Prompt: “Assess relative impact of World War I”

Trevor Meylach

4/17/09

Period 1

Mr. Marshall

AP World History

Check-off list:PlanningThesisHistorical ContextAnalysis VRule of Three XIIGroupings VAdditional Documents VIIIPoint of Views VIIReliability of Documents VIIAll Documents were usedSprite Categories IV + EnvironmentalTopic Sentence VIISegue/Closure VIILong-Term Effects VIII

Short-Term Effects XIIITransitions VIIBody Paragraphs VProfound Thesis StatementDBQ answers all parts of the questionShows Change Over TimeContinuity IVConnection XTime is mentioned throughout the DBQCompare and Contrast VIII-Cover Page (with heading)-Bibliography Included (MLA Style)-5 minimum sources (XVI)

Planning:Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points included the establishment of countries on borders of ethnic groups which would avoid conflicts within a country and thusly avoid revolutions and it would also make it easier for these nations to balance their power in a League of Nations. Wilson labeled this concept “national self-determination” Social:

o The 8-10 million deaths of WWI depressed the masseso Refugees from the war migrated to the U.S and France primarily but nationalist feelings amongst

native citizens spurred anti-immigrant feelings and the passing of anti-immigration lawso At the Paris Peace Conference the Japanese proposal of treating all races equal was rejectedo While the Western world experience a large decline in the population as a result of the War

China actually experienced population growth with unfortunate ramificationso During the War the importance of professionals and wealth increased which caused the

importance of lineage to decrease and the importance of the middle class to increase as wello The treatment of the labor force didn’t changeo In 1920 the 19th Amendment granted women’s suffrage; this accompanied the growing

importance and freedom of womeno In Russia where a new oppressive government had replaced the old oppressive government the

treatment of the people as only workers grew. Since the Soviet Union was a Communist nation there was no personal wealth and the role of the citizens could be equated to serfs of the government

o The global depression drove much of the world’s population into poverty and out of their homes, people went without food or shelter for extended periods of time and many died of starvation

Political: o At the Paris Peace Conference the dominant attitudes of the U.S, British, and French neglected

the interests of other nations and peoples

o The U.S isolationism caused them to not join the League of Nations and thusly prevented Wilson’s Fourteen Points from being accepted. Instead the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 and it imposed unreasonable punishments on Germany

o The Treaty also established a League of Nations o Many new nations were formed in the post-war periodo By 1921 the Communists in Russia had defeated all opposing powers. In 1922 they merged with

Communist Ukraine and established the USSRo The Establishment of Turkey and the division of all Ottoman lands into separate nations

prevented an establishment of a Middle Eastern empireo The British and other world powers controlled territories in the Middle East, Africa and Asia

through the mandate system which was basically a continuation of the furthering of imperialist goals

o In Stalin’s Russia the man of steel took complete control and executed all who opposed him. He collectivized the agricultural economy and industrialized and sent his prisoners to labor camps called gulags.

o During the global depression of the 30’s many nations called for autarchy (independence from the global economy)

o In Italy Benito Mussolini took control of the Fascist Party and then took control of Italyo In Germany Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor, his radical beliefs made him a wild gamble at

hope against the growing popularity of Communism in Germany. Hitler went beyond Chancellor and declared himself the Fuhrer or ruler of Germany or the Third Reich as he dubbed his empire.

o In China the government of Chiang Kai-shek was challenged by the Communist Party which was headed by Mao Zedong. Chiang’s Guomindang Party pushed Zedong’s Communists out of China and out of the estimated 100,000 who began with the Communists in this Long March, nearly 96,000 were killed.

o The Japanese pushed into China in 1937 and the Guomindang government retreated westward Economic:

o Germany was forced to pay huge reparations to the Allies in the Treaty of Versailleso Lenin’s New Economic Policy that allowed peasants to own land and sell crops, merchants to

trade, and workshops to distribute goods on the free market saved it from economic disintegration

o The Japanese Economy grew four times faster than that of Europe during the War and the Chinese economy grew four times slower than that of Europe during the War

o In Stalin’s series of Five Year Plans he rapidly industrialized the Soviet Union to pay for its investments, Russia collectivized its agriculture which meant that peasants would work together on commonly owned fields and all revenues would go to the government. The peasants would be paid in rations.

o In 1929 the New York Stock Market crashed, the crashed evolved into a global depression. The U.S economy shrunk by half and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, global production dropped 36% and global trade dropped 62%.

o American banks stopped loaning money to the Germans and Austrians for their reparations and when they couldn’t pay their reparations Britain and France could not repay their war loans to the U.S

o The Depression spread to Europe and the French and British endured by forcing their colonies to buy goods from them. The unemployment rate in Germany grew drastically and more than half of the population was driven to poverty

o The U.S, France, and Britain’s governments intervened with their economies but maintained their democracies but Germany and Japan became war hungry military machines

o The non-industrial regions of the world that produced the raw materials that were exported to the industrial world were also hit hard by the depression as the industrial world couldn’t buy as much of their products during the Depression and several of these non-industrial nations, especially the ones in Latin America, began to form dictatorships with authoritarian rule

o South Africa boomed during the Depression because gold and copper prices rose. The Russians also boomed because of Stalin’s series of Five Year Plans

Technological: o In the 1920’s aviation became a sport and a way of showing technological accomplishments

amongst industrial nationso In the 1930’s aviation became more of a means of transportation, business, and male preserveo The world powers began to compete in the building of aviation technologies with the rapid

production of newer models of planes and weaponry in a post-war arms raceo Electricity began to bring modernity to the households of the middle class and provided power

for several helpful applianceso Radio technology that had been used during the war was applied to the home country with the

creation of hundreds of broadcasting stationso During the war much was discovered about the transmitting of diseases though unhygienic

practices and after the war many advances were made in waste management and hygiene technologies and new medical technologies like the x-ray improved the quality of diagnoses and treatments

o Several discoveries about the nature of atoms were madeo Albert Einstein proposed that time, space, and mass were relative to each othero Advances in sociology in the post-war era also rocked the world

Environmental: o The war left Europe scarred with trenched and bomb craterso Many forests were destroyed to make trenches, build factories, and build roads and railroads.o The urban environment was transformed by automobiles and skyscraperso The gasoline-powered tractor made the farming of large tracts of land possible o Dams and canals, technologies that had been put to much use in the War began to be used by

businesses and manufacturers; the increased building of dams and canals transformed the waterways of the world

ESSAY:Background Information: World War 1 was a war unlike any other before; due to new

technological advances that were products of the industrial revolution war could now be fought over huge tracts of land with the ability to rapidly deploy massive numbers of soldiers. Short-term Effect: As a result of the ability to deploy soldiers this fast and the new weaponry that they used to fight more soldiers were killed in this war than in any previous war. Background Information Contd.: By the end of the war it was of a consensus that peace needed to be had and, eager for peace and the Paris Peace Conference was called but unfortunately here the leaders of France, Britain and the U.S ignored the will of the rest of the world. U.S President Woodrow Wilson proposed his Fourteen Points, a plan that focused on national self-determination (placing national borders on ethnic and linguistic borders to avoid internal conflict) as the proper means of repairing Europe and the rest of the world. Connection: Wilson’s idea of nations’ borders being

drawn based on ethnic and linguistic borders is very similar to the way that borders were drawn in the post-WWII era; many of these borders still exist today after the decolonization that lasted through the Cold War era. Wilson also proposed a League of Nations but the U.S populous’ isolationist feelings prevented the U.S from joining when this was established in 1919 and as a result the Treaty of Versailles was enacted. Thesis: The unfortunate effects of the First World War had such a long reach that we are still seeing them today, while some were highly beneficial the majority of the effects were oppositely detrimental; some apparent patterns that made themselves apparent in the post-WWI period are political instability, economic fragmentation, and social transformation (for better or for worse) that would result from the neglectful attitudes of Britain, France, and the U.S at the Paris Peace Conference and the unreasonable punishments enacted by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; other apparent patterns include technological evolution and environmental transformation that are traceable to the advancements made in technology in the WWI and pre-WWI era. Segue: Of these trends one of the most apparent and harmful was the political instability and lack of power balance that was brought on by the harmful aspects of the Treaty of Versailles.

Grouping 1: Political Instability: Background Information: For centuries prior to the Great War the nations of Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Russia, and the rest of the European Powers along with (later on) Japan had set about building vast global empires. Topic Sentence: During the First World War the European Powers seized the opportunity to attempt and gain European land from their rival Powers but at the end of the war borders had to change. Analysis: With the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles a large portion of the tracts of land owned by these European empires were taken away and made independent while a few nations maintained their control. Fact 1: Very much land was taken from Austria and the newly formed Hungary as well as Russia and Germany (Bulliet 747-748, Armstrong 242-243, animatedatlas.com). Additionally, according to animatedatlas.com, the Hapsburg Dynasty which ruled the Austro-Hungarian Empire was completely disbanded (animatedatlas.com). Fact 2: Out of these territories several new nations were formed including Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia while Romania and Italy expanded (Bulliet 748, animatedatlas.com). Short-Term Effect: The establishment of these nations to separate the borders of the Central Powers and the rest of Europe was intended to deter them from launching future strikes, these nations were for all purposes “buffer nations”; unfortunately the establishment of these nations had an opposite effect. Long-Term Effect: While these new nations did help to maintain peace for a while it was possibly their existence that may have contributed greatly to the tension that brought on WWII for while it may have been necessary to create these nations to both appease the people and create buffers, there may have been an excess of land. Fact 3: After their unfortunate choice to side with the Central Powers in the war the Ottoman Empire was disbanded by the Treaty of Versailles and the Turks were left with to defend themselves; they succeeded in protecting the area that is now Turkey in Asia Minor and in 1923 Ataturk declared the nation of Turkey (Bulliet 753, Armstrong 243, Spodek 605). Continuity: Compare-Contrast: Unlike the Central Powers and Russia, Britain and France were not only able to maintain much of their previously held colonies but they were also able to continue in their colonialism as supported by the Treaty of Versailles with the mandate system; out of the Ottoman Empire France mandated Lebanon and Syria while Britain mandated Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq (Bulliet 752-753, Spodek 605-607, historyscoop.wordpress.com). The website history.worldpress.com is an excerpt from Professor

David Woodward account of the warring against the Ottomans; in it the disintegration of the empire is termed as Balkanization and tells of how the British and French used the excuse to mandate the area that if they were to grant self-determination to the freed lands then the result would the balkanization of those new nations (history.worldpress.com). Transition: In addition to the removal of territory and establishment of new nations, the Treaty of Versailles and more so the Paris Peace Conference itself had one dominant effect – aside from the monetary orders given – it enraged or neglected all other nations aside from the U.S, Britain, and France; the effect would be the spread of revolutionary ideas throughout Europe and the eventual onset of the Second World War. Fact 1: During the Paris Peace Conference U.S President Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David George, and French premier Georges Clemenceau basically worked amongst themselves and ignored the interests of Italy and Japan along with thousands of delegates from different peoples while the Central Powers and Russia weren’t even invited to the conference that would ultimately decide their own fait (Bulliet 746, Spodek 605-606). Fact 2: Short-Term Effect: As a result of the neglect of Russia due to its being in a civil war the Communists were able to take absolute power and while the effect of this may not have permeated Russian borders otherwise it was due to, at least in part, the neglect of Russian interests in the Treaty of Versailles that encouraged them to work with Germany during early WWII (Bulliet 746, www2.sunysuffolk.edu). Long-Term Effect: It is possible that is Russian interests had been respected at the Paris Peace Conference WWII would have seen a much quicker defeat of Germany and subsequently a largely smaller amount of deaths in the war. POV: Many of the people of the world, including some in seats of power, recognized and were upset with the disregarding attitudes with which the three world leaders went about drawing up the Treaty of Versailles (Bulliet 746). Reliability: In the words of the British Secretary of the time, Arthur Balfour, they were “three all-powerful, all-ignorant men, sitting there carving up continents” (Bulliet 746). Fact 3: Long-Term Effect: What likely resulted in large part from the overly neglect and overly harsh punishment of Germany and the ignoring of the interests of Italy (who had fought against the Central Powers) was the adoption fascist policies and the eventual rule of Hitler and Mussolini (respectively) and finally the launching of the Second World War (Bulliet 746, 773-775; Andrea 394). Short-Term Effect: Connection to Economic & Social: In accumulation with the global economic fragmentation and the resulting widespread social dismay, several of the European nation looked to new types of government for salvation: Russia and Hungary became communist dictatorships although Hungary later became conservative; Germany and Italy became fascist dictatorships; and Romania, Yugoslavia, Portugal, Poland, Spain, and Greece became conservative dictatorships while Turkey was a secularized dictatorship (Doc 8). Compare-Contrast: Connection: In the 1920’s in China a Communist uprising led by Mao Zedong failed and over 96,000 Communists were killed by Chiang Kai-shek and his Guomindang forces; there control only lasted until 1937 when Japan invaded and pushed them out of eastern and central China (Bulliet 752, Armstrong 249-250). Compare-Contrast: Connection: While the United States, Britain, and France never changed their form of government in this period they did see socialist booms in the mid-1920’s and during the Depression all three nations had to regulate their trade and taxes to avoid disintegration (Bulliet 772, chicousd.org). Segue: The Great War had already cost a huge deal of resources and that accompanied with the harsh punishments imposed by the Treaty of Versailles led to a period off tragic global economic fragmentation.

Grouping 2: Economic Fragmentation: Background Information: Connection: As the War itself had had its own far reaching effects on the stability of the nations of the world so too did it have an extremely noticeable effect on their economies. During the war every nation devoted huge amounts of resources to the battles and almost every nation quickly ran out, the United States supplied the allies with war loans and munitions until they entered the war in 1917 (Bulliet 741-743, Armstrong 241-242, Spodek 602-604). Germany and the Central Powers destroyed millions of dollars worth of French and British properties and would have to pay for that (Bulliet 741-743, Armstrong 241-242, Spodek 602-604, Andrea 377). Topic Sentence: At the Paris Peace Conference, as they had ignored the political interests of the rest of the world, Wilson, Clemenceau, and George ignored the interests of all economies other than their own. Analysis: Once again this neglect would have far reaching effects but in the case of the resulting economic fragmentation these three nations weren’t anywhere near as safe as they were from the political instability that had resulted from their negligence. Fact 1: The Treaty of Versailles mandated that Germany pay huge, almost abstract, sums per year to the Allies and each commodity they had to pay was in return for a source of wealth they had destroyed during the war (Doc 3, Bulliet 746, Spodek 605). Fact 2: Connection: As they had in the war, the U.S who had isolated themselves from the League of Nations happily went about lending money to Germany in the form of credits mainly and the Germans would then use American credit to repay Britain and France who would then use it for rebuilding (Bulliet 746-750, Armstrong 244). Short-Term Effect: Playing the position of lender both during and after WWI thrust the U.S into a position of power over the other World Powers (Armstrong 244, ww2.sunysuffolk.edu). Connection: The seat of power and “world creditor” that the U.S achieved during and after WWI has lasted through to the 21st Century. Continuity: Connection: This seat of power faltered briefly during the Great Depression due to the political and economic instability and while it was later regained, this position continue to falter whenever the global economy takes a hit or enters a recession like the one we have been experiencing in recent years. POV: In a way it could be said that almost all profit was going (or supposed to go) to the U.S as they were gaining around 3.2 billion a year from those nations who were lent money for reparations (Germany, Italy, Russia, etc.) and around 8.5 billion from Britain and France who were paying off war loans (Doc 6). POV Contd.: Long-Term Effect: The problem with this is that the money being paid to the U.S was money that they had loaned to the nations paying Britain and France and much of it was merely U.S credit and in this fatal flaw lays a leading cause for the World War that was to come (Doc 6). Reliability: Document 6 is titled “The Origins of the Second World War in Europe” and it shows the cycle of thee aforementioned payments (Doc 6). Fact 3: Short-Term Effect: The fact that the U.S was the one loaning all of the money to the European Powers also meant that the U.S was the one paying itself back but unfortunately it was not receiving enough money in return for its loans as much of it was being used before the U.S would see any return; as a result the New York stock exchange crashed on October 29, 1929, Black Thursday, and since Europe was dependent on U.S loans, it crashed as well (Doc 6, Spodek 606-608, Armstrong 244, Bulliet 769-773, chicousd.org). Transition: As a result of the faulty system of repaying war loans and reparations the Great Depression cast a shadow over the world; under this shadow nations were left the make or break or go to war. Fact 1: Compare: The newly elected U.S president Franklin Roosevelt (elected in 1932) combated depression with the regulation and price controls of the New Deal;

the U.S along with France and Britain who implemented similar policies were able to survive the Depression and turn their economic situation around (Bulliet 773, Spodek 607-608). Fact 2: Russia, who had almost completely isolated itself from the global economy and had recently bolstered its own through Stalin’s Five Year Plans saw little effect from the Depression but the USSR suffered for reasons other than the economy that will be discussed later (Bulliet 566-569, Armstrong 243-244). Fact 3: The Depression hit Italy the Depression came at a time when the government had recently been captured by an unstable man, Mussolini in 1922, who had imposed an unstable fascist government (Bulliet 775-776, Doc 8). Additional Information: Short-Term Effect: Compare: Since it hit Germany after it had experienced a period of hyperinflation the resulting symptoms of depression were intensely magnified to the point that it was easier for a man like Adolph Hitler to take absolute power, as Mussolini had done in Italy, and set the course for war (Bulliet 773-776, Spodek 608, Doc 8). Segue: As the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles had had deep ramifications on the nations of the world and the global economy, so too did they bring about social changes that were not always for the better.

Grouping 3: Social Transformation: Topic Sentence: In the years before the Great War the barriers between class and gender had started to fade; this trend began to become noticeable as far back as the early Industrial Revolution. Analysis: During WWI and in the post-war period the class distinctions in democracies like the U.S and Canada and the limitations of women on a more global scale began to fade. Fact 1: As the wartime necessity for engineers, businessmen, doctors, and other professionals grew, so did the overall importance of the middle class (Bulliet 759). In the post-war period as the government began providing things like schooling, health facilities and housing and as technologies like indoor plumbing and the automobile became more widely available the difference in the lifestyles of the middle and working class shrunk (Bulliet 759-761). Fact 2: Continuity: As had happened during the Industrial Revolution, when there was a lack of men to work in industries, during WWI with a lacking amount of men for labor women saw new job opportunities in factories, farms, and mines and this was not only the case in America (Bulliet 743, 759., Doc 7). POV: Though the fact that women were working now show a great deal of advancement and the growing independence of women throughout the world it did not necessarily mean that women would now have it easy; the work they were now doing was very painstaking and dangerous (Doc 7). Reliability: Document 7 is a picture of three women straining to pull a plow in a field in France, this demonstrates the difficulty of their newly found work (Doc 7). Comparison: In wartime women were not the only ones who saw new work opportunities; Black people throughout the world, especially African-Americans were allowed to partake in industrialized labor (Bulliet 743). Fact 3: Throughout the in the post-war period, Women’s Rights activists spoke out/protested in the need of equality (of women) as women were becoming more independent of their male counterparts (Bulliet 759, www2.sunyffolk.edu). Short-Term Effect: As a result of the actions of these activists several nations around the world granted women’s suffrage; the war inspired Norway (1915), Russia (1917), Canada and Germany (1918), Britain (1918), and the U.S (1920) to grant women the right to vote (Bulliet 759, ww2.sunyffolk.edu). To add on to these points, the website www2.sunyffolk.edu tells of how women and other minorities who were fully employed during the war saw a great enhancement of their status (www2.sunyffolk.edu). Transition: Sadly the effects of the Great War on the people of the world were not all beneficial; just the shock of the war alone caused widespread social dismay. Fact 1: The sheer number of people killed in World

War I was horrifying even from today’s viewpoint (after seeing the catastrophe of WWII); the war ended 8 to 13 million lives, both soldiers and civilians (Bulliet 746, www.chicousd.org). In addition, the website www.chicousd.org tells of how these huge amounts of deaths caused a sense of distrust and anger with governments and political figures (www.chicousd.org). POV: The entire world was mourning after these thousands of young lives that were stripped away without mercy; many people were left asking “Why?” (Doc 1). Reliability: In Rudyard Kipling’s “The Children” he speaks from the perspective of one in shock, one who is mourning over the memory of the youths lost in the war; he asks “who shall return us the children” and the answer was unclear (Doc 1). Fact 2: The way that the war was fought was revolutionary with the horrifically bloody trench warfare of the Western Front and the insanely fast dogfights in the sky and the ability to obliterate massive chunks of land or large divisions of soldiers with new bombs and machineguns (Bulliet 740-741). POV: It was not only the sheer number of deaths that invoked the fear of the masses it was also the awe inspiring might of the warfare that had taken these lives; the people were afraid of what mankind had created (Doc 2). Reliability: In Siegfried Sasson’s “Aftermath, March 1919” the nature of the warfare, especially trench warfare, is described in a gruesome, fearful light; he shows his fear when he writes “Is it all going to happen again” (Doc 2). Fact 3: POV: The whole world, regardless of nationality was in mourning, massive funerals at newly built veterans’ cemeteries showcased depressed family members visiting their lost loved ones (Doc 5). Reliability: In the picture from French newspaper lines of people are shown entering a cemetery, carrying flowers, prepared to face their losses; the caption translated into English reads “Tribute to the Dead of the Great War” (Doc 5). Transition: When it seemed that times couldn’t be bleaker, that thing could only get better from there, the Great Depression sank the already depressed world to the brink of oblivion. Fact 1: Short-Term Effect: During the Depression many companies and even entire industries were driven to bankruptcy; to protect from going bankrupt companies were forced to lay off massive amounts of workers (Bulliet 772-773, Spodek 606-608). Fact 2: Long-Term Effect: Many unemployed workers couldn’t find new work and while some could obtain welfare, the common result was a drastic increase in the number of homeless people throughout the world (Bulliet 772-773, Spodek 606-607). Fact 3: Short-Term Effect: Although many governments attempted to save their citizens by providing welfare, medical aids, and subsidized housing many people still died of starvation and deaths related to lack of shelter as well as harmful diseases from bad hygiene (Bulliet 771-773). Transition: Though the people of the Soviet Union were not affected by the Depression they did experience horrifying atrocities that may have even surpassed those that people in the Depression faced. Background Information: In 1918 Russia was forced to leave the war through the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the Bolshevik uprising led by Vladimir Lenin who would become the ruler of the new Soviet Union in 1921; in this Russian Revolution over 3 million lives were lost (Bulliet 748, Armstrong 242). Fact 1: Continuity: Though the civil war had ended Joseph Stalin continued to bolster the number of deaths in Russia; in addition to the millions of lives taken during the Revolution, when Joseph Stalin succeeded Lenin he and his secret police proceeded in murdering, imprisoning, or exiling thousands of people who were seen as threats or obstacles (Bulliet 766-769). Fact 2: With Stalin’s collectivization of the USSR’s agriculture the peasants were stripped of their property and were forced to work for virtually no personal gain and those who resisted, like some 8 million kulaks, were executed or sent to slave labor camps (Bulliet 768, Andrea 390). Fact 3: During the Great Purge – from 1936-1938 after Stalin had

industrialized the USSR – Stalin relied on terror tactics and mass murder and imprisonment to maintain his new industrialized order; in these years millions of people were executed, assassinated, or put in slave labor camps called gulags. Short-Term Effect: Stalin’s use of terror tactics successfully maintained order and won the reluctant recognition of other nations (Bulliet 769, Armstrong 244). Segue: Though the political, social, and economic changes that resulted from WWI were overwhelmingly detrimental there was one area of change that was very positive and that was the many technological advances made during the war and the post-war era.

Grouping 4: Technological Advancements: Topic Sentence: In the hindsight of every widely noticeable war there is the common trend of an arms race for as far back as the battles of Alexander the Great technology has been a deciding factor in wars. Analysis: While for most nations who partook in World War the arms race occurred during the war but for these nations the result of the war was the advancement of many wartime technologies for leisure and commercial use whereas for Russia, who left the war early, the result was very different. Fact 1: The airplane, which had been of great use during the war, now saw a move to a more leisurely application; every day citizens were more and more attracted to the sky whether it was for exploration, setting records, or just a pleasant afternoon flight (Bulliet 760). Fact 1 Contd.: The automobile which had been modified in several ways during the war began to become a more stylish and speedy, not to mention more available, way of transportation (Bulliet 760-761). POV: To many the truth that had evolved during the Industrial Revolution and that had been finalized in the Great War became apparent; the days of the horse and buggy were dead and had been replaced by the era of the automobile (Doc 4). Reliability: Document 4 is a painting depicting a dead horse surrounded by barbed wire which conveys the opinion that forms of non-mechanized transportation were dead (Doc 4). Fact 2: The spread of electricity to the household made possible the application of radio – which quickly became a huge industry – as well as new household appliances. Fact 2 Contd.: Short-Term Effect: Electricity also made possible the growth of the film industry and the new household appliances paired with new medical technology that shed light on the origins of disease sparked a boom in the people’s concern for hygiene and things like indoor plumbing and antibiotics allowed them to maintain it (Bulliet 760-761). Fact 3: In Russia, which was not as industrialized as much of the world and did not stay in the war for its entirety, the result of the war was the rapid industrialization under Joseph Stalin and his Five Year Plans; his intent was to never suffer the humiliation that they had seen at the hands of Germany during the war (Bulliet 767-768). Connection: Compare-Contrast: In just over a decade Stalin put Russia through the industrialization that had taken nearly a century to happen throughout the rest of the world. Transition: In addition to the newly found uses for wartime technology a phenomenon that occurred in the aftermath of the war was the founding of new and sometimes seemingly unreal scientific concepts. Fact 1: Sociologists throughout the world began to come up with ideas that supported human equality like that of the Viennese sociologist Sigmund Freud who determined through frequent experimentation with psychoanalysis that “the primitive, savage, and evil impulses have not vanished from any individual, but continue their existence, although in a repressed state” (Bulliet 760). Fact 2: Physicists like Max Planck discovered new, revolutionary things about the nature of atoms and the nature of matter and the waves that compose light and sound (Bulliet 760). Fact 3: One great mind of the time that truly stands out is the physicist Albert Einstein who theorized that time,

space, and mass are relative to each other, a concept which rocked every other previous theory on the concept to its core (Bulliet 760). Short-Term Effect: The new discoveries about the energy that could be obtained from atoms lead to the development of the atomic bomb and the horrific ending of the Second World War. Long-Term Effect: the development of such weapons has lead to the terrifying system of balance and control that today’s world powers maintain amongst each other in a Cold War-like manner; they keep each other in check with the unspoken threat of nuclear war. Segue: Unlike the effects of these new trains of thought, the environmental damage caused by the spread of reapplied military technologies was most certainly not beneficial to our world.

Grouping 5: Environmental Impact: Topic Sentence: While it wasn’t the main concern of the era, the environment took heavy damage during the war and the post-war era. Analysis: The new technologies used during the war left the surface of our Earth heavily scarred. Fact 1: The trenches dug across much of Western Europe along the Western Front left a deep crevasse that spanned nearly the entire continent (Bulliet 746). Fact 2: The use of bombs shot by tanks or dropped by planes devastated entire villages and sections of cities and in their wake they left nothing but desolate craters and debris was still being cleared after a decade (Bulliet 746). Fact 3: The warring on the ground required vast tracts of land and nothing less than the demolition of whole forests and even towns would satisfy this need (Bulliet 746). Transition: While the technologies of the war had devastated our world, the technologies of the post-war era had a contrasting effect. Fact 1: In the shadow of WWI there arose a building boom and the featured product was the skyscraper which would transform the urban environments of our world (Bulliet 761). Fact 2: With Henry Ford’s techniques of mass producing automobile and their affordability complex networks of roads were built and linked cities and nations on every continent (Bulliet 761). Connection: The building of complex roadways paired with the revolutionizing of the architecture industry produced cities that would begin to resemble the ones that we are used to seeing in our modern world. Fact 2 Contd.: Compare-Contrast: The building of canals as had been the case during the Industrial Revolution, when throughout the world revolutionized its waterways as the building of roadways and railroads had revolutionized transportation on land (Bulliet 761-762). Fact 3: Connection: Russia was industrialized rivers were turned into chains of reservoirs, land into farms and factories, and towns into cities (Bulliet 767). Segue: While every area of change during WWI and in the post-war era had its own noticeable effects, it is not until one pieces them all together that they can identify the trends that led to the catastrophes of WWII and to some of the problems we are facing today.

Topic Sentence: As a result of the First World war the governments of the world were thrown into chaos due to the neglectful practices of the Paris Peace Conference and the faulty Treaty of Versailles which asked for unreasonable payments that were paid through unreliable loans which would result in global economic depression and these two factors would bring about overall social dismay; on a lighter side the war allowed a boom in technological growth but unfortunately this also led to massive environmental damage. Conclusion: Long-Term Effect: It was the neglectful attitudes of the Paris Peace Conference and the faulty Treaty of Versailles that led to the political and economic chaos of the post-war era and the resulting social unrest; these three things would ultimately bring about the rise of fascist governments and totalitarian dictatorships whose aspirations for world conquest and/or revenge would bring about the Second World War. Conclusion/Long-Term Effect Contd.: The technological advancements of the war

and the post-war era would not only bring about the revolutionizing of our world urban environments but also the diseased chain of environmental damage caused by technology that has caused the environmental decay that had become apparent in today’s world due to trends like global warming.

Bibliography:

Document 1These were our children who died for our lands:

They were dear in our sight.We have only the memory left of their Home,

Treasured sayings and laughter.The price of our loss shall be paid to our hands,

Not another's hereafter.Neither the Alien nor Priest shall decide on it.

That is our right.But who shall return us the children?

“The Children” by Rudyard Kipling

Document 2

Have you forgotten yet?...

Look down, and swear by the slain of the War that you’ll never forget.

Do you remember the dark months you held the sector at Mametz—

The nights you watched and wired and dug and piled sandbags on parapets?

Do you remember the rats; and the stench

Of corpses rotting in front of the front-line trench—

And dawn coming, dirty-white, and chill with a hopeless rain?

Do you ever stop and ask, ‘Is it all going to happen again?’

“Aftermath, March 1919” by Siegfried Sasson

Document 3Germany undertakes to deliver to France seven million tons of coal per year for ten years.

In addition, Germany undertakes to deliver to France annually for a period not exceeding ten years an amount of coal equal to the difference between the annual production before the war of the coal mines of the Nord and Pas de Calais, destroyed as a result of the war, and the production of the mines of the same area during the years in question: such delivery not to exceed twenty million tons in any one year of the first five years, and eight million tons in any one year of the succeeding five years. It is understood that due diligence will be exercised in the restoration of the destroyed mines in the Nord and the Pas de Calais.

Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium eight million tons of coal annually for ten years.

Germany undertakes to deliver to Italy up to the following quantities of coal: July 1919 to June 1920 4.5 million tons, 1920 -1921 6 million tons1921-1922 7.5 million tons 1922-1923 8 million tons 1923-1924 and each of the following five years 8.5 million tons.

At least two-thirds of the actual deliveries to be land-borne.

Annex V, Treaty of Versailles 1919.

Document 4

Document 5

Document 6

France$3.99 billion

$4.66 billion $3.03 billionUSA Britain $3.46 billion

$8.14 billion

$3.2 billionRussia, Italy, and others

The Origins of the Second World War in Europe by PMH Bell

Document 7

French Women plowing a field, 1920.

Document 8

Dictatorships in Europe formed 1917-1936

Country Year LeaderRussia 1917 Lenin

Hungary 1919Bela Kun (communist),

replaced by Admiral Horthy (conservative) in 1920

Italy 1922 Mussolini (fascist)

Turkey 1923 Mustafa Kemal (secularizing and modernizing)

Spain 1923 Primo de Rivera (conservative)

Poland 1926 Marshal Pilsudski (military and conservative)

Yugoslavia 1929 King Alexander I (monarchal and conservative)

Romania 1930 King Carol (monarchal and conservative)

Portugal 1932 Salazar (conservative leaning toward fascist)

Germany 1932 Hitler (fascist)

Greece 1936 Metaxas (conservative leaning toward fascist)

Additional Document 1: Andrea, Alfred J., and James H. Overfield. Human Record. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.

Additional Document 2: Bulliet, Richard W., Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.

Additional Document 3: Spodek, Howard. The World's History Combined (2nd Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Additional Document 4: Monty Armstrong, David Daniel, Abby Kanarek, and Alexandra Freer. Cracking the AP World History Exam 2009 Edition. The Princeton Review.

Additional Document 5: "The effects of World War I on the Middle East «." The Scoop on History-APUSH and more. 10 Apr. 2009 <http://historyscoop.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/the-effects-of-world-war-i-on-the-middle-east/>.

Additional Document 6: "The Effects of World War I." 10 Apr. 2009 <http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/effectww1.html>.

Additional Document 7: "Effects of WWI." Chico Unified School District - CUSD Main - CUSD Homepage - CUSD Homepage. 10 Apr. 2009 <http://www.chicousd.org/~bsilva/projects/great_war/effects.htm>.

Additional Document 8: "World War I." Animated Atlas of American History. 10 Apr. 2009 <http://www.animatedatlas.com/ww1/ww1narration.html>.