document analysis machiavelli 1513 florence, italy machiavelli worked for the medici’s. italy is...
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Document AnalysisMachiavelli1513 Florence, ItalyMachiavelli worked for the Medici’s. Italy is in the
height of the Renaissance; new art, writing in the vernacular
Rulers of any sortTo tell rulers how to be better rulersDo great things, set examples, use war to your
advantage, keep people busy so they don’t know what you are doing, choose the lesser of 2 evils, princes are better than everyone else
Able to write in the vernacular to reach more people, need better, stronger rulers than the ones we have now
Renaissance Pre TestCACCC
CBBCB
College SurveyTake about 10 minutes to answer
Northern RenaissanceGutenberg
Johannes GutenbergGermanCreated a printing press that made it possible
to produce books quickly and cheaplyShakespeare
British playwright
1517-1685
What was the Protestant Reformation?A religious movement that began in the 16th
century wanted to reform the churchJohn Wycliffe
BritEarly dissident of the Catholic Church during
the 14th centuryLollards
John HussStudent of Wycliffe, pushed for people being
allowed to read the bible in the vernacularHussites
Causes of the Reformation Social
Renaissance values of humanism and secularism -> people question the Church
Printing press helped spread ideas critical of the Church easily and cheaply
PoliticalPowerful monarchs (perhaps ones that took
Machiavelli’s advice to heart?) challenge the Church as supreme power
Leaders view the pope as a foreign ruler and challenge his authority.
Causes of the ReformationEconomic
European monarchs were jealous of the Church’s wealth
People resent having to pay taxes to the Church
ReligiousChurch leaders were becoming worldly and
corruptPeople didn’t like the sale of indulgences
IndulgencesIndulgence: a pardon
releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
Sin -> confess -> priest gives penalty -> forgiven
G-d reserves the right to judge, but Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying an indulgence, you could buy your way into heaven
"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, / The soul at once into Heaven springs."
Church Beliefs7 Sacraments
BaptismEucharistReconciliationConfirmationMarriage Holy OrdersAnointing the Sick
Accept Jesus as your lord and savior
TransubstantiationBread and blood
become the actual blood and body of Christ
Christian Humanism• New movement called, devotio moderna, “modern
devotion” in the Netherlands cultivates idea that lay Christians can act in the manner of monks and nuns
• Devotio Moderna spreads throughout Northern Europe
• Northern Humanists study early Christian manuscripts and writing of the early church fathers
• Erasmus of Rotterdam considered the “Prince of Humanists” criticizes the Church and Christians who mindlessly follow dogma
• He calls for a return to the basic teachings of Christ
95 Theseshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0w
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)GermanHis parents wanted him
to become a lawyer, but he became a monk
He wanted to be a good Christian
A doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, Luther argues that faith alone saves the human sinner
LutherLuther did not like the sale of indulgencesHe wrote 95 formal statements, attacking the
“pardon-merchants” such as TetzelIn 1517, he nails his 95 Theses, which
confront the church and call for reform, on the door of the Wittenberg cathedral
Someone copied Luther’s 95 Theses and took them to the printer.
These actions began the Reformation
Luther’s TeachingSalvation by faith not faith and “good works”All Church teachings should clearly based on
the words of the BiblePope and Church traditions are false
authorities.All people with faith were equal, so you don’t
need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
Response to LutherThe Pope threatens Luther with
excommunication unless Luther recants (takes back his statements)Excommunication – the taking away of a person’s
right to membership in the ChurchThe Holy Roman Emperor objects
Charles V is a devout Catholic and doesn’t like what Luther is saying either.
German states are a part of the HRE1521 Charles orders Luther to stand trialLuther refuses to recant
“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of G-d. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may G-d help me. Amen.”
ResultsCharles declares Luther a outlaw and hereticIt is illegal for anyone to give Luther food or
shelterFrederick the Wise of Saxony does it anyway,
hiding Luther in a castle for a yearWhile in hiding Luther translates the New
Testament into the VernacularIn 1512 Luther gives up trying to reform the
Church and creates his own religious group, Lutherans
Peasants’ Revolt1524German peasants get caught up in the
reforms going on and call for an end to serfdom
They go around the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.
Luther was horrified by the revolt and denounced the peasants
In turn, the peasants rejected Luther
Warring German StatesMany German Princes supported Luther
because it gave them ultimate authority, not the Pope
1529 – Catholic princes joined with the Pope to fight Luther
Princes that supported Luther signed a protest against it, thus becoming known as Protestants
This term goes on to apply to any non Catholic Christian.
Warring German StatesCharles V went to war against the Protestant
princes and beat themHowever, he could not force them back into
the ChurchPeace of Augsburg – 1555
Whose realm, his religionCuius regio, eius religio