Fourth Division April 23, 2009

No. 1-07-3561

SHEILA CUNNINGHAM, LYN DENEEN, MARILYN ) Appeal from theCRONIN, RITA JO COYNE, NANCY WILLIAMS, ) Circuit Court ofROSE PLATT, DOROTHY ORMOND, MARQUERITE ) Cook County.WALSH, ROSEMARY POLAND, MARY GOMOLKA )and MARILYN LAUER, )

)Plaintiffs-Appellees, )

)v. ) 03 CH 11857

)THE RETIREMENT BOARD OF THE FIREMEN’S )ANNUITY AND BENEFIT FUND OF CHICAGO, ) Honorable

) William O. Maki,Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the opinion of the court:

In this case, the plaintiffs, Mrs. Sheila Cunningham, Mrs. Lyn Deneen, Mrs. Marilyn Cronin,

Mrs. Rita Jo Coyne, Mrs. Nancy Williams, Mrs. Rose Platt, Mrs. Dorothy Ormond, Mrs. Marquerite

Walsh, Mrs. Rosemary Poland, Mrs. Mary Gomolka, and Mrs. Marilyn Lauer (widows, collectively),

are the widows of several deceased firemen, and they filed claims with the Retirement Board of the

Firemen’s Annuity and Benefit Fund of Chicago (Board), the defendant in this case. The Board

granted the widows' claims and awarded each widow a widow’s minimum annuity pursuant to section

6-141.1 of the Pension Code. 40 ILCS 5/6-141.1 (West 2000). The widows filed a complaint for

administrative review in the circuit court and requested that a widow’s duty death annuity be paid

pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code. 40 ILCS 5/6-140 (West 2000). The circuit court

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remanded Mrs. Cunningham's, Mrs. Deneen's, and Mrs. Cronin’s cases to the Board and stayed the

cases of the remaining widows. On remand, the Board awarded the widows a widow’s duty death

annuity pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code retroactive from the date of this court’s

opinion in Bertucci v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund of Chicago, 351

Ill. App. 3d 368 (2004). The widows filed a motion in the circuit court to recalculate the Board's

award and requested prejudgment interest. On December 20, 2007, the circuit court vacated the

Board’s decision after remand and directed the Board to pay plaintiffs Cunningham, Deneen and

Cronin a widow’s duty death benefit pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code retroactive from

the date of the death of each woman's husband. 40 ILCS 5/6-140 (West 2000). The circuit court also

ordered the Board to pay the plaintiffs prejudgment and postjudgment interest on the amounts due

to each of them.

The Board appeals from the circuit court’s order and presents the following issue for this

court to review: (1) whether the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to vacate the Board’s decision

following remand of the cases because the circuit court’s June 2, 2005, order was a final disposition

in which the circuit court did not specifically retain jurisdiction; (2) whether the circuit court erred

when it awarded a widow’s duty death annuity pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code; (3)

whether the circuit court erred when it awarded prejudgment interest; and (4) whether the circuit

court erred when it awarded postjudgment interest at an interest rate of 9% instead of an interest rate

of 6% applicable to governmental entities. For the following reasons, we find (1) that the circuit

court retained jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ administrative review action because the circuit court’s

remand order was not a final order, (2) that the Bertucci decision was intended to be applied both

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1 Section 6-141.1 of the Pension Code provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

“(a) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Article, the

widow of a fireman who dies on or after June 30, 1984, while

receiving a retirement annuity or while an active fireman with at

least 1 1/2 years of creditable service, may elect to have the amount

of widow's annuity calculated in accordance with this Section.

(b) If the deceased fireman was an active fireman at the time

of his death and had at least 1 1/2 years of creditable service, the

widow's annuity shall be the greater of (1) 30% of the salary

attached to the rank of first class firefighter in the classified career

service at the time of the fireman's death, or (2) 50% of the

retirement annuity the deceased fireman would have been eligible to

receive if he had retired from service on the day before his death.

(c) If the deceased fireman was receiving a retirement

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prospectively and retroactively, (3) that the plaintiffs were entitled to prejudgment interest, and (4)

that the plaintiffs were entitled to postjudgment interest at the rate of 9%, therefore, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

On July 17, 2003, the widows filed a complaint seeking administrative review of the Board’s

decisions that granted each widow a minimum annuity pursuant to section 6-141.1 of the Pension

Code. 40 ILCS 5/6-141.1 (West 2000).1 Each widow sought a duty death annuity from the date of

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annuity at the time of his death, the widow's annuity shall be equal

to 50% of the amount of such retirement annuity at the time of the

fireman's death.” 40 ILCS 5/6-141.1 (West 2000).

2 Section 6-140 of the Pension Code provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

“The annuity for the widow of a fireman whose death

results from the performance of an act or acts of duty shall be an

amount equal to 50% of the current annual salary attached to the

classified position to which the fireman was certified at the time of

his death and 75% thereof after December 31, 1972.

* * *

Unless the performance of an act or acts of duty results

directly in the death of the fireman, or prevents him from

subsequently resuming active service in the fire department, the

annuity herein provided shall not be paid; nor shall such annuities be

paid unless the widow was the wife of the fireman at the time of the

act or acts of duty which resulted in his death.” (Emphasis added.)

40 ILCS 5/6-140 (West 2000).

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their respective husbands’ deaths pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code. 40 ILCS 5/6-140

(West 2000).2 The complaint alleged that the widows were denied the opportunity to present

evidence at a hearing to show that the were entitled to a duty death annuity. By agreement of the

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parties, the widows' cases were continued to give this court the opportunity to issue rulings in two

cases that involved issues similar to those presented here. See Barry v. Retirement Board of the

Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund of Chicago, 357 Ill. App. 3d 749 (2005); Bertucci v. Retirement

Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 351 Ill. App. 3d 368 (2004). The two cases, Barry

and Bertucci, have since been decided by this court.

On June 2, 2005, the circuit court entered an order and remanded the plaintiffs’ cases (Mrs.

Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen and Mrs. Cronin) to the Board for a hearing consistent with the Barry

opinion. The June 2, 2005, order stayed the cases of the remaining widows. The June 2, 2005, order

also set a status date before the circuit court on October 27, 2005.

On October 25, 2005, after an evidentiary hearing, the Board issued its written decision in

Mrs. Deneen’s case and awarded the widow a duty death annuity pursuant to section 6-140 of the

Pension Code. The Board also made the widow’s duty death annuity payments retroactive to the date

of the Bertucci opinion. On January 26, 2006, the Board issued a written decision in Mrs.

Cunningham’s case pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code and made the widow’s duty death

annuity payments retroactive to the date of the Bertucci opinion. On March 30, 2006, the Board

issued a written decision on Mrs. Cronin’s case pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code and

made the widow’s duty death annuity payments retroactive to the date of the Bertucci opinion.

On August 28, 2006, Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin filed a motion to

recalculate the Board’s award and to award prejudgment interest. The Board moved to strike Mrs.

Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin’s motion and argued (1) that the circuit court lacked

jurisdiction to act on the motion to recalculate; and (2) that the motion to recalculate was an

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3 See 735 ILCS 5/3-102 (West 2006) (“This article shall be known as the ‘Administrative

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impermissible collateral attack on the Board’s decision. On January 26, 2007, the circuit court denied

the Board’s motion to strike and continued the case for further proceedings.

On August 7, 2007, the circuit court denied the Board’s oral motion to stay further

proceedings and ordered it to answer the plaintiffs’ claims. On December 20, 2007, the circuit court

vacated the Board’s decision after remand and directed the Board to pay Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs.

Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin a widow’s duty death annuity pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension

Code. The Board also made the widow’s duty death annuity benefits retroactive to the date of death

of each woman's husband, with prejudgment and postjudgment interest. Finally, on December 28,

2007, the Board filed its notice of appeal.

ANALYSIS

Jurisdiction

The Board argues that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to vacate its order because the

circuit court’s June 2, 2005, remand order constituted a final disposition and the circuit court did not

retain jurisdiction to review the Board’s decisions after the remand hearings. Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs.

Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin argue that the circuit court’s June 2, 2005, remand order was not a final

decision because, in addition to ordering a remand to the Board for a hearing, the case was set for

further status before the circuit court.

Section 3-104 of the Administrative Review Law, formerly known as the Administrative

Review Act,3 provides that the circuit court is vested with jurisdiction to review final administrative

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Review Law’ ”); and Barry v. Retirement Board of the Fireman’s Annuity & Benefit Fund of the

City of Chicago, 357 Ill. App. 3d 749, 760 (2005) (Administrative Review Act is now called the

Administrative Review Law).

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decisions. 735 ILCS 5/3-104 (West 2006). Section 3-104 of the Administrative Review Law also

provides that “[t]he court first acquiring jurisdiction of any action to review a final administrative

decision shall have and retain jurisdiction of the action until final disposition of the action.” 735 ILCS

5/3-104 (West 2006). Decisions of the Board regarding a widow’s entitlement to the payment of

such a compensation annuity are appealable provided the order is both final and terminates the

litigation between the parties. Daley v. License Appeal Comm'n, 311 Ill. App. 3d 194, 200 (1999),

citing Brooks v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 181 Ill. App. 3d 714, 715 (1989).

Section 3-111 empowers the circuit court, "where a hearing has been held by the agency, to

reverse and remand the decision in whole or in part, and, in that case, to state the questions requiring

further hearing or proceedings and to give such other instructions as may be proper." (Emphasis

added.) 735 ILCS 5/3-111(a)(6) (West 2006). Section 3-111 also empowers the circuit court,

"where a hearing has been held by the agency, to remand for the purpose of taking additional

evidence when from the state of the record of the administrative agency or otherwise it shall appear

that such action is just." (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/3-111(a)(7) (West 2006).

In Wilkey v. Illinois Racing Board, the supreme court held (1) where a cause is remanded for

a new trial or other further proceedings involving disputed questions of law or fact, the judgment of

the Appellate Court is not of a final character, and (2) the ultimate question to be decided in each case

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is whether the judgment fully and finally disposes of the rights of the parties to the cause so that no

material controverted issue remains to be determined. Wilkey v. Illinois Racing Board, 96 Ill. 2d 245,

249 (1983), quoting Cory Corp. v. Fitzgerald, 403 Ill. 409, 414-15 (1949). Daley v. License Appeal

Comm'n, 311 Ill. App. 3d 194, 200 (1999), holds that “[w]here the circuit court has the power to

remand an agency decision, jurisdiction remains with the circuit court until final disposition of the

matter and only then does this court have jurisdiction.” Daley, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 200, citing Brooks

v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 181 Ill. App. 3d 714, 715 (1989). “More specifically, an

order remanding a cause to an agency to impose a sanction *** is not final and appealable because

it does not terminate the litigation between the parties on the merits.” Daley, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 200,

citing Johnson v. Department of Corrections, 187 Ill. App. 3d 804, 809 (1989). “ ‘Only after the

circuit court reviews the results of the agency's additional proceedings upon remand, and enters a

subsequent order thereon, is the litigation between the parties terminated.’ ” Daley, 311 Ill. App. 3d

at 200, quoting Johnson, 187 Ill. App. 3d at 809.

Similarly, “[a] circuit court's remand to an administrative agency is a nonfinal order if the

agency must do more than enter a judgment or decree in accordance with the court's directions.”

Lippert v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 273 Ill. App. 3d 150, 153 (1995). Therefore, “[i]f the court

remands the cause for a new hearing, the rights of the parties have not yet been fully and finally

adjudicated.” Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153, citing Wilkey, 96 Ill. 2d at 249-50. Accordingly,

where the circuit court, as in this case, remands a case for further proceedings and findings, because

it retains jurisdiction of the case after the remand, a new administrative review complaint need not

be filed in order to revest the circuit court with jurisdiction of the matter. Wilkey, 96 Ill. 2d at 249;

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see also Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153, citing Kelly v. Board of Trustees, 201 Ill. App. 3d 692, 698

(1990), and Saal v. County of Carroll, 181 Ill. App. 3d 327, 334-35 (1989).

The Board cites Creamer v. Police Pension Fund Board and argues that the remand divested

the circuit court of jurisdiction because the circuit court did not expressly reserve jurisdiction.

Creamer v. Police Pension Fund Board, 69 Ill. App. 3d 792, 794 (1978). Creamer holds that a

remand for a de novo hearing without further instruction starts the process over, as if no decision had

previously been rendered. Creamer, 69 Ill. App. 3d at 794. The Board also argues that “[w]henever

the intention of Illinois courts has been to retain jurisdiction upon remand, they have included an

explicit statement indicating that intention.” Creamer, 69 Ill. App. 3d at 795, citing People ex rel.

Engle v. Kerner, 32 Ill. 2d 212 (1965), opinion supplemented, 33 Ill. 2d 11 (1965), and National

Bank & Trust Co. of South Bend v. Becker, 50 Ill. App. 2d 151 (1964).

Although Creamer and its predecessors stand for the proposition that an explicit statement

was required for a circuit court to retain jurisdiction when it remanded a case to the Board, our

research has revealed that Creamer is no longer followed by reviewing courts. See Department of

Transportation v. Grawe,113 Ill. App. 3d 336, 341 (1983), citing Mitrenga v. Martin, 110 Ill. App.

3d 1006 (1982) (Creamer is no longer followed). In our opinion, when a circuit court remands a case

to an administrative agency for further proceedings, the circuit court retains jurisdiction until the

circuit court examines the results of the Board's proceedings. Wilkey, 96 Ill. 2d at 249; see also

Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153, citing Kelly, 201 Ill. App. 3d at 698, and Saal, 181 Ill. App. 3d at

334-35. We note the evolution of the law from Creamer, where an explicit statement was required,

to Daley and Lippert and their progeny where an explicit statement is not required for the circuit

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court to retain jurisdiction following a remand from the circuit court to the Board. Daley, 311 Ill.

App. 3d at 200; Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153. Finally, we hold that Daley, Lippert, Grawe and

Mitrenga represent the current state of the law on this issue.

The record reveals that the circuit court’s June 2, 2005, order remanded the case to the Board

for a hearing consistent with Barry v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund of

Chicago, 357 Ill. App. 3d 749 (2005). The June 2, 2005, order also set the cases for a status hearing

before the circuit court, subsequent to the remand hearing before the Board, and stayed the remaining

widows’ cases. Based upon Wilkey, Daley and Lippert, we find that, although there was no explicit

statement in the June 5, 2005, order reserving jurisdiction, the circuit court retained jurisdiction

because the June 2, 2005, order did not fully and finally decide the issues in the widows' cases.

Wilkey, 96 Ill. 2d at 249; Daley, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 200; Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153.

Accordingly, we find that section 3-104 of the Administrative Review Law conferred jurisdiction on

the circuit court and the power to retain jurisdiction until there was a final disposition (735 ILCS 5/3-

104 (West 2006)), and that section 3-111 of the Administrative Review Law conferred the circuit

court with the power to remand the Board’s decision (735 ILCS 5/3-111 (West 2006)); therefore,

it was not necessary for Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin to file a new complaint

for administrative review because the circuit court retained jurisdiction over the widows'

administrative review cases because the issues in their cases had not been fully and finally determined.

Wilkey, 96 Ill. 2d at 249; Lippert, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 153, citing Kelly, 201 Ill. App. 3d at 698, and

Saal, 181 Ill. App. 3d at 334-35 (“a new complaint for administrative review need not be filed in order

to revest the circuit court with jurisdiction of the matter”).

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The Computation of the Widows' Annuity

Next, the Board argues that its decision to pay Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs.

Cronin the widow’s duty death annuity from the date of the Bertucci decision was proper. The Board

argues that, prior to Bertucci, in order to justify an award of a widow’s duty death annuity to a

widow whose fireman husband died in the line of duty, the widow was required to establish a causal

connection between the fireman’s duty injury that resulted in disability and the fireman’s death. The

Board also argues that Bertucci established a new principle of law and it must only apply

prospectively. Finally, the Board argues that a retroactive application of Bertucci would result in an

unconscionable burden being imposed upon the Board.

Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin argue that the Bertucci decision should

apply retroactively as well as prospectively (1) because the Bertucci court did not expressly state that

prospective application was intended, and (2) because the Bertucci court did not establish a new

principle of law either (a) by overruling past precedent or (b) by deciding an issue of first impression

the resolution of which was not clearly foreshadowed.

The Widows' Duty Death Annuity is Computed from the Date of the Fireman's Death

In order to receive a minimum annuity pursuant to section 6-141.1 or a duty death annuity

pursuant to section 6-140, a widow must file a claim with the Board. Terrano v. Retirement Board

of the Policemen’s Annuity and Benefit Fund, 315 Ill. App. 3d 270, 274 (2000), citing Iwanski v.

Streamwood Police Pension Board, 232 Ill. App. 3d 180, 184 (1992) (entitlement to benefits must

be established by the person seeking them). In order to determine the date from which the Board is

to compute a widow's duty death annuity, this court must engage in statutory construction, by

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4 Pursuant to section 6-116 of the Pension Code an annuity is defined as follows:

“[An] Annuity [is set up as a series of] Annual payments for

life, unless otherwise terminated under this Article, payable in 12

equal monthly installments beginning on the first day of the second

month next following the date of the event upon which payment of

annuity shall depend, shall occur and subsequent payments to be

due and payable on the first day of each and every month thereafter,

except that a smaller pro rata amount shall be paid for part of a

month when the annuity begins after the first day of the month or

ends before the last day of the month.” 40 ILCS 5/6-116 (West

2006).

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examining the Pension Code, which involves de novo review. Fleming v. Retirement Board of the

Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 373 Ill. App. 3d 432, 435 (2007), citing Lucas v. Lakin, 175 Ill.

2d 166, 171 (1997).

Section 6-116 of the Pension Code defines the term annuity and provides that an annuity is

set up as a series of annual payments for life. 40 ILCS 5/6-116 (West 2000).4 Section 6-116 of the

Pension Code also provides that the annuity begins on “the date of the event upon which payment of

annuity shall depend” which, in the context of a widow’s annuity, is the date of the fireman’s death.

40 ILCS 5/6-116 (West 2000). Section 6-140 of the Pension Code provides that a widow's duty

death annuity is computed at the time of the fireman’s death. 40 ILCS 5/6-140 (West 2000). We note

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5 The 1959 version of the statute, which was amended in 1955, provides, in pertinent part,

that a widow’s annuity “shall be a life annuity, and equal payments thereof shall be made monthly

throughout the life of the annuitant from and after the date when the event upon which payment of

such annuity shall depend shall occur.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1959, par. 1063.

6 The 1963 version of the statute provides, in pertinent part, that an annuity shall be

“[a]nnual payments for life, unless otherwise terminated under this Article, payable in 12 equal

monthly installments beginning on the first day of the second month next following the date of the

event upon which payment of such annuity shall depend, shall occur.” (Emphasis added.) Ill.

Rev. Stat. 1963, ch. 1081/2, par. 6-116.

7 As previously indicated, the 2000 version of the statute provides in pertinent part that

the widow’s annuity is tied to “the date of the event upon which payment of annuity shall

depend.” (Emphasis added.) 40 ILCS 5/6-116 (West 2000).

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that the “date of the event” language, which triggers the payment of an annuity, ties the date of the

event to the date of the fireman's death. The aforementioned language has been codified in the

Pension Code since as early as 1959,5 and the statute was renumbered as section 6-116 of the Pension

Code in 1963.6 Currently, the “date of the event” language is codified in the Pension Code as section

6-116.7 Therefore, the Pension Code directs the Retirement Board to compute the widows' duty

death annuity from date of the fireman’s death. 40 ILCS 5/6-116, 6-140 (West 2000).

Retroactive Application of Bertucci

Nevertheless, in spite of the language in the Pension Code indicating that the widows' duty

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death annuity is paid from the date of the fireman's death, the Board maintains that Bertucci

establishes a new principle of law that cannot be applied retroactively; therefore, the widows' duty

death annuity should be paid from the date of the Bertucci decision. It is well established that,

generally, Illinois courts retroactively and prospectively apply their decisions to cases that are pending

at the time they are announced, including cases on direct review in the appellate court. Heastie v.

Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d 515, 535 (2007), citing Miller v. Gupta, 174 Ill. 2d 120, 128 (1996). This

presumption, that court decisions are to be applied retroactively and prospectively, can be overcome

(1) where the issuing court expressly states that the decision is only to be applied prospectively

(Aleckson v. Village of Round Lake Park, 176 Ill. 2d 82, 86 (1997)), or (2) where the decision of the

issuing court establishes a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which

litigants may have relied, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly

foreshadowed. Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 536, quoting Bogseth v. Emanuel, 166 Ill. 2d 507, 515 (1995).

According to Heastie, “ '[i]f either of these criteria is met, the question of prospective or retroactive

application will be answered by considering whether, given the purpose and prior history of the rule,

its operation will be retarded or promoted by prospective or retroactive application and whether

prospective application is mandated by a balance of equities.' ” Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 536, quoting

Bogseth v. Emanuel, 166 Ill. 2d 507, 515 (1995).

First, we find that the Bertucci court did not state that the decision was only to be applied

prospectively. Second, we must decide if the decision establishes a new principle either by overruling

clear past precedent upon which litigants may have relied or decides an issue of first impression.

Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 536, quoting Bogseth, 166 Ill. 2d at 515. As previously indicated, Bertucci

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was decided in 2004 and Barry was decided in 2005. We note that the deceased firemen

(Cunningham, Deneen, Cronin, Coyne, Williams, Platt, Ormond, Walsh, Poland, Gomolka, and

Lauer) died after 1996 and their widows filed their complaints for administrative review after 1996.

The Board maintains that these cases represent a new principle of law. We disagree because Bertucci

and Barry were not the first cases to hold that a widow’s duty death annuity should be paid if an act

or acts of duty prevented the fireman from resuming active service in the fire department. See

Tonkovic v. Retirement Board of the Fireman’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 282 Ill. App. 3d 876

(1996).

In Tonkovic, a firefighter suffered a heart attack and died fourteen years later, without ever

having returned to active service. The Tonkovic court construed section 6-140 of the Pension Code

and found:

“[A] surviving spouse is eligible for duty death benefits if the decedent

firefighter's performance of an act or acts of duty prevented him from

resuming active service until his or her death. Under this clause it is

irrelevant to the question of eligibility for widow's duty death benefits

whether decedent's 1980 heart attack resulted directly in his death 14

years later. Rather, the focus is whether the fire fighter is injured due

to an act or acts of duty and then dies without having returned to

active service.” Tonkovic, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 880.

We note that Tonkovic was decided in 1996, prior to the deaths of the widows' husbands

(Cunningham, Deneen, Cronin, Coyne, Williams, Platt, Ormond, Walsh, Poland, Gomolka, and

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Lauer), and prior to the time the widows filed their claims and requested a widows’ duty death

annuity pursuant to section 6-140 of the Pension Code. Therefore, because Tonkovic first construed

the provision in the Pension Code (that act or acts of duty resulting in permanent injury that prevents

the fireman from subsequently resuming active service in the fire department) that was later construed

by Bertucci and Barry, we find that Bertucci and Barry neither established a new principle of law nor

decided an issue of first impression. Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 536, quoting Bogseth v. Emanuel, 166

Ill. 2d 507, 515 (1995).

The Board maintains that balancing the rights of the present and future beneficiaries of the

pension fund can only be served by the prospective application of Bertucci. The Board's argument

ignores sections 6-116 and 6-140 of the Pension Code which direct the Board to compute the duty

death annuity from the date of the fireman's death. 40 ILCS 5/6-116, 6-140 (West 2000). Where the

language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, the only legitimate function of the courts is to

enforce the law as enacted by the legislature. Midstate Siding & Window Co. v. Rogers, 204 Ill. 2d

314, 320 (2003), citing Henrich v. Libertyville High School, 186 Ill. 2d 381, 391 (1998). Moreover,

given sections 6-111 and 6-140 in the Pension Code and given our finding that Bertucci and Barry

were preceded by Tonkovic, did not overrule clear past precedent on which the Board may have

relied, and did not decide an issue of first impression, this argument lacks merit. Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d

at 536, quoting Bogseth, 166 Ill. 2d at 515. Accordingly, given the Tonkovic court’s construction

of section 6-140 of the Pension Code, we reject the Board’s argument that Bertucci and Barry

decided a new principle of law, decided an issue of first impression or were only intended to be

applied prospectively.

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Prejudgment Interest

As previously indicated, Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin sought

prejudgment and postjudgment interest in their complaint. The circuit court granted prejudgment and

postjudgment interest as part of the December 20, 2007, order. The Board argues that the trial court

erred when it granted prejudgment interest to Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin

because the Board did not wrongfully or illegally withhold any funds. The Board also argues that

the Illinois Interest Act is not applicable to benefits payable under the Pension Code. Mrs.

Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin argue that the circuit court correctly awarded them

prejudgment interest.

Section 2 of the Interest Act provides, in pertinent part:

“Creditors shall be allowed to receive at the rate of five (5) per

centum per annum for all moneys after they become due on any bond,

bill, promissory note, or other instrument of writing * * *.” (Emphasis

added.) 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2000).

A circuit court’s decision to award prejudgment interest is within its sound discretion and is subject

to reversal only where there has been an abuse of discretion. Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 771, quoting

United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Alliance Syndicate, Inc., 286 Ill. App. 3d 417, 420 (1997).

According to Barry, interest may generally be recovered from unsuccessful defendant debtors when

permitted by a statute. Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 771, citing City of Springfield v. Allphin, 82 Ill. 2d

571, 577 (1980). Courts may also award prejudgment interest when warranted by equitable

considerations and may disallow it where it would not comport with justice and equity. In re

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8 We note that, although Kouzoukas was entered by this court after Barry, Martino,

Barber, and Fenton, and could not have been considered by the trial court in this case, its

reasoning is in keep with those cases because it relies heavily upon Fenton for the proposition that

police and fire department pensions are prescribed by statute and, therefore, are instruments of

writing that are subject to the Interest Act. Kouzoukas, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 953-54.

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Marriage of Schurtz, 382 Ill. App. 3d 1123, 1127 (2008), citing Regnery v. Meyers, 287 Ill. App. 3d

354, 366 (1997).

We recognize that there is a split in the districts of this court on the question of whether

section 2 of the Illinois Interest Act (Interest Act) (815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2000)) applies to pension

funds and permits awards of prejudgment interest. This court, in a line of cases dating back to 1990,

has previously applied section 2 of the Interest Act in cases brought against boards responsible for

administering pension funds. See Kouzoukas v. Retirement Board of the Policemen’s Annuity &

Benefit Fund, 383 Ill. App. 3d 942 (1st Dist. 2008) (Boards are subject to the Interest Act)8; Barry

v. Retirement Board of the Firemen's Annuity & Benefit Fund, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 749, 772 (1st Dist.

2005), citing Martino v. Police Pension Board, 331 Ill. App. 3d 975, 983 (1st Dist. 2002), Barber v.

Board of Trustees, 256 Ill. App. 3d 814, 819 (1st Dist. 1993), and Fenton v. Board of Trustees, 203

Ill. App. 3d 714, 721, 723-24 (5th Dist. 1990). In awarding prejudgment interest pursuant to section

2 of the Interest Act, Barry, Martino, Barber, and Fenton held that the Pension Code qualified as an

“other instrument of writing” under section 2 of the Interest Act (1) because it prescribed the terms

and conditions of the fund, and (2) because it created an indebtedness similar to bonds, bills, or

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promissory notes. Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 772, citing Fenton, 203 Ill. App. 3d at 723. Martino and

Barber also addressed a similar question of whether prejudgment interest should be assessed against

police boards governed by the Pension Code and found that their respective plaintiffs were entitled

to prejudgment interest under the Interest Act. Martino, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 983; Barber, 256 Ill.

App. 3d at 819.

Despite this court’s decisions in Kouzoukas, Barry, Martino, Barber, and Fenton, which date

back to 1990, the Third District of this court has held that the Interest Act is not applicable to benefits

payable under the Pension Code. See Basset v. Pekin Police Pension Board, 362 Ill. App. 3d 235, 242

(3rd Dist. 2005) (Fenton’s analysis is contrary to the rule that interest statutes are to be strictly

construed; nothing will be read into them by intendment or implication)(citing In re Walker, 131 Ill.

2d 300, 304 (1989) (“interest statutes, like statutes authorizing costs, are in derogation of the

common law and are to be strictly construed. Nothing will be read into such statutes by intendment

or implication”) and Spina v. Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 301 Ill. App. 3d 364 (1998) (an automobile

lease case where the lessor, Toyota, refused to pay interest on the lessees' security deposits)). In

Bassett, a police officer was convicted of a felony that was related to his service as a police officer.

Officer Bassett was found ineligible to receive pension benefits but was found to be entitled to a

refund of his contributions to the pension fund. The police pension board authorized a refund after

subtracting more than $40,000 that Bassett had received in benefits. However, the police pension

board found that Bassett was not entitled to be paid interest on his refunded contributions to the

pension fund. Bassett filed a complaint for administrative review of the police pension board’s

decision and argued that he was entitled to a refund of his contributions to the pension fund without

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9 “Of the same kind, class, or nature. *** Under the 'ejusdem generis' canon of statutory

construction, where general words follow the enumeration of particular classes of things, the

general words will be construed as applying only to things of the same general class as those

enumerated.” Black’s Law Dictionary 517 (6th ed. 1990)

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any offsets. Bassett also argued that he was entitled to interest on the refunded contributions to the

pension fund. The circuit court held that Bassett was entitled to a full refund of his pension fund

contributions but denied his request for interest. The appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s

judgement but held that the Pension Code does not provide for a refund with interest in the absence

of an agreement of the parties or a statute. Basset, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 240. The Basset court also

held that section 2 of the Interest Act is not the applicable statutory provision in Bassett’s case

because that section provides that interest becomes due on any bond, bill, promissory note, or other

instrument of writing and the Pension Code does not qualify as a bond, bill, promissory note or other

instrument of writing. Basset, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 241-42. The Bassett court reasoned, under the

principle of ejusdem generis9, that the phrase “other instrument of writing” in section 2 of the Interest

Act should be considered to refer only to a writing that is similar to a bond, bill or promissory note.

Basset, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 242. The Bassett court also held that, because statutes are to be strictly

construed, it would be wrong to treat the Pension Code as an “other instrument of writing.” Basset,

362 Ill. App. 3d at 242, citing In re Walker, 131 Ill. 2d at 304, and Spina v. Toyota Motor Credit

Corp., 301 Ill. App. 3d 364 (1998).

Notwithstanding the existence of a split in the districts of this court on the question of whether

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prejudgment interest may be paid on a pension award, we elect to follow Koukoukas, Barry, Martino,

Barber, and Fenton, and reject the holding in Bassett. Bassett is inapposite because that case involved

a police officer who committed a felony during his service that rendered him ineligible to receive

pension benefits and the court refused to pay interest on the refunded pension benefits. Here, the

Board failed to pay several widows' their duty death annuities from the dates of their husbands' deaths

as required by the Pension Code, and the court authorized interest to be paid on the pension benefits

that the widows should have received from the Board. 40 ILCS 5/6-116, 6-140 (West 2000). We

also find that the entire discussion in Bassett about the applicability of the Interest Act is dicta that

“needlessly challenges an entire line of Illinois cases.” Basset, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 242, (Lytton, J.,

specially concurring). Accordingly, we find that the circuit court correctly awarded the plaintiffs

prejudgment interest. Kouzoukas, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 953-54; Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 772, citing

Martino, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 983, Barber, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 819 and Fenton, 203 Ill. App. 3d at

723-24.

Postjudgment Interest

Finally, the Board argues that in the event this court affirms the circuit court’s award of

postjudgment interest to Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin, the applicable rate of

interest is 6% and not 9%. According to the Board, the lower rate of interest is justified because the

pension fund from which the interest would come qualifies as a governmental entity.

Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin argue that they are entitled to be paid

interest at a rate of 9% because the Pension Board and the pension fund itself are neither public

bodies nor governmental entities. According to Mrs. Cunningham, Mrs. Deneen, and Mrs. Cronin,

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the pension fund was created for the benefit of firefighters who contribute to it and the fund does not

benefit the public.

The Board’s argument in favor of the lower, governmental interest rate was presented to this

court in Barry and rejected. Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 778-780. Section 2-1303 of the Code of Civil

Procedure, which governs awards of postjudgment interest, provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

“Judgments recovered in any court shall draw interest at the

rate of 9% per annum from the date of the judgment until satisfied or

6% per annum when the judgment debtor is a unit of local

government, as defined in Section 1 of Article VII of the Constitution,

a school district, a community college district, or any other

governmental entity. When judgment is entered upon any award,

report or verdict, interest shall be computed at the above rate, from

the time when made or rendered to the time of entering judgment

upon the same, and included in the judgment. Interest shall be

computed and charged only on the unsatisfied portion of the judgment

as it exists from time to time. The judgment debtor may by tender of

payment of judgment, costs and interest accrued to the date of tender,

stop the further accrual of interest on such judgment notwithstanding

the prosecution of an appeal, or other steps to reverse, vacate or

modify the judgment.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 2000).

In the absence of a definition of a governmental entity, the Barry court found that “in order to qualify

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as a governmental entity, an entity must perform a governmental function.” Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d

at 779, quoting Black's Law Dictionary 704 (7th ed.1999) (“ ‘governmental function’ [is defined] as

‘[a] government agency's conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by

constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the general public’ ”). The

Barry court also made the following finding:

“The fund was not created for the benefit of the general public, but for

the benefit of firemen employed by the City of Chicago who are

required by statute to contribute to that fund. As previously noted, the

Board's primary statutory function is to administer a pension fund. In

the context of the instant case, we find neither the Board nor the fund

performed a governmental function. Accordingly, we find the Board

and the fund do not qualify as 'governmental entit[ies]' under section

2-1303 of the Code of Civil Procedure.” Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at

779-80.

We agree with Barry that the Pension Board is not a governmental entity and that pension funds are

not public funds that benefit the general public. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s award of

post-judgment interest at the rate of 9%. Barry, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 779-80.

CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, we hold (1) that the circuit court retained jurisdiction over the

plaintiffs’ administrative review action because the circuit court’s remand order was not a final order;

(2) that sections 6-116 and 6-140 of the Pension Code direct the Board to compute the widows' duty

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death annuity from the date of each fireman's death and not from the date of the Bertucci decision;

(3) that the circuit court did not err when it awarded prejudgment interest; and (4) that the circuit

court did not err when it awarded the plaintiffs postjudgment interest at the rate of 9%. Therefore,

we affirm the circuit court's June 2, 2005, order.

Affirmed.

O'BRIEN, P.J., and STEELE, J., concur.