icip
atio
nof
the
mem
be-r
s of
the
grou
ps. (
Use
whe
re a
pplic
able
)a.
Exc
elle
ntd.
Poo
rb.
Goo
d 132
c. F
air
Poin
ts E
arne
dT
otal
Poi
nts
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.7:
Lar
gest
Citi
es o
f th
e W
orld
Exa
ct r
atin
g of
the
citie
s of
the
wor
ld a
ccor
ding
to s
ize
is im
poss
ible
bec
ause
of
the
dive
rsity
of show
n
the
way
s in
whi
ch c
ensu
s or
est
imat
ed p
opul
atio
nin
this
cha
rt m
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
onl
y ap
prox
imat
e.
City
and
cou
ntry
Popu
latio
n Y
ear
figu
res
have
bee
n is
sued
. The
refo
re, t
he r
atin
g
City
and
cou
ntry
Popu
latio
nY
ear
1.T
okyo
, Jap
an9,
005,
000
1969
11.
Seou
l, So
uth
Kor
ea3,
794,
959
1966
2.N
ew Y
ork,
N. Y
. , U
. S. A
.7,
895,
563
1970
12.
Del
hi, I
ndia
3,72
2,45
1'1
970
3.L
ondo
n (G
reat
er),
Eng
land
7,70
3,40
019
6913
.B
ueno
s A
ires
, Arg
entin
a3,
600,
000
1970
4.M
osco
w, U
. S. S
. R.
6,94
2,00
019
7014
.L
enin
grad
, U. S
. S. R
.3,
513,
000
1970
5.Sh
angh
ai, C
hina
6,90
0,00
019
5715
.C
hica
go, I
ll, U
.S.A
.3,
366,
957
1970
6.B
omba
y, I
ndia
5,70
0,35
819
7016
.T
ient
sin,
Chi
na3,
220,
000
1957
7.Sa
o Pa
ulo,
Bra
zil
5,68
4,70
619
6817
.B
erlin
, Ger
man
y3,
214,
766
1971
8.C
airo
, Egy
pt4,
961,
000
1970
18.
Cal
cutta
, Ind
ia3,
158,
838
1970
9.R
io d
e Ja
neir
o, B
razi
l4,
207,
322
1968
19.
Mex
ico
City
, Mex
ico
3,02
5,56
419
70
10.
Peki
ng, C
hina
4,01
0,00
019
5720
.O
saka
, Jap
an3,
018,
000
19 6
9
1973
Inf
orm
atio
n Pl
ease
Alm
anac
, Atla
s, a
nd Y
earb
ook,
p.3
10.
133
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 8:
Air
Pol
utio
n: C
ause
s, C
osts
and
Con
trol
s
Any
one
who
has
take
n a
good
dee
p br
eath
of
city
air
rec
ently
will
rea
dily
atte
st to
the
fact
that
air
pol
lutio
n is
ase
riou
s pr
oble
m in
this
cou
ntry
toda
y. A
lthou
gh it
may
be
sim
ple
to o
bser
ve a
ir p
ollu
tion,
it is
nei
ther
sim
ple
toun
ders
tand
the
prob
lem
, nor
to s
olve
it.
Thi
s ar
ticle
pro
vide
s a
surv
ey o
f th
e m
ajor
sou
rces
of
air
pollu
tion,
itsef
fect
s --
phy
sica
ls, p
sych
olog
ical
and
eco
nom
ic -
- an
d po
ssib
le s
olut
ions
.A
ir is
fre
e.E
cono
mis
ts h
ave
long
exp
lain
ed th
is o
n th
e ba
sis
of th
e fa
ct th
at th
ere
is m
ore
of it
ava
ilabl
e th
anco
uld
poss
ibly
be
sold
at a
ny f
inite
pri
ce.
Now
aday
s, h
owev
er, t
he c
lass
ic e
cono
mic
arg
umen
t may
not
hol
d w
ater
(air
?). A
s a
mat
ter
of f
act,
if s
omeo
ne c
ould
gua
rant
ee a
per
petu
al p
ocke
t of
clea
n ai
r ar
ound
urb
an o
r su
burb
andw
ellin
gs, t
here
wou
ld p
roba
bly
be a
goo
d m
any
buye
rs.
Of
cour
se, a
ir is
NO
T a
com
mod
ity w
hich
can
be
thus
mar
kete
d, b
ut a
ir p
ollu
tion
mig
ht c
once
ivab
ly b
e le
ss o
f a
prob
lem
if a
ir c
ould
be
trea
ted
in th
is m
anne
r. H
ypo-
thet
ical
ly, t
hen,
indi
vidu
als
wou
ld b
e ch
arge
d an
app
ropr
iate
pri
ce f
or b
reat
hing
, pre
sum
ably
bas
ed o
n th
eir
lung
capa
city
and
res
pira
tion
rate
, and
pos
sibl
y be
ass
esse
d fi
nes
for
retu
rnin
g th
e ai
r to
the
atm
osph
ere
lade
n w
ithrs
ciga
rette
sm
oke.
Mor
e im
port
antly
, a p
arty
wis
hing
to u
se th
e ai
r as
a m
ediu
m f
or d
ispe
rsal
and
dis
posa
l of
CFI
gase
ous
was
tes
(e. g
. , a
n in
dust
rial
pla
nt )
wou
ld h
ave
to p
ay f
or th
e pr
ivile
ge o
f so
doi
ng, w
ith th
e am
ount
of
pay-
men
t var
ying
with
the
degr
ee o
f co
ntam
inat
ion.
Whi
le th
e id
ea o
f in
divi
dual
s pl
acin
g co
ins
in v
endi
ng m
achi
nes
toob
tain
a w
hiff
of
clea
n ai
r is
inhe
rent
ly a
bsur
d, th
e co
ncep
t of
requ
irin
g in
dust
ries
to p
ay f
or r
educ
ing
the
usef
ul-
ness
of
the
atm
osph
ere
for
othe
r pu
rpos
es (
such
as
brea
thin
g) h
as c
onsi
dera
ble
prom
ise
as a
pre
vent
ativ
e m
easu
re.
Thi
s w
ill b
e di
scus
sed
in f
urth
er d
etai
l lat
er. T
he A
tmos
pher
e: A
n U
nlim
ited
Oce
an?
Not
too
long
ago
, the
atm
osph
ere
was
gen
eral
ly c
once
ived
to b
e a
vast
, vir
tual
ly in
exha
ustib
le r
eser
voir
of
air,
just
as
the
ocea
ns a
re r
eser
voir
s of
wat
er.
Tod
ay, h
owev
er, a
mer
e so
phis
ticat
ed e
colo
gica
l con
cept
of
the
atm
os-
kph
ere
is e
mer
ging
;,..;;
Unl
ike
wat
er, w
hich
is r
emov
ed f
rom
the
ocea
n as
vap
or a
nd r
etiir
nelc
agai
n as
rai
n"or
run
off
from
the
cont
inen
ts b
ut n
ever
cha
nges
its
basi
c ch
emic
al f
orm
, the
life
-sus
tain
ing
oxyg
en in
the
atm
osph
ere
is a
high
ly r
eact
ive
subs
tanc
e w
hich
com
bine
s w
ith m
any
othe
r el
emen
ts to
for
m n
ew c
ompo
unds
kno
wn
as o
xide
s.B
y
far
the
mos
t of
com
mon
of
the
oxid
es is
car
bon
diox
ide
(CO
2), w
hich
is f
orm
ed in
nat
ure
by th
e m
etab
olic
proc
esse
s
134
of a
nim
als,
rel
ease
d in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e an
d th
en u
sed
by g
reen
plan
ts to
man
ufac
ture
foo
d th
roug
h ph
otos
ynth
esis
.
Dur
ing
the
phot
osyn
thet
ic r
eact
ion,
oxy
gen
is r
elea
sed
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
As
a re
sult,
an
atm
osph
eric
equ
ilibr
ium
betw
een
oxyg
en a
nd c
arbo
n di
oxid
e is
mai
ntai
ned.
Unt
il m
an e
nter
s th
e pi
ctur
e, th
at is
.C
ivili
zatio
n ha
s di
srup
ted
the
oxyg
en-c
arbo
n-di
oxid
e cy
cle
in m
any
way
s.Pr
obab
ly th
e m
ost s
igni
fica
nt is
the
com
bust
ion
of f
ossi
l fue
ls s
uch
as c
oal,
petr
oleu
m a
nd n
atur
al g
as, w
hich
con
sum
e ox
ygen
and
rele
ase
extr
a am
ount
s of
car
bon
diox
ide
at a
pro
-
digi
ous
rate
.In
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es in
196
5 so
me
1. 3
bill
ion
tons
of
foss
il fu
els
wer
eco
nsum
ed f
or a
ll pu
rpos
es, c
om-
bini
ng w
ith 2
.74
billi
on to
ns o
f at
mos
pher
ic o
xyge
n to
pro
duce
3.7
7 bi
llion
tons
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e, n
ot to
men
tion
enor
mou
s to
nnag
es o
f ot
her
by-p
rodu
cts,
mos
t of
them
unw
elco
me.
It h
as b
een
estim
ated
that
in N
orth
Am
eric
a th
e
cons
umpt
ion
of a
tmos
pher
ic o
xyge
n in
the
proc
ess
of b
urni
ng f
uels
is a
bout
10 ti
mes
gre
ater
than
the
tota
l con
sum
p-
tion
of o
xyge
n by
all
hum
an b
eing
s an
d an
imal
s on
the
cont
inen
t, an
dth
e co
rres
pond
ing
prod
uctio
n of
car
bon
diox
ide
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 7.
5 ti
mes
as
grea
t.T
here
are
oth
er m
an-c
ause
d fa
ctor
s w
hich
dep
lete
the
atm
osph
ere
of o
xyge
n.E
rosi
on, d
efor
esta
tion
and
defo
liatio
n of
larg
e st
retc
hes
ofco
untr
y-si
de r
educ
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
gre
en p
lant
s w
hich
add
oxyg
en to
the
air.
The
sam
e ef
fect
is a
chie
ved
by p
low
ing
gras
slan
ds f
or c
rops
, bec
ause
the
land
is le
ft b
are
for
part
of
the
year
; and
by
the
cont
inua
l pav
ing
of w
hat w
as o
nce
gras
slan
ds o
r fo
rest
s.T
here
is e
vide
nce
that
wat
ex p
ollu
tion
can
redu
ce th
e pr
oduc
tion
of o
xyge
n-ge
nera
ting
phyt
opla
nkto
n (a
lgae
) in
coa
stal
wat
ers.
On
the
othe
r
hand
, fer
tiliz
atio
n of
sur
face
wat
ers
by o
rgan
ic w
aste
s m
ay in
crea
seal
gae
grow
th.
It is
als
o po
ssib
le th
at in
crea
sed
leve
ls o
f ca
rbon
dio
xide
in th
e at
mos
pher
e ac
tual
ly s
timul
ate
phot
osyn
thes
is a
nd th
us te
nd to
be
self
-reg
ulat
ing.
Al-
thou
gh th
e ec
olog
y of
the
atm
osph
ere
is to
o yo
ung
a sc
ienc
e to
hav
ees
tabl
ishe
d ha
rd-a
nd-f
ast p
rinc
iple
s it
has
de-
term
ined
that
"...
the
atm
osph
ere
is c
lear
ly a
fin
ite a
nd e
xtre
mel
y va
luab
le r
esou
rce
whi
ch is
pro
babl
y be
ing
used
up o
r de
grad
ed c
onsi
dera
bly
fast
er th
an it
isbe
ing
rege
nera
ted.
It is
har
dly
the
unlim
ited
rese
rvoi
r it
was
gen
eral
ly
imag
ed to
be
as r
ecen
tly a
s a
deca
de o
r tw
o ag
o. "
Sinc
e th
e at
mos
pher
e m
ust b
e re
gard
ed a
s fi
nite
, rat
her
than
infi
nite
, it f
ollo
ws
that
dif
fere
nt u
ses
of it
may
not
be c
ompa
tible
. And
sin
ce th
e us
e of
the
atm
osph
ere
is n
ot c
ontr
olle
dby
a c
ompe
titiv
e m
arke
t but
is a
vaila
ble
to a
ll
in u
nlim
ited
quan
titie
s an
d at
no
char
ge, i
t is
beco
min
g in
crea
sing
ly a
ppar
entt
hat t
he p
rim
ary
use
of th
is r
esou
rce
--
to s
uppo
rt a
nim
al li
fe -
- is
bei
ng je
opar
dize
d by
sec
onda
ry in
tere
sts
such
as
indu
stry
and
tran
spor
tatio
n, w
hich
use
it as
a s
ink
for
the
by-p
rodu
cts
of c
ombu
stio
n. T
he c
onfl
ictin
g de
man
ds w
epl
ace
on o
ur a
tmos
pher
e ar
e be
gini
ng to
135
exce
ed it
s ca
pabi
litie
s to
sat
isfy
all
need
s. A
s a
resu
lt, w
e m
ay s
oon
be f
aced
with
som
e ve
ry b
asic
cho
ices
.
Foss
il Fu
els
Cau
se P
ollu
tion
Bef
ore
we
can
mak
e go
od d
ecis
ions
, how
ever
, we
mus
t be
fully
info
rmed
abo
ut th
e ca
uses
and
eff
ects
of
the
prob
lem
. The
mos
t im
port
ant s
ourc
e of
air
pol
lutio
n is
ene
rgy
conv
ersi
on, e
spec
ially
in th
e co
mbu
stio
n of
fos
sil
fuel
s.T
he f
our
maj
or f
uel c
onsu
mer
s ar
e th
e el
ectr
ical
util
ities
, tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
indu
stry
and
hou
seho
lds
and
com
mer
cial
est
ablis
hmen
ts. T
he m
ajor
pri
mar
y fu
els
utili
zed
are
coal
, pet
role
um a
nd n
atur
al g
as; e
lect
rica
len
ergy
bec
omes
the
maj
or s
econ
dary
fue
l for
the
othe
r us
ers.
The
tabl
e be
low
sum
mar
izes
the
fuel
req
uire
men
tsof
eac
h of
the
maj
or c
onsu
mer
s.
Sour
ces
of E
nerg
y U
sed
by V
ario
us S
ecto
rs (
1966
)(i
n pe
rcen
ts)
Util
ityT
rans
-po
rtat
ion
Indu
stry
Hou
seho
lds
and
Com
mer
cial
Coa
l55
29.4
0.4
Petr
oleu
m6
99.8
522
.838
. 8
Nat
ural
gas
2239
.342
. 8
Util
ity e
lect
rici
tya
0.15
8...5
,14
.4
Oth
er17
3. 6
100
100.
Go
100.
010
0. 0
aN
ot a
pplic
able
.
136
As
the
char
t sho
ws,
all
thre
e m
ajor
fos
sil f
uels
are
use
d in
the
prod
uctio
n of
ele
ctri
cal p
oweI
. Nuc
lear
and
hydr
oele
ctri
c in
stal
latio
ns c
ompr
ise
the
maj
ority
of
the
"OT
HE
R"
cate
gory
. The
key
fac
tor
in d
eter
min
ing
whi
chfu
el is
use
d in
a g
iven
loca
tion
is th
e co
st p
er B
ritis
h T
herm
al U
nit (
BT
U).
Nat
ural
gas
is d
omin
ant'
in th
e w
est
and
sout
hwes
t nea
r th
e m
ajor
gas
wel
ls.
Wat
er p
ower
is u
sed
in th
e no
rthw
est w
here
it is
abu
ndan
t.R
esid
ual o
ilim
port
ed f
rom
Ven
ezue
la is
use
d in
man
y po
wer
pla
nts
alon
g th
e G
ulf
and
Sout
heas
t coa
sts.
Coa
l is
the
prim
ary
fuel
sou
rce
in th
e m
idw
est a
nd e
ast,
and
is u
sed
to s
ome
exte
nt in
oth
er a
reas
as
wel
l.A
s of
196
6, m
ore
than
hal
f ou
r el
ectr
ic p
ower
cam
e fr
om th
e bu
rnin
g of
coa
l.W
ater
pow
er is
adv
anta
geou
s in
that
it d
oes
not c
ause
pol
lutio
n, b
ut th
e ec
olog
ical
con
sequ
ence
s of
inst
allin
g da
ms
can
be f
ar-r
each
ing.
Nat
ural
gas
is c
ompa
rativ
ely
clea
n, p
rodu
cing
few
unw
ante
d em
issi
ons
othe
r th
an c
arbo
n di
oxid
e, b
ut it
is r
elat
ivel
y ex
-pe
nsiv
e in
the
popu
late
d N
orth
east
ern
and
Mid
dle
Atla
ntic
sta
tes
whi
ch a
re f
ar r
emov
ed f
rom
the
prim
ary
sour
ces.
Nuc
lear
pow
er d
oes
not n
orm
ally
cau
se m
uch
air
pollu
tion,
but
it is
a m
ajor
cau
se o
f th
erm
al p
ollu
tion
to w
ater
-r-
rkw
ays,
and
is a
lso
a po
tent
ial s
ourc
e of
con
tam
inat
ion
from
rad
iatio
n.R
esid
ual o
il is
rel
ativ
ely
inex
pens
ive
near
= 1.a
the
sour
ce, b
ut s
uppl
ies
are
dwin
dlin
g.C
oal i
s fa
irly
abu
ndan
t and
che
ap, b
ut it
is o
ften
obt
aine
d th
roug
h st
rip-
min
ing,
whi
ch w
reak
s ha
voc
with
the
envi
ronm
ent.
A m
ajor
pro
blem
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
utili
zatio
n of
bot
h co
al a
ndpe
trol
eum
by
the
utili
ty in
dust
ry is
the
fact
that
thes
e fu
els
norm
ally
con
tain
a c
onsi
dera
ble
amou
nt o
f su
lfur
(ab
out
2. 5
%)
as a
n im
puri
ty. D
urin
g co
mbu
stio
n, s
ulfu
r is
con
vert
ed to
sul
fur
diox
ide
(SO
2) a
nd s
ulfu
r tr
ioxi
de (
SO3)
, tw
oof
the
mos
t dan
gero
us a
ir p
ollu
tant
s. T
he s
ulfu
r ox
ides
are
in th
emse
lves
toxi
c su
bsta
nces
, and
they
com
bine
with
wat
er to
for
m s
ulfu
rous
and
sul
furi
c ac
id (
H2S0
3 an
d H
2SO
4' r
espe
ctiv
ely)
. The
se a
cids
are
hig
hly
irri
tatin
g to
the
lung
s an
d br
onch
ial p
assa
ges,
and
are
als
o de
stru
ctiv
e to
pla
nts,
pai
nted
sur
face
s, b
are
met
al a
nd s
tone
.E
lect
ric
utili
ties
prod
uced
app
roxi
mat
ely
13. 6
mill
ion
tons
of
sulf
ur o
xide
s in
196
5. T
hey
also
gen
erat
ed a
n es
timat
ed 3
.7m
illio
n to
ns o
f ni
trog
en o
xide
s, 2
.5 m
illio
n to
ns o
f ca
rbon
mon
oxid
e (C
O),
and
2. 4
mill
ion
tons
of
part
icul
ates
(so
ot).
Go
Now
, Pay
Lat
er
A q
uick
gla
nce
at th
e ch
art t
ells
you
wha
t you
alr
eady
kno
w a
bout
tran
spor
tatio
n--
mos
t of
it de
pend
s on
pet
role
umpr
oduc
ts.
Thi
s is
bec
ause
of
the
ease
of
stor
age
and
hand
ling
of li
quid
fue
ls.
Sulf
ur d
ioxi
de is
not
a m
ajor
pro
blem
in
137
the
emis
sion
s of
mot
or v
ehic
les,
how
ever
, bec
ause
90%
of
the
fuel
use
d is
gas
olin
e (f
or a
utom
obile
s an
d sm
all
truc
ks),
and
the
rest
is je
t fue
l (si
mila
r to
ker
osen
e) a
nd d
iese
l oil
(for
larg
e tr
ucks
).A
ll th
ese
fuel
s ar
e di
s-til
late
s, p
rodu
ced
in r
efin
ery
proc
esse
s w
hich
elim
inat
e su
ch im
puri
ties
as s
ulfu
r. A
new
sub
stan
ce is
oft
enad
ded,
how
ever
--
tetr
aeth
yl le
ad.
The
pur
pose
of
delib
erat
ely
blen
ding
this
sub
stan
ce w
ith g
asol
ine
is to
re-
+du
ce e
ngin
e kn
ocki
ng b
y in
crea
sing
the
"oct
ane
num
ber.
" A
lthou
gh th
e qu
antit
y pe
r ga
llon
is e
xtre
mel
y sm
all,
on a
nat
iona
l bas
is th
is a
mou
nts
to 2
00,0
00 to
ns o
f le
ad p
er y
ear
(one
-six
th th
e na
tion'
s le
adpr
oduc
tion)
, nea
rly
all o
f w
hich
end
s up
as
very
fin
e pa
rtic
les
in a
utom
otiv
e ex
haus
t whi
ch is
dis
pers
ed in
to th
e ai
r.Fu
ll st
udie
sof
the
ecol
ogic
al e
ffec
ts o
f su
ch e
mis
sion
s up
on p
lant
s an
d an
imal
s ha
ve n
ot y
et b
een
deve
lope
d, b
ut it
mus
t be
accu
mul
atin
g so
mew
here
. An
even
mor
e im
port
ant p
robl
em a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
,ho
wev
er, i
s in
com
plet
e co
mbu
stio
n. A
s m
uch
as 1
0% o
f th
e fu
el is
was
ted
and
diss
ipat
ed in
to th
e at
mos
pher
eei
ther
unb
urne
d or
par
tially
bur
ned.
The
mos
t ser
ious
eff
ect o
f in
com
plet
e co
mbu
stio
n is
the
prod
uctio
n of
enor
mou
s qu
antit
ies
of c
arbo
n m
onox
ide.
An
estim
ated
10
mill
ion
tons
of
this
dea
dly
gas
wer
ere
leas
ed in
toth
e at
mos
pher
e ov
er th
e U
nite
d St
ates
in 1
965.
If it
wer
e no
t for
the
disp
ersi
ng e
ffec
ts o
f w
inds
and
the
even
tual
oxid
atio
n of
car
bon
mon
oxid
e in
to n
on-t
oxic
car
bon
diox
ide,
the
conc
entr
atio
n of
car
bon
mon
oxid
e in
traf
fic-
1-4
fille
d ci
ties
wou
ld r
apid
ly p
ass
the
leth
al le
vel o
f 20
0 pa
rts
per
mill
ion
(7-4
3m),
or
0:02
%.
Eve
n no
w, p
eak
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f up
to 1
40 p
pm h
ave
been
obs
erve
d ov
er c
ity s
tree
ts d
urin
g pe
riod
s of
hea
vy tr
affi
c ...
obvi
ousl
yto
o cl
ose
for
com
fort
.M
oreo
ver,
leve
ls o
f on
ly 4
0 pp
m a
re th
ough
t to
be e
noug
h to
impa
ir b
oth
phys
ical
and
men
tal f
unct
ions
.If
this
is tr
ue, i
t is
conc
eiva
ble
that
car
bon
mon
oxid
e co
uld
be a
con
trib
utin
g ca
use
of m
any
auto
mob
ile a
ccid
ents
inci
ties
and
on c
row
ded
turn
pike
s.C
arbo
n m
onox
ide
is n
ot th
e on
ly c
onta
min
ant r
elea
sed
into
the
atm
osph
ere
by m
otor
veh
icle
s.O
xide
s of
nitr
ogen
(ni
trog
en o
xide
and
nitr
ogen
dio
xide
) ar
e al
so p
ro-
duce
d by
the
high
-tem
pera
ture
, hig
h-pr
essu
re c
ombu
stio
n pr
oces
ses
char
acte
rist
ic o
f th
e in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
nen
gin.
Som
e 5.
7 m
illio
n to
ns w
ere
rele
ased
in 1
965.
Nitr
ogen
oxi
des
are
them
selv
es to
xic
and,
toge
ther
with
unbu
rned
hyd
roca
rbon
s, a
re th
e m
ain
ingr
edie
nts
in th
e ph
otoc
hem
ical
mix
ture
whi
ch c
onst
itute
s L
os A
ngel
es-t
ype
"sm
og.'"
Aut
omob
iles
are
a_si
gnif
ican
t sou
rce
not o
nly
of g
aseo
us e
mis
sion
s, b
ut p
artic
ulat
es.
The
re a
rem
inor
am
ount
s of
thes
e su
bsta
nces
in th
e ex
haus
t, ot
hers
com
e fr
om m
echa
nica
l wea
r, e
spec
ially
fro
m th
e ru
bber
on ti
res
and
the
asbe
stes
of
brak
e lin
ings
.O
ne m
ajor
cau
se o
f th
e tr
affi
c ja
ms
whi
ch c
ontr
ibut
e to
urb
an a
ir
138
pollu
tion
prob
lem
s is
the
inad
equa
cy o
f m
ass
tran
sit s
yste
ms
in m
ost c
ities
.O
nly
in N
ew Y
ork
City
is a
sig
nifi
cant
frac
tion
of to
tal p
asse
nger
-mile
s at
trib
uted
to r
ailr
oads
or
rapi
d tr
ansi
t.A
lthou
gh p
eopl
e liv
ing
in d
ense
ly p
opul
ated
area
s tr
avel
som
ewha
t les
s by
aut
omob
ile th
an p
eopl
e liv
ing
in s
ubur
bs o
r sm
alle
r to
wns
, the
dif
fere
nces
are
not
grea
t on
a na
tiona
l bas
is.
In f
act,
sinc
e au
tom
obile
trip
s of
ove
r 10
0 m
iles
are
estim
ated
tol a
ccou
nt f
or o
nly
20%
of
tota
l aut
omob
ile p
asse
nger
-mile
s, th
e m
ajor
ity o
f th
e sh
orte
r tr
ips
can
be a
ssum
ed to
take
pla
ce w
here
the
maj
ority
of p
eopl
e liv
ein
and
nea
r ci
ties.
Air
pol
lutio
n is
the
cons
eque
nce.
Indu
stri
es T
ie U
p C
lean
Coa
ls
T!
e ot
her
maj
or u
sers
of
foss
il fu
els,
bes
ides
mot
or v
ehic
les
and
the
utili
ties,
are
indu
stri
es a
nd h
ouse
hold
s.A
ll th
ree
maj
or ty
pes
of f
ossi
l fue
ls a
re u
tiliz
ed in
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
, esp
ecia
lly m
etal
lurg
y, c
emen
t and
gla
ssm
anuf
actu
re a
nd r
efac
tori
es. S
ome
188
mill
ion
tons
of
coal
wer
e us
ed b
y in
dust
ry in
196
5, o
f w
hich
mor
e th
an h
alf
(96
mill
ion
tons
) w
as f
irst
car
boni
zed
to p
rodu
ce 7
7 m
illio
n to
ns o
f co
ke, p
lus
coal
gas
, coa
l tar
and
coa
l tar
der
iva-
tives
.Si
nce
low
-sul
fur
sour
ces
of P
enns
ylva
nia
and
Wes
t Vir
gini
a ar
e tie
d up
in lo
ng-t
erm
con
trac
ts, w
hich
lim
itsI+ cZ
thei
r av
aila
bilit
y to
the
elec
tric
util
ities
. As
a re
sult,
indu
stry
pro
duce
s le
ss s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e th
an th
e ut
ilitie
s.C
oal
Co
is n
o lo
nger
use
d to
any
app
reci
able
ext
ent f
or s
pace
hea
ting
purp
oses
, but
bot
h na
tura
l gas
and
pet
role
um a
re.
Acc
ordi
ng to
sta
tistic
s co
mpi
led
in 1
965,
indu
stri
al a
nd s
pace
-hea
ting
sour
ces
wer
e th
e le
adin
g "s
uppl
iers
" of
the
nitr
ogen
oxi
des
and
part
icul
ate
mat
ter
emitt
ed in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e, p
rodu
cing
an
estim
ated
7 m
illio
n to
ns o
f ea
ch.
The
y al
so g
ener
ated
a to
tal o
f 8.
4 m
illio
n to
m, o
f su
lfur
dio
xide
, les
s th
an th
e ut
ilitie
s, b
ut s
till a
sig
nifi
cant
am
ount
.A
noth
er c
ause
of
urba
n ai
r po
llutio
n is
was
te -
- du
ring
pro
duct
ion,
dur
ing
proc
essi
ng, d
urin
g co
nsum
ptio
n an
daf
ter
cons
umpt
ion.
The
fir
st c
ateg
ory
refe
rs to
the
esca
pe o
f so
me
port
ion
of f
ossi
l fue
ls, e
spec
ially
nat
ural
gas
, by
evap
orat
ion
duri
ng p
rodu
ctio
n, o
r th
e re
leas
e of
nox
ious
fum
es in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e by
eva
pora
tion
duri
ng v
ario
usty
pes
of in
dust
rial
pro
duct
ion.
The
sec
ond
incl
udes
eva
pora
tion
loss
es o
f ch
emic
al a
nd p
etro
leum
der
ivat
ives
dur
-in
g re
fini
ng, t
rans
port
ing
and
deliv
ery.
The
thir
d ca
tego
ry r
efer
s to
a n
umbe
r of
"in
term
edia
te"
prod
ucts
whi
char
e no
t act
ually
par
t of
the
prod
uct b
eing
con
sum
ed, b
ut w
hich
are
rel
ease
d in
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t dur
ing
norm
alus
age.
Incl
uded
in th
is c
ateg
ory
of a
ir p
ollu
tant
s su
ch a
s cl
eane
rs, s
olve
nts,
pes
ticid
es, e
xplo
sive
s an
d ae
roso
lpr
opel
lant
s.T
he f
ourt
h ca
tego
ry is
com
pris
ed o
f ga
seou
s an
d pa
rtic
ulat
e po
lluta
nts
resu
lting
fro
m th
e in
cine
ratio
n
139
of s
olid
was
tes.
Fort
unat
ely,
som
e of
the
mos
t dan
gero
us a
irbo
rne
indu
stri
al w
aste
s su
ch a
sth
e fl
uori
des
(whi
ch a
re a
by-
prod
uct o
f th
e pr
oduc
tion
of f
ertil
izer
), th
e su
lfur
oxi
des
(whi
ch a
re a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith c
oppe
r,zi
nc a
nd le
ad p
rodu
ctio
n)
and
the
unpl
easa
nt a
nd o
ften
toxi
c fu
mes
fro
m o
il re
fine
ries
are
usu
ally
not p
rodu
ced
in u
rban
are
as, a
lthou
gh a
nyon
e
who
has
vis
ited
nort
hern
New
Jer
sey
will
atte
st to
the
fact
that
ther
e A
RE
som
em
ajor
ref
iner
ies
adja
cent
to m
etro
-
polit
ian
area
s. A
nd c
hem
ical
pla
nts,
am
ong
the
mos
t pro
lific
pro
duce
rs o
fvi
le-s
mel
ling,
cor
rosi
ve a
nd ir
rita
ting
fum
es (
espe
cial
ly th
e m
erca
ptan
s su
ch a
s hy
drog
en s
ulfi
de)
AR
E u
sual
ly lo
cate
d in
or
near
citie
s.T
he D
uPon
t com
-
plex
es a
t Wilm
ingt
on, D
el. ,
are
a g
ood
exam
ple.
Spra
y N
ow, P
ay L
ater
Alth
ough
sol
vent
s ar
e no
t gen
eral
ly c
onsi
dere
d w
hen
the
prob
lem
of
air
pollu
tion
is d
iscu
ssed
,th
ey a
re s
ig-
nifi
cant
con
tam
inan
ts to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Thi
s ca
tego
ry in
clud
es tu
rpen
tine,
ben
zene
, xyl
ene,
nap
htha
, met
hyl,
ethy
l,an
d is
opro
pyl a
le-o
ho-1
s; g
lyco
l eth
ers,
ace
tone
, met
hyl-
ethy
l-ke
tone
, car
bon
disu
lfid
e, c
arbo
n te
trac
hlor
ide,
viny
l chl
orid
e an
d va
riou
s ot
her
chlo
rina
ted
hydr
ocar
bons
. Not
all
the
abov
e ar
eus
ed e
xclu
sive
ly in
way
s w
hich
i....1
.
C-.
..co
ntri
bute
to a
ir p
ollu
tion,
but
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of d
ry-c
lean
ing
agen
ts, p
aint
rem
over
s, p
aint
thin
ners
,var
nish
es a
nd,;.
..la
cque
rs a
re d
isip
ated
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
The
fun
ctio
n of
sol
vent
s is
eith
er to
rem
ove
solid
s fr
om p
lace
s w
here
they
are
not
wan
ted
or f
acili
tate
thei
r ap
plic
atio
n in
pla
ces
whe
re th
ey a
rew
ante
d.It
s fu
nctio
n fu
lfill
ed, t
he s
olve
nt
is o
ften
allo
wed
to e
scap
e (t
hrou
gh e
vapo
ratio
n).
Eve
n if
it is
rec
ycle
d, a
s in
com
mer
cial
dry
-cle
anin
g pl
ants
,th
ere
are
boun
d to
be
som
e lo
sses
eac
h tim
e, a
ll of
whi
ch h
elp
cont
amin
ate
the
air
we
brea
the.
The
dis
posa
l of
was
te p
rodu
cts
afte
r co
nsum
ptio
n of
goo
ds is
a m
ajor
prob
lem
in u
rban
are
as. A
mer
ican
spr
oduc
e ap
prox
imat
ely
four
pou
nds
of g
arba
ge, t
rash
and
junk
api
ece
ever
yda
y, f
or a
nat
iona
l tot
al o
f 15
0 m
illio
n
tons
a y
ear.
Sinc
e ab
out 8
0% o
f th
ese
was
te p
rodu
cts
are
com
bust
ible
, the
y ar
e of
ten
inci
nera
ted
at th
eir
poin
t of
orig
in, o
r a
cent
ral s
ite n
earb
y, to
red
uce
refu
se c
olle
ctio
n co
sts.
How
ever
, unc
ontr
olle
d bu
rnin
g at
loca
l poi
nts
rele
ases
trem
endo
us q
uant
ities
of
smok
e, s
oot a
nd a
sh in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e. F
orth
is r
easo
n, m
any
larg
e ci
ties
have
inst
alle
d en
clos
ed f
urna
ces
in w
hich
to d
ispo
se o
f th
e bu
lk o
f th
eir
solid
was
tes,
but
eve
n .s
o a
sign
ific
ant
frac
tion
of th
e fl
y as
h, a
nd 1
00%
of
the
sulf
ur o
xide
s an
d ni
trog
en o
xide
s es
cape
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
Sev
eral
mil-
lion
tons
of
soot
are
rel
ease
d in
to th
e ai
r ov
er A
mer
ican
citi
es e
ach
year
by th
e bu
ritin
g of
sol
id w
aste
s al
one.
140
"In
New
Yor
k C
ity a
bout
75
tons
of
part
icul
ates
a d
ay a
re a
ttrib
uted
to m
unic
ipal
ref
use
burn
ing
and
a fu
rthe
r 61
tons
a d
ay a
re a
ttrib
uted
to d
wel
lings
and
apa
rtm
ent h
ouse
sof
whi
ch a
sig
nifi
cant
fra
ctio
n is
als
o du
e to
inci
n-er
atio
n.A
ll in
all,
pro
babl
y ha
il of
all
part
icul
ates
(so
ot)
com
e fr
om th
is s
ourc
e. "
2
Air
Pol
lutio
n A
ttack
s on
Man
y Fr
onts
It is
obv
ious
, the
n, th
at in
habi
tant
s of
mos
t Am
eric
an c
ities
toda
y ar
e bo
mba
rded
with
a w
ide
vari
ety
of a
irpo
lluta
nts
from
man
y di
ffer
ent s
ourc
es. T
he n
ext l
ogic
al q
uest
ion
is, W
HA
T D
O T
HE
SE P
OL
LU
TA
NT
S D
O?
The
effe
cts
of a
ir p
ollu
tion
may
be
divi
ded
into
fou
r m
ajor
cat
egor
ies:
on
peop
le, o
n pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s, o
n pr
oper
ty,
and
on w
eath
er a
nd c
limat
e.O
f gr
aves
t im
med
iate
con
cern
, of
cour
se, a
re th
e ef
fect
s on
hum
an h
ealth
.It
is n
otus
ually
pos
sibl
e to
trac
e fa
talit
ies
dire
ctly
to a
ir p
ollu
tion,
bec
ause
the
effe
cts
of p
ollu
tant
s ar
e ge
nera
lly s
yner
-gi
stic
; tha
t is,
they
inte
ract
with
oth
er in
flue
nces
suc
h as
exi
stin
g re
spir
ator
y di
seas
es a
nd c
igar
ette
sm
okin
g. A
irpo
llutio
n is
one
of
seve
ral e
nvir
onm
enta
l str
esse
s w
hich
tend
to in
crea
se th
e in
cide
nce
and
seri
ousn
ess
of a
var
iety
of r
espi
rato
ry d
isea
ses,
suc
h as
lung
can
cer,
em
phys
ema,
tube
rcul
osis
, pne
umon
ia,
bron
chiti
s,as
thm
a an
d ev
enI-
2-
Cth
e co
mm
on c
old.
Stud
ies
have
link
ed m
ost o
r al
l of
thes
e w
ith p
rolo
nged
exp
osur
e to
pol
lute
d ai
r.T
he p
oten
tially
Crt
1
leth
al e
ffec
ts o
f ai
r po
llutio
n w
ere
dram
atic
ally
rev
eale
d by
a s
harp
incr
ease
in d
eath
rat
es (
mos
tly a
mon
g th
eel
derl
y or
thos
e al
read
y su
ffer
ing
from
a r
espi
rato
ry a
ilmen
t) d
urin
g ai
r po
llutio
n cr
ises
in th
e M
euse
Val
ley,
Bel
gium
, in
1930
(60
dea
ths)
; Don
ora,
Pa.
,in
194
8 (2
0 de
aths
); L
ondo
n, 1
952
(350
0-40
00 d
eath
s), a
nd N
ew Y
ork
City
, in
1965
(40
0 de
aths
).Fo
r ev
ery
deat
h as
soci
ated
with
air
pol
lutio
n, th
ere
are
man
y pe
rson
s w
ho h
ave
beco
me
ill to
the
poin
t of
requ
irin
g m
edic
al tr
eatm
ent,
and
coun
tless
oth
ers
who
suf
fer
sign
ific
ant a
nnoy
ance
in th
e fo
rm o
fle
sser
sym
ptom
s su
ch a
s co
ughi
ng, w
heez
ing,
che
st p
ains
, and
irri
tate
d ey
es, w
ithou
t see
king
med
ical
trea
tmen
t.Fi
nally
, the
re a
re th
ose
who
suf
fer
psyc
holo
gica
l rea
ctio
ns to
soo
t, 'b
ad s
mel
ls a
nd o
ther
unp
leas
ant e
nvir
onm
enta
las
pect
s of
pol
lutio
n.T
his
grou
p in
clud
es n
earl
y ev
eryo
ne li
ving
in a
n ur
ban
area
. Alth
ough
they
are
obv
ious
ly n
otas
ser
ious
as
fata
l dis
ease
s, m
inor
dis
com
fort
s an
d ae
sthe
tic o
bjec
tions
of
air
pollu
tion
are
beco
min
g in
crea
sing
lyim
port
ant f
acet
s of
the
air
prob
lem
. Thi
s is
due
pri
mar
ily to
two
fact
ors-
-the
ris
ing
leve
l of
educ
atio
n in
the
pop-
ulat
ion
at la
rge,
whi
ch h
as p
rodu
ced
a m
uch
keen
er g
ener
al a
war
enes
s of
the
pollu
tion
prob
lem
; and
the
grow
ing
pros
peri
ty o
f m
any
clas
ses
of p
eopl
e, w
hich
incr
ease
s de
man
d fo
r "s
uper
ior
good
s" s
uch
as c
olor
tele
visi
ons,
gre
engr
ass,
larg
e au
tom
obile
s an
d cl
ean
air.
(Thi
s su
gges
ts a
cor
rupt
ion
here
of
the
age-
old
clic
hei;
viz.
,"Y
ou c
an't
141
burn
you
r ai
r an
d br
eath
e it
too.
")
In a
ny e
vent
, whe
re b
elch
ing
smok
esta
cks
wer
e on
ce w
elco
med
as
a sy
mbo
l of
abo
omin
g ec
onom
y an
d fu
ll em
ploy
men
t, th
eyar
e m
uch
mor
e lik
ely
toda
y to
be
take
n as
indi
cato
rsof
obs
oles
cenc
ean
d ir
resp
onsi
bilit
y.
Ani
mal
s an
d Pl
ants
Bre
athe
Too
Man
is n
ot th
e on
ly li
ving
cre
atur
e af
fect
edby
air
pol
lutio
n.A
nim
als
are
also
sub
ject
to th
era
vage
s of
filt
hyai
r.Fo
rtun
atel
y, m
ost l
ives
tock
is r
aise
d in
rura
l are
as, w
ell r
emov
ed f
rom
the
air
pollu
tion
of c
ities
, but
ther
eha
ve b
een
case
s of
flu
orid
e po
ison
ing
from
the
inge
stio
nof
pla
nts
whi
ch h
ave
accu
mul
ated
fluo
ride
s fr
om f
ertil
izer
plan
ts lo
cate
d in
rur
al a
reas
.W
ithin
citi
es, a
ir p
ollu
tion
affe
cts
pets
,bu
t bec
ause
suc
h ef
fect
sar
e us
ually
chr
onic
(gra
dual
) ra
ther
than
acu
te (
imm
edia
te a
ndus
ually
sev
ere)
they
tend
togo
unn
otic
ed.
Nev
erth
eles
s, it
is p
roba
ble
that
air
pol
lutio
n ca
uses
con
side
rabl
edi
scom
fort
for
dog
s, c
ats,
bir
ds a
ndot
her
hous
ehol
d pe
ts, a
nd it
may
sho
rten
thei
r liv
es.
As
far
as p
lant
sar
e co
ncer
ned,
mos
t cro
psar
e re
mov
ed f
rom
the
citie
s an
dno
t gre
atly
aff
ecte
d by
air
pol-
!lu
tion,
exc
ept f
luor
ides
fro
mfe
rtili
zer
plan
ts a
nd s
ulfu
rox
ides
fro
m c
oppe
r sm
elte
rs.
How
ever
, the
rear
e so
me
dis-
tric
ts w
here
truc
kcr
ops,
mos
tly f
ruits
and
veg
etab
les,
are
grow
n ne
ar m
ajor
citi
es--
par
ticul
arly
in C
onne
ct: :
:.,ut
,L
ong
Isla
nd, N
ew J
erse
y, e
aste
rnPe
nnsy
lvan
ia, D
elaw
are
and
sout
hern
Cal
ifor
nia.
Agr
icul
tura
l dam
age
inth
e ci
trus
belt
of s
outh
ern
Cal
ifor
nia
is c
ause
d pr
imar
ily b
yox
idan
ts s
uch
asoz
one
and
pero
xy-a
cyln
itrat
epr
oduc
ed b
y th
e in
ter-
actio
n of
unb
urne
d hy
droc
arbo
ns,
nitr
ogen
oxi
des
and
stro
ngsu
nlig
ht.
In th
e M
iddl
e A
tlant
icst
ates
, veg
etab
les
are
spot
ted
and
disc
olor
ed b
y su
lfur
oxid
es.
Stun
ted
grow
thm
ay a
lso
resu
lt.H
arm
ful e
ffec
ts h
ave
also
been
det
ecte
don
shr
ubs,
flo
wer
s an
d sh
ade
tree
sin
sub
urba
n ga
rden
s an
dci
ty p
arks
.
Eff
ects
of
Air
Pol
lutio
n ar
e H
ard
toIs
olat
eJu
st a
s it
is d
iffi
cult
to tr
ace
the
spec
ific
effe
cts
of a
ir p
ollu
tant
s on
hum
an h
ealth
,it
is d
iffi
cult
to li
nk a
give
n sy
mpt
om o
f pl
ant d
isea
se to
a pa
rtic
ular
pol
luta
nt.
Air
pol
lutio
n is
one
sig
nifi
cant
envi
ronm
enta
l str
ess
upon
plan
ts; o
ther
s ar
e dr
ough
t, ex
trem
e co
ldor
hea
t, an
d pe
sts.
Mos
tly h
ealth
y pl
ants
can
with
stan
dm
oder
ate
e4po
sure
sto
any
one
of
thes
e st
ress
es, b
ut n
ottw
o or
thre
e si
mul
tane
ousl
y.In
this
sen
se, a
ir p
ollu
tion
may
be
"the
str
aw th
atbr
eaks
the
cam
el's
bac
k, "
in th
at it
isan
alm
ost c
onst
ant s
tres
s, a
nd th
e ot
her
envi
ronm
enta
l haz
ards
occ
ur p
erio
dic-
142
ally
.A
ir p
ollu
tion
affe
cts
prop
erty
as
wel
l as
livin
g th
ings
.H
ere
agai
n, th
e su
lfur
oxi
des
and
the
oxid
ants
are
the
mos
t dam
agin
g po
lluta
nts.
Bot
h oz
one
and
the
sulf
ur o
xide
s ca
n ha
rden
and
wea
ken
rubb
er, p
last
ic, p
aper
and
othe
r m
ater
ials
.In
add
ition
, sul
furi
c ac
id f
orm
ed b
y th
e co
mbi
natio
n of
SO
3 w
ith w
ater
is a
par
ticul
arly
cor
rosi
veac
id w
hich
can
dam
age
virt
ually
any
exp
osed
met
al s
urfa
ce, a
s w
ell a
s lim
esto
ne o
r m
arbl
e.Pr
obab
ly th
e m
ost
notic
eabl
e fo
rm o
f pr
oper
ty d
amag
e is
fro
m s
oot,
whi
ch d
arke
ns c
loth
ing,
pai
nted
sur
face
s, f
urni
ture
, car
pets
,dr
apes
, aut
omob
iles
and
build
ings
.So
ot c
ause
s hi
gher
bill
s fo
r la
unde
ring
, dry
-cle
anin
g, p
aint
ing
and
mai
nten
ance
,an
d ev
en w
ith u
pkee
p, d
irty
air
mak
es f
or d
rab,
gra
y en
viro
nmen
t.T
he f
ourt
h m
ajor
eff
ect o
f ai
r po
llutio
n is
met
eoro
logi
cal.
Air
pol
lutio
n de
fini
tely
aff
ects
wea
ther
in c
ities
.T
empe
ratu
res
and
hum
idity
are
hig
her,
pre
cipi
tatio
n an
d cl
oud
cove
r sl
ight
ly g
reat
er, a
nd f
og is
muc
h m
ore
com
-m
on, e
spec
ially
in w
inte
r, th
an in
sur
roun
ding
reg
ions
. The
two
maj
or c
ause
s fo
r th
ese
phen
omen
a ar
e pr
obab
ly th
ew
aste
hea
t gen
erat
ed in
citi
es a
nd th
e hi
gh c
once
ntra
tions
of
part
icul
ates
, whi
ch s
erve
as
cond
ensa
tion
nucl
ei f
or f
ogor
pos
sibl
y ev
en s
eed
the
clou
ds to
pro
duce
rai
n.O
ther
pol
luta
nts
may
be
invo
lved
as
wel
l.
Wilt
We
Dro
wn
Our
Sea
coas
ts?
Scie
ntis
ts h
ave
expr
esse
d fe
ar c
once
rnin
g m
uch
broa
der
clim
atol
ogic
al r
espo
nses
to a
ir p
ollu
tion.
Som
e ha
vesu
gges
ted
that
the
mas
sive
bui
ld-u
p of
car
bon
diox
ide
over
wid
e re
ache
s of
the
eart
h m
ight
trap
sol
ar e
nerg
y in
a"g
reen
hous
e ef
fect
" w
hich
wou
ld e
vent
ually
mel
t the
pol
ar ic
ecap
s.O
ne o
bvio
us c
onse
quen
ce w
ould
be
a gr
adua
lri
se in
sea
leve
l whi
ch w
ould
thre
aten
coa
stal
citi
es.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, i
t has
als
o be
en s
ugge
sted
that
the
high
erte
mpe
ratu
res
coul
d tr
igge
r a
new
ice
age
as a
rea
ctio
n.T
his
wou
ld c
ause
the
exac
t opp
osite
eff
ect;
man
y se
apor
tsw
ould
be
left
hig
h an
d dr
y as
the
ocea
ns r
eced
ed.
How
do
you
mea
sure
the
cost
s of
air
pol
lutio
n? T
he u
sual
app
roac
h ha
s be
en to
add
up
dolla
r ex
pend
iture
s,su
ch a
s ex
tra
clea
ning
or
hosp
ital b
ills,
whi
ch w
ould
not
hav
e be
en n
eces
sary
if th
ere
was
no
pollu
tion,
add
the
loss
es in
fut
ure
inco
me
due
to d
eath
or
disa
bilit
y re
late
d to
air
pol
lutio
n, a
nd c
all t
his
its c
ost.
Thi
s m
odel
ove
r-si
mpl
ifie
s an
d di
stor
ts th
e si
tuat
ion.
It h
as s
ever
al w
eakn
esse
s. F
or o
ne th
ing,
hos
pita
l and
bur
ial c
osts
, plu
slo
st f
utur
e in
com
e, c
an h
ardl
y be
con
side
red
a go
od e
stim
ate
of th
e va
lue
of h
uman
life
.A
lso,
sin
ce li
fe, h
ealth
and
clea
n, f
resh
air
are
nor
mal
ly F
RE
E, t
here
is n
o w
ay to
com
pute
a d
olla
r lo
ss if
thes
e be
nefi
ts a
re r
emov
ed.
143
But
is it
val
id to
ass
ume
stat
istic
ally
that
the
loss
isze
ro?
It is
app
aren
t, th
eref
ore,
that
ther
e ar
e so
me
cost
sof
air
pol
lutio
n w
hich
are
inhe
rent
ly im
poss
ible
to m
easu
re,
beca
use
they
can
not b
e re
duce
d to
qua
ntita
tive
term
s.In
this
sen
se, c
urre
nt a
ppro
xim
atio
ns o
f th
e co
stof
pol
lutio
n
may
be
unde
rsta
tem
ents
. On
the
othe
rha
nd, t
here
are
eco
nom
ic f
acto
rs w
hich
com
plic
ate
the
situ
atio
n.C
onsi
der,
for
exam
ple,
the
case
of
the
paym
ent o
f ex
tra
dry-
clea
ning
bills
due
to s
oot i
n ci
ties.
If th
e so
ot w
ere
elim
inat
ed,
the
peop
le w
eari
ng th
e cl
othe
s w
ould
sav
e m
oney
, but
the
laun
dry
wou
ld lo
se m
oney
. Alth
ough
mos
t peo
ple
suff
er
loss
es f
rom
air
pol
lutio
n, th
e be
nefi
ts o
f so
me
othe
rs, s
uch
asth
e la
undr
y, w
ould
hav
e to
be
subt
ract
ed f
rom
the
loss
es to
der
ive
an a
ccur
ate
estim
ate
of th
e co
st o
f ai
r po
llutio
n.
Air
Pol
lutio
n H
as E
cono
mic
Ben
efits
for
Som
e
The
sam
e re
ason
ing
appl
ies
on a
nat
iona
l sca
le.
It is
qui
te p
ossi
ble
that
exp
ensi
ve p
robl
ems
caus
ed b
ypo
llutio
n,
such
as
extr
a la
undr
y, c
lean
ing,
mai
nten
ance
and
pai
ntin
g,he
lp p
rovi
de jo
bs f
or u
nski
lled
and
sem
i-sk
illed
labo
rers
who
mig
ht o
ther
wis
e be
une
mpl
oyed
. Aga
in, t
o ar
rive
at a
nac
cura
te e
stim
ate
of p
ollu
tion
cost
s, th
e ex
pend
iture
s to
!--L
repa
ir d
amag
es w
ould
hav
e to
be
redu
ced
by th
edo
llar
bene
fits
in te
rms
of e
mpl
oym
ent.
Cc
The
re is
an
even
mor
e ba
sic
econ
omic
pro
blem
conn
ecte
d w
ith th
e de
term
inat
ion
of a
ir p
ollu
tion
cost
s.A
lthou
gh
air
pollu
tion
caus
es m
illio
ns o
f do
llars
in d
amag
es,
it w
ould
als
o co
st a
gre
at d
eal t
o co
rrec
t it.
The
fac
t tha
t pol
luta
nts
can
be d
ispo
sed
of in
to th
een
viro
nmen
t at l
ittle
or
no c
- zt
to th
e po
llute
r m
eans
that
som
e go
ods
and
serv
ices
are
prob
ably
bei
ng s
old
mor
e ch
eapl
y th
an th
ey w
ould
ifth
e us
age
of a
ir w
as r
egul
ated
.E
lect
ric
pow
er is
a c
ase
in p
oint
.
Pow
er w
ould
be
mor
e ex
pens
ive
if th
e ut
ilitie
sha
d to
pay
the
econ
omic
pri
ce o
f pa
ssin
g th
eir
was
tes
on to
oth
ers
in
the
form
of
air
pollu
tion.
Sinc
e el
ectr
ic p
ower
is b
asic
to a
ll ot
her
indu
stri
es,
prod
uctio
n of
man
y ot
her
item
s w
ould
also
bec
ome
mor
e ex
pens
ive,
rai
sing
thei
r pr
ices
as
wel
l.A
ll th
ese
pric
e in
crea
ses
wou
ld h
ave
to b
esu
btra
cted
from
the
cost
of
the
dam
ages
pre
sent
ly c
ause
d by
air
pollu
tion
to c
ome
up w
ith a
goo
d es
timat
eof
the
cost
of
pollu
tion.
Com
putin
g th
e C
ost o
f A
ir P
ollu
tion
To
sum
mar
ize,
the
cost
of
air
pollu
tion
wou
ld b
e eq
ual
to th
e su
m o
f al
l pro
pert
y da
mag
e, m
edic
al e
xpen
ses
and
appr
oxim
ate
econ
omic
cos
ts o
f de
aths
and
dis
abili
ties
caus
edby
air
pol
lutio
n (h
owev
er im
perf
ect t
he a
ppro
xim
atio
ns
are)
, MIN
US
the
econ
omic
ben
efits
of
pollu
tion
in te
rms
ofpr
ofits
for
cer
tain
con
cern
s (s
uch
as th
ela
undr
y), e
mpl
oy-
144
men
t ben
efits
, and
pot
entia
l pri
ce in
crea
ses
whi
chw
ould
be
caus
ed b
y th
e re
duct
ion
of a
ir p
ollu
tion.
Iron
ical
ly, i
f
this
for
mul
a w
ere
wor
ked
out,
it m
ight
wel
l tur
nou
t tha
t eco
nom
ical
ly, a
t lea
st, "
air
pollu
tion
isgo
od f
or y
ou. "
To
expl
ain
this
par
adox
, we
need
onl
y re
turn
to th
e co
ncep
t of
free
ben
efits
--
heal
th, l
ife
and
clea
n ai
r.A
lthou
gh
it is
ext
rem
ely
diff
icul
t to
plac
e a
pric
e ta
g on
thes
e, m
ost w
ould
agr
ee th
at th
e co
st o
f sa
crif
icin
gth
ese
amen
ities
of li
fe w
ould
gre
atly
exc
eed
the
poss
ible
ben
efits
of a
n ec
onom
y w
hich
pol
lute
s.
One
mar
ketp
lace
in w
hich
the
econ
omic
eff
ects
of
air
pollu
tion
are
quite
cle
arly
evi
denc
ed is
the
real
esta
te
mar
ket.
It r
efle
cts
mos
tly th
e ta
ngib
le, i
mm
edia
te,
notic
eabl
e ef
fect
s of
air
pol
lutio
n, s
uch
as th
ede
teri
orat
ion
and
extr
a cl
eani
ng a
nd m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
; the
mild
er m
ediC
al s
ympt
oms
such
as
shor
tnes
s of
brea
th a
nd s
mar
ting
eyes
, and
aes
thet
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
such
as
bad
smel
ls a
nd d
irt.
In o
ne e
xper
imen
t in
St. L
ouis
, eig
ht d
iffe
rent
"sul
fatio
n zo
nes"
wer
e id
entif
ied
acco
rdin
g to
the
conc
entr
atio
n of
sul
fur
diox
ide
in th
e at
mos
pher
e.A
vera
ge
prop
erty
val
ues
for
the
eigh
t are
as w
ere
com
pare
d.It
was
fou
nd th
at th
e av
erag
e pr
oper
ty v
alue
sva
ried
$25
0 pe
r
lot,
per
zone
, oth
er th
ings
rem
aini
ng e
qual
.In
oth
er w
ords
, the
iden
tical
hou
se w
ould
cost
$20
00 m
ore
at th
e
high
est s
ulfa
tion
leve
l tha
n at
the
low
est.
As
peop
le b
ecom
e m
ore
awar
e of
th'I
mor
e se
riou
slo
ng-t
erm
con
sequ
ence
s
of a
ir p
ollu
tion,
suc
h as
lung
can
cer
and
emph
ysem
a, th
e di
ffer
ence
in p
rope
rty
valu
esis
apt
to in
crea
se.
Just
how
muc
h va
lue
is a
ttach
ed to
hum
an li
fere
mai
ns a
que
stio
n m
ark.
Wha
teve
r th
is v
alue
isas
sum
ed to
be,
it m
ust
cert
ainl
y be
con
side
red
the
mos
t im
port
ant
cost
of
air
pollu
tion.
The
Key
Que
stio
n: H
ow to
Sto
p It
?
How
can
we
cont
rol a
ir p
ollu
tion?
Thi
s qu
estio
nis
rea
lly d
ivid
ed in
to tw
o m
ajor
cat
egor
ies,
polic
y an
d te
chno
logy
--
polic
y re
ferr
ing
to th
e ge
nera
l pla
n, te
chno
logy
to th
e sp
ecif
ic s
cien
tific
mea
ns o
f pr
even
tion.
Con
cern
ing
polic
y, th
ere
is a
wid
e ra
nge
of p
ossi
bilit
ies,
dep
endi
ngla
rgel
y on
the
attit
ude
of th
e po
licy-
mak
er to
war
dth
e fr
ee m
arke
t. A
"fr
ee
mar
ket"
app
roac
h op
erat
es o
n th
e pr
emis
e th
at m
ost
cost
s ar
isin
g fr
om a
ir p
ollu
tion
are
the
resu
lt of
mar
ket f
ailu
res,
and
ther
efor
e se
eks
to c
orre
ct th
ese
failu
res
by c
erta
in a
djus
tmen
ts W
ITH
IN th
e fr
ee m
arke
t.T
he a
ltern
ate
stra
tegy
is k
now
n as
an
ad h
oc r
espo
nse
a pr
agm
atic
rea
ctio
nde
sign
ed to
dea
l with
spe
cifi
c ai
r po
llutio
n pr
oble
ms
asth
ey
aris
e.T
he la
tter
polic
y of
ten
invo
lves
the
impo
sizi
on o
fco
ntro
ls (
or in
cent
ives
) fr
om O
UT
SID
E th
e fr
eem
arke
t by
the
gove
rnm
ent.
The
re a
re s
tren
gths
and
wea
knes
ses
to e
ach
mod
el. O
ne te
chni
que
used
in th
em
arke
t-pr
eser
ving
ap-
proa
ch a
ttem
pts
to e
limin
ate
exte
rnal
for
ces
by "
inte
rnal
izin
g" th
em. O
n a
gove
rnm
enta
llev
el th
is le
ads
to r
egio
nal
145
agre
emen
ts a
nd th
e fo
rmat
ion
of "
supe
r-ag
enci
es"
to s
et r
egio
nal a
ir p
ollu
tion
stan
dard
s, r
athe
r th
an h
ave
them
im-
pose
d fr
om o
utsi
de.
In p
riva
te b
usin
ess,
inte
rnal
izat
ion
wou
ld b
e ac
hiev
ed th
roug
h m
erge
r. I
n th
e ex
trem
e ap
plic
7,tio
n,al
l pro
duce
rs a
nd c
onsu
mer
s w
ould
be
mer
ged
into
one
uni
t, re
sulti
ng in
pub
lic o
wne
rshi
p of
all
pollu
tion
sour
ces.
How
ever
, thi
s te
chni
que
is n
ot v
iabl
e' b
ecau
se it
wou
ld e
limin
ate
com
petit
ion,
a ba
sic
feat
ure
of th
e fr
ee m
arke
t.A
sec
ond
met
hod
of a
ttack
ing
air
pollu
tion
with
in th
e m
echa
nism
of
the
free
mar
ket w
ould
be
by a
ttach
ing
pric
esto
all
serv
ices
--
and
diss
ervi
ces
-- w
hich
are
now
pro
vide
d "f
ree"
by
the
atm
osph
ere.
In th
eory
, cha
rges
wou
ldbe
mad
e fo
r al
l use
s of
air
.C
harg
es f
or b
reat
hing
wou
ld b
e sm
all,
sinc
e am
ple
air
is a
vaila
ble
for
this
pro
cess
.C
harg
es f
or o
xyge
n us
ed f
or c
ombu
stio
n w
ould
be
the
sam
e PE
R U
NIT
as
brea
thin
g ch
arge
s, b
ut th
e to
tal w
ould
be
muc
h gr
eate
r du
e to
the
quan
tity
of o
xyge
n co
nsum
ed. S
urch
arge
s w
ould
be
impo
sed
upon
indi
vidu
als
or c
orpo
ratio
nsus
ing
the
atm
osph
ere
as a
rec
eptic
le f
or b
y-pr
oduc
ts o
r in
effi
cien
t com
bust
ion
or o
ther
che
mic
al p
roce
sses
. On
the
othe
r ha
nd, p
erso
ns r
ecei
ving
und
esir
able
inpu
ts f
rom
the
atm
osph
ere,
suc
h as
smog
or
soot
, wou
ld r
ecei
ve c
ompe
n-sa
tion.
It is
intu
itive
ly c
lear
that
this
sor
t of
plan
will
not
wor
k. T
he e
cono
mic
rea
son
for
this
is th
at it
is im
poss
ible
to a
ttach
fin
ite p
rice
s to
a c
omm
odity
so
long
as
it is
hel
d in
com
mon
as
a pu
blic
goo
d.
Eff
luen
t Tax
es C
ould
Be
Eff
ectiv
e
The
re A
RE
way
s to
mod
ify
the
idea
, how
ever
, whi
ch m
ay b
e ve
ry e
ffec
tive.
One
is th
e co
ncep
t of
an "
effl
uent
tax,
" w
hich
wou
ld r
equi
re a
pro
duce
r of
pol
luta
nts
to p
ay th
e go
vern
men
t (as
a s
urro
gate
2 of
the
publ
ic)
a pe
nalty
in d
irec
t pro
port
ion
of th
e qu
antit
y of
con
tam
inan
ts d
ispe
rsed
into
the
envi
ronm
ent.
It w
ould
then
be
up to
the
pro-
duce
r to
dec
ide
how
muc
h po
llutio
n he
cou
ld a
ffor
d; th
e on
ly c
ontr
ol.w
ould
be
econ
omic
, rat
her
than
lega
l.T
his
met
hod
has
the
adva
ntag
e of
exp
loiti
ng th
e m
achi
nery
of
the
free
mar
ket r
athe
r th
an in
hibi
ting
it.Fo
r ex
ampl
e,co
nsid
er a
gain
the
elec
tric
pow
er in
dust
ry.
Its
maj
or p
rodu
cts
are
(1)
elec
tric
ity, a
nd (
2) s
oot (
disr
egar
ding
othe
r ef
flue
nts
for
the
mom
ent)
.It
buy
s th
e ch
eape
st p
ossi
ble
fuel
, sel
ls e
lect
rici
ty a
nd "
give
s aw
ay"
its s
oan
d ot
her
effl
uent
s.Su
ppos
e th
e in
dust
ry is
req
uire
d to
pay
for
pol
lutin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
t.It
can
then
take
one
of
viab
le-w
orka
ble,
use
able
2 surr
ogat
e-su
bstit
ute,
rep
rese
ntat
ive
146
two
cour
ses
of a
ctio
n--
sim
ply
pay
the
pena
lty a
nd p
ass
the
cost
on
to th
e co
nsum
er in
the
form
of
high
er p
rice
s, o
rsh
ift t
o cl
eane
r fu
el, i
nsta
ll pr
ecip
itato
rs o
n its
sm
okes
tack
s an
d re
duce
the
putp
ut o
f so
ot.
Thi
s to
o w
ould
cos
t mon
eyan
d ca
use
high
er p
rice
s.Si
nce
dem
and
for
pow
er w
ould
be
expe
cted
to d
ecre
ase
as p
rice
s in
crea
se, i
t is
in th
e in
tere
stof
the
pow
er c
ompa
ines
to k
eep
rate
s do
wn.
The
y w
ould
ther
efor
e by
mor
e lik
ely
to s
eek
cont
rols
, whi
ch w
ould
bec
ome
less
and
less
exp
ensi
ve a
s pe
ople
fol
low
ed a
n in
cent
ive
to d
evel
op im
prov
ed m
etho
ds, r
athe
r th
an s
impl
ypa
y fi
xed
pena
lties
inde
fini
tely
. The
gov
ernm
ent c
ould
acc
eler
ate
this
proc
ess
by s
tepp
ing
up th
e pe
nalti
es e
ach
year
.
The
Ad
Hoc
Met
hod
The
ad
hoc
appr
oach
to c
ontr
ollin
g ai
r po
llutio
n is
mor
e sp
ecif
ic a
nd d
irec
t.It
s m
ajor
tech
niqu
es a
re le
gal e
n-fo
rcem
ent o
f ar
bitr
ary
stan
dard
s an
d th
e us
e of
sub
sidi
esor
tax
cred
its a
s ex
tern
al in
cent
ives
to in
dust
ries
to c
ompl
yw
ith s
tand
ards
. Arb
itrar
y st
anda
rds
amou
nt to
a s
impl
e st
atem
ent t
hat e
mis
sion
s fr
oma
part
icul
ar in
dust
rial
pro
cess
or e
ngin
e sh
all n
ot e
xcee
d a
give
n am
ount
, alo
ng w
ith a
mea
ns o
f en
forc
emen
t.T
heor
etic
ally
, thi
s m
etho
d m
ight
res
ult i
n st
anda
rds
bein
g se
t unr
ealis
tical
ly lo
w,
or e
ven
at "
zero
, " b
ut in
actu
ality
the
dete
rmin
atio
n of
suc
h st
anda
rds
has
ofte
n be
en u
ndul
y in
flue
nced
by
polit
ical
lobb
ies
of th
e la
rge
indu
stri
esaf
fect
ed, a
nd th
e st
anda
rds
,hav
e of
ten
been
too
leni
ent.
Ano
ther
pro
blem
ass
ocia
ted
with
this
tech
niqu
e is
enf
orce
men
t;it
is o
ften
ver
y di
ffic
ult t
o es
tabl
ish
relia
ble
mea
ns o
f m
onite
ring
the
disc
harg
e of
eff
luen
ts. (
Thi
spr
oble
m w
ould
als
obe
cri
tical
in th
e ad
min
istr
atio
n of
an
"eff
luen
t tag
" te
chni
que,
sin
ce th
e am
ount
of
paym
ent w
ould
vary
dir
ectly
with
the
exac
t am
ount
s of
eff
luen
t. )
Indu
stry
pre
fers
the
use
of g
over
nmen
t sub
sidi
es o
r ta
x cr
edits
as
ince
ntiv
es to
inst
all p
ollu
tion
cont
rol e
quip
men
t.O
ne p
robl
em a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
is m
etho
d is
that
it is
oft
en p
ossi
ble
to la
nd a
siz
able
win
dfal
l pro
fit b
y ov
eres
timat
ing
the
cost
of
cont
rol e
quip
men
t, or
attr
ibut
ing
to p
ollu
tion
cont
rol m
ajor
cap
ital i
nves
tmen
ts th
e fi
rm h
ad in
tend
ed to
impl
e-m
ent a
nyw
ay.
It w
ould
req
uire
hig
hly
trai
ned
and
perc
eptiv
e go
vern
men
t off
icia
ls to
det
ect s
uch
frau
ds.
Som
e in
dust
ried
Cou
ld N
ot A
ffor
d to
Cle
an U
p
Ano
ther
pro
blem
con
nect
ed w
ith a
ny f
orm
of
emis
sion
s co
ntro
lor
eff
luen
t tax
es is
the
case
of
a fe
w in
dust
ries
whi
chm
ight
legi
timat
ely
be d
iscr
imin
ated
aga
inst
. Alth
ough
it s
eem
s un
fair
to m
ake
exce
ptio
ns f
or c
erta
in in
dust
ries
,th
e
147
gove
rnm
ent w
ould
be
face
d w
ith a
kno
tty p
robl
em r
egar
ding
indu
stri
es w
hich
cou
ld s
impl
y no
t aff
ord
to a
ssum
e th
eco
sts
of c
onve
rtin
g to
cle
aner
, mor
e ef
fici
ent p
roce
sses
and
stil
l rem
ain
com
petit
ive.
A E
ase
in p
oint
wou
ld b
e th
ele
athe
r in
dust
ry, w
hich
cou
ld p
roba
bly
not c
lean
up
and
still
com
pete
with
syn
thet
ics.
(One
way
to d
eal w
ith th
ispr
oble
m w
ould
be
to r
equi
re m
eat-
pack
ers
to s
hare
par
t of
the
cost
s, s
ince
with
out t
he le
athe
r in
dust
ry, h
ides
wou
ldbe
com
e a
maj
or d
ispo
sal p
robl
em f
or th
em, b
ut th
is w
ould
pro
babl
y ra
ise
the
pric
e of
mea
t. )
Oth
er in
dust
ries
base
d on
nat
ural
pro
duct
s (s
ugar
ref
inin
g, p
aper
mill
s, e
tc. )
mig
ht f
ace
sim
ilar
econ
omic
pro
blem
s.In
thes
esi
tuat
ions
it w
ould
pro
babl
y be
nec
essa
ry to
pro
vide
for
a p
ublic
buy
Hou
t or
a te
mpo
rary
sub
sidy
to e
ase
the
per-
iod
of tr
ansi
tion
to c
lean
er p
rodu
ctio
n.N
o m
atte
r w
hat p
olic
ies
are
deve
lope
d to
cop
e w
ith a
ir p
ollu
tion,
they
will
not
be
effe
ctiv
e un
it...3
s ad
equa
te te
chno
-lo
gica
l con
trol
s ar
e av
aila
ble.
The
re a
re tw
o ba
sic
appr
oach
es to
the
cont
rol o
f ai
r po
llutio
n --
sym
ptom
atic
trea
t-m
ent a
nd p
roce
ss c
hang
e. T
he f
irst
met
hod
does
not
atte
mpt
to k
eep
pollu
tant
s fr
om b
eing
pro
duce
d; it
mer
ely
seek
sto
pre
vent
thei
r di
sper
sal i
nto
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Thu
s sm
oke
prec
ipita
tors
, sta
ck g
as a
bsor
bers
, filt
ers
and
was
hers
,af
terb
urne
rs a
nd c
atal
ytic
muf
fler
s fo
r au
tom
obile
s ar
e al
l sym
ptom
atic
trea
tmen
t dev
ices
.T
here
are
adv
anta
ges
tot
such
tech
niqu
es.
In th
e ca
se o
f au
tom
obile
exh
aust
s, f
or e
xam
ple,
the
chie
f pr
oble
m, e
spec
ially
with
car
bon
mon
oxid
e,ar
ises
fro
m in
com
plet
e co
mbu
stio
n. A
n af
terb
urne
r w
ould
ther
efor
e pr
ovid
e a
very
use
ful s
ervi
ce.
In s
ome
case
s,co
llect
ion
devi
ces
coul
d ac
tual
ly f
urni
sh a
sal
eabl
e by
-pro
duct
. Fly
ash
pre
cipi
tate
d fr
om s
mok
e st
acks
, for
exa
mpl
e,co
uld
be c
onve
rted
into
insu
latio
n or
fill
er a
nd m
arke
ted
quite
eff
ectiv
ely.
On
othe
r oc
casi
ons,
how
ever
, sym
ptom
atic
trea
tmen
t mer
ely
subs
titut
es o
ne f
orm
of
pollu
tion
for
anot
her.
Thu
s su
lfur
dio
xide
can
be
rem
oved
fro
mga
seou
sw
aste
s by
"w
ashi
ng,"
but
wha
t is
to b
e do
ne w
ith th
e su
lfur
-la
den
wat
er?
Cur
e th
e D
isea
se, N
ot J
ust t
he S
ympt
om
In th
e lo
ng r
un, t
he p
roce
ss-c
hang
e te
chni
que
is m
ore
prom
isin
g, a
lthou
gh it
may
be
cost
ly d
urin
g th
e co
nver
sion
itsel
f.T
here
are
sev
eral
exa
mpl
es o
f po
tent
ial p
roce
ss c
hang
es w
hich
cou
ld r
educ
e ai
r po
llutio
n.E
lect
ric
utili
ties
coul
d sh
ift f
rom
hig
h-su
lfur
to lo
w-s
ulfu
r oi
l, or
use
eith
er n
atur
al g
as o
r ga
ssif
ied
desu
lfur
ized
coa
l.Po
wer
pla
nts
coul
d be
bui
lt cl
oser
to c
oal m
ines
, thu
s re
duci
ng b
oth
tran
spor
tatio
n co
sts
and
cutti
ng d
own
on th
e he
at a
nd p
ollu
tion
rele
ased
in u
rban
air
shed
s. A
shi
ft to
nuc
lear
pow
er w
ill a
lso
redu
ce a
ir p
ollu
tion,
alth
ough
the
prob
lem
s of
ther
mal
148
pbllu
tion
and
radi
oact
ive
was
tes
will
nee
d to
be
surm
ount
ed.
Ulti
mat
ely,
how
ever
, the
use
of
cont
rolle
d th
erm
onuc
lear
reac
tions
(fu
sion
) w
ill p
roba
bly
elim
inat
e al
l the
se p
robl
ems.
..
Ano
ther
are
a w
here
bas
ic p
roce
ss c
hang
es c
ould
exe
rt a
pro
foun
d in
flue
nce
on a
ir p
ollu
tion
is tr
ansp
orta
tion.
Res
earc
h ha
s al
read
y in
dica
ted
that
an
exte
rnal
com
bust
ion
engi
ne (
EC
E)
coul
d be
dev
elop
ed u
sing
stea
m o
r a
synt
hetic
wor
king
flu
id s
uch
as f
reon
, whi
ch w
ould
dup
licat
e or
sur
pass
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of th
etr
aditi
onal
inte
rnal
com
bust
ion
engi
nes
in te
rms
of p
ower
, wei
ght,
effe
ctiv
e ra
nge,
sm
ooth
ness
of
oper
atio
n an
d fu
elco
nsum
ptio
n ef
fici
ency
, with
muc
h
few
er e
mis
sion
s.In
fac
t, ev
iden
ce s
ugge
sts
that
the
exte
rnal
com
bust
ion
engi
ne c
ould
be
sim
pler
,ch
eape
r to
man
ufac
-
ture
, lon
ger-
lived
and
mor
e ec
onom
ical
to o
pera
te th
an th
e in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gin.
An
alte
rnat
ive
switc
h w
ould
be u
sed
inst
ead
of g
asol
ine.
The
se v
ehic
les
wou
ld a
lso
caus
e m
uch
less
pol
lutio
n,bu
t the
y w
ould
pro
babl
y be
too
ex-
3'pe
nsiv
e fo
r th
e av
erag
e pe
rson
to p
urch
ase.
(T
his
prob
lem
, how
ever
, cou
ld p
roba
bly
beci
rcum
vent
ed b
y m
eans
of
a m
arke
ting
tech
niqu
e w
hich
took
adv
anta
ge o
f th
e ex
trem
ely
low
oper
atin
g co
sts
of s
uch
a ve
hicl
e in
ord
er to
off
set
the
high
ori
gina
l cos
t.Fo
r ex
ampl
e, e
lect
ric-
pow
ered
car
s m
ight
be
rent
ed a
nd r
echa
rged
peri
odic
ally
at a
ppro
xim
ate;
the
cost
of
gaso
line
and
upke
ep f
or in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
cars
.)
Indu
stry
Wou
ld R
esis
t New
Typ
es o
f M
otor
Veh
icle
s
Eith
er th
e ex
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
or'b
atte
ry/f
uel c
ell v
ehic
les
wou
ld g
reat
lyre
duce
the
leve
ls o
f ai
r po
llutio
n,
espe
cial
ly in
urb
an a
reas
, but
it w
ould
be
extr
emel
y di
ffic
ult t
o in
itiat
e su
ch a
maj
or p
roce
ssch
ange
in a
n in
dust
ry a
s
mas
sive
and
ent
renc
hed
as th
e au
tom
obile
indu
stry
(G
ener
al*M
otor
s is
the
wor
ld's
larg
est c
orpo
ratio
n), n
ot to
men
tion
the
larg
e pe
trol
eum
cor
pora
tions
.Pr
obab
ly th
e be
st c
ours
e to
fol
low
in th
is a
rea
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
gov
ernm
enta
lco
ntro
ls, b
ut in
dire
ct in
cent
ives
. An
exam
ple
wou
ld b
e th
e en
orm
ous
amou
nt o
f m
oney
inve
sted
by th
e A
tom
ic E
nerg
y
Com
mis
sion
in th
e 19
50's
to r
esea
rch
and
deve
lop
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f nu
clea
r po
wer
; with
no
dire
ct g
over
nmen
t int
er-
vent
ion,
the
utili
ty in
dust
ry h
as b
egun
to m
ove
in th
is d
irec
tion
for
econ
omic
rea
sons
. The
gov
ernm
ent
coul
d al
so a
ppl3
pres
sure
by
taxi
ng a
n "i
ndes
irab
le"
activ
ity.
Incr
easi
ng r
egis
trat
ion
char
ges
for
inef
fici
ent i
nter
nal c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
:in
dir
ect p
ropo
rtio
n to
the
amou
nt o
f em
issi
ons
wou
ld b
e an
exa
mpl
e of
suc
h a
nega
tive
ince
ntiv
e.(O
ne u
nwel
com
e of
f-
shoo
t of
this
tech
niqu
e, h
owev
er, i
s th
at it
mig
ht p
erpe
trat
e a
soci
al in
just
ice
by h
ittin
g ha
rdes
t at t
he p
eopl
ew
ho
coul
d le
ast a
ffor
d it.
) T
he g
over
nmen
t cou
ld a
lso
use
posi
tive
ince
ntiv
es, s
uch
as w
aivi
ng r
egis
trat
ion
char
ges
for
r3ci
rcum
vent
ed-a
void
ed1-
49
new
er, c
lean
er v
ehic
les,
or
even
del
iber
atel
y cr
eatin
g a
mar
ket f
or im
prov
ed p
rodu
cts
with
its
own
purc
hase
s. A
nex
ampl
e of
the
latte
r st
rate
gy w
ould
ge
spec
ifyi
ng th
at a
ll ne
w P
ost O
ffic
e, p
olic
e an
d ot
her
gove
rnm
enta
l veh
icle
s be
stea
m o
r el
ectr
ic-p
ower
ed. A
lthou
gh th
is m
etho
d ha
s no
t yet
bee
n te
sted
, it i
s lik
ely
that
tree
mar
ket c
ompe
titio
nw
ould
res
ult i
n fa
irly
rap
id d
evel
opm
ent o
f th
e ne
w p
rodu
cts
in o
rder
to c
apita
lize
on th
e la
rge
gove
rnm
ent c
ontr
acts
.A
t fir
st th
e co
st to
the
publ
ic w
ould
be
grea
ter,
ther
eby
elev
atin
g ta
xes,
but
com
petit
ive
bidd
ing
wou
ld p
roba
bly
driv
eth
e co
sts
dow
n as
tim
e w
ore
on.
--A
yres
, Rob
ert U
.,"A
ir P
ollu
tion
in C
ities
, "Po
litic
s an
d E
nvir
onm
ent,
ed. W
alt A
nder
son,
Goo
dyea
r Pu
blis
hing
Co.
,In
c.,
Paci
fic
Palis
ades
,C
alif
orni
a, 1
970,
pp.
78
-100
.
150
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 9: A
ir P
ollu
tion
and
Plan
t Lif
e
One
sur
e si
gn o
f ai
r po
llutio
n is
wilt
ed a
nd s
peck
led
vege
tatio
n.So
sen
sitiv
e ar
e so
me
plan
ts to
air
pollu
tion,
in f
act,
that
man
y in
dust
ries
now
use
the
orna
men
tal g
reen
ery
on th
eir
prem
ises
as
a ki
nd o
f"E
arly
War
ning
Sys
tem
" fo
r ai
r co
ntam
inan
ts.
In m
any
case
s, it
is p
ossi
ble
to d
eter
min
e ju
st f
rom
exam
inat
ion
of c
erta
in p
lant
s bo
th th
e ty
pes
of a
irpo
lata
nts
pres
ent a
nd th
e co
ncen
trat
ions
of
thes
e su
b-st
ance
s. N
ot v
ery
ofte
n is
veg
etat
ion
so e
xpen
dabl
e, h
owev
er. M
any
farm
ers
loca
ted
near
sou
rces
of
air
pollu
tion
have
giv
en u
p in
des
pair
and
sol
d ou
t to
real
est
ate
deve
lope
rs. "
Now
chi
ldre
n, in
stea
d of
spi
nach
,ta
ke th
eir
chan
ces
with
the
pois
onou
s ai
r."
Four
air
pol
luta
nts
whi
ch a
re e
xtre
mel
y de
stru
ctiv
e to
veg
etat
ion
are
sulf
ur d
ioxi
de, f
luor
ides
, pho
to-
chem
ical
sm
og a
nd e
thyl
ene.
Unt
il th
e re
cent
dev
elop
men
t of
new
and
spe
cial
ized
indu
stri
es w
hich
pro
duce
da
wid
e ra
nge
of n
ew p
ollu
tant
s, m
ost s
erio
us f
olia
ge d
estr
uctio
n re
sulte
d fr
om s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e.In
the
earl
y19
00's
cop
per
smel
ters
in p
lace
s su
ch a
s A
naco
nda,
Mon
tana
and
Duc
ktow
n, T
enn.
, em
itted
sul
fur
diox
ide
fum
es w
hich
dri
fted
for
mile
s an
d le
ft in
thei
r w
ake
a gu
llied
was
tela
nd.
Con
trol
s ha
ve s
ince
cut
dow
n so
me-
wha
t upo
n th
ese
effe
cts,
but
hug
h am
ount
s of
the
gas
are
still
rel
ease
d in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e as
a b
y-pr
oduc
eof
the
smel
ting
of c
oppe
r, ir
on, z
inc
and
othe
r or
es, b
ecau
se th
e m
ajor
ene
rgy
sour
ce f
or th
e sm
eltin
g pr
o-ce
ss is
stil
l the
com
bust
ion
of f
ossi
l fue
ls w
hich
con
tain
sul
fur
as in
impu
rity
. Coa
l and
oil-
burn
ing
pow
erpl
ants
als
o co
ntri
bute
sul
fur
diox
ide
to th
e at
mos
pher
e.
Plan
ts I
nhal
e A
Dea
dly
Vap
or
Sulf
ur d
ioxi
de e
nter
s a
grow
ing
plan
t thr
ough
the
stom
ata,
or
tiny
open
ings
, on
the
unde
rsid
e of
the
leaf
,as
doe
s ca
rbon
dio
xide
. The
inju
ry u
sual
ly s
how
s up
as
srie
d an
d bl
each
ed m
arki
ngs
alon
g th
e ed
ges
orbe
twee
n th
e ve
ins
of th
e le
af.
Plan
ts c
an d
etox
ify
mod
erat
e am
ount
s of
sul
fur
diox
ide
rela
tivel
y qu
ickl
y by
chem
ical
rea
ctio
ns w
ithin
thei
r le
aves
, and
if e
xpos
ure
is lo
w a
nd b
rief
, com
plet
e re
cove
ry o
f gr
owth
can
follo
w. A
pro
long
ed p
erio
d of
sub
leth
al d
osag
es, o
n th
e ot
her
hand
, can
pro
duce
chr
onic
ally
inju
red
area
sw
hich
nev
er r
ecov
er. A
s th
e co
ncen
trat
ion
of th
e ga
s in
crea
ses,
the
plan
t cel
ls d
ie, t
he ti
ssue
s be
twee
n
151
the
vein
s co
llaps
e, a
nd th
e le
af b
ecom
es m
ore
and
mor
e sc
arre
d.Pl
ants
with
thin
leav
es, s
uch
as a
lfal
fa,
barl
ey, c
otto
n an
d gr
apes
, suf
fer
mos
t fro
m s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e be
caus
e of
thei
r fa
st a
bsor
ptio
n ra
tes.
Plan
tsw
ith f
lesh
y le
aves
, suc
h as
citr
us a
nd p
ine,
tend
to b
e m
ore
resi
stan
t exc
ept w
hen
the
leav
esar
e ne
wly
form
ed. A
noth
er s
ulfu
r co
mpo
und
whi
ch c
an h
arm
pla
nts
in s
ulfu
ric
acid
, whi
ch f
orm
s fr
om th
e co
mbi
-na
tion
of s
ulfu
r tr
ioxi
de (
an o
xidi
zed
form
of
sulf
ur d
ioxi
de)
with
wat
er a
nd is
oft
en c
arri
ed in
the
atm
o-sp
here
as
an a
eros
ol w
hich
poc
kmar
ks th
e up
per
surf
ace
of le
aves
. Cur
ious
ly, i
n lo
w q
uant
ities
, sul
fur
diox
ide
can
actu
ally
PR
OT
EC
T p
lant
s, b
y ne
utra
lizin
g th
e ef
fect
s of
oxi
dant
s su
chas
ozo
ne.
Flou
ride
s ar
e an
othe
r de
adly
ene
my
of v
eget
atio
n.E
mitt
ed f
rom
alu
min
um, c
eram
ic, c
hem
ical
and
fert
ilize
r in
dust
ries
as
wel
l as
glas
s-w
orks
, sm
elte
rs a
nd s
teel
mill
s, th
ese
com
poun
ds a
lso
ente
r th
e le
afth
roug
h th
e st
omat
a. F
rom
ther
e th
ey m
ove
to th
e ed
ges
and
tip o
f th
e le
af. T
he c
ente
r of
the
leaf
rem
ains
rela
tivel
y un
affe
cted
, whi
le le
thal
am
ount
s of
the
chem
ical
bui
lds
up a
long
the
edge
s. A
sex
posu
re c
ontin
ues,
the
;:fill
ing
mov
es in
war
d. L
eave
s ex
pose
d to
flu
orid
es u
sual
ly h
ave
burn
ed, d
ried
out
edg
es w
itha
thin
redd
ish-
brow
n lin
e of
new
ly-d
estr
oyed
tiss
ue m
arki
ng th
e ed
ge o
f th
e he
alth
y pa
rt o
f th
e pl
ant.
Eve
n th
ough
mos
t far
min
g so
ils c
onta
in c
onsi
dera
ble
amou
nts
of f
luor
ides
, pla
nts
only
take
up m
inut
e qu
antit
ies
need
edin
thei
r m
anuf
actu
re o
f fo
od. T
here
fore
whe
n th
ey c
onta
in h
ighe
r qu
antit
ies
of f
luor
ides
than
a fe
w p
arts
per
mill
ion,
air
pol
lutio
n ca
n be
ass
umed
as
the
sour
ce.
Gla
diol
us, p
rim
e, a
pric
ot a
nd p
each
pla
nts
are
espe
cial
ly s
ensi
tive
to f
luor
ides
and
are
inju
red
by e
xtre
mel
y lo
w c
once
ntra
tions
. Oth
er p
lant
s w
hich
are
slig
htly
less
sen
sitiv
e bu
t stil
l sus
cept
ible
to d
amag
e ar
e sw
eet p
otat
oes,
corn
and
con
ifer
s (c
one-
bear
ing
tree
s or
shr
ubs)
. Ano
ther
flu
orin
e co
mpo
und
whi
ch in
jure
s ve
geta
tion
is h
ydro
fluo
ric
acid
. Eve
n in
very
sm
all q
uant
ities
, thi
s su
bsta
nce
can
spot
cor
n le
aves
and
turn
gla
diol
i tip
s w
hite
or
yello
w.
Wou
ld Y
ou B
elie
ve P
last
ic T
rees
?
Smog
is a
rel
ativ
e ne
wco
mer
to th
e po
llutio
n sc
ene,
but
its
impa
ct u
pon
vege
tatio
n ha
s be
en p
rofo
und.
Som
e hi
ghw
ays
in L
os A
ngel
es f
eatu
re a
rtif
icia
l pla
nts
alon
g th
e. m
edia
n, b
ecau
se g
row
ing
real
pla
nts
prov
edto
be
a lo
st c
ause
! Sm
og c
ause
s th
e st
omat
a to
clo
se, w
hich
pre
vent
s pl
ants
fro
m g
athe
ring
life
-giv
ing
carb
ondi
oxid
e fo
r th
eir
phot
osyn
thet
ic m
anuf
actu
re o
f fo
od. T
hrou
gh th
e na
tura
l foo
d ch
ain,
all
anim
allif
e, in
clud
ing
152
man
, ulti
mat
ely
depe
nds
on th
e pr
oduc
tive
capa
citie
sof
the
gree
n pl
ants
to s
usta
in li
fe.
Eve
n w
hen
con-
cent
ratio
ns o
f sm
og a
re n
ot h
igh
enou
gh to
cau
se ir
reve
rsib
le d
amag
e,ch
roni
c ex
posu
re a
ppea
rs to
inhi
bit
the
grow
th o
f m
any
plan
t spe
cies
. Tw
o sp
ecif
ic in
jury
pat
tern
s ha
ve b
een
iden
tifie
d in
the
actio
n of
sm
og
upon
pla
nts
-- o
ne c
ause
d by
ozo
ne, t
he o
ther
by
PAN
(per
oxya
cyl o
r pe
roxy
acet
yl n
itrat
e). O
zone
atta
cks
the
uppe
r su
rfac
e of
the
leaf
, cau
sing
spo
ts, s
plot
ches
and
str
eaks
.In
suf
fici
ent c
once
ntra
tions
, it c
an
caus
e pl
ant t
issu
es to
col
laps
e co
mpl
etel
y.It
als
o le
aves
sca
rs o
n ce
real
s an
d ve
geta
bles
. PA
N a
ttack
sfr
om th
e ot
her
dire
ctio
n --
on
the
unde
rsid
e of
the
leaf
, tur
ning
it s
ilver
or
bron
ze.
Citr
us tr
ees
are
part
icul
arly
sus
cept
ible
. Ozo
ne a
ppea
rs to
be
the
prim
ary
offe
nder
in s
mog
dam
age
inth
e ea
ster
n U
nite
d
Stat
es, w
here
as P
AN
see
ms
to b
e th
e m
ost d
amag
ing
subs
tanc
e in
Sou
ther
nC
alif
orni
a sm
og. T
he d
iffe
renc
em
ay b
e th
e gr
eate
r hu
mid
ity in
the
Eas
t, or
it c
ould
be
due
to o
zone
'ssp
ecia
l des
truc
tiven
ess
to to
bacc
o,
a m
ajor
cro
p in
the
Sout
heas
t.E
thyl
ene
is a
gas
eous
hyd
roca
rbon
of
the
elef
in s
erie
s.It
is f
ound
in a
utom
obile
exh
aust
and
as
a1-
4..,
1by
-pro
duct
of
cert
ain
chem
ical
pro
cess
es.
Eth
ylen
e pl
ays
a ro
le in
the
phot
oche
mic
al s
mog
pro
cess
, but
.....3
it is
des
truc
tive
in it
s ow
n ri
ght a
s w
ell.
In c
once
ntra
tions
of
only
a f
ew p
arts
per
BIL
LIO
N, e
thyl
ene
caus
esor
chid
sep
als
(the
gre
en le
aves
sur
roun
ding
the
blos
som
) to
with
er.
It a
lso
impe
des
the
open
ing
of c
arna
tion
blos
som
s an
d ca
uses
sna
pdra
gon
flow
ers
to d
rop
off.
Mor
e si
gnif
ican
tly, a
t jus
t slig
htly
high
er c
once
n-
trat
ions
it r
etar
ds th
e gr
owth
of
tom
atoe
s, a
truc
k fa
rm c
rop
whi
ch is
oft
en g
row
n ne
ar u
rban
cen
ters
.T
here
has
bee
n re
sear
ch in
to v
eget
atio
n da
mag
e re
sulti
ng f
rom
air
pol
lutio
n, a
nd m
ost o
f it
has
led
to
disc
oura
ging
con
clus
ions
. For
exa
mpl
e, in
one
stu
dy to
bacc
o pl
ants
wer
e pl
aced
in 1
4 di
ffer
ent l
ocat
ions
in N
ew J
erse
y, a
nd th
e pl
ants
sus
tain
ed o
zone
inju
ry a
t eve
ry s
iteO
ther
sur
veys
indi
cate
that
spe
cifi
cpo
lluta
nts
are
capa
ble
of h
arm
ing
vege
tatio
n a
hund
red
mile
s fr
om th
eir
poin
t of
orig
in. M
ore
exte
nsiv
est
udie
s ar
e re
quir
ed to
c1e
term
ine
exac
tly h
ow a
ir p
ollu
tion
affe
cts
the
grow
th, y
ield
, nut
ritio
nal q
ualit
yan
d ev
en s
urvi
val o
f th
e cr
ops
upon
whi
ch w
e de
pend
for
our
foo
d an
d en
joym
ent.
Air
Pol
lutio
n Pr
imer
, Nat
iona
l Tub
ercu
losi
s an
d R
espi
rato
ry D
isea
se A
ssoc
iatio
n,"P
ollu
tion'
s O
ther
Eff
ects
,"pp
. 77-
87.
153
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 10:
Atm
osph
eric
Con
ditio
ns W
hich
Cau
se P
ollu
tion
Pollu
tion
occu
rs w
hen
the
air
cann
ot a
bsor
b an
d sp
read
out
the
part
icle
s be
ing
pour
ed in
to th
e at
mo-
sphe
re.
Seri
ous
air
pollu
tion
is r
arel
y ca
used
by
only
one
type
of
part
icle
.(I
t) o
ccur
s w
hen
mix
ture
sor
com
bina
tions
of
man
y po
lluta
nts
are
adde
d to
the
air.
The
re a
re tw
o m
ajor
type
s of
atm
osph
eric
con
ditio
ns w
hich
can
cau
se p
ollu
tion
emer
genc
ies.
The
yar
e kn
own
as "
Lon
don-
type
" an
d "L
os A
ngel
es-t
ype"
pol
lutio
n.L
ondo
n-ty
pe a
ir p
ollu
tion
occu
rs o
n co
ld,
fogg
y da
ys o
r lo
ng w
inte
r ni
ghts
with
tem
pera
ture
s be
low
50°
, whe
n a
thic
k la
yer
of d
ense
fog
for
ms
over
a ci
ty.
Sinc
e co
ol a
ir is
hea
vy, t
he f
og tr
aps
pollu
tant
s an
d pr
even
ts th
em f
rom
esc
apin
g in
to th
e up
per
atm
osph
ere.
Thi
s is
kno
wn
as th
erm
ally
sta
ble
(unc
hang
ing
in te
mpe
ratu
re)
air.
In n
orm
al (
unst
able
)co
nditi
ons,
as
the
air
near
the
eart
h's
surf
ace
is w
arne
d, it
ris
es, c
arry
ing
the
pollu
tant
s w
ith it
, and
isre
plac
ed b
y co
oler
, cle
aner
air
fro
m a
bove
. Lon
don-
type
pol
lutio
n en
ds w
hen
the
tem
pera
ture
ris
es,
war
min
g th
e po
llute
d ai
r an
d ca
usin
g it
to r
ise
to h
ighe
r al
titud
es.
Air
Inv
ersi
ons
Tra
p Po
ison
sL
os A
ngel
es-t
ype
pollu
tion
is s
omew
hat m
ore
com
plic
ated
.It
is c
ause
d by
wha
t is
know
n as
an
inve
r-si
on la
yer,
whe
n a
sudd
en c
hang
e in
tem
pera
ture
cau
ses
air
at h
ighe
r al
titud
es to
bec
ome
war
mer
than
air
near
the
grou
nd, t
hus
caus
ing
a th
erm
ally
sta
ble
atm
osph
eric
con
ditio
n w
hich
trap
s sm
og a
nd o
ther
pol
luta
nts.
In L
og A
ngel
es, s
uch
inve
rsio
ns o
ften
for
m b
etw
een
the
thre
e m
ount
ain
rang
es w
hich
enc
lose
the
met
ropo
lison
day
s w
here
the
tem
pera
ture
ris
es a
bove
75°.
Whe
n th
is h
appe
ns, e
norm
ous
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f hy
droc
arbo
nsfr
om in
dust
rial
sm
okes
tack
s an
d au
tom
obile
exh
aust
s bu
il d
up in
the
war
m a
ir s
urro
undi
ng th
e ci
ty. T
hese
subs
tanc
es in
tera
ct w
ith s
tron
g su
nlig
ht to
pro
duce
a v
ery
irri
tatin
g sm
og. W
ith L
og A
ngel
es-t
ype
smog
, the
leve
l of
pollu
tion
drop
s at
sun
set w
hen
the
uppe
r at
mos
pher
e co
ols,
bre
akin
g th
e in
vers
ion.
With
eith
er L
ondo
n or
Los
Ang
eles
-typ
e po
llutio
n, th
ere
are
two
way
s in
whi
ch th
e si
tuat
ion
can
be im
prov
ed-
-a
chan
ge in
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns o
r a
redu
ctio
n in
the
amou
nt o
f po
lluta
nts
bein
g po
ured
into
the
air
from
indu
stri
es, a
utom
obile
s, a
nd o
ther
sou
rces
. Onl
y na
ture
can
pro
vide
the
form
er. W
hen
she
fails
to d
o so
,it
seem
s ap
pare
nt th
at m
an w
ill b
e ob
liged
to p
rovi
de th
e la
tter.
154
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 11:
ropu
latio
n T
o G
row
By
50 M
illio
nB
y 2,
002,
Film
Say
s1
WA
SHIN
GT
ON
Item
:ik
ny w
ay y
ou s
lice
it, th
ere
fzir
illbe
, at l
east
50
n. .l
ion
iitto
re A
mer
ican
s 30
yea
rsfr
om n
ow th
an th
ere
are
toda
y. A
nd th
at's
by
the
in o
s t
cons
erva
tive
esti-
inna
tes
i.e. i
f th
e ch
ildre
nrh
o w
ere
born
dur
ing
the
Wor
ld W
ar I
I ba
by b
oom
linty
rep
lace
them
selv
es.
Item
: Alth
ough
the
poor
Lin
d th
e bl
ack
are
wid
ely
supp
osed
to b
e th
e gr
oups
f h
i e f
I y
res
pons
ible
for
popu
latio
n g
r ow
th, T
hetr
uth
is th
at, i
n th
is c
ount
ryht
leas
t, se
ven
out o
f ev
ery
10 b
irth
s ar
e to
the
whi
tetil
iddi
n cl
ass.
Item
: A c
hild
bor
n th
isea
r w
ill v
ote
for
pres
iden
t19
92 a
nd w
ill e
nter
the
job
mar
ket b
y ab
out 1
995.
palf
his
chi
ldre
n w
ill b
ebo
rn in
this
cen
tury
and
4alf
in th
e 21
st. H
e w
illlit
com
e a
gran
dfa:
'-ier
abou
t 202
0,w
illre
tire
abou
t 203
5 an
dw
illdi
eib
out h
alfw
ay in
to th
e ne
xtie
ntur
y.T
hese
sta
tem
ents
will
be
fam
iliar
if y
ou s
aw th
etim
ed r
epor
t of
the
Com
-m
issi
on o
n Po
pula
tion
ier
ow th
and
the
Am
eric
anFu
tur;
,.. ,v
hen
it w
as s
how
n.i)
n pu
blic
tele
visi
on.
BU
T W
HA
T m
ay c
ome
asa
surp
rise
isth
atth
eC
omm
issi
onw
hich
was
crea
ted
by C
ongr
ess,
ap-
poin
ted
by th
ePr
esid
ent
and
paid
for
by
the
tax-
paye
rsha
s ha
d to
rel
yal
mos
ten
tirel
yon
the
priv
ate
sect
or to
get
its
find
ings
air
ed.
Inde
ed, t
he W
hite
Hou
seha
s pa
id s
o lit
tle a
ttent
ion
to th
e re
port
and
its
sobe
r-in
gco
nclu
sion
sth
atth
eco
mm
issi
on s
ough
t sup
port
from
fou
ndat
ions
so
that
its
onte
ntco
uld
bem
ade
know
nto
the
publ
icth
roug
hth
em
ediu
mof
film
.T
he r
easo
ns f
or th
is c
anbe
trac
ed to
the
appa
rent
sacr
ific
eof
the
two-
year
stud
y to
ele
dtio
n-ye
ar p
olit-
ics.
Whe
n, la
st s
prin
g, th
eco
mm
issi
onas
sem
bled
ath
ough
tful
docu
men
t tha
tex
amin
ed th
e is
sues
pos
edby
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th a
ndre
com
men
ded
a se
ries
ofv
o l u
n t
a ry
con
tain
men
tm
easu
res,
Pre
side
nt N
ixon
did
not
resp
ond
toth
ere
port
as
a w
hole
.
INST
EA
D, w
ith th
e ca
m-
paig
n ju
st h
eatin
g up
, he
chos
e to
sin
gle
out t
hree
infl
amm
ator
y to
pics
as
ifto
say
the
com
mis
sion
had
deal
t with
not
hing
els
e.T
his
wou
ld h
ave
been
bad
enou
ghif
heha
da
c c
u ra
tely
ref
lect
edits
view
s on
abor
tion,
sex
educ
atio
n an
d th
e di
stri
bu-
tion
ofco
ntra
cept
ives
tom
inor
s.B
idM
r.N
ixon
Judi
thR
anda
lch
ose
not t
o do
this
and
, by
sayi
ngth
athe
did
not
"sup
port
unr
estr
icte
d ab
or-
tion
polic
ies
..
.(o
r)un
rest
rict
edfa
mily
plan
-ni
ng s
ervi
ces
and
devi
ces
tom
inor
s,"
gave
the
mis
lead
-in
gim
pres
sion
that
the
com
mis
sion
had
com
e ou
tin
fav
or o
f th
ese
thin
gs a
ndad
voca
ted
wan
ton
sex.
For
the
reco
rd, w
hat i
tre
ally
mea
ns is
pop
ulat
ion
cont
ro',
but t
hat a
bort
ion
shou
ld b
e a
priv
ate
mat
ter
betw
een
a w
oman
and
her
phys
icia
n w
hen
cont
race
p-tiv
e m
easu
res
faile
d. (
Five
of th
e 24
com
mis
sion
ers
did
not g
o ev
en th
is f
ar a
ndW
ed m
inor
ity' s
tate
men
tsop
posi
ng f
urth
er r
elax
atio
nof
lega
l str
ictu
res
on th
ew
ill f
ulte
rmin
atio
nof
preg
nanc
y.)
And
whe
nit
cam
e to
fam
ilypl
anni
ngse
rvic
esan
d se
x ed
ucat
ion
for
mi-
nors
, the
obj
ectiv
e w
as n
otto
enc
oura
ge p
rom
iscu
ity,
but t
o de
al e
ffec
tivel
y w
ithth
ere
aliti
esth
at y
oung
peop
le in
this
cou
ntry
now
beco
me
sexu
ally
a c
t i v
eea
rlie
r th
an e
ver
befo
re,
that
il le
gitim
acy
and
vene
real
dis
ease
are
ram
-pa
nt, a
nd th
at ig
nora
nce
ofse
xual
ity is
no
guar
ante
e of
chas
tity.
Mor
e to
the
poin
tan
dth
isw
asth
ere
alis
sue
addr
esse
dby
the
com
-m
issi
onpo
pula
tion
size
has
ever
ythi
ng to
do
with
the
qual
ity o
f lif
e.A
lrea
dy, t
o dr
ive
onA
mer
ican
str
eets
and
hig
h-w
ays
is to
enc
ount
er a
bys-
mal
traf
fic
jam
s. A
lrea
dy,
to b
e an
gry
abou
t wel
fare
cost
s an
d ot
her
tax-
supp
orte
d so
cial
pro
gram
sis
to e
xpre
ss a
rel
ucta
nce
tosu
ppor
tth
egr
owin
gnu
mbe
rs o
f th
e ve
ry y
oung
,th
e ve
ry o
ld a
nd th
e Il
l and
hand
icap
pedt
hatu
n-ch
ecke
d po
pula
tion
grow
thsu
rely
wou
ld b
ring
.
AL
RE
AD
Y,
our
over
crow
ded
natio
nal
park
s an
d rc
crea
ticin
are
assp
eak
to a
sca
rcity
of
land
to b
e en
joye
d. A
nd a
lrea
dyth
e si
ze o
f ou
r po
pula
tion
thre
aten
s th
e df
oity
of
the
155
indi
vidu
al,
incr
easi
nghi
sri
sks
oflo
nelin
ess
and
alie
natio
n an
d m
akin
g hi
mi n
c r
eas
ingl
y ex
pend
able
all a
cros
s th
e bo
ard.
Nor
isit
true
, as
man
yst
ill b
elie
ve, t
hat a
big
ger
Am
eric
aw
illne
cess
arily
be s
tron
ger
eith
er m
ilita
ri-
lyor
econ
omic
ally
. The
day
is p
ast w
hen
gove
rn,
men
ts n
eed
to e
ncou
rage
larg
e fa
mili
es to
be
sure
of
enou
gh c
anno
n fo
dder
for
futu
re w
ars;
the
incr
ease
df
ire
pow
erof
mod
ern
wea
ponr
y an
dot
her
tech
nolo
gica
l"a
dvan
ces"
have
see
n to
that
.A
nd th
e co
nven
tiona
l wis
-do
mth
atm
ore
peop
lebr
ing
with
them
mor
epr
ospe
rity
als
o ri
ngs
fals
e.In
this
age
of
auto
mat
ion,
f u
r t h
er in
dust
rial
izat
ion,
whi
leal
mos
tce
rtai
nto
prod
uce
mor
epo
llutio
n,al
so c
an r
esul
t in
few
er
jobs
.
IN S
HO
RT
, the
see
dsth
efu
ture
alre
ady
heft
take
n ro
ot a
nd w
hat h
tbe
ende
alt
with
by
tkco
mm
issi
on is
too
impo
tent
to h
ave
been
con
sign
eto
obliv
ion
bypo
litic
;ex
pedi
ency
.
Tod
ay, N
ovem
ber
30, 1
972
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 12:
Wor
ld W
ary
of P
opul
atio
nC
ontr
olB
y G
EO
RG
E B
RIA
Ass
ocia
ted
Pre
ssW
I'Ift
r
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S, N
AA
63-y
earo
ld f
athe
r of
six
who
feel
s hi
s ge
nera
tion
was
sho
rt-
sigh
ted
in p
opul
atio
n pl
anni
ngis
in a
key
spo
t to
mak
e am
ends
.
Ant
onio
Car
rillo
Flor
es,
form
erM
exic
anfo
reig
nm
inis
ter,
hea
ds th
e m
ost a
mbi
-tio
us a
ttem
ptY
et to
dea
l with
the
com
plex
and
con
trov
ersi
al is
sue
on a
glo
bal s
cale
. He
is s
ecre
-ta
ry-g
ener
alof
the
Wor
ldPo
pula
tion
Con
fere
nce
to b
ehe
ld in
A ig
ust 1
974.
The
wor
ld's
popu
latio
n w
ill h
ave
doub
led
byth
e ye
ar 2
006
if th
e pi
esen
t 2pe
rcen
t rat
e of
gro
wth
s:o
n-tin
ues.
"Fir
st o
f al
l, yo
u ha
ve to
try
toas
sure
eve
ry c
ount
ry th
at in
coin
ing
to th
e co
nfer
ence
it is
not c
omm
iting
itse
lf to
a b
irth
cont
rol p
rogr
am."
Car
rillo
Flor
es s
ays
in d
iscu
ssin
g on
e of
the
mos
t sen
sitiv
e po
ints
."S
ome
coun
trie
sha
veal
read
y as
ked,
'Wel
l. if
ther
e is
too
muc
h po
pula
tion
in th
ew
orld
why
sho
uld
cert
ain
coun
-tr
ies
be p
inpo
inte
d to
red
uce
thei
r po
pula
tion?
Why
are
n't
othe
rs a
sked
to r
educ
e th
eirs
?E
spec
ially
sin
ce th
e co
nsum
p-tio
nan
dus
eof
natu
ral
reso
urce
s by
the
inha
bita
nts
ofth
e ri
ch c
ount
ries
are
muc
hgr
eate
r?'
"It i
s ve
ry I
mpo
rtan
t tha
t the
poor
cou
ntri
es, t
he d
evel
opin
gco
untr
ies,
don
't ge
t the
impr
es-
sion
that
the
rich
cou
ntri
es a
rete
lling
them
, 'Y
ou r
educ
e yo
urpo
pula
tion
and
all
your
prob
lem
s w
ill b
e so
lved
.' "
With
thes
e th
orny
issu
es,
amon
g ot
hers
,fa
cing
the
conf
eren
ce, C
arri
llo F
lore
s to
ldan
inte
rvie
wer
: "I
don'
t thi
nkIt
's c
onst
ruct
ive
to tr
y to
dev
ise
a si
ngle
for
mul
a. E
ven-
if y
ouw
ere
to c
ome
to th
e co
nclu
sion
that
the
wor
ld a
s a
who
le h
as a
prob
lem
bec
ause
its
popu
latio
nis
gro
win
g to
o fa
st, i
t wou
ld n
otbe
con
stru
ctiv
e to
pre
sent
the
prob
lem
that
way
. No
coun
try
will
def
ine
its p
c.ic
y by
taki
ngIn
to c
onsi
dera
tion
a.)
a N
o. 1
prio
rity
the
prob
lem
s of
the
wor
ld. W
e ar
e liv
ing
in a
wor
ldin
whi
ch e
very
cou
ntry
con
-si
ders
its
natio
nal i
nter
ests
firs
t. "1 h
e m
ain
frui
t tha
t I e
xpec
tfr
om th
e co
nfer
ence
is to
aro
use
the
inte
rest
of
ever
y co
untr
y so
that
itw
illfa
ceits
own
prob
lem
."In
anno
unci
ngC
arri
lloFl
ores
'ap
poin
tmen
t, U
.N.
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
alK
urt
Wal
dhei
m v
oice
d ho
pe th
at th
eco
nfer
ence
will
dea
l with
all
as-
pect
sof
dem
ogra
phic
prob
lem
s,in
clud
ing
mor
al-o
nes.
He
obse
rved
:
"Fro
m th
e st
art o
f its
invo
l-ve
men
t in
popu
latio
n m
atte
rs it
has
been
a f
unda
men
tal t
enet
of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
that
ther
em
ust b
e fr
eedo
m o
f ch
oice
for
Indi
vidu
als
to s
hape
thei
r'fa
mily
life
acc
ordi
ng to
thei
rbe
liefs
and
asp
irat
ions
, and
for
gove
rnm
ents
to p
ursu
e th
epo
licie
s th
at a
re m
ost i
n ke
epin
gw
ith th
e ph
ysic
al a
nd s
piri
tual
wel
fare
of
thei
r pe
ople
."
Agr
eein
g w
ith th
is, C
arri
lloFl
ores
say
s th
at a
t the
Teh
ran
conf
eren
ce o
n hu
man
rig
hts
held
in 1
968
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
decl
ared
the
righ
t of
ever
y in
-di
vidu
al a
nd e
very
fam
ily to
de-
term
ine
its o
wn
size
.B
ut h
e ad
ds: "
Eve
ryin
-di
vidu
al h
as a
lso
the
righ
t to
ob-
tain
the
info
rn,a
tion
that
may
enah
le h
im to
mak
e a
free
and
resp
onsi
ble
deci
sion
.a
ques
tion
in w
hich
edu
catio
npl
ays
a ve
ry im
port
ant r
ole.
"T
he c
onfe
renc
e si
te h
as n
otbe
en c
hose
n ye
t. A
t pre
para
tory
sym
posi
a in
Cai
ro, S
tock
holm
,K
iev
and
the
Hag
ue e
xper
ts w
illdi
scus
spo
pula
tion
and
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent,
en-
viro
nmen
t, w
ell-
bein
g of
the
fam
ily a
nd h
bman
rig
hts.
A g
roup
of
dist
ingu
ishe
d pe
r-so
nalit
ies
is a
lso
wor
king
on
aw
orld
pla
n of
act
ion
whi
ch'C
arri
llo F
lore
s be
lieve
s co
uld
prod
uce
a ke
y re
solu
tion
at th
e19
74 c
onfe
renc
e. I
t wou
ld c
on-
cern
ass
ista
nce.
Tod
ay, M
arch
4, 1
973
156
Mea
l and
fin
anci
al a
ssis
tanc
efr
om th
e U
.N. I
n de
alin
g w
ithth
e po
pula
tion
prob
lem
, I d
on't
thin
k th
e ot
her
coun
trie
s w
ill b
eop
pose
dto
that
,"C
arri
lloFl
ores
say
s, "
espe
cial
ly if
we
are
care
ful i
n sa
fegu
ardi
ng tw
ovi
tal p
oint
sth
e so
vere
ignt
y of
ever
y co
untr
y an
d th
e ri
ghts
of
the
indi
vidu
al."
Car
rillo
Flo
res
is a
mem
ber
ofa
dist
ingu
ishe
d M
exic
an I
ndia
nfa
rn,ly
.H
isfa
ther
,Ju
lian
Car
rillo
, was
a c
ompo
ser,
api
onee
rin
frac
tiona
lto
nem
usic
. A b
rith
er o
f C
arri
lloFl
ores
, Nab
or, w
as r
ecto
r of
the
-Uni
vers
ity o
f M
exic
o. A
nton
ioC
arri
llo F
lore
s w
as a
mba
ssad
orto
Was
hing
ton,
fin
ance
and
fore
ign
min
iste
r an
d de
an o
f th
ela
w s
choo
l. H
e an
d hi
s w
ife,
ate
ache
r,ha
vesi
xgr
own
child
ren,
fou
r bo
ys a
nd tw
ogi
rls.
Bor
n In
a v
illag
e no
w o
verr
unby
Mex
ico
City
's u
rban
spr
awl,
Car
rillo
Flor
esbe
cam
ein
tere
sted
in p
opul
atio
n tr
ends
25 y
ears
ago
whe
n he
hea
ded
apu
blic
cor
pora
tion
prom
otin
gM
exic
o's
econ
omic
deve
lop-
men
tA
lthou
gh M
exic
o fa
ced
ado
ublin
g of
its
popu
latio
n in
less
than
20
year
s, a
ll th
e go
vern
-m
ent l
eade
rs o
fth
at ti
me
"bel
ieve
d th
e qu
estio
n co
uld
not
be a
ppro
ache
d w
ithou
t the
sup
-po
rt o
f th
e pe
ople
bec
ause
it w
asa
sens
itive
mor
al a
nd r
elig
ious
ques
tion,
"C
ar' i
lloFl
ores
reca
lls.
"Per
haps
my
gene
ratio
n-s
houl
d ha
ve d
one
mor
e in
pres
entin
gth
epo
pula
tion
prob
lem
toth
eM
exic
anpe
ople
," h
e sa
ys. "
It is
mor
ean
d m
ore
diff
icul
t to
get j
obs
for
the
peop
le ..
. but
the
times
wer
e no
t rip
e in
Mex
ico
to f
ace
the
prob
lem
."
'Ant
onio
Car
rillo
Flo
res,
form
er M
exic
anfo
reig
n m
inis
ter
and
fath
er o
f six
, reg
rets
his
gene
ratio
n's
attit
ude
tow
ard
birt
h co
ntro
l. A
she
ad o
f an
upco
min
g U
.N. W
orld
Pop
ulat
ion
Con
fere
nce,
he
wan
ts to
get
mor
e na
tions
toco
nsid
er th
e pr
oble
m. '
We
are
livin
g in
a w
orld
whe
re e
very
cou
ntry
con
side
rs it
s na
tiona
lin
tere
sts
first
,' he
not
es. '
No
coun
try
will
defin
e its
pol
icy
by c
onsi
derin
g th
e pr
oble
ms
ofth
e w
orld
. 'B
ut th
e w
orld
wid
e po
pula
tion
prob
lem
rem
ains
, and
Flo
res
keep
s w
orki
ng o
nit.