PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, under Department of AYUSH, New Delhi intends to publish Ayurveda Research Digest (Half-Yearly) and circulate to the Council staff. The main objective of this publication is to disseminate the research information/ citation about research articles on Ayurveda and related fields published in various journals/magazines subscribed by the Council as well as free on-line journals and complementary issues received by the Council.

SCOPE

This issue vol I, Issue No. 2 (July to December, 2011) covers more than 200 articles on Ayurveda and related sciences which have been broadly classified under various subjects/ sub topics viz. Ayurveda, Botany, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Ethnomedicine, Phramacognosy, Pharmacology, Review Articles’ Abstracts and Vaterinery Science.

ARRANGEMENT OF DATA

The articles are indexed under subject, which have been arranged alphabetically. Under each subject/ subtopics, the entries are arranged alphabetically by Author.

Arrangement of each bibliographic details are as follow:

Name of the Authors (seperated by,) (last name first) .Title of the article.Title of the journal in italic.Year month and date of the journal; Vol of the journal (issue of the journal within bracket): pages of the journal. If online, URL of the journal mentioned.

JOURNALS INDEXED

This Research Digest consists of the articles published during the period from July to December, 2011 from the following journals subscribed by CCRAS, complementary journals and the authors of the published papers from the units of CCRAS.

1. Acta Pol Pharm2. Am J Chin Med3. Anat Sci Int4. Anc Sci Life5. Andrologia6. Anticancer Drugs7. Asian Pac J Trop Med.8. Ayu

1

9. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol10. Bioinformation11. Biol Trace Elem Res12. Biomed Chromatogr13. Bioorg Med Chem.14. BMC Clin Pathol.15. Bone16. Br J Nutr17. Bratisl Lek Listy18. Cancer Prev Res (Phila)19. Carbohydr Res20. Chem Biodivers21. ChemMedChem22. Chin J Physiol23. Clin Ter24. Clinics (Sao Paulo)25. Curr Drug Metab26. Curr Drug Targets27. Endocr Relat Cancer28. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol29. Eur J Med Chem.30. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.31. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med32. Fitoterapia33. Food Funct.34. Free Redic Biol Med.35. Front Pharmacol36. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol37. Indian J Anaesth38. Indian J Exp Biol39. Indian J Med Res40. Indian J Pharmacol41. Inflammation42. Inflammopharmacology43. Int J Cosmet Sci.44. Int J Mol Sci.45. Int J Yoga Therap46. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol47. J Adv Pharm Technol Res48. J Agric Food Chem.49. J Altern Complement Med

2

50. J AOAC Int51. J Assoc Physicians India52. J Ayurveda Integr Med53. J Biosci54. J Chem Ecol.55. J Egypt Soc Parasitol56. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol57. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed58. J Ethnopharmacol59. J Food Sci60. J Hazard Mater.61. J Hematol Oncol62. J Immunotoxicol63. J Med Food64. J Nat Med65. J Nat Prod.66. J Pak Med Assoc.67. J Pharm Biomed Anal.68. J Sep Sci.69. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol70. Mar Drugs71. Med Princ Pract72. Mol Carcinog73. Mol Nutr Food Res.74. Molecules75. Nat Prod Commun.76. Nat Prod Res77. Neurochem Res78. Pak J Pharm Sci.79. Parasitol Res.80. Pharm Biol81. Pharmacogn Mag.82. Pharmacognosy Res83. Pharmazie84. Phytochem Anal.85. Phytochem Lett.86. Phytochemistry87. Phytomedicine88. Phytother Res89. Planta Med90. PLoS One

3

91. PLoS Pathog92. Rom J Morphol Embryol93. Sci Pharm94. Sci Total Environ95. Scott Med J.96. Tetrahedron Lett97. Toxicol Ind Health98. World J Gastroenterol99. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Dr. D. Ramesh Babu, Director General, CCRAS for his encouragement and valuable guidance. We are also grateful to all who coordinate to bring out this issue successfully.

Dr. G.Gnana SekariLIO, CCRAS HQs,

New Delhi.

Our Contact Details:

CCRAS Website: http://ccras.nic.in

CCRAS Library Website: http://ccraslibrary.webs.com

E-mail Ids for Library: ccraslibrary@gmail.com

AYURVEDA

Acharya S, Panda PK, Acharya G, Mohanty N, Nathsharma PK, Dash SC. A comparative clinical trial of Chincha kshara and Kadali kshara on Amlapitta. Ayu.2011 Oct;32(4):494-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

4

Abstract

A clinical trial was carried out on 30 patients of Amlapitta aged between 20 to 35 years with complaints of Avipaka, hrit-kanthadaha, tikta-amlodgara, utklesa, udarasula, adhmana and aruchi, who were registered from OPD and IPD of Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri. They were equally divided into three groups Chincha kshara, Kadali kshara and placebo (who were administered with fresh wheat powder) for 30 days in a dose of 500 mg thrice daily with water. Investigations was done in order to exclude upper gastrointestinal tract ulcer, carcinoma in stomach, cholecystitis, carcinoma gall bladder, and heart diseases. The clinical assessments were carried out on the 30(th) day by subjective and objective parameters and it was inferred that both Chincha kshara and Kadali kshara were effective and reduced the symptoms of amlapitta. Chincha kshara was found to be more effective than Kadali kshara. The study shows the effect of Chincha and Kadali kshara which led to cure in 4(40%) and 3(30%) patients respectively, and maximum improvement in 4(40%) and 5(50%) patients affected with amlapitta disease, respectively. No untoward effect was noticed due to administration of ksharas during the clinical trial period.

Anupam A, Dwivedi RR. Application of Satkaryavada based on theory of Karya-Karana Vada. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):546-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Cikitsa in Ayurveda is based on Karya-Karana Siddhanta. Satkaryavada is an independent view of Samkhyas regarding Karya-Karana. According to this principle, the Karya is present in Karana in subtle form before its manifestation. All the Karyas are possible only by the Sat Karana (existent cause). On this ground a hypothesis has been formulated and applied. The hypothesis was that since Karana is present in a drug it will perform the Karma. The clinical study was planned to study the Anulomana Karma of Haritaki in patients of Anaha. The drug was used in 38 patients. These were divided into two groups. In group "A" 26 patients were provided with haritaki tablet, while in group "B" 12 patients were provided with placebo tablets. In group "A" 7.69% of patients got complete relief, followed by 38.46% patients who got marked relief; 42.31% of patients got moderate relief, while 11.54% patients got mild relief. Group A showed highly significant results in comparison to group B.

Bhardwaj A, Tanwar M. Effect of rasanjana madhu ashchyotana in netra abhishyanda (mucopurulent conjunctivitis). Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):365-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

5

Abstract

To evaluate the comparative efficacy of Ayurvedic formulation a Rasanjana Madhu (RM) eye drops and Honey Rose (HR) water eye drops in Netra Abhishyanda in mucopurulent conjunctivitis, the current study is planned. Total of 35 patients attending the outpatient department of Shalakya Tantra at R. G. G. PostgraduateAyurvedic College, Paprola, Distt. Kangra, Himachal Pradesh with characteristic features of Netra Abhishyanda were selected for the present study. Twenty patients were given trial drug, i.e., RM eye drops, while 15 patients were given HR eye drops. Random sampling technique was adopted for the present study. The duration of the treatment was 7 days with 1 week follow-up. Patients receiving the trial group demonstrated reduction of redness, burning sensation, lacrimation, photophobia, foreign body sensation, discharge, and congestion, which were statistically significant with 93% patients cured or markedly improved category. Signs and symptoms stated above were also statistically reduced with HR eye drops, probably because of well-documented hygroscopic and bacteriocidal properties of honey. Based on the study, it can be concluded that, RM eye drops are very effective in the management of Netra Abhishyanda viz. Infective conjunctivitis.

Chaturvedi R, Jha CB. Standard manufacturing procedure of Rajata Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):566-71. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Rasa Shastra is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the processing of minerals and metals having therapeutic importance. Rajata comes under the group of metals having high therapeutic value. Minerals and metals are mostly used in the form of Bhasma. During the medieval period Rasacharyas extensively worked and developed a number of processing methods for a single drug. They all are standard manufacturing procedures (SMP) which ensure the quality, safety, efficacy and reproducibility of the product. EarlierAyurvedic physicians were producing medicines by themselves according to their need. Now a day, due to commercialization of Ayurvedic medicines and ignorance of classical methods, quality of drugs has deteriorated. Presently, the demand of Ayurvedic drugs in the global market is increasing day by day. Hence it is the need of time to develop SMP for Ayurvedic products for global acceptability. This paper aims at providing SMP for the manufacture of Rajata Bhasma and also attempts to study the effect of Shodhana process on Rajata. Rajata was obtained from the local market of Varanasi. Rajata Bhasma was prepared and it was observed that during the preparation of Rajata Bhasma, use of Muffle Furnace instead of conventional Puta is more advantageous due to better temperature control. Use of mercury and sulphur together acts as best medium in the preparation of Rajata Bhasma.

6

Datta HS, Mitra SK, Patwardhan B. Wound healing activity of topical application forms based on Ayurveda. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:134378. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The traditional Indian medicine-Ayurveda, describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-aging as well as wound healing properties. With aging, numerous changes occur in skin, including decrease in tissue cell regeneration, decrease in collagen content, loss of skin elasticity and mechanical strength. We prepared five topical anti-aging formulations using cow ghee, flax seed oil, Phyllanthus emblica fruits, Shorea robusta resin, Yashada bhasma as study materials. For preliminary efficacy evaluation of the anti-aging activity we chose excision and incision wound healing animal models and studied the parameters including wound contraction, collagen content and skin breaking strength which in turn is indicative of the tissue cell regeneration capacity, collagenation capacity and mechanical strength of skin. The group treated with the formulations containing Yashada bhasma along with Shorea robusta resin and flax seed oil showed significantly better wound contraction (P < .01), higher collagen content (P < .05) and better skin breaking strength (P < .01) as compared to control group; thus proposing them to be effective prospective anti-aging formulations.

Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B, Thakar AB, Chandola HM. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):375-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

In recent years, many Ayurvedic formulations are being researched to provide an effective antidepressant and anxiolytic drug in the field of psycho-pharmacology. The present study was planned to evaluate the anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet comprising three herbs Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers), Aamalaki (Emblica officinalis Garten) (RGT) and Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn). Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups of six animals each, comprising of both male and female in each group. Group I received water served as normal control (WC), group II received vehicle and served as vehicle control (VC), group III received Rasayana Ghana tablet and group IV received standard drug diazepam (2 mg/kg) for anxiolytic study in elevated plus maze and standard antidepressant imipramine (5 mg/kg) for anti-depressant activity in behavior despair test. Rasayana Ghana tablet along with ghee and honey as vehicle is found to be having antidepressant and anxiolytic activity in experimental animals. Thus, this formulation can be used in prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety.

7

Galani VJ, Patel BG. Psychotropic activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):380-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Argyreia speciosa (L.f.) Sweet (convolvulaceae) commonly known as Briddhadaraka is regarded as a "Rasayana" drug in the ayurvedic system of medicine to cure diseases of nervous system. In this study, hydroalcoholic root extract of A. speciosa was subjected to evaluate psychotropic effects in classical experimental models. Effect of the extract on spontaneous motor activity, pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, motor coordination, exploratory behavior, and apomorphine-induced stereotypy were investigated in mice. Effect of the extract on catalepsy and haloperidol-induced catalepsy were studied in rats. Preliminary phytochemical and acute toxicity screenings were also performed. The extract (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, and prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time in mice. The extract also remarkably attenuated the intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy but had no effect on motor coordination. The extract produced catalepsy and potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. These results provide evidence that the hydroalcoholic extract of A. speciosa roots may contain psychoactive substances that are sedative in nature with possible neuroleptic properties.

Gunturu KS, Nagarajan P, McPhedran P, Goodman TR, Hodsdon ME, Strout MP. Ayurvedic herbal medicine and lead poisoning. J Hematol Oncol. 2011 Dec 20;4:51. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Although the majority of published cases of lead poisoning come from occupational exposures, some traditional remedies may also contain toxic amounts of lead. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that is native to India and is used in many parts of world as an alternative to standard treatment regimens. Here, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain, anemia, liver function abnormalities, and an elevated blood lead level. The patient was found to have been taking the Ayurvedic medicine Jambrulin prior to presentation. Chemical analysis of the medication showed high levels of lead. Following treatment with an oral chelating agent, the patient's symptoms resolved and laboratory abnormalities normalized. This case highlights the need for increased awareness that some Ayurvedic medicines may contain potentially harmful levels of heavy metals and people who use them are at risk of developing associated toxicities.

8

Mehta CS, Dave AR, Shukla VD. A clinical study of some Ayurvedic compound drugs in the assessment quality of life of patients with Eka Kushtha (psoriasis). Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):333-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic disease that can have substantial psychological and social impact on patient's life. Psoriasis has been shown to affect health-related Quality of Life to an extent similar to the effects of other chronic diseases such as depression, myocardial infarction, hypertension, etc. The modern treatment options not only provide temporary relief but also have serious side effects. Thus, the chronic and recurring nature of the disease hampers the Quality of Life to a great extent. In the present study, patients were randomly divided into two groups. Koshtha Shuddhi was done by Eranda bhrushta haritaki (6 g at night with ushnodaka) in patients of both the groups for 3 days before starting the treatment. A total of 111 patients were selected for the present study and were grouped into two. Patients of group A (45) were given "Navayasa rasayana leha" and "Dhatryadhyo lepa" for external application. Stress is a well-known precipitating factor of Psoriasis. Hence, to study the efficacy of Medhya rasayana drugs, patients of group B (49) were given Medhya rasayana tablet along with the application of Dhatryadhyo lepa. The duration of the study was 3 months and follow-up was done for one month. Both the groups showed equally good results on improving the quality of life in the patients in terms of Dermatology life quality index and Psoriasis disability index.

Mitra S, Shukla VJ, Acharya R. Effect of Shodhana (processing) on Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) with special reference to strychnine and brucine content. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):402-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) commonly known as nux vomica is a poisonous plant used extensively in various ayurvedic formulations, with great therapeutic significance. Ayurveda recommended the administration of Kupeelu only after purification in different media like cow's urine (Go mutra), cow's milk (Go dugdha), cow's ghee (Go ghrita), Kanji (sour gruel), and so on. Apart from the classical methods some other methods are also adopted by the traditional practitioners using castor oil (Eranda taila), ginger juice (Ardraka swarasa), in the purification of Kupeelu seeds. In the present study an attempt has been made to purify the seeds by performing two different methods (one classical and another traditional) using Kanji and Ardrakaswarasa as Shodhana media. This study reveals that both the methods studied reduce the strychnine and brucine contents in comparison to the raw seeds as determined by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). After purification in Kanji and

9

Ardraka swarasa, the strychnine content was reduced by 39.25% and 67.82%, respectively, and the brucine content in the purified seeds was also found to have decreased by 17.60% and 40.06%, in comparison to the raw seeds.

Mohapatra S, Jha CB. Evaluation of the effect of conventionally prepared swarna makshika bhasma on different bio-chemical parameters in experimental animals. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Oct;2(4):187-91. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Swarna makshika (chalcopyrite) bhasma (SMB) has been used for different therapeutic purposes since long inAyurveda. The present study is conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared SMB on different bio-chemical parameters in experimental animals, for providing scientific data base for its logical use in clinical practice. The genuine SMB was prepared by following classical techniques of shodhana and marana most commonly used by different Ayurvedic drug manufacturers. Shodhana was done by roasting raw swarna makshika with lemon juice for three days and marana was performed by 11 putas. The experimental animals (rats) were divided into two groups. SMB mixed with diluted honey was administered orally in therapeutic dose to Group SMB and diluted honey only was administered to vehicle control Group, for 30 days. The blood samples were collected twice, after 15 days and after 30 days of drug administration and different biochemical investigations were done. Biochemical parameters were chosen based on references from Ayurvedic classics and contemporary medicine. It was observed that Hb% was found significantly increased and LDL and VLDL were found significantly decreased in Group SMB when compared with vehicle control group. This experimental data will help the clinician for the logical use of SMB in different disease conditions with findings like low Hb% and high LDL, VLDL levels.

Morandi A, Tosto C, Sartori G, Roberti di Sarsina P. Advent of a Link between Ayurveda and Modern Health Science: The Proceedings of the First International Congress on Ayurveda, "Ayurveda: The Meaning of Life-Awareness, Environment, and Health" March 21-22, 2009, Milan, Italy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:929083. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

The First International Congress on Ayurveda was held in Milan, Italy in March 2009 and it has been the first scientific event of this kind in western world. This groundbreaking international congress was devoted to human being as the product of interactions between Awareness, Environment and Health, subjects that the West tends to consider separate and independent, but

10

that are believed deeply connected in Ayurveda, whose interdependence defines "The Meaning of Life". The Congress established a bridge between indian and western philosophy, scientific and biomedical thinking in order to expand knowledge and healthcare. Main attention and address of the invited speakers was on the concept of "relationships" that, connecting living beings with environment, shape Nature itself. This concept is central in Ayurveda but is also common to other western scientific disciplines such as quantum physics and epigenetics that, in the four Sessions of the Congress, were represented by eminent experts. The importance of this event was underlined by the attendance of more than 400 participants and by noteworthy institutional endorsements, that added a significative political dimension of high social impact due to the topical period for CAM acceptance and integration in Europe.

Nandha R, Singh H, Moudgill P, Kular G. A pilot study to clinically evaluate the role of herbomineral compound "Rakatchap Har" in the management of essential hypertension. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):329-32. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of a herbomineral medicine Rakatchaphar (Each 500 mg cap contains Sarpgandha 150 mg, Shankhpushpi 75 mg, Jatamansi 75 mg, Jahar Mohra Khatai Pishti 75 mg, Moti Pishti 75 mg, Ras Sindoor 50 mg) in essential hypertension, an observational prospective study was done at Shri Ashutosh Maharaj (SAM) Ayurvedic Treatment and Research Centre, Noormahal. Ninety-eight patients in the age group 28-76 years with essential hypertension without any co-morbid illness were included in the study. Patients were treated with cap Rakatchaphar 500 mg twice a day. Blood pressure (BP) was monitored on subsequent follow-up visits at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Change in Diastolic BP (DBP), Systolic BP (SBP), and Mean BP (MBP) were analyzed statistically by Student's t test, ANOVA, and Post hoc Bonferroni test. On first visit the mean SBP, DBP, and MBP was 164.16±17.27, 101.88±9.20, and 122.27±10.57 mm Hg, respectively. After 8 weeks of therapy there was a statistically significant fall in SBP (122.98±11.36), DBP (80.90±8.57), and MBP (94.86±9.24) in mmHg (P value <0.0001). Rakatchap Har offers an efficacious and safe combination of natural products available for the treatment of hypertension.

Palmer KK, Vaghela DB, Manjusha R. A clinical study on the effect of Arka Taila in the management of Karnasrava (Otomycosis). Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):349-52. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

11

Karnasrava is the condition characterized by discharge from Karna and occurs mainly due to Avarana of Vata Dosha. Otomycosis denotes diffuse otitis externa due to fungal infection in ear. Otomycosis being one of the causes of Karnasrava was selected for the study. The present study is done on 28 patients of Karnasrava, who were grouped in to two with 14 patients in each group. Group-A was treated with Arka TailaKarnapurana and Group-B with Clotrimazole ear drops (standard control). The signs and symptoms were studied before and after treatment. Result of the study indicates that Arka Taila and Clotrimazole are equally effective in all the signs and symptoms of Karnasrava (Otomycosis).

Panda G, Mohapatra KB. Clinical effect of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma in the management of Swetapradara. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):370-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Swetapradara is an important gynecological disorder nowadays. Most women in the reproductive age group complain about white discharge. Due to white discharge, they are prone to so many other symptoms, such as backache, itching in vulva, and burning micturition. According to Ayurveda, swetapradara is caused by the vitiation of Kapha and Vata dosha. Kukkutanda twak is also said to be Kapha Vata shamaka and swetapradara shamaka. In Ayurveda so many drugs are mentioned in the treatment of swetapradara. Among them Kukkutanda twak bhasma is a good medicine. In this clinical study Kukkutanda twak bhasma has shown statistically significant improvement in white discharge, backache, itching, anemia, weakness, and urinary tract infection.

Pandey RK, Bhatt NN, Singhala TM, Shukla VD. A comparative study of Vamana and Virechana Karma in the management of Sthula Pramehi w.s.r. to Type-2 diabetes. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):536-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

In the present study, Vamana and Virechana along with palliative treatment was given to patients of Sthula Prameha (Diabetes mellitus or DM). An attempt was made to compare and evaluate the role of Shodhana therapy (Vamana and Virechana). Total 47 patients of Sthula Pramehi were registered in this study, out of which 38 completed the treatment. The patients were divided into two groups, viz. Vamana with Shamana (Group A) and Virechana with Shamana (Group B). Eighteen patients completed the treatment in Group A and 20 in Group B. Neem giloy satva capsule was used as Shamana drug at a dose of 500 mg twice daily after meals for 30 days in both the groups. The efficacy of therapy was assessed based on relief in cardinal signs and symptoms and blood sugar, lipid profile and other biochemical parameters etc. The results

12

showed that the Vamana provided better relief in signs and symptoms as well as on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) in comparison to Virechana.

Patel MV, Gupta SN, Patel NG. Effects of Ayurvedic treatment on 100 patients of chronic renal failure (other than diabetic nephropathy). Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Chronic renal failure (CRF) refers to an irreversible deterioration in renal function, which develops over a period of years. This initially manifests only as a biochemical abnormality. CRF is considered when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 30 ml/min. The conventional approach of management includes dialysis and renal transplantation, which are not affordable by Indian population mainly due to economic reasons. Therefore, exploration of a safe and alternative therapy is needed, which proves to be helpful in reducing the requirement of dialysis and in postponing the renal transplantation. A clinical study of 100 patients of CRF was conducted at OPD and IPD of PD Patel Ayurved Hospital, Nadiad. They were given Niruha basti of Punarnavadi kvatha daily with oral medicaments including Goksuradi guggulu, Rasayana churna, and Varunadi kvatha for 1 month period. The patients of CRF, having diabetic nephropathy as a cause, were excluded since a separate study for diabetic nephropathy is being conducted. Results were analyzed statistically using the "t" test. The symptoms and signs, serum creatinine, blood urea, urine albumin level were reduced, which were found to be statistically highly significant on "t" test.

Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Singh G, Rathore HC. The Ayurveda education in India: how well are the graduates exposed to basic clinical skills? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:197391. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

"Ayurveda" is an ancient system of healthcare that is native to India. At present, in India, there are more than 240 colleges that offer a graduate-level degree (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery-BAMS) inAyurveda. Even though the Central Council of Indian Medicine, the governing body that monitors the matters related to Ayurveda education, has imposed various educational norms and regulations, the standard of education has been a cause of concern in recent years. The mushrooming of substandard Ayurvedic colleges is the most important factor that is being held responsible for this kind of erosion in the standards. The present study is a mailed survey, which was carried out to evaluate the "Extent of exposure to basic clinical skills during BAMS course" as perceived by the sample groups of students and

13

teachers drawn from 32 Ayurvediceducational institutions spread all over India. A methodically validated questionnaire was used as the tool in the study, to which 1022 participants responded. The study indicates that there are some serious flaws in the existing system of the graduate-level Ayurveda education. Since the Ayurvedic graduates play an important role in the primary healthcare delivery system of the country, governing bodies are required to take necessary steps to ensure the adequate exposure of the students to basic clinical skills. Along with the strict implementation of all the regulatory norms during the process of recognition of the colleges, introducing some changes in the policy model may also be required to tackle the situation.

Poonam, Manjusha R, Vaghela DB, Shukla VJ. A clinical study on the role of Akshi Tarpana with Jeevantyadi Ghrita in Timira (Myopia). Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):540-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Myopia is a major public health problem pertaining to eye that entails substantial societal, personal, educational, and economical impact. Various surveys in India have found the prevalence of myopia ranging from 6.9% to 19.7%. Myopia progression is irreversible and methods for the correction of myopia are not without complications. Myopia closely resembles Timira involving first and second Patala in terms of symptoms, anatomical structures involved, and the pathogenesis of the disease. The study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the Akshi-Tarpana procedure with Jeevantyadi Ghrita in fresh and old myopes. A total of 54 patients (108 eyes) having myopia ≥-6 D were registered for the study and divided into two groups (Group A, Akshi-Tarpana with Jeevantyadi Ghrita, and Group B, Akshi-Tarpana with plain Go Ghrita), by stratified sampling. The procedure was done in 5 sittings of 5 days each with an equal interval of 5 days between each sitting. A total of 22 patients in Group A and 18 in Group B completed the treatment. Obtained data were statistically analyzed using a t-test and the study reveals that objectively, 09.30% and 05.55% eyes were cured, 16.28% and 02.78% markedly improved, and 34.88% and 11.11% moderately improved in Group A and B, respectively.

Pradhan SL, Pradhan PS. Ayurvedic medicine and anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth. 2011 Jul;55(4):334-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

The use of herbal medicines has increased dramatically over the past few years. The United States alone noted a 380% increase in the consumption of these products. Although the common practice of taking over-the-counter herbal soups, herbal teas and other such prepacked preparations was not associated with adverse events at large, still, some herbs are known to cause

14

problems, especially when large doses are taken. The American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) has taken a conservative stance and recommended that it is prudent to stop these products at least 2-3 weeks prior to anaesthesia and surgery. This advice may be difficult to implement as most preoperative evaluations occur only a few days prior to surgery. Some of theAyurvedic preparations have shown to improve the patient outcome when taken during the perioperative period. Hence, the conservative stance by ASA may not always benefit the patient. More scientific studies are needed to have more targeted recommendations. This article puts forward the facts that need to be addressed by researchers in the future.

Rajput DS, Tekale GS. Study on Bhasma Kalpana with special reference to the preparation of Kasisa Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):554-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Bhasma means ash but according to Ayurveda, Bhasma means conversion of a metal into a form which is irreversible in the sense that one cannot derive the metal back from it again (Apunarbhava). It should be so light so that it must float on the surface of water after sprinkling, called Varitara. Its particle should be so small that it can enter in to the creases of fingers called Rekha-purnatva. The preparative procedure of Bhasma is a bit complicated. Many texts are available regarding the identification, acceptable qualities of metals and minerals, their purification, uses and method of preparation of their Bhasma. But in many texts, the method of Bhasma preparation of some metals and minerals is mentioned very briefly, i.e. their references are available in Sutrarupa. This leads to many practical difficulties in the preparation of Bhasma. Kasisa Bhasma is one of them. The present work was aimed to study the basic concept of Bhasma Kalpana by means preparing Kasisa Bhasma. This study suggests some modifications and ways for standardization of Bhasma procedure.

Ramteke R, Vinodkumar G, Meharjan T. An open clinical trial to analyze Samyak Snigdha Lakshana of Shodhananga Snehapana with Mahatikthakam Ghritam in Psoriasis. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):519-25. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

An open clinical trial was conducted in Govt. Ayurveda College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, Department of Kayachikitsa and Panchakarma. As there is no work done on the Samyak Snigdha Lakshana (SSL), this study was undertaken to work on the different aspects of Samyak Snigdha Lakshana. To minimize variables, subjects suffering with psoriasis and same Ghritam were selected on the basis of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Shodhananga Abhyantara Snehapana was advised before Vamana and Virechana. Samyak Snigdha Lakshanas which are

15

described in all texts are different in milieu. Shodhananga Snehapana with Mahatiktakam Ghritam was given according to Koshta and Agni in 30 subjects. Samyak Snigdha Lakshanas were assessed using a special scoring pattern and the biochemical parameters were observed in all subjects. Statistical analysis using paired't' test were done. In all patients Vatanulomana, Diptagni, Snehodvega, Klama and Adhastat Sneha Darshanam were seen; whereas Angalaghava and Twak Snigdhata were noted in less percentage of persons. The onset of various Samyak Snigdha Lakshanas occurs in sequence. There are changes in some biochemical parameters like serum cholesterol, Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and fat globules in stool after Snehapana. Shodhananga Snehapana with Mahatikthakam Ghritam decrease features of psoriasis up to some extent. More in depth studies are required to evaluate their importance and for their application in modern medical practice.

Rout AK, Dwivedi RR. A clinical study of Haritaki and Saindhava Lavana in Kaphaja Kasa with special reference to Samyoga Guna. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):357-60. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

In clinical practice, Guna which are to be with Bhisak are mainly the Paradi Gunas which can also be called as Miscellaneous Gunas. As rightly quoted by Acarya Caraka, for getting success in the treatment Paradi Gunas are the best. The Sutra quotes "Sidhyupaya Cikitsayam" which means that Cikitsa i. e. Dhatusamya will be done mainly with the help of Paradi Gunas. Thus in this study an attempt was made to know the comparative effect of Haritaki and Saindhava lavana alone and Samyukta effect in Kaphaja Kasa. Three groups were made for proper evaluation of the therapy. In Group-A Haritaki Tablet 2 gm/ twice a day (500 mg tablet × 4), In Group-B Saindava Lavana Curna 2 gm/ twice a day and in Group-C Haritaki + Saindhava lavana Tablet 4 gm/twice a day (500 mg tablet × 8) was given. Results were assessed after 7 days with the help of a specially prepared proforma. The hematological, Urine and Stool investigations were carried out. In subjective and objective criterias, significant results were found in Group-C as compared to Group-A and Group-B. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the combined (Samyoga) effect of Haritaki and Saindhava lavana is much efficient than the single drug therapy.

Samarakoon SM, Chandola HM, Ravishankar B. Effect of dietary, social, and lifestyle determinants of accelerated aging and its common clinical presentation: A survey study. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):315-21. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

16

Aging is unavoidable and natural phenomenon of life. Modern gerontologists are realizing the fact that aging is a disease, which Ayurveda had accepted as natural disease since long. Rate of aging is determined by one's biological, social, lifestyle, and psychological conditions and adversity of which leads to accelerated form of aging (Akalaja jara or premature aging). The aim of this study is to identify potential factors that may accelerate aging in the context of dietry factors, lifestyle and mental makeup. The 120 diagnosed subjects of premature-ageing of 30-60 years were randomly selected in the survey study. Premature ageing was common among females (75.83%), in 30-40 age group (70%), 86.67% were married, had secondary level of education (36.66%), house-views (61.67%), belongs top middle class (58.33%) and engaged in occupations that dominating physical labour (88.33%). The maximum patients are constipated (60%), had mandagni (80%), vata-kapha prakriti (48.33%), rajasika prakriti (58.33%), madhyama vyayama shakti (73.33%), and madhyama jarana shakti (85.83%). Collectively, 43.33% patients were above normal BMI. The more patients had anushna (38.33%) and vishamasana dietary pattern (25.83%), consumed Lavana (88.33%) and Amla rasa (78.33%) in excess on regular basis. Some patients had addicted to tobacco (11.67%) and beetle chewing (5.83%). The maximum patients had no any exercise (79.17%) and specific hobby (79.17%) in their leisure times. Analyzing Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scales revealed that 39.80%, 37.86%, 33.98%, 24.27% and 18.44% patients had insomnia, depression, tension, GIT symptoms and anxious mood respectively. These data suggest that certain social, dietary and lifestyle factors contribute towards accelerated ageing among young individuals.

Sharma H, Chandola HM. Prameha in Ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1-etiology, classification, and pathogenesis. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Jun;17(6):491-6. Erratum in: J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Jul;17(7):661. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are increasing in epidemic proportions globally. Prameha is a syndrome described in the ancient Ayurvedic texts that includes clinical conditions involved in obesity, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Integrating the theory and modalities of Ayurveda in the management of these disorders may prove to be beneficial. Even though Prameha is a Tridoshaja Vyadhi (a disease involving all three of the psychophysiologic principles known as Doshas [i.e., Vata, Pitta, and Kapha]), it is basically a disease with Kapha predominance.

17

RESULTS:

There are 20 subtypes of Prameha due to the interaction of the three Doshas and 10 Dushyas (disturbed functioning of the principles that support the various bodily tissues); several of these subtypes have sweet urine, whereas some of them have different coloration of the urine, highlighting the inflammatory conditions involved in the metabolic syndrome. This disease has close ties to Sthaulya (i.e., obesity). With regard to diabetes mellitus, Sahaja Prameha and Jatah Pramehi correlate with type 1 diabetes; Apathyanimittaja Prameha correlates with type 2 diabetes. Madhumeha is a subtype of Vataja Prameha (Prameha with Vata predominance) that can occur as the terminal stage of type 2 diabetes (in which insulin is required), or as type 1 diabetes beginning in early childhood. The latter is defined as Jatah Pramehi Madhumehino in Charaka Samhita, one of the classical Ayurvedic texts.

CONCLUSIONS:

Various dietary, lifestyle, and psychologic factors are involved in the etiology of Prameha, particularly in relation to disturbances in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The ancient Ayurvedic knowledge regarding Prameha can be utilized to expand the current understanding of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

Shilpa S, Murthy CG. Development and standardization of Mysore Tridosha scale. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):308-14. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

The authors have developed a personality scale to assess Tridoshas i.e. Vata, Pitta, and Kapha from psychological perspective in human beings. The Tridoshas are composed of the Pancha Mahabhutas, but one or the other Dosha is dominant singularly or in combination. There can never be a state when one or the other Pancha Mahabhutas and consequently the Tridoshas are absent totally. All five are essential to sustain life. Vata Dosha is composed of Akasa and Vayu Mahabhuta. Pitta Dosha is composed of Tejas or Agni and Ap Mahabhuta. Kapha Dosha is composed of Ap and Prithvi Mahabhuta. Although Tridosha is studied, understood, and applied in Ayurveda, the present authors have tried to validate the same from the domain of psychology. Since the authors are not from the domain of Ayurveda but of Psychology, there are some constructs that are not amenable for psychological testing which have been ignored. Only those constructs that can be used by psychologists to assess the psychological aspects of the Dosha Prakriti have been used to build items for the assessment of personality. In this process, the psychometric properties of the scale are established. The scale assesses the psychological manifestation of the Tridoshas, which was the basic objective. The standardization procedure involved in the development of the Mysore Psychological Tridosha Scale is herewith delineated.

18

Skandhan KP, Amith S, Karunatilake LP, Avni KP, Singh K. Water purification prescribed in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):448-50. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Authors present here water purifying methods for drinking purpose by employing few kinds of flowers, a traditional knowledge available in India from the classics of Ayurveda, the oldest system of medical practices. A simple method is designed to conduct a study for finding out the efficacy of the said method.

Sujatha V. What could 'integrative' medicine mean? Social science perspectives on contemporary Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Jul;2(3):115-23. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

The paper attempts to critically engage with the idea of integrative medicine as a marker of pharmaceuticalization of Ayurveda in the recent decades. It examines what it means to say 'integrative'medicine using the metaphor of language from philosophy of science. Drawing upon fieldwork with Ayurvedapractitioners, the paper also discusses the ramifications of integrative medicine in the current scenario in which there is no organizational parity between Ayurveda and biomedicine. The paper calls for a focus onAyurveda for public health rather than the global health market.

Tripathi PK, Patwardhan K, Singh G. The basic cardiovascular responses to postural changes, exercise, and cold pressor test: do they vary in accordance with the dual constitutional types of Ayurveda? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011. pii: 251850. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

According to Ayurveda, the native Indian system of healthcare, three Doshas, namely, Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, are the basic mutually reciprocal mechanisms that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in human beings. Ayurveda classifies entire human population into seven constitutional types (Prakriti), based on the dominance of any single or a combination of two or three Doshas. Considering the fact that, in the recent past there have been several studies that have proposed some important genetic, biochemical and haematological bases for Prakriti, we conducted the present study in 90 randomly selected clinically healthy volunteers belonging to dual constitutional types (Dvandvaja Prakriti) to evaluate the variability of heart rate and arterial blood pressure in response to specific postural changes, exercise, and cold pressor test.

19

The results of this study, in general, suggest that these basic cardiovascular responses do not vary significantly as per the dual constitutional types. However, we noted a significant fall in the diastolic blood pressure immediately after performing the isotonic exercise for five minutes, in Vata-Kapha individuals in comparison to the other two groups, namely, Pitta-Kapha and Vata-Pitta.

Upadhyay BN, Gupta V. A clinical study on the effect of Rishyagandha (Withania coagulans) in the management of Prameha (Type II Diabetes Mellitus). Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):507-11. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

The study was conducted with an objective of evaluating the role of Rishyagandha (Withania coagulans) powder in clinically diagnosed cases of Prameha. 53 Registered cases were divided into 3 groups; Group A (Rishyagandha fruits powder), Group B (Oral Hypoglycaemic Agent i.e. OHA), and Group C (Rishyagandha fruits powder and OHA both). Statistically significant improvement was observed in objective and subjective parameters in all 3 groups after completion of the course of treatment. Based on the results, it has been concluded that, Rishyagandha fruits powder is an effective therapeutic regimen in the management of uncomplicated cases of Prameha.

Vyas HA, Dwivedi RR. Prevalence of Adhyashana in patients attending IPGT and RA Hospital and its effect on health. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):340-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Adhyashana is a technical term of Ayurveda, which means eating before digestion of previous food. All the ancient classics describe the ill effects of Adhyashana. Charaka mentioned it as a prime causative factor for Grahani dosha. It is also said that Adhyashana can cause severe and incurable diseases or even death. All these references indicate the importance of Adhyashana as one of the health destroying factors, and yet this subject remained untouched by the Ayurvedic scientists for research. The present study was carried out to search the prevalence of Adhyashana in the patients of various diseases. For this purpose a survey study was planned and a total of 235 subjects attending outpatient and inpatient department of the Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research Hospital were surveyed. Among these patients 62.98% were found to be habituated to Adhyashana. Purishvaha Srotodushti was found in a maximum number of patients, which was 42%. Status of the disease was Krichchhra saadhya in maximum of these patients.

20

Werner W. Thoughts on legal and ethical concepts on the professional development of Ayurveda in the U.S. Int J Yoga Therap. 2011;(21):17-20. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

The following is a transcript of a talk given by Wynn Werner, who is a board member of the National AyurvedicMedical Association (NAMA) and member of the NAMA standards committee, at the NAMA conference in April 2010. In this talk, Werner discusses the legal and licensing challenges facing Ayurvedic practitioners in the United States. IAYT finds the work of NAMA on the issue of professional development to be both educational and thought-provoking for our own field's parallel process. We present this transcript to contribute to the conversation within the yoga therapy community.

Botany

Abd El-Mawla AM, Mohamed KM, Mostafa AM. Induction of Biologically Active Flavonoids in Cell Cultures of Morus nigra and Testing their Hypoglycemic Efficacy. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):951-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antidiabetic activity of both leaves and MJ-treated cell cultures of Morus nigra was evaluated after their oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity of extracts from leaves given to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 10 days increased with increasing doses of leaves extract up to 500 mg/kg/day. The administration of 500 mg/kg/day of leaves extract reduced the concentration of glucose from 370 ± 7.31 mg/dl (control) to 154 ± 6.27 mg/dl, and a significant increase in the insulin level from 11.3 ± 0.31 μU/ml (control) to 14.6 ± 0.43 μU/ml was recorded. Cell suspension cultures were established from the young leaves of Morus nigra cultivated on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg/l 6-(furfurylamino)purine (kinetin). The changes in cell weight and flavonoid content were monitored between day zero and 12. The linear increase in fresh weight was found to be parallel to flavonoids production. Cell cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate for 24 hours showed a noticeable increase in level of flavonoids and significant and more effective hypoglycemic activity than that for extract from leaves. The major flavonoids were isolated by TLC and HPLC and identified as rutin, quercetin,

21

Morusin and cyclomorusin by co-chromatography and mass spectrometry in comparison to samples of authentic reference compounds.

Abdel-Hady NM, Dawoud GT, El-Hela AA, Morsy TA. Interrelation of antioxidant, anticancer and antilieshmania effects of some selected Egyptian plants and their phenolic constituents. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2011 Dec;41(3):785-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the most potential resource of new therapeutic agents. They are diverse, largely productive, biologically active and chemically unique; among their constituents "polyphenol compounds group" one of the main determinant factors in evaluating the pharmacological potentials i.e. polyphenols display an array of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, immunostimulant, antitumor and antiparasitic effects. Cancer is a dreadful human disease, increasing with changing life style, nutrition and global warming while current available anticancer drugs cause serious side effects in most instances. Several reports suggested the relationship between antioxidant, anticancer and antiparasitic effects; they suggested that they act indirectly through promoting host resistance, restabilizing body equilibrim and conditioning body tissues in addition to their direct effect on certain parasites involved in cancer etiology. This work was conducted for estimation of total phenolic, flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycoside and iridoid content of twenty-three selected Egyptian plants as well as screening of their anticancer, antioxidant and antileishmanial effects, the overall gained results for suggest that the most suitable medicinal plant used as anticancer and antioxidant is Petrea volubilis L. which contain adequate mixture of total phenolic compounds 88.7 mg% and flavonoids 50.80 mg% and also suggest that flavonoid compounds are the category of phenolic compounds possess significant antioxidant and anticancer effects while the antilieshamnia screening revealed that Thymus decussatus Benth. extract exhibited the highest effect due to the presence of flavonoids and iridoids in adequate combination where iridoid compounds 201 mg% and flavonoid content was 128 mg%.

Adhami HR, Farsam H, Krenn L. Screening of medicinal plants from Iranian traditional medicine for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phytother Res. 2011 Aug;25(8):1148-52. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

To find new herbal compounds with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect, this study focused on herbal drugs and resins which have been used in Iranian traditional medicine for the

22

treatment of cognitive disorders. Forty drugs were selected from authoritative written documents of Iranian traditional medicine. Each drug was extracted by accelerated solvent extraction using dichloromethane followed by methanol. The 80 extracts were screened for AChE inhibitory activity by a TLC bioautography method. The inhibiting effect of the 32 most active extracts was measured by a microplate colorimetric assay. Due to the best activity, the seeds of Peganum harmala L. were investigated in detail. From the TLC bioautography assay the alkaloids harmaline and harmine were identified as active compounds. This result was confirmed by means of HPLC-DAD. The IC(50) values were 41.2 μg/mL for the methanol extract, 95.5 μg/mL for the dichloromethane extract, 8.4 μg/mL for harmaline and 10.9 μg/mL for harmine. The concentrations of active compounds in the extracts were determined by a fast and precise HPLC method. As the amounts of harmaline and harmine in the extracts were correlated with the IC(50) values of the extracts, it can be concluded that these two alkaloids are responsible for the AChE inhibitory activity of P. harmala.

Akdemir Z, Kahraman C, Tatlı II, Küpeli Akkol E, Süntar I, Keles H. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healer glycosides from the flowers of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul 14;136(3):436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

The leaves, flowers and whole aerial parts of Verbascum L. species have been used to treat respiratory problems, haemorrhoids and other types of inflammatory conditions in traditional Turkish medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

In order to evaluate this traditional information, the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. which is used as haemostatic in Turkish folk medicine were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the wound healing potential of the plant were evaluated by using in vivo wound healing experimental models, i.e. incision and excision models on mice and rats, were comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol(®). Skin samples were also evaluated histopathologically.

RESULTS:

23

The results of these experimental studies exhibited that Verbascum mucronatum displays anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3), catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6) and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Verbascoside (7) was found to possess significant wound healing activity as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage.

CONCLUSION:

The experimental study revealed that Verbascum mucronatum displays remarkable antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

Al-Musayeib N, Perveen S, Fatima I, Nasir M, Hussain A. Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis. Molecules. 2011 Dec 8;16(12):10214-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Nine compounds have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of C. sinensis, namely protocatechuic acid (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), rosmarinic acid (4), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferide-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), all reported for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were deduced on the basis of spectroscopic studies, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-9 were investigated for biological activity and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageen induced rat paw edema test. The antioxidant activities of isolated compounds 1-9 were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging test, and compounds 1, 2, 4 and 7-9 exhibited marked scavenging activity compared to the standard BHA. These compounds were further studied for their anti-glycation properties and some compounds showed significant anti-glycation inhibitory activity. The purity of compounds 2-5, 8 and 9 was confirmed by HPLC. The implications of these results for the chemotaxonomic studies of the genus Cordia have also been discussed.

Al-Said MS, Mothana RA, Al-Sohaibani MO, Rafatullah S. Ameliorative effect of Grewia tenax (Forssk) fiori fruit extract on CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. J Food

24

Sci. 2011 Nov-Dec;76(9):T200-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02381.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The ethanol extract of Grewia tenax (GTE) fruit was tested for possible efficacy against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver toxicity in Wistar albino rats. GTE at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg were administered orally to CCl(4)-treated rats. Acute toxicity test and sleeping time determination were done with mice. The results showed that oral administration of GTE for 3 wk to rats significantly reduced the CCl(4)-induced elevated levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. Moreover, it was found that the treatment with GTE significantly elevated the hemoglobin level in serum and increased the nonprotein sulfhydryl and total protein contents in the liver tissue, and a significant diminution was observed in the CCl(4)-induced elevated levels of malondialdehyde in the liver tissue. The biochemical findings were supported by an evaluation with liver histopathology. Pentobarbital-induced prolongation of narcolepsy in mice was shortened significantly by the extract. The observed hepatoprotective effect is believed to occur due to antioxidant properties of the contents of G. tenax extract, which may provide a new drug to be used for fighting liver diseases and it validates its folkloric use in anemic and other conditions.

Albert D. Atsamo, Telesphore B. Nguelefack, Jacques Y. Datte, Albert Kamanyi, Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) in rodents.Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):697-702. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-520M1W0-3/2/dc0b451108842a6ddb6161edf4fab94c

Abstract:

Aim of the study: The decoction of the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis (EAES) is traditionally used in the Western region of Cameroon against liver disorders. The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of this decoction after acute and sub-chronic administration in rodents.Materials and methods: In acute study, a single administration of EAES was given orally to mice at doses ranging from 1.25 to 12.5 g/kg. General behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days post treatment. In the sub-chronic study, EAES was given orally as a single administration to Wistar rats at doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Animal body weight was observed throughout the experimental period while haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, as well as kidney and liver tissues histology were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results: In the acute study in mice, none of the doses used induced mortality or significant behavioural changes. In the sub-chronic

25

study in rats, daily oral administration of EAES at the dose of 600 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in the relative body weight at the last week of treatment. The relative weights of organs were not affected by the treatment. No haematological changes were observed a part of a significant increase in WBC count at the dose of 600 mg/kg. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly while total and conjugated bilirubin significantly increased. Renal function indices assay in blood showed significant modification in all the treated groups compared to control while, in urine, only urea excretion markedly reduced at a dose of 1200 mg/kg. Histological analysis did no show any liver or kidney alteration.Conclusion: These results demonstrated that there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of EAES and further corroborated the traditional use of this extract as a hepatoprotective agent.

Ali B, Mujeeb M, Aeri V, Mir SR, Ahmad S, Siddique NA, Faiyazuddin M, Shakeel F. High-performance thin layer chromatographic quantification of bioactive psoralen and daidzein in leaves of Ficus carica L. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Oct;25(17):1666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This study was undertaken to quantify psoralen and daidzein by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The methanolic extract of 10 mg mL(-1) concentration solution was prepared for HPTLC quantification of psoralen and daidzein. HPTLC aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F(254) were used as the stationary phase. The working standard solution of psoralen and daidzein was applied along with the test sample solution by means of Camag Linomat IV sample applicator. R (f) values of psoralen and daidzein were found to be 0.60 and 0.88, whilst as their percentage values in methanolic extract were found to be 3.02% and 5.64% (w/w), respectively. A simple quantitative estimation method of psoralen and daidzein by HPTLC is reported that can be used for the quality control of marketed preparations containing Ficus carica. However, further study is warranted to isolate and quantify active constituents present in the leaves of F. carica by sophisticated techniques.

Ali NA, Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Al-Othman AH. Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Schinus molle L. growing in Yemen. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Aug;25(14):1366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In this study, we report the preliminary data on the chemical composition of Yemeni Schinus molle L. volatile oil obtained by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide (40°C and 90 bar),

26

SFE, and by hydrodistillation (HD). The composition of the volatile oil has been analysed by GC and GC-MS. The content of the major constituents in the oils from leaves varied in the following ranges: germacrene D 3.7% in SFE and 16.7% in HD; β-caryophyllene 19.1% in SFE and 13.5% in HD. The amount of monoterpenes constituted 4%, in all the analysed samples, while the number of sesquiterpenes was 44% in supercritical and 67% in HD oil. Some compounds were not identified by GC-MS and it will require further analysis using other analytical techniques.

Ali NH, Faizi S, Kazmi SU. Antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Karachi, Pakistan. Pharm Biol. 2011 Aug;49(8):833-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Development of resistance in human pathogens against conventional antibiotic necessitates searching indigenous medicinal plants having antibacterial property. Twenty-seven medicinal plants used actively in folklore, Ayurvedic and traditional system of medicine were selected for the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity for this study. Eleven plants chosen from these 27 are used as spices in local cuisine.

OBJECTIVE:

Evaluation of the effectiveness of some medicinal plant extracts against clinical isolates.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Nonedible plant parts were extracted with methanol and evaporated in vacuo to obtain residue. Powdered edible parts were boiled three times and cooled in sterile distilled water for 2 min each and filtrate collected. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts and filtrates/antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates by microbroth dilution method.

RESULTS:

Water extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) buds, methanol extracts of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) and Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) leaves and Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) seeds had MIC ranges of 31.25-250 µg/ml. S. aromaticum nhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. F. carica and O. europaea inhibited growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes whereas P. harmala was effective against S. aureus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Candida albicans. Ampicillin, velosef, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, which are used as control, had MIC ≥ 50 and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively, for organisms sensitive to extracts.

27

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

Mono/multiextract from identified plants will provide an array of safe antimicrobial agents to control infections by drug-resistant bacteria.

Ali Z, Khan IA. Alkyl phenols and saponins from the roots of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Phytochemistry. 2011 Nov;72(16):2075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Recently, there is a remarkable boom in the sales of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) in the Malaysian market, as an extract of the plant is used to gain energy and libido as well as to treat many other ailments. A chemical analysis of its roots was undertaken and three metabolites, demethylbelamcandaquinone B (1), fatimahol (2), and dexyloprimulanin (3) together with 21 known compounds including epoxyoleanane glycosides, alkenated phenolics, cerebroside, glycerogalactolipids, and lipids were isolated and identified. Structure elucidation was achieved by spectroscopic and chemical studies. The MeOH extract of KF and compounds 12 and 13 exhibited moderate in vitro antibacterial activity.

Annan K, Jackson N, Dickson RA, Sam GH, Komlaga G. Acaricidal effect of an isolate from Hoslundia opposita vahl against Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae). Pharmacognosy Res. 2011 Jul;3(3):185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Hoslundia opposita Vahl. (Lamiaceae), a common local shrub in Ghana, is traditionally known not only for its pharmacological benefits but also for its insecticidal properties. Its acaricidal property, however, has not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE:

To test the acaricidal effects of the crude extract and fractions of H. opposita leaves as well as to isolate and characterize the acaricidal principles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The crude methanolic extract, pet. ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of the leaves of H. opposita were tested against the larvae of the cattle tick, Amblyomma variegatum, using the Larval Packet Test. A bioassay-guided isolation was carried out to identify the acaricidal principle obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction.

28

RESULTS:

The active principle was characterised as ursolic acid, a triterpene previously isolated from the leaves of the same plant. The extract and fractions were less potent than the control, malathion (LC(50) 1.14 × 10(-4) mg/ml). Among the plant samples however the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest effect against the larvae (LC(50) 5.74 × 10(-2) mg/ml), followed by the ethyl acetate fraction (LC(50) 8.10 × 10(-2) mg/ml). Ursolic acid, pet. ether and aqueous fractions however showed weak acaricidal effects with LC(50) values of 1.13 mg/ml, 8.96 × 10(-1) mg/ml and 1.44 mg/ml, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Ursolic acid was not as potent as the crude methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction from which it was isolated. The overall acaricidal effect of H. opposita may have been due to synergy with other principles having acaricidal properties.

Ansil PN, Nitha A, Prabha SP, Wills PJ, Jazaira V, Latha MS. Protective effect of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume. tuber against thioacetamide induced oxidative stress in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Nov;4(11):870-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To identify the phytochemical constituents of Amorphophallus campanulatus (A. campanulatus) tuber and to evaluate its antioxidant potential through in vitro and in vivo models.

METHODS:

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of A. campanulatus tuber n-hexane extract (ACHE) and methanolic extract (ACME) were evaluated using DPPH, hydroxyl radical, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity assays. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated. The protective potential of two different doses of ACME (125 and 250 mg/kg) was also evaluated against thioacetamide (TAA) induced oxidative stress in rats. Silymarin used as a standard drug control. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by quantifying the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The antioxidant potential of ACME were also evaluated by the estimation of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in hepatic and renal tissues. Histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.

29

RESULTS:

In vitro studies revealed that ACME has higher antioxidant and radical scavenging activity than ACHE, which may be attributed to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content. ACME significantly prevented the elevation of serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and tissue malondialdehyde levels(P < 0.05). Hepatic and renal GSH, GST, GR, GPx, and catalase levels were remarkably increased by the treatment with the extract. Quantification of histopathological changes also supported the dose dependent protective effects of ACME.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results do suggest that A. campanulatus tuber could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Aslan M, Orhan DD, Orhan N. Effect of Gentiana olivieri on experimental epilepsy models. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011 Oct;7(28):344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Flowering herbs of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (Gentianaceae) are widely used as bitter tonic, stomachic, stimulant of appetite, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic and for mental problems in the different regions of Turkey.

OBJECTIVE:

To establish the anticonvulsant activity potential of G. olivieri.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In this work, the ethanol extract of G. olivieri was tested in three doses (200, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) for anticonvulsant activity against seizures produced in mice by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin (PIC) and maximal electroshock (MES). Neurotoxicity of the ethanol extract was also determined by the Rota rod test to evaluate the safety. Ethosuximide (150 mg/kg), diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and carbamazepine (30 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs.

RESULTS:

Intraperitonally, injection of the extract significantly prolonged the onset of seizures at doses of 200 and 750 mg/kg, but did not alter the incidence of PTZ-induced seizures. Onset of PIC-induced seizures was delayed by the injection of the extract (1000 mg/kg). Moreover, only 750 mg/kg of the extract protected 25% of the mice against PIC-induced seizures. On the other hand, G. olivieri extract (200, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) showed a significant protective effect against

30

MES-induced seizures. In the Rota rod test, the ethanol extract (200 mg/kg, ip) induced disturbance in motor coordination.

CONCLUSION:

The results indicate that G. olivieri has possessed anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in mice.

Aviello G, Canadanovic-Brunet JM, Milic N, Capasso R, Fattorusso E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Fasolino I, Izzo AA, Borrelli F. Potent antioxidant and genoprotective effects of boeravinone G, a rotenoid isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19628. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:

Free radicals are implicated in the aetiology of some gastrointestinal disorders such as gastric ulcer, colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study we investigated the antioxidant and genoprotective activity of some rotenoids (i.e. boeravinones) isolated from the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa, a plant used in the Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:

Antioxidant activity has been evaluated using both chemical (Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy, ESR) and Caco-2 cells-based (TBARS and ROS) assays. DNA damage was evaluated by Comet assay, while pERK(1/2) and phospho-NF-kB p65 levels were estimated by western blot. Boeravinones G, D and H significantly reduced the signal intensity of ESR induced by hydroxyl radicals, suggesting a scavenging activity. Among rotenoids tested, boeravinone G exerted the most potent effect. Boeravinone G inhibited both TBARS and ROS formation induced by Fenton's reagent, increased SOD activity and reduced H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. Finally, boeravinone G reduced the levels of pERK(1) and phospho-NF-kB p65 (but not of pERK(2)) increased by Fenton's reagent.

CONCLUSIONS:

It is concluded that boeravinone G exhibits an extraordinary potent antioxidant activity (significant effect in the nanomolar range). The MAP kinase and NF-kB pathways seem to be involved in the antioxidant effect of boeravinone G. Boeravinone G might be considered as lead compound for the development of drugs potentially useful against those pathologies whose aetiology is related to ROS-mediated injuries.

31

Awad NE, Seida AA, Hamed MA, Elbatanony MM. Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities of Ficus microcarpa (L.) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Jul;25(12):1202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of Ficus microcarpa leaves hexane extract have been phytochemically studied and evaluated for its hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. The effect of the extract on the lipid profile was assessed by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, phospho and total lipids. Lipid peroxides, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were measured as antioxidants. The work was extended to evaluate liver function indices as well as the histopathological picture of the liver after treatment. Treatment with leaves extract (500 mg kg ¹ body weight) 5 times/week for 9 weeks at the same⁻ time of cholesterol administration (30 mg/0.3 mL 0.7% tween/animal) recorded an improvement of lipid profile, antioxidants, liver function enzymes and the liver histopathological picture. The lipoidal matters of the unsaponifiable fraction of the hexane extract by GC/MS led to the identification of 22 compounds, while saponifiable fraction by (MS/MS) technique led to identification of 13 unsaturated and saturated fatty acid methyl ester derivatives. It can be concluded that the hexane extract of F. microcarpa L has been proved to have hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats through its role in counteracting LDL oxidation, enhancement of HDL synthesis and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Battu GR, Parimi R, Chandra Shekar KB. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity of Aristolochia tagala (syn: Aristolochia acuminata) root extracts. Pharm Biol. 2011 Nov;49(11):1210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Aristolochia tagala Cham. (syn: Aristolochia acuminata Lam.) (Aristolochiaceae), known as Nallayishwari in Telugu, has been of interest to researchers because of its traditional uses for treating rheumatic pains and fever.

OBJECTIVE:

The anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of A. tagala roots were investigated for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

32

In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects were investigated employing the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 stimulated with proinflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide interferon γ or the calcium ionophore A23187) to determine PGE(2) or LTB(4) release, respectively.

RESULTS:

All the extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects which were found to be significant (p < 0.001) at 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o, in rats tested and the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the induction of PGE(2) with IC(50) = 39.1 mg mL(-1) and LTB(4) with IC(50) = 29.5 mg mL(-1).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

These findings demonstrate that the A. tagala roots have excellent anti-inflammatory activity and validate the traditional indications of this plant in its origin country.

Ben Sghaier M, Krifa M, Mensi R, Bhouri W, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Teucrium ramosissimum extracts. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Oct-Dec;8(4):288-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Teucrium ramosissimum (Lamiaceae), a native and endemic plant from South Tunisia, has traditionally been used as a treatment for inflammation and for ulcers. Though the plant and its products are widely used, very few studies have analyzed the pharmacological/toxicological properties of this plant. Thus, the aim of these studies was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory/anti-ulcerogenic activities of various extracts (i.e., methanolic, aqueous, and total oligomer flavonoid [TOF]-enriched) from leaves of T. ramosissimum. In vitro, the effects from each extract on lysosomal enzyme activity and proliferation of, respectively, freshly isolated peritoneal macrophages and splenic lymphocytes were assessed. The extracts alone clearly affected macrophage function, as evidenced by a significant modulation of cell lysosomal enzyme activity and ability to form and/or release nitric oxide. These extracts were also found to be able to significantly modify the proliferation of splenocytes, even when lipopolysaccharide or lectin mitogens were absent. With respect to the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the extracts, these studies found that the leaf extracts were able to exert significant protective effects against ethanol-induced ulcers in a rat model; at some doses, the extract effects were even greater than that obtained using a cytoprotective histamine H2-antagonist, cimetidine. Based on these studies, we conclude that the extracts from T. ramosissimum appear to be potentially potent modulators of innate immunity and that their efficacy against ulcer formation may be due, in part, to a cytoprotective effect. Further, these results fortify the ethnopharmacological importance of the use of T. ramosissimum products as anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer agents. Nevertheless,

33

ongoing/further studies are needed to clarify more precisely mechanisms underlying effects against ulcers and on lymphocyte and macrophage functionality, as well as the causative agents.

Bencsik T, Horváth G, Papp N. Variability of total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin contents in some Lythrum salicaria populations. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Oct;6(10):1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Lythrum salicaria L. can vary in some morphological and phytochemical features according to its habitat. The present study investigates and compares the total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin composition of twelve populations of L. salicaria collected from different ecological habitats in south-west Hungary. We studied the plant heights and soil moistures of the habitats analyzing the potential correlation between the morphological and environmental factors and chemical compositions. Total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin contents were determined according to the valid spectroscopic methods of the European Pharmacopoeia. Total flavonoid content was higher in the populations collected during the main blooming period in August than at the beginning of flowering in July. Higher values for total polyphenol and tannin were detected in flowering branch tips in August than in July, and higher ones in leaves and shoots in July than in August. The highest flavonoid content was measured in the leaves, followed by the flowering branches and shoots as opposed to the total polyphenol and tannin contents, which were higher in the flowering branch tips than in the other organs.

Bero J, Hannaert V, Chataigné G, Hérent MF, Quetin-Leclercq J. In vitro antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine and bio-guided fractionation of the most active extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 2;137(2):998-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of crude extracts of 10 plant species traditionally used in Benin to treat parasitic infections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

For each species, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts were tested. Their antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities were evaluated in vitro on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 427) (Tbb) and on promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana (MHOM/BZ/84/BEL46) (Lmm).

34

RESULTS:

The best growth inhibition was observed with the dichloromethane extracts of aerial parts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Asteraceae) (IC(50)=14.5 μg/ml on Tbb and 11.1 μg/ml on Lmm), twigs of Keetia leucantha (K. Krause) Bridson (syn. Plectronia leucantha Krause) (IC(50)=5.8 μg/ml on Tbb), aerial parts of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn (syn. Rourea coccinea (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook.f.) (IC(50)=14.7 μg/ml on Tbb) and aerial parts of Carpolobia lutea G.Don. (IC(50)=18.3 μg/ml on Tbb). All these extracts had a low cytotoxicity. It is not the case for the methanolic and water extracts of roots of Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. (IC(50)=14.7 and 13.8 μg/ml on Tbb) which were toxic at the same concentration range on WI38, human cells. A bio-guided fractionation of the most active extract of Keetia leucantha allowed to identify oleanolic acid and ursolic acid as responsible for the observed activities.

CONCLUSION:

Our study gives some justification for antiparasitic activity of some investigated plants.

Bussmann RW, Swartzinsky P, Worede A, Evangelista P. Plant use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale region, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2011 Sep 24;7:28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This paper reports on the plant use of laypeople of the Oromo in Southern Ethiopia. The Oromo in Bale had names/uses for 294 species in comparison to 230 species documented in the lower reaches of the Bale area. Only 13 species was used for veterinary purposes, or as human medicine (46). Plant medicine served mostly to treat common everyday ailments such as stomach problems and diarrhea, for wound treatment and as toothbrush-sticks, as anthelmintic, for skin infections and to treat sore muscles and. Interestingly, 9 species were used to treat spiritual ailments and to expel demons. In most cases of medicinal applications the leaves or roots were employed.Traditional plant knowledge has clearly declined in a large part of the research area. Western style health care services as provided by governments and NGOs, in particular in rural areas, seem to have contributed to a decline in traditional knowledge, in part because the local population simply regards western medicine as more effective and safer.

Butler A, Keating R. Old herbal remedies and modern combination therapy. Scott Med J. 2011 Aug;56(3):170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

35

The use of herbs as cures for human ailments is as old as modern man, but has now been replaced by synthetic drugs. However, the mixture of bioactive substances found in many traditional herbal remedies has similarities with modern combination therapies, like those developed by Sir John Crofton in Edinburgh for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is suggested that, in the development of these therapies, it might be possible to learn from the drug 'cocktails' found in plants.

Caballero-George C, Gupta MP. A quarter century of pharmacognostic research on Panamanian flora: a review. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(11):1189-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Panama is a unique terrestrial bridge of extreme biological importance. It is one of the "hot spots" and occupies the fourth place among the 25 most plant-rich countries in the world, with 13.4 % endemic species. Panamanian plants have been screened for a wide range of biological activities: as cytotoxic, brine shrimp-toxic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, and antihypertensive agents. This review concentrates on ethnopharmacological uses of medicinal plants employed by three Amerindian groups of Panama and on selected plants with novel structures and/or interesting bioactive compounds. During the last quarter century, a total of approximately 390 compounds from 86 plants have been isolated, of which 160 are new to the literature. Most of the work reported here has been the result of many international collaborative efforts with scientists worldwide. From the results presented, it is immediately obvious that the Panamanian flora is still an untapped source of new bioactive compounds.

Chaturvedi AP, Tripathi YB. Methanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):273-81. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) are in clinical use in Ayurveda for wound management. Since, oxidative stress and inflammation are the primary causes in delayed wound healing, so here its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been investigated using in vitro as well as in vivo models. The solvent-free methanolic extract of dried leaves of JG were tested for its trapping capacity toward pre-generated ABTS•+ radicals, instantly generated superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, along with metal chelation property, reducing power and total phenolic content. Further, it was tested on LPS-induced nitric oxide and cell viability, on primary culture of rat peritoneal macrophages. Its anti-inflammatory property was also tested on

36

carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. This extract significantly inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation and trapped ABTS•+, superoxide and OH radicals. It significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) release, without affecting the cell viability at 800 μg/ml concentration and reduced the formation of paw edema in rats. Thus, it could be suggested that the aforesaid anti-inflammatory properties of JG leaves are associated to its high phenolic content (2.25±0.105 mg/l of gallic acid equivalent), reducing power and its free radical-scavenging property.

Chizzola R. Composition of the essential oils from Anthriscus cerefolium var. trichocarpa and A. caucalis growing wild in the urban area of Vienna (Austria). Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Aug;6(8):1147-50. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The composition of the essential oil from the different above ground plant parts of Anthriscus cerefolium and A. caucalis collected in the urban area of Vienna has been studied. The essential oils of A. cerefolium were dominated by estragole (= methylchavicol) and 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene, occurring in various proportions. The oils from young flowering plants had more estragole than 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene. Fruits from one location reached 95% estragole in the essential oil. In A. caucalis, the main compound of all oils was cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (up to 74%) followed by cis-chrysanthenol (up to 16%). The fruit oils displayed a higher proportion of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate than the leaf or stem oils.

Chlipala GE, Mo S, Orjala J. Chemodiversity in freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria - a source for drug discovery. Curr Drug Targets. 2011 Oct;12(11):1654-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are considered a promising source for new pharmaceutical lead compounds and a large number of chemically diverse and bioactive metabolites have been obtained from cyanobacteria over the last few decades. This review highlights the structural diversity of natural products from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria. The review is divided into three areas: cytotoxic metabolites, protease inhibitors, and antimicrobial metabolites. The first section discusses the potent cytotoxins cryptophycin and tolytoxin. The second section covers protease inhibitors from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria and is divided in five subsections according to structural class: aeruginosins, cyanopeptolins, microviridins, anabaenopeptins, and microginins. Structure activity relationships are discussed within each protease inhibitor class. The third section, antimicrobial metabolites from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria, is divided by chemical class in three subsections: alkaloids, peptides and terpenoids. These

37

examples emphasize the structural diversity and drug development potential of natural products from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria.

Csupor D, Borcsa B, Heydel B, Hohmann J, Zupkó I, Ma Y, Widowitz U, Bauer R. Comparison of a specific HPLC determination of toxic aconite alkaloids in processed Radix aconiti with a titration method of total alkaloids. Pharm Biol. 2011 Oct;49(10):1097-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

In traditional Chinese medicine, Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) roots are only applied after processing. Nevertheless, several cases of poisoning by improperly processed aconite roots have been reported.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable analytical method to assess the amount of toxic aconite alkaloids in commercial aconite roots, and to compare this method with the commonly used total alkaloid content determination by titration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The content of mesaconitine, aconitine, and hypaconitine in 16 commercial samples of processed aconite roots was determined by an HPLC method and the total alkaloid content by indirect titration. Five samples were selected for in vivo toxicological investigation.

RESULTS:

In most of the commercial samples, toxic alkaloids were not detectable, or only traces were found. In four samples, we could detect >0.04% toxic aconite alkaloids, the highest with a content of 0.16%. The results of HPLC analysis were compared with the results obtained by titration, and no correlation was found between the two methods. The in vivo results reassured the validity of the HPLC determination.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

Samples with mesaconitine, aconitine, and hypaconitine content below the HPLC detection limit still contained up to 0.2% alkaloids determined by titration. Since titration of alkaloids gives no information selectively on the aconitine-type alkaloid content and toxicity of aconite roots this method is not appropriate for safety assessment. The HPLC method developed by us provides a

38

quick and reliable assessment of toxicity and should be considered as a purity test in pharmacopoeia monographs.

Efferth T, Kaina B. Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Drug Metab. 2011 Dec;12(10):989-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

It is estimated that three quarters of the world population rely on herbal and traditional medicine as a basis for primary health care. Therefore, it is one of the most important and challenging tasks for scientists working in drug research to investigate the efficacy of herbal medicine, to dissect favorable from adverse effects, to identify active principles in medicinal plants and to ban poisonous plants or contaminations from herbal mixtures. In the present review, some problems are critically discussed. Botanical misidentification or mislabeling of plant material can play a role for toxic reactions in humans. Some plant descriptions in traditional herbal medicine (e.g. traditional Chinese medicine) have changed over time, which may lead to unintended intoxication by using wrong plants. A problem is also the contamination of herbals with microorganisms, fungal toxins such as aflatoxin, with pesticides and heavy metals. Unprofessional processing, which differs from safe traditional preparation represents another potential source for herbal poisoning. Unwanted effects of herbal products may also develop by the interaction of herbs with conventional drugs upon concomitant intake. The art of herbal medicine is to dissect pharmacologically and therapeutically valuable herbal drugs from harmful and toxic ones and to develop combinations of medicinal plants as safe and efficient herbal remedies. Standardization and strict control measures are necessary to monitor sustainable high quality of herbal products and to exclude contaminations that badly affect patients consuming herbal medicine.

Fred-Jaiyesimi AA, Adepoju A, Egbebunmi O. Anthelmintic activities of chloroform and methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler seed. Parasitol Res. 2011 Aug;109(2):441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The anthelmintic potentials of the chloroform and methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler seed were investigated. In folklore medicine, B. coriacea (Capparidaceae) is believed to be useful in the treatment of various kinds of ailments and diseases. At doses of 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, the extracts were tested against Eudrilus eugeniae (earthworm) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (cattle hookworm). The extracts exhibited dose-dependent anthelmintic effects on the earthworms and hookworms. The methanol extract at 50 mg/kg was

39

the most active extract against the helminths, and the activity of the methanol extract was not significantly different from that of piperazine hydrate (reference drug, 10 mg/kg) against the earthworms.

Gupta P, Nahata A, Dixit VK. An update on Murraya koenigii spreng: a multifunctional Ayurvedic herb. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011 Aug;9(8):824-33. Review. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Murraya koenigii Spreng (Rutaceae), a medicinally important herb of Indian origin, has been used for centuries in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Leaves, fruits, roots and bark of this plant are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids. These alkaloids have been reported for their various pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, diuretic and antioxidant activities. Apart from these activities, the plant is reported to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant make a demand of an exhaustive review of its potential as a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment and management of various ailments frequently affecting humans. The present review gives a detailed description of the phytochemical, pharmacological, clinical and pre-clinical works carried out on this medicinal herb and also throws light on its therapeutic potential.

Haider S, Nazreen S, Alam MM, Gupta A, Hamid H, Alam MS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of ethanolic extract and its various fractions from Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Dec 8;138(3):741-7 Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

AIM OF THE STUDY:

To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. (Adiantaceae) and its various fractions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The ethanolic extract and its fractions were given at a dose of 200 mg/kg po and 300 mg/kg po for testing their anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract and its fractions has been carried out by tail-flick method and writhing test at a dosage of 300 mg/kg po. Gastric ulceration studies have been further carried out to study the antiulcer effect of the ethanolic extract and its various fractions at dose of 900 mg/kg body weight.

40

RESULTS:

Amongst the tested fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited better inhibition (67.27%) at 300 mg/kg po dosage when compared to the standard drug Indomethacin (63.63%) after 3h in the carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract and its various fractions appear to be related to the inhibition of NO release, and the decreasing TNF-α level. The ethanolic extract and all its fractions especially the ethyl acetate (p<0.01) showed significant analgesic activity with insignificant ulceration as compared to the standard drug, i.e. ibuprofen. The histopathological study of ethanolic extract and its fractions reveals that none of them cause ulcer.

CONCLUSION:

The present study indicates that Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Hullatti KK, Gopikrishna UV, Kuppast IJ. Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011 Oct;2(4):241-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Ayurvedic system of medicine is well known for treating renal problems. A vast number of medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine are known to possess diuretic properties. Present study reports the preliminary phytochemical investigation of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cyclea peltata and their diuretic activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of phytosterols and alkaloids as major phytoconstituents in petroleum ether extract. The ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes and saponins. Pharmacological investigation revealed that ethanolic extract of C. peltata leaves possessed significant diuretic activity in a given dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.7 and 2.6, respectively). Where as petroleum ether extract has shown moderate diuresis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.1). The present study justifies the use of C. peltata in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as a diuretic drug.

Jalalpure SS, Mandavkar YD, Khalure PR, Shinde GS, Shelar PA, Shah AS. Antiarthritic activity of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Dec 8;138(3):700-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

41

Mesua ferrea Linn. (Cluciaseae), Cobra's saffron, is named after the heaviness of its timber and is cultivated in tropical climates for its form, foliage, and fragrant flowers. It is prescribed in the Ayurvedic literature for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and rheumatic conditions.

OBJECTIVE:

In present investigation, activity of Mesua ferrea and its evaluation in the formaldehyde and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats is reported.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The extracts obtained from successive extraction were subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation and antiarthritic activity was evaluated by inducing formaldehyde and CFA. Body weight changes and haematological parameters were measured.

RESULTS:

The results indicate that Mesua ferrea protects rats against formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. The body weight changes and haematological perturbations induced by CFA were maintained. The overall results indicated that Mesua ferrea exerts a potent protective effect against formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.

CONCLUSION:

These findings demonstrate that the present study validates the ethnomedicinal use of seeds of Mesua ferrea in the treatment of arthritis conditions.

Katoch M, Fazli IS, Suri KA, Ahuja A, Qazi GN. Effect of altitude on picroside content in core collections of Picrorhiza kurrooa from the north western Himalayas. J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):578-82. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Kutki, is a major ingredient of many ayurvedic preparations prescribed in the treatment of various diseases. Picrosides I and II are the active agents responsible for the medicinal effects of Kutki, and the variation in content of these compounds in plants at different altitudes is a major question to be addressed. The picroside I and II content in various plant parts of P. kurrooa collected from different altitudes, viz. Sonemarg (2,740 m a.s.l.), Tangmarg (2,690 m a.s.l.), and Pulwama (1,630 m a.s.l.) in the north-western Kashmir Himalayas was analyzed by HPLC. A considerable degree of variation in picroside content was observed. Picroside I and II was highest in populations collected from Sonemarg followed by Tangmarg, suggesting that picroside accumulation is directly correlated with altitudinal change. More picroside I was found in the

42

rhizome and roots of the Pulwama population as compared to Tangmarg samples, whereas the quantity of Picroside II was reduced in plants from Pulwama compared to the Tangmarg population, suggesting that cultivation of P. kurroa at lower altitude reduces the picroside content. The quantities of picrosides also varied spatially, being highest in rhizome followed by roots, inflorescence and leaves in the populations from all three locations. The study concludes that picroside I and II accumulation depends on altitude, which could help in the selection and collection of superior genotypes with uniform effects for utilization by the pharmaceutical industry.

Lardos A, Prieto-Garcia J, Heinrich M. Resins and Gums in Historical Iatrosophia Texts from Cyprus - A Botanical and Medico-pharmacological Approach. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This study explores historical iatrosophia texts from Cyprus from a botanical and medico-pharmacological point of view focusing on remedies containing resins and gums. The iatrosophia are a genre of Greek medical literature of Byzantine origin and can be described as medicine handbooks which serve as therapeutic repositories containing recipes or advice. To extract and analyze information on plant usage in such sources - which are largely unedited texts and so far have not been translated - we investigate (i) the relationship of the iatrosophia to Dioscorides' De Materia Medica as well as historic pharmaceutical books or standard texts on modern phytotherapy and (ii) the validity of the remedies by comparing them to modern scientific data on reported biological activities. In the six texts investigated 27 substances incorporating plant exudates are mentioned. They are obtained from over 43 taxa of higher plants and in particular are used to treat dermatological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract conditions. The comparison to historic pharmaceutical books and phytotherapy texts reflects the gradual decline of the use of plant exudates in Western medicine. While remarkable parallels to Dioscorides' text exist, the non-Dioscoridean influence suggests a complex pattern of knowledge exchange. Overall, this resulted in an integration of knowledge from so far poorly understood sources. The comparison with bioscientific data reveals a fragmentary picture and highlights the potential of these unexplored substances and their uses. Where relevant bioscientific data are available, we generally found a confirmation. This points to a largely rational use of the associated remedies. Taken together, the iatrosophia are a valuable resource for ethnopharmacological and natural product research. Most importantly they contribute to the understanding of the development of herbal medicines in the (Eastern) Mediterranean and Europe.

43

Mathen C, Peter SM, Hardikar BP. Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Poecilocerus pictus and Calotropis gigantea. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2011;30(1):83-92. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Calotropis gigantea, the giant milkweed, is traditionally used for the treatment of cancer and in Ayurvedic medicine as an anti-helminthic, anti-pyretic, and anti-malarial agent. Poecilocerus pictus, an orthopteran insect, feeds on C. gigantea and both are known to possess cardiac glycosides. The increasing reports on the specific cytotoxicity of cardiac glycosides on human tumor cell lines led us to attempt characterization and comparative evaluation of cardenolides in both the insect and plant extracts for their anti-tumor and apoptotic potential.Chemical characterization using high-performance thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectra analysis confirmed the presence of cardiac glycosides, but differences in the components of the insect extract were indicative of biotransformation. The cytotoxicity studies revealed a more potent trend for the insect extract compared with the plant extract on A549 and COLO205 cells. There was a considerably lesser measure of toxicity on WI38 cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas B16F1 remained unaffected by both extracts. DNA ploidy analysis on COLO205 indicated that both extracts induced dose-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, both the insect and the plant extracts differentiate between human cancer cells and normal cells and exhibit species specificity. Further investigations are necessary to establish these extracts as promising lead candidates for anti-neoplastic activity.

Mutheeswaran S, Pandikumar P, Chellappandian M, Ignacimuthu S. Documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional Siddha healers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):523-33. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

India has a population with high degree of medical pluralism. Siddha system of Indian traditional medicine is practiced dominantly by the people in Tamil Nadu. The traditionally trained Siddha healers still play an important role in the rural health care. Their knowledge is comparatively more vulnerable than the documented traditional knowledge. Thus, the present study was aimed to document and quantitatively analyze the local knowledge of the traditional Siddha healers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

44

The results presented in this paper are the outcome of series of interviews conducted between January and August, 2010 consisting of 196 field days. After getting prior informed consent, interviews were conducted and successive free-listing was used in the interviews in order to make informants cite the medicinal plants that they have used. By this way 96 healers were interviewed and their data were quantitatively analyzed using various indices such as Informant Consensus Factor (F(ic)), Fidelity Level (FL), Informant Agreement on Remedies (IAR) and Cultural Importance Index (CII).

RESULTS:

This study recorded the ethno-medicinal usage of 227 species which were used to prepare 611 formulations for the treatment of 36 illness categories. The knowledge holders had the experience of minimum 20 years. There was unevenness in male-female ratio. Regarding the medicinal plants, easily available plants were holding significantly high number of citations, IAR and CII values. Nine illness categories had a high F(ic) value, compared to others. Species with high citations in these groups were Moringa oleifera (aphrodisiacs), Acalypha indica (dermatological ailments), Dodonaea viscosa (musculo-skeletal disorders), Solanum trilobatum (pulmonary ailments), Phyllanthus amarus (jaundice), Piper nigrum (adjuvant) Allium cepa (hemorrhoids), Azadirachta indica (antiseptic) and Tribulus terrestris (urinary ailments).

CONCLUSION:

Quantitative analysis of the data had revealed that the easily available species hold a high consensus and cultural importance. Future biomedical studies using the medicinal plants enumerated in this study, particularly those with high number of citations and high F(ic) values might yield some novel prototypes. Such studies will also be useful to assess the efficacy and safety of these herbal treatments to take decisions on the health care of rural India.

Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Feistel B, Glotov N, Heinrich M. Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Nov 9;59(21):11367-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon) has a long history of use as a spice and remedy. Two well-described "cultivars" (Russian and French) are used widely and differ in ploidy level, morphology, and chemistry. Key biologically active secondary metabolites are essential oils (0.15-3.1%), coumarins (>1%), flavonoids, and phenolcarbonic acids. In vivo studies mainly in rodents, particularly from Russian sources, highlight potential anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antihyperglycemic effects. Despite concerns about the toxic effects of two of its main constituents, estragole (up to 82%) and methyleugenol (up to 39%), no acute toxicity

45

or mutagenic activity has been reported at doses relevant for human consumption. Water extracts of A. dracunculus contain very low amounts of estragole and methyleugenol and, therefore, are considered to pose a very limited risk. Overall, a stronger focus on clinical studies and precise taxonomic and phytochemical definition of the source material will be essential for future research efforts.

Omeish AF, Abbadi W, Ghanma IM, Drabaa Z, Botoosh FA, Seif A, Massadeh M. Hospital-based study on the use of herbal medicine in patients with coronary artery disease in Jordan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011 Jul;61(7):683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the frequency and pattern of herbal therapy use among patients with chronic coronary artery disease as self remedies.

METHODS:

This cross-sectional study was conducted by face to face interview of 690 consecutive patients visiting the outpatient department at Queen Alia Heart Institute during the period 1/6/2008 to 1/6/2009. Data was collected using a specially designed questionnaire.

RESULTS:

Overall frequency of herbal use was 14.1%. The most commonly used herbs in Jordan were hawthorn and ginger. A total of 27 local and one Chinese herbal product were used, while the use of adulterated formulae were absent. Pharmacists were never consulted regarding the quantity or frequency of herb use. Side effects were rare.

CONCLUSION:

The use of medicinal herbs among cardiac patients in Jordan is not uncommon and consists largely of local herbs. Active role of pharmacists and doctors for counseling patients on the appropriate use of herbal products should prevent toxicity, ensure proper modes of preparation and optimize safety and efficacy.

46

Policegoudra RS, Aradhya SM, Singh L. Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)--a promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities. J Biosci. 2011 Sep;36(4):739-48. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour. The main use of mango ginger rhizome is in the manufacture of pickles and culinary preparations. Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The biological activities of mango ginger include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, antiallergic activity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, brine-shrimp lethal activity, enterokinase inhibitory activity, CNS depressant and analgesic activity. The major chemical components include starch, phenolic acids, volatile oils, curcuminoids and terpenoids like difurocumenonol, amadannulen and amadaldehyde. This article brings to light the major active components present in C. amada along with their biological activities that may be important from the pharmacological point of view.

Ramadan G, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Sayed WM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation. 2011 Aug;34(4):291-301.Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Turmeric (rich in curcuminoids) and ginger (rich in gingerols and shogaols) rhizomes have been widely used as dietary spices and to treat different diseases in Ayurveda/Chinese medicine since antiquity. Here, we compared the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of these two plants in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Both plants (at dose 200 mg/kg body weight) significantly suppressed (but with different degrees) the incidence and severity of arthritis by increasing/decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, and activating the anti-oxidant defence system. The anti-arthritic activity of turmeric exceeded that of ginger and indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), especially when the treatment started from the day of arthritis induction. The percentage of disease recovery was 4.6-8.3% and 10.2% more in turmeric compared with ginger and indomethacin (P < 0.05), respectively. The present study proves the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of turmeric over ginger and indomethacin, which may have beneficial effects against rheumatoid arthritis onset/progression as shown in AIA rat model.

47

Viji V, Helen A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: role of Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):283-91. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst is a renowned plant in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study seeks to identify the anti-inflammatory activity of two fractions from the methanolic extract of Bacopa, viz. the triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions. The ability of these two fractions to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 was tested using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and peritoneal exudate cells in vitro. We found that triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions significantly inhibited LPS-activated TNF-α, IL-6 and nitrite production in mononuclear cells. Significant antioxidant activity was exhibited by the bacoside enriched fraction compared to the triterpenoid fraction. Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema assay revealed that triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions exerted anti-oedematogenic effect, while in the arthritis model only the triterpenoid fraction exerted an anti-arthritic potential. The present study provides an insight into the ability of Bacopa monniera to inhibit inflammation through modulation of pro-inflammatory mediator release.

Zia-Ul-Haq M, Cavar S, Qayum M, Imran I, de Feo V. Compositional studies: antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(12):8846-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Capparis decidua is one of the traditional remedies used for various medicinal treatments in Pakistan. This study presents the determination of proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, glucosinolate and phenolic content in extracts obtained from different aerial parts of C. decidua, as well as their antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. All examined extracts were prominently rich in phenolics and glucosinates, and they showed potent antidiabetic and antihemolytic activity. The present study could be helpful in developing medicinal preparations for the treatment of diabetes and related symptoms.

48

Biochemistry

Chang JC, LaSarre B, Jimenez JC, Aggarwal C, Federle MJ. Two group A streptococcal peptide pheromones act through opposing Rgg regulators to control biofilm development. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Aug;7(8):e1002190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) is an important human commensal that occasionally causes localized infections and less frequently causes severe invasive disease with high mortality rates. How GAS regulates expression of factors used to colonize the host and avoid immune responses remains poorly understood. Intercellular communication is an important means by which bacteria coordinate gene expression to defend against host assaults and competing bacteria, yet no conserved cell-to-cell signaling system has been elucidated in GAS. Encoded within the GAS genome are four rgg-like genes, two of which (rgg2 and rgg3) have no previously described function. We tested the hypothesis that rgg2 or rgg3 rely on extracellular peptides to control target-gene regulation. We found that Rgg2 and Rgg3 together tightly regulate two linked genes encoding new peptide pheromones. Rgg2 activates transcription of and is required for full induction of the pheromone genes, while Rgg3 plays an antagonistic role and represses pheromone expression. The active pheromone signals, termed SHP2 and SHP3, are short and hydrophobic (DI[I/L]IIVGG), and, though highly similar in sequence, their ability to disrupt Rgg3-DNA complexes were observed to be different, indicating that specificity and differential activation of promoters are characteristics of the Rgg2/3 regulatory circuit. SHP-pheromone signaling requires an intact oligopeptide permease (opp) and a metalloprotease (eep), supporting the model that pro-peptides are secreted, processed to the mature form, and subsequently imported to the cytoplasm to interact directly with the Rgg receptors. At least one consequence of pheromone stimulation of the Rgg2/3 pathway is increased biogenesis of biofilms, which counteracts negative regulation of biofilms by RopB (Rgg1). These data provide the first demonstration that Rgg-dependent quorum sensing functions in GAS and substantiate the role that Rggs play as peptide receptors across the Firmicute phylum.

Chavan SV, Chavan NR, Balaji A, Trivedi VD, Chavan PR. A pilot study on the use of serum glyoxalase as a supplemental biomarker to predict malignant cases of the prostate in the PSA range of 4-20 ng/ml. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Oct;134:458-62. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

49

Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) though most commonly used for diagnosis of prostate cancer lacks specificity. This study was aimed at exploring the use of serum glyoxalase as a supplemental biomarker to differentiate between malignant vs non-malignant diseases of the prostate in patients with PSA in the range of 4-20 ng/ml.

METHODS:

Serum glyoxalase and PSA were measured in 92 men (30 control, 31 cases of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 31 cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate). Of the latter group, 11 cases of prostate cancer in the PSA range of 4-20 ng/ml were included for studying the diagnostic utility of combination of both serum PSA and glyoxalase.

RESULTS:

In prostate cancer cases with PSA in the range of 4-20 ng/ml, the glyoxalase was found to be 233.3 ± 98.6 μmol/min while for the non-malignant group it was 103.1 ± 19.7 μmol/min. A cut-off of 19.2 ng/ml PSA showed sensitivity of 9 per cent, specificity of 96.7 per cent, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50 per cent and negative predictive value (NPV) of 75 per cent. A serum glyoxalase cut-off of 141 μmol/min showed sensitivity of 81.8 per cent, specificity of 100 per cent, PPV of 100 per cent and NPV of 93.9 per cent. Further, ROC analysis showed a significant difference in the area under curve (AUC) for glyoxalase as compared to serum PSA (0.92 vs 0.57; P<0.001).

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Serum glyoxalase appears to be predictive of prostate cancer in the PSA range of 4-20 ng/ml. Studies with larger number of participants would be required to confirm this finding.

Dharmalingam N. Gunadharini, Perumal Elumalai, Ramachandran Arunkumar, Kalimuthu Senthilkumar, Jagadeesan Arunakaran, Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by ethanolic neem leaf extract.Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):644-650. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-5223Y29-1/2/84c977cc45d73e94dd69ea8508ada2fe.

Abstract:

Aim of the study: The present study is aimed to delineate the effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract on PI3K/Akt and apoptotic pathway in prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP).Materials and methods: To test the hypothesis, two different prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (androgen dependent) and PC-3 (androgen independent) were taken. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) (25-125 [mu]g/ml). The doses

50

were fixed by cell viability (MTT) assay. For apoptotic detection in situ apoptosis assay, caspase-3 activity and protein expression of cytochrome c and Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) were analysed as well as mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family proteins was studied by RT-PCR. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and p-Akt were analysed by western blotting and mRNA expression of Akt 1 and 2, PTEN was performed by RT-PCR. Immunoblotting of cyclin D1 and p21 was done to access the inhibition of cell proliferation.Results: ENLE gives 50% inhibition at a dose of 100 [mu]g/ml in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells and considered as effective dose. ENLE decreased the protein expression of PI3K as well as p-Akt and the mRNA expression of Akt 1and 2 in both the cells. There was a significant decrease in mRNA expression of PTEN in LNCaP cells. ENLE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway. Decrease in p-Akt leads to increase in the protein level of Bad, p21 and decrease in the cyclin D1, respectively. ENLE treatment increased the cytochrome c expression and caspase-3 activity as well as regulated the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family proteins thereby inducing apoptosis to both the cell lines. In situ apoptosis assay showed increased red fluorescence in 100 [mu]g/ml of ENLE in both PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines.Conclusions The results suggested that ENLE induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation through inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells.

El-Alfy TS, El-Gohary HM, Sokkar NM, Hosny M, Al-Mahdy DA. A New Flavonoid C-Glycoside from Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. Leaves and Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):963-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A major development over the past two decades has been the realization that free radical induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage are associated with major health problems, e.g. cancer and ageing. Plant-derived antioxidants are increasingly found beneficial in protecting against these diseases. Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. are two plants that have a variety of uses in folk medicine but have not been evaluated before for their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Therefore, the extracts of both plants' leaves were investigated for these activities, as well as isolation of the bioactive compounds responsible for the activities. Molecular structures of the compounds were elucidated by UV, HRESIMS, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D ((1)H-(13)C HSQC and (1)H-(13)C HMBC) NMR analyses. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts, n-butanol fractions and the isolated major compound were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay, xanthine oxidase-induced generation of superoxide radical and lipid peroxidation assay by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) method using rat tissue homogenates. Cytotoxic activities were studied using standard MTT assay. A novel flavonoid C-triglycoside, 4‴-α-rhamnopyranosyl-2″-O-β-d-galactopyranosylvitexin, was isolated from both

51

plants' leaves, together with seven known flavonoids. The n-butanol fractions and the major compound 2″-O-β-galactopyranosylvitexin showed significant antioxidant activities, more pronounced than the tested standards BHT and dl-α-tocopherol in most tests. All extracts showed variable cytotoxic activities. This study provides strong evidence for the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts of Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. leaves, which were attributed to the polar n-butanol fractions and the major isolated flavonoid 2″-galactosylvitexin.

El-Hawary SA, Sokkar NM, Ali ZY, Yehia MM. A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L. J Food Sci. 2011 Oct;76(8):C1195-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02370.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive compounds in extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae), a wild edible herb growing in Egypt. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves of R. vesicarius were conducted by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI in the negative mode to analyze phenolics content. Results revealed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds: 8-C-glucosyl-apigenin, 8-C-glucosyl-luteolin, 6-C-hexosyl-quercetin, 3-O-rutinosyl-quercetin, 7-O-rhamno-hexosyl-diosmetin, 7-O-rhamno-acetylhexosyl-diosmetin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulohexoside, 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin, epicatechin gallate, 6-C-glucosyl-catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate. Quantification of the identified compounds revealed that 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin was the major compound. Also, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves was carried out for ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene. The essential oil as well as lipids analysis of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters. Investigation of the effect of hommad as a safe hepatoprotective diet that prospectively directs the attention to a valuable therapeutic natural herb rich in bioactive constituents. The biochemical studies were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of roots (REE), leaves (LEE), and fruits (FEE) ethanolic extracts of R. vesicarius (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., each) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4) (0.5 mL/kg b.wt., p.o., 3 times a week) compared with silymarin (50 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) as standard drug. The results confirmed that coadministration of the tested extracts or silymarin with CCl(4) for 4 wk exhibited a marked hepatoprotective activity, attributed to their antioxidant potential, membrane stabilizing effect, and antifibrogenic activities.

Gomber S, Arora SK, Das S, Ramachandran VG. Immune response to second dose of MMR vaccine in Indian children. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:302-6. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

52

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

MMR vaccine in a two dose schedule has successfully eliminated measles, mumps and rubella from many developed countries. In India, it is not a part of national immunization programme but is included in the State immunization programme of Delhi as a single dose between 15-18 months. This prospective study was carried out to assess the extent of seroprotection against these three diseases in immunized children and to study the immune response to a second dose of MMR.

METHODS:

Consecutive children aged 4-6 yr, attending the immunization clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi for routine DT vaccination, were enrolled. Second dose of MMR was given and pre- and post-vaccination antibody levels were compared.

RESULTS:

The pre-vaccination percentage seropositivity observed in the 103 children recruited, was 20.4 per cent for measles, 87.4 per cent for mumps and 75.7 per cent for rubella. Amongst the 84 children who were followed up after the second dose, the percentage seroprotection for measles rose from 21.4 (18/84) to 72.6 per cent (61/84) and 100 per cent became seroprotected to mumps and rubella.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

The percentage of children protected against measles was found to be alarmingly low which needs to be investigated. Though the observed protection against mumps and rubella was adequate, its durability was not known. The need for re-appraisal of the current MMR immunization policy is called for by carrying out longitudinal studies on a larger sample.

Hahm ER, Moura MB, Kelley EE, Van Houten B, Shiva S, Singh SV. Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23354. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Withaferin A (WA), a promising anticancer constituent of Ayurvedic medicinal plant Withania somnifera, inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture and MDA-MB-231 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction, but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. We now demonstrate, for the first time, that WA-induced apoptosis is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to

53

inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. WA treatment caused ROS production in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, but not in a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC). The HMEC was also resistant to WA-induced apoptosis. WA-mediated ROS production as well as apoptotic histone-associated DNA fragment release into the cytosol was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. ROS production resulting from WA exposure was accompanied by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of complex III activity. Mitochondrial DNA-deficient Rho-0 variants of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were resistant to WA-induced ROS production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis compared with respective wild-type cells. WA treatment resulted in activation of Bax and Bak in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, and SV40 immortalized embryonic fibroblasts derived from Bax and Bak double knockout mouse were significantly more resistant to WA-induced apoptosis compared with fibroblasts derived from wild-type mouse. In conclusion, the present study provides novel insight into the molecular circuitry of WA-induced apoptosis involving ROS production and activation of Bax/Bak.

Hettihewa LM. Prolonged expression of MHC class I - peptide expression in bone marrow derived retrovirus transfected matured dendritic cells by continuous centrifugation in the presence of IL-4. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Nov;134(5):672-8. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells which proceed from immature to a mature stage during their differentiation. There are several methods of obtaining long lasting mature antigen expressing DCs and different methods show different levels of antigen expressions. We investigated bone marrow derived DCs for the degree of maturation and genetically engineered antigen presentation in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) as a maturity enhancer.

METHODS:

DCs and transfected retrovirus were cultured together in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF)-IL4, GMCSF +IL4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). B 7.1, B7.2 and CD11c were measured by the degree of immune fluorescence using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) shuttled retrovirus transfected antigen. Degree of MHC class I molecule with antigen presentation of antigen was also evaluated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. The antigen presenting capacity of transfected DCs was investigated. Bone marrow DCs were generated in the presence of GMCSF and IL-4 in vitro. Dividing bone marrow cells were

54

infected with EGFP shuttled retrovirus expressing SSP2 by prolonged centrifugation for three consecutive days from day 5, 6 and 7 and continued to culture in the presence of GMSCF and IL-4 until day 8.

RESULTS:

IL-4 as a cytokine increased the maturation of retrovirus transfected DCs by high expression of B 7-1 and B 7-2. Also, IL-4 induced DC enhanced by the prolonged centrifugation and it was shown by increased antigen presentation of these dendric cells as antigen presenting cell (APC). Cytolytic effects were significantly higher in cytotoxic T cell response (CTLs) mixed with transfected DCs than CTLs mixed with pulsed DCs.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

There was an enhanced antigen presentation by prolonged expression of antigen loaded MHC class I receptors in DCs in the presence of IL-4 by prolonged centrifugation.

Hickok JR, Sahni S, Shen H, Arvind A, Antoniou C, Fung LW, Thomas DD. Dinitrosyliron complexes are the most abundant nitric oxide-derived cellular adduct: biological parameters of assembly and disappearance. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Oct 15;51(8):1558-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

It is well established that nitric oxide ((•)NO) reacts with cellular iron and thiols to form dinitrosyliron complexes (DNIC). Little is known, however, regarding their formation and biological fate. Our quantitative measurements reveal that cellular concentrations of DNIC are proportionally the largest of all (•)NO-derived adducts (900 pmol/mg protein, or 45-90 μM). Using murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), we measured the amounts, and kinetics, of DNIC assembly and disappearance from endogenous and exogenous sources of (•)NO in relation to iron and O(2) concentration. Amounts of DNIC were equal to or greater than measured amounts of chelatable iron and depended on the dose and duration of (•)NO exposure. DNIC formation paralleled the upregulation of iNOS and occurred at low physiologic (•)NO concentrations (50-500 nM). Decreasing the O(2) concentration reduced the rate of enzymatic (•)NO synthesis without affecting the amount of DNIC formed. Temporal measurements revealed that DNIC disappeared in an oxygen-independent manner (t(1/2)=80 min) and remained detectable long after the (•)NO source was removed (>24 h). These results demonstrate that DNIC will be formed under all cellular settings of (•)NO production and that the contribution of DNIC to the multitude of observed effects of (•)NO must always be considered.

55

Hilliard TS, Gaisina IN, Muehlbauer AG, Gaisin AM, Gallier F, Burdette JE. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth. Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Nov;22(10):978-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among US women. Paclitaxel/carboplatin is the current drug therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, but most women develop drug resistance and recurrence of the disease, necessitating alternative strategies for treatment. A possible molecular target for cancer therapy is glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a downstream kinase in the Wnt signaling pathway that is overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer. Novel maleimide-based GSK3β inhibitors (GSK3βi) were synthesized, selected, and tested in vitro using SKOV3 and OVCA432 serous ovarian cancer cell lines. From a panel of 10 inhibitors, GSK3βi 9ING41 was found to be the most effective in vitro. 9ING41 induced apoptosis as indicated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The mechanism for apoptosis was through caspase-3 cleavage. GSK3βi upregulated phosphorylation of the inhibitory serine residue of GSK3β in OVCA432 and SKOV3 cell lines and also inhibited phosphorylation of the downstream target glycogen synthase. An in-vivo xenograft study using SKOV3 cells demonstrated that tumor progression was hindered by 9ING41 in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 9ING41 was greater than 500 mg/kg in rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed 9ING41 to have a bioavailability of 4.5% and to be well distributed in tissues. Therefore, GSK3β inhibitors alone or in combination with existing drugs may hinder the growth of serous ovarian cancers.

Indavarapu A, Akinapelli A. Neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio as a screening tool for swine influenza. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:389-91. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

During an outbreak of influenza like illness throat swab culture and virus isolation are done to identify causal virus, and it may cause a significant delay in diagnosis and isolation. There is a need to determine a sensitive laboratory parameter which could play a major role in identifying H1N1 infection among patients presenting with influenza like symptoms. We undertook this study to determine a laboratory parameter to identify swine influenza infection amoung patients presenting with influenza like symptoms while awaiting throat swab culture and virus isolation reports.

METHODS:

56

This retrospective study was conducted on patients presenting to A.P TB and Chest Hospital, Hyderabad, with swine influenza symptoms during September-October 2009. They were divided into swine flu positive (SW+) and swine flu negative (SW-) groups, based on their throat swab culture reports and laboratory data. Neutrophils to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio was calculated for every patient and also mean N/L ratio for two groups. Mean WBC count was also noted for both groups.

RESULTS:

There were 55 patients in each group. The WBC count in SW+ group varied from 3000 to 10600 cells/mm 3 (mean 5714), while in SW- group it varied from 4500 to 14300 cells/mm 3 (10252). The N/L ratio was less than two for 92.7 per cent of patients in SW+ group and for 3.63 per cent patients in SW- group. N/L ratio < 2 as an indicator for swine flu had a sensitivity of 92.7 per cent and specificity of 96.36 per cent. It has a positive predictive value of 96.22 per cent and a negative predictive value of 92.8 per cent.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

N/L < 2 along with a decrease in WBC count can be used as a screening tool in patients presenting with influenza like symptoms, while awaiting throat swab culture reports for confirmation.

King SM, Hilliard TS, Wu LY, Jaffe RC, Fazleabas AT, Burdette JE. The impact of ovulation on fallopian tube epithelial cells: evaluating three hypotheses connecting ovulation and serous ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011 Sep 20;18(5):627-42. Print 2011 Oct. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy affecting American women. Current hypotheses concerning the etiology of ovarian cancer propose that a reduction in the lifetime number of ovulations decreases ovarian cancer risk. Advanced serous carcinoma shares several biomarkers with fallopian tube epithelial cells, suggesting that some forms of ovarian carcinoma may originate in the fallopian tube. Currently, the impact of ovulation on the tubal epithelium is unknown. In CD1 mice, ovulation did not increase tubal epithelial cell (TEC) proliferation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining as compared to unstimulated animals. In superovulated mice, an increase in the number of pro-inflammatory macrophages was detected in the oviduct. Ovulation also increased levels of phospho-γH2A.X in TEC, indicating that these cells were susceptible to double-strand DNA breakage following ovulation. To determine which components of ovulation contributed to DNA damage in the fallopian tube, an immortalized baboon TEC cell line and a three-dimensional

57

organ culture system for mouse oviduct and baboon fallopian tubes were developed. TEC did not proliferate or display increased DNA damage in response to the gonadotropins or estradiol alone in vitro. Oxidative stress generated by treatment with hydrogen peroxide or macrophage-conditioned medium increased DNA damage in TEC in culture. Ovulation may impact the fallopian tube epithelium by generating DNA damage and stimulating macrophage infiltration but does not increase proliferation through gonadotropin signaling.

Kokkiripati PK, Bhakshu LM, Marri S, Padmasree K, Row AT, Raghavendra AS, Tetali SD. Gum resin of Boswellia serrata inhibited human monocytic (THP-1) cell activation and platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):893-901Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Stem bark gum resin extract of Boswellia serrata is traditionally used in India for its hemostatic, antiinflammatory and cardiovascular health effects and it is named as Śallakī in Ayurvedic medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and antithrombotic properties of stem bark gum resin extracts of Boswellia serrata (BS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The inhibitory activity of the BSWE and BSAE on FeCl(3) induced lipid peroxidation (in vitro) in rat liver and heart homogenates was measured spectrophotometrically. Their effect on H(2)O(2) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human monocytic (THP-1) cells was investigated by tracking intensity of a cell permeable fluorescent dye, H(2)DCFDA and subjecting the cell samples to confocal microscopy. Further, the effect of BSAE and BSWE on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was assessed using a multimode detection plate reader, plasma coagulation times using an automated blood coagulation analyzer and on human blood clotting factors Xa and XIa using chromogenic substrate. Phytomarker analysis of the water (BSWE) and hydroalcoholic (BSAE) extracts of BS-gum resin was done through HPLC using a standard compound AKβBA.

RESULTS:

BSAE and BSWE inhibited, to varied extents, the lipid peroxidation in liver (80%) and heart (50%) tissue homogenates of male Wistar rats. Further, BSAE (30 μg dwt/mL) and BSWE (300 μg dwt/mL) attenuated ≥ 60% of H(2)O(2) mediated ROS generation in THP-1 cells. In case of

58

standard compounds, ascorbate (20 μg dwt/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (10 μg dwt/mL) completely scavenged ROS in the cells. BSAE and BSWE at 3 mg dwt/mL completely inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation and activities were comparable to 20 μg/mL of heparin. The extracts also showed very high activity in prolonging coagulation time periods. Both types of extracts extended prothrombin time (PT) from ∼13 to >60s and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) from ∼32s to >90s. BSAE inhibited clotting factors Xa and XIa remarkably at 6 μg of dwt where as BSWE did not show much effect on FXa and showed 30% inhibition on FXIa at 120 μg. 10 μg of heparin was required to inhibit about 30% activity of the above factors. HPLC analyses suggested that BSAE and BSWE had AKβBA of 9% (w/w) and 7.8% (w/w) respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Present study demonstrated antioxidant and antithrombotic anticoagulant activities of water and hydroalcoholic extracts of Boswellia serrata's gum resin. We suggest that BS-gum resin as a good source for lead/therapeutic compounds possessing antioxidant, antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities.

Kumerz M, Heiss EH, Schachner D, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM. Resveratrol inhibits migration and Rac1 activation in EGF- but not PDGF-activated vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Aug;55(8):1230-6. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

SCOPE:

Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) reflects one of the initial steps in atherosclerosis. Resveratrol (RV) is suggested to mediate putative vasoprotective properties of red wine leading to the hypothesis that RV interferes with growth factor-induced migration of VSMC.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

We show here that RV (50 μM) strongly reduces epidermal growth factor (EGF)- but not platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC migration using the wound-healing technique. Accordingly, RV inhibited Rac1 activation and lamellipodia formation in response to EGF but not PDGF as shown by pull-down assays and fluorescence microscopy after actin staining with phalloidin-FITC, respectively. Since Src-family kinases and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) are reported to be crucial upstream mediators of Rac1 activation we examined the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the src kinase inhibitor SU6656 side-by-side with RV for their anti-migratory potential. Whereas src inhibition abrogated both EGF-

59

and PDGF-triggered migration, wortmannin, like RV, was more effective in EGF- than PDGF-activated cells, suggesting that PI3K inhibition, previously shown for RV in growth factor-activated VSMC, contributes to the anti-migratory effect of RV in EGF-stimulated VSMC.

CONCLUSION:

This study is the first to discover an anti-migratory potential of RV in EGF-activated VSMC that is most likely mediated via Rac1 inhibition.

Liu C, Li XW, Cui LM, Li LC, Chen LY, Zhang XW. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by TTF1 from extract of herbal medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov 28;17(44):4875-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

AIM:

To study the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by 5,2,4´-trihydroxy-6,7,5´-trimethoxyflavone (TTF1) isolated from an extract of herbal medicine Sorbaria sorbifolia.

METHODS:

Angiogenic activity was assayed using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) method. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by staining tissue sections immunohistochemically for CD34 using the Weidner capillary counting method. The mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelialgrowth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, Flk-1/KDR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS:

The TTF1 inhibition rates for CAM were 30.8%, 38.2% and 47.5% with treatment concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg/embryo × 5 d, respectively. The inhibitory rates for tumor size were 43.8%, 49.4% and 59.6% at TTF1 treatment concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μmol/kg, respectively. The average MVD was 14.2, 11.2 and 8.5 at treatment concentrations of 5 μmol/kg, 10 μmol/kg and 20 μmol/kg TTF1, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, COX-2 and HIF-1α in mice treated with TTF1 were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSION:

TTF1 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and the mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, HIF-1α and COX-2.

60

Mallah EM, Hamad MF, Elmanaseer MA, Qinna NA, Idkaidek NM, Arafat TA, Matalka KZ. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among Jordanians: Effect of biological and habitual factors on vitamin D status. BMC Clin Pathol. 2011 Aug 4;11:8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Vitamin D is cutaneously synthesized following sun exposure (vitamin D3) as well as it is derived from dietary intake (vitamin D3 and D2). Vitamin D2 and D3 are metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). This metabolite is considered the functional indicator of vitamin D stores in humans. Since Jordan latitude is 31°N, cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 should be sufficient all year round. However, many indications reveal that it is not the case. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the 25(OH)D status among Jordanians.

METHODS:

Three hundred healthy volunteers were enrolled in a cross sectional study; 201 females and 99 males. 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and spectroscopy techniques, respectively. All participants filled a study questionnaire that covered age, sex, height, weight, diet, and dress style for females. Females were divided according to their dress style: Western style, Hijab (all body parts are covered except the face and hands), and Niqab (all body parts are covered including face and hands).

RESULTS:

The average plasma 25(OH)D levels in males and females were 44.5 ± 10.0 nmol/l and 31.1 ± 12.0 nmol/l, respectively. However, when female 25(OH)D levels were categorized according to dress styles, the averages became 40.3, 31.3 and 28.5 nmol/l for the Western style, Hijab and Niqab groups, respectively. These 25(OH)D levels were significantly less than those of males (p < 0.05, 0.001, 0.001, respectively). In addition, the plasma 25(OH)D levels of the Western style group was significantly higher than those of Hijab and Niqab groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dairy consumption in males was a positive significant factor in vitamin D status. Even though calcium concentrations were within the reference range, the Hijab and Niqab-dressed females have significantly less plasma calcium levels than males (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Very low plasma 25(OH)D levels in females wearing Hijab or Niqab are highly attributed to low sunlight or UVB exposure. In addition, most of males (76%) and Western style dressed females (90%) have 25(OH)D concentrations below the international recommended values (50 nmol/l),

61

suggesting that although sun exposure should be enough, other factors do play a role in these low concentrations. These findings emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation especially among conservatively dressed females, and determining if single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes involved in vitamin D metabolism do exist among Jordanians.

Medhi S, Deka M, Deka P, Swargiary SS, Hazam RK, Sharma MP, Gumma PK, Asim M, Kar P. Promoter region polymorphism & expression profile of toll like receptor-3 (TLR-3) gene in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients from India. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Aug;134:200-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces an immune response of the host, manifested by the formation of anti-HCV antibodies mediated by adaptive and innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in innate immunity system. This study was aimed to investigate the promoter region polymorphism and expression of TLR3 gene in patients with chronic HCV infection.

METHODS:

Patients with chronic HCV infection (N=180) and an equal number of age-sex matched controls were included in the study. Patients positive for HCV-RNA were subjected to analysis of TLR3 polymorphism by direct sequencing of PCR products verified by comparing with the sequences reported in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (accession number: NT 022792). Expression of TLR3 gene was analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR using housekeeping β-actin gene as the internal control.

RESULTS:

Polymorphisms at position -288G/A and -705A/G were identified. The results were significant in -705 allele (P=0.004) OR 2.79(1.46-5.42) and were associated with high risk of HCV infection. In silico sequence analysis showed the presence of ectropic viral integration site 1 encoded factor, in which G at -705 results in the loss of this site. The -7C/A polymorphism was not seen in our study cohort. The expression of TLR3 was upregulated in chronic HCV patients compared to healthy controls.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Polymorphism in the -705A/G allele at the promoter region of the TLR3 gene may predispose individual to HCV infection. However association of TLR3 expression with polymorphism of TLR3 promoter was not found.

62

Ru P, Steele R, Nerurkar PV, Phillips N, Ray RB. Bitter melon extract impairs prostate cancer cell-cycle progression and delays prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 Dec;4(12):2122-30. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Earlier diagnosis increases survival rate in patients. However, treatments for advanced disease are limited to hormone ablation techniques and palliative care. Thus, new methods of treatment and prevention are necessary for inhibiting disease progression to a hormone refractory state. One of the approaches to control prostate cancer is prevention through diet, which inhibits one or more neoplastic events and reduces the cancer risk. For centuries, Ayurveda has recommended the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) as a functional food to prevent and treat human health related issues. In this study, we have initially used human prostate cancer cells, PC3 and LNCaP, as an in vitro model to assess the efficacy of bitter melon extract (BME) as an anticancer agent. We observed that prostate cancer cells treated with BME accumulate during the S phase of the cell cycle and modulate cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21 expression. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with BME enhanced Bax expression and induced PARP cleavage. Oral gavage of BME, as a dietary compound, delayed the progression to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mice (31%). Prostate tissue from BME-fed mice displayed approximately 51% reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Together, our results suggest for the first time that oral administration of BME inhibits prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice by interfering cell-cycle progression and proliferation.

Chemistry

Abbas S, Kelly M, Bowling J, Sims J, Waters A, Hamann M. Advancement into the Arctic region for bioactive sponge secondary metabolites. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(11):2423-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Porifera have long been a reservoir for the discovery of bioactive compounds and drug discovery. Most research in the area has focused on sponges from tropical and temperate waters,

63

but more recently the focus has shifted to the less accessible colder waters of the Antarctic and, to a lesser extent, the Arctic. The Antarctic region in particular has been a more popular location for natural products discovery and has provided promising candidates for drug development. This article reviews groups of bioactive compounds that have been isolated and reported from the southern reaches of the Arctic Circle, surveys the known sponge diversity present in the Arctic waters, and details a recent sponge collection by our group in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The collection has yielded previously undescribed sponge species along with primary activity against opportunistic infectious diseases, malaria, and HCV. The discovery of new sponge species and bioactive crude extracts gives optimism for the isolation of new bioactive compounds from a relatively unexplored source.

Abd El-Mawla AM, Mohamed KM, Mostafa AM. Induction of Biologically Active Flavonoids in Cell Cultures of Morus nigra and Testing their Hypoglycemic Efficacy. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):951-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antidiabetic activity of both leaves and MJ-treated cell cultures of Morus nigra was evaluated after their oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity of extracts from leaves given to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 10 days increased with increasing doses of leaves extract up to 500 mg/kg/day. The administration of 500 mg/kg/day of leaves extract reduced the concentration of glucose from 370 ± 7.31 mg/dl (control) to 154 ± 6.27 mg/dl, and a significant increase in the insulin level from 11.3 ± 0.31 μU/ml (control) to 14.6 ± 0.43 μU/ml was recorded. Cell suspension cultures were established from the young leaves of Morus nigra cultivated on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg/l 6-(furfurylamino)purine (kinetin). The changes in cell weight and flavonoid content were monitored between day zero and 12. The linear increase in fresh weight was found to be parallel to flavonoids production. Cell cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate for 24 hours showed a noticeable increase in level of flavonoids and significant and more effective hypoglycemic activity than that for extract from leaves. The major flavonoids were isolated by TLC and HPLC and identified as rutin, quercetin, Morusin and cyclomorusin by co-chromatography and mass spectrometry in comparison to samples of authentic reference compounds.

Acıkara OB, Citoğlu GS, Dall'acqua S, Smejkal K, Cvačka J, Zemlička M. A new triterpene from Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch. and Mey.) DC. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Oct 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

64

A novel triterpene 1 (3-β-hydroxy-fern-7-en-6-one-acetate) together with four known compounds, urs-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl (2), 3-β-hydroxy-fern-8-en-7-one-acetate (3), olean-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl (4) and leucodin (5) were obtained from the S. latifolia roots. All compounds were isolated from the n-hexane extract of S. latifolia roots using several chromatographic techniques. The structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated on the basis of (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and 2D NMR data (HMBC, HMQC, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, DEPT) as well as GC EITOF-HRMS.

Adhami HR, Farsam H, Krenn L. Screening of medicinal plants from Iranian traditional medicine for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phytother Res. 2011 Aug;25(8):1148-52. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

To find new herbal compounds with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect, this study focused on herbal drugs and resins which have been used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Forty drugs were selected from authoritative written documents of Iranian traditional medicine. Each drug was extracted by accelerated solvent extraction using dichloromethane followed by methanol. The 80 extracts were screened for AChE inhibitory activity by a TLC bioautography method. The inhibiting effect of the 32 most active extracts was measured by a microplate colorimetric assay. Due to the best activity, the seeds of Peganum harmala L. were investigated in detail. From the TLC bioautography assay the alkaloids harmaline and harmine were identified as active compounds. This result was confirmed by means of HPLC-DAD. The IC(50) values were 41.2 μg/mL for the methanol extract, 95.5 μg/mL for the dichloromethane extract, 8.4 μg/mL for harmaline and 10.9 μg/mL for harmine. The concentrations of active compounds in the extracts were determined by a fast and precise HPLC method. As the amounts of harmaline and harmine in the extracts were correlated with the IC(50) values of the extracts, it can be concluded that these two alkaloids are responsible for the AChE inhibitory activity of P. harmala.

Agarwal HK, Buszek B, Ricks KG, Tjarks W. Synthesis of Closo-1,7-Carboranyl Alkyl Amines. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011 Oct 26;52(43):5664-5667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Of the three closo-carborane isomers (C(2)B(10)H(12)), closo-1,2-carborane has been used most widely in the various conditions including attack by basic amino groups. In order to overcome this problem, closo-1,7-carboranyl ethyl-, propyl-, and butylamine were synthesized, which should be more stable towards basic synthesis of carboranyl amines. However, closo-1,2-

65

carboranes are prone to deboronation to nido-7,8-carborane under deboronation than their closo-1,2-carboranyl counterparts. These closo-1,7-carboranyl amines (5, 18 and 19) were synthesized using two different methods, both starting from the corresponding closo-1,7-carboranyl alkyl iodides (3, 14 and 15). One of the carboranyl alkyl amine (5) was conjugated with folic acid to form a closo-1,7-carborane-folic acid bioconjugate (20).

Akdemir Z, Kahraman C, Tatlı II, Küpeli Akkol E, Süntar I, Keles H. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healer glycosides from the flowers of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul 14;136(3):436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

The leaves, flowers and whole aerial parts of Verbascum L. species have been used to treat respiratory problems, haemorrhoids and other types of inflammatory conditions in traditional Turkish medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

In order to evaluate this traditional information, the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. which is used as haemostatic in Turkish folk medicine were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the wound healing potential of the plant were evaluated by using in vivo wound healing experimental models, i.e. incision and excision models on mice and rats, were comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol(®). Skin samples were also evaluated histopathologically.

RESULTS:

The results of these experimental studies exhibited that Verbascum mucronatum displays anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3), catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6) and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Verbascoside (7) was found to possess significant wound healing activity as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage.

66

CONCLUSION:

The experimental study revealed that Verbascum mucronatum displays remarkable antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

Al-Musayeib N, Perveen S, Fatima I, Nasir M, Hussain A. Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis. Molecules. 2011 Dec 8;16(12):10214-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Nine compounds have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of C. sinensis, namely protocatechuic acid (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), rosmarinic acid (4), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferide-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), all reported for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were deduced on the basis of spectroscopic studies, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-9 were investigated for biological activity and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageen induced rat paw edema test. The antioxidant activities of isolated compounds 1-9 were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging test, and compounds 1, 2, 4 and 7-9 exhibited marked scavenging activity compared to the standard BHA. These compounds were further studied for their anti-glycation properties and some compounds showed significant anti-glycation inhibitory activity. The purity of compounds 2-5, 8 and 9 was confirmed by HPLC. The implications of these results for the chemotaxonomic studies of the genus Cordia have also been discussed.

Ali B, Mujeeb M, Aeri V, Mir SR, Ahmad S, Siddique NA, Faiyazuddin M, Shakeel F. High-performance thin layer chromatographic quantification of bioactive psoralen and daidzein in leaves of Ficus carica L. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Oct;25(17):1666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This study was undertaken to quantify psoralen and daidzein by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The methanolic extract of 10 mg mL(-1) concentration solution was prepared for HPTLC quantification of psoralen and daidzein. HPTLC aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F(254) were used as the stationary phase. The working standard solution of psoralen and daidzein was applied along with the test sample solution by means of Camag Linomat IV sample applicator. R (f) values of psoralen and daidzein were

67

found to be 0.60 and 0.88, whilst as their percentage values in methanolic extract were found to be 3.02% and 5.64% (w/w), respectively. A simple quantitative estimation method of psoralen and daidzein by HPTLC is reported that can be used for the quality control of marketed preparations containing Ficus carica. However, further study is warranted to isolate and quantify active constituents present in the leaves of F. carica by sophisticated techniques.

Ali NA, Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Al-Othman AH. Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Schinus molle L. growing in Yemen. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Aug;25(14):1366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In this study, we report the preliminary data on the chemical composition of Yemeni Schinus molle L. volatile oil obtained by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide (40°C and 90 bar), SFE, and by hydrodistillation (HD). The composition of the volatile oil has been analysed by GC and GC-MS. The content of the major constituents in the oils from leaves varied in the following ranges: germacrene D 3.7% in SFE and 16.7% in HD; β-caryophyllene 19.1% in SFE and 13.5% in HD. The amount of monoterpenes constituted 4%, in all the analysed samples, while the number of sesquiterpenes was 44% in supercritical and 67% in HD oil. Some compounds were not identified by GC-MS and it will require further analysis using other analytical techniques.

Ali Z, Khan IA. Alkyl phenols and saponins from the roots of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Phytochemistry. 2011 Nov;72(16):2075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Recently, there is a remarkable boom in the sales of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) in the Malaysian market, as an extract of the plant is used to gain energy and libido as well as to treat many other ailments. A chemical analysis of its roots was undertaken and three metabolites, demethylbelamcandaquinone B (1), fatimahol (2), and dexyloprimulanin (3) together with 21 known compounds including epoxyoleanane glycosides, alkenated phenolics, cerebroside, glycerogalactolipids, and lipids were isolated and identified. Structure elucidation was achieved by spectroscopic and chemical studies. The MeOH extract of KF and compounds 12 and 13 exhibited moderate in vitro antibacterial activity.

Angelis A, Urbain A, Halabalaki M, Aligiannis N, Skaltsounis AL. One-step isolation of γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil by non-aqueous hydrostatic countercurrent chromatography. J Sep

68

Sci. 2011 Sep;34(18):2528-37. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201100192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The value-added γ-oryzanol was purified in one step from crude rice bran oil (RBO) using a preparative hydrostatic countercurrent chromatography (hydrostatic CCC) method, operating in the dual mode. The fractionation was performed using a non-aqueous biphasic solvent system consisting of heptane-acetonitrile-butanol (1.8:1.4:0.7, v/v/v), leading rapidly to the target compounds. Transfer of the analytical CCC method to large-scale isolation was also carried out yielding a high quantity-high purity fraction of γ-oryzanol. In addition, a fraction of hydroxylated triterpene alcohol ferulates (polar γ-oryzanol) was clearly separated and obtained. Furthermore, a fast HPLC-APCI(±)-HRMS method was developed and applied for the identification of γ-oryzanol as well as the polar γ-oryzanol in RBO and the resulting fractions. The purity of γ-oryzanol fraction was estimated as 97% based on HPLC-APCI-HRMS analysis.

Argyropoulou C, Karioti A, Skaltsa H. Minor labdane diterpenes from Marrubium thessalum. Chem Biodivers. 2011 Oct;8(10):1880-90. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201000215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Five new labdane diterpenes, thessalines A, B, and D, 14β-hydroxythessaline A, and 14β-hydroxythessaline B (1-5, resp.) were isolated from the aerial parts of Marrubium thessalum, along with the known labdane diterpene deacetylvitexilactone (6) and the methoxylated flavones 4',7-dimethylapigenin and salvigenin. (3S,5R)-Loliolide was also found in the same source. Their structures were established by 1D- and 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and ROESY) and MS analyses. The plant produces a great variety of labdane-type diterpenes, with variations in functionalities, particularly in the side chain. Their structures could be of chemotaxonomic significance for the genus Marrubium.

B. Ncube, V.N.P. Ngunge, J.F. Finnie, J. Van Staden, A comparative study of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties between outdoor grown and micropropagated Tulbaghia violacea Harv. plants.Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):775-780. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-5230PT5-C/2/147c0e32426929dce39bfd7a44485729.

Abstract:

69

Aim of the study :The study aimed to compare the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of in vitro cultured and outdoor grown Tulbaghia violacea plants in the quest to validate the use of micropropagated plants as alternatives to outdoor grown plants in traditional medicine. Tulbaghia violacea is used extensively in South African traditional medicine for HIV/AIDS patients and in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, asthma, fever and tuberculosis.Materials and methods: Extracts of micropropagated and outdoor grown Tulbaghia violacea plants were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungus Candida albicans using microdilution methods. Saponins and phenolic compounds including condensed tannins, gallotannins and flavonoids were quantitatively determined using spectrophotometric methods. A qualitative test for saponins was also carried out.Results: The petroleum ether (PE) extracts of micropropagated plants and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of outdoor grown plants showed good antibacterial activity, each against two bacterial test strains. PE extracts of micropropagated plants showed the best antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.39 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. Good MIC (<1 mg/ml) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 0.78 mg/ml were only obtained in DCM extracts of outdoor grown plants. MIC and MFC values for water and ethanol extracts of both micropropagated and outdoor grown plants were similar and in the range 3.125-12.5 mg/ml. Total phenolics, gallotannins, flavonoids and saponins were significantly higher in micropropagated plants than in outdoor grown ones. In all cases, the amounts of phytochemical compounds in micropropagated plants were more than twice that of outdoor grown plants except for condensed tannins.Conclusion: The results form a good basis for the use of Tulbaghia violacea micropropagated plants as a complement to the outdoor grown plants in traditional medicine.

Bai Y, Tohda C, Zhu S, Hattori M, Komatsu K. Active components from Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) for protection of amyloid β(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy in cultured rat cortical neurons. J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Not only neuronal death but also neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease as direct causes of the memory deficit. Extracts of Siberian ginseng (the rhizome of Eleutherococcus senticosus) were shown to have protective effects on the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses in rat cultured cortical neurons damaged by amyloid β (Aβ)(25-35), and eleutheroside B was one of the active constituents. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of constituents was conducted to explore active components from Siberian ginseng which can protect against neuritic atrophy induced by Aβ(25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons. The ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions from the

70

methanol extract of Siberian ginseng showed protective effects against Aβ-induced neuritic atrophy. Twelve compounds were isolated from the active fractions and identified. Among them, eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E and isofraxidin showed obvious protective effects against Aβ(25-35)-induced atrophies of axons and dendrites at 1 and 10 μM.

Baumgartner L, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H. Quantitative analysis of anti-inflammatory lignan derivatives in Ratanhiae radix and its tincture by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011 Nov 1;56(3):546-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Root preparations of Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet et Simpson are traditionally used against oropharyngeal inflammation. Besides antimicrobial and astringent procyanidines, lignan derivatives, including ratanhiaphenol I, II, III and (+)-conocarpan, contribute to the activity of Ratanhiae radix, exerting a significant topical anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, and in vitro by inhibiting NF-κB and the formation of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Besides gravimetrical analysis of the ratanhiaphenols I, II and III, the content of these compounds in the herbal drug has never been determined. The developed HPLC method enables the quantification of twelve active lignan derivatives in the roots, and is also suitable for the determination of the constituents in Tinctura Ratanhiae. Separation was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl column material using a solvent gradient consisting of 0.02% aqueous TFA and a mixture of acetonitrile/methanol (75:25, v/v). Sensitivity, accuracy (recovery rates were between 95% and 105.6%), repeatability (RSD ≤ 4.6%), and precision (intra-day precision ≤ 4.8%; inter-day precision ≤ 3.4%) of the method were determined. HPLC-MS experiments in positive and negative electrospray ionization mode confirmed identity and peak purity of analytes. The analysis of several root and tincture samples revealed that (+)-conocarpan and ratanhiaphenol II dominated with contents of 0.49-0.71% and 0.51-0.53% in the roots and 0.66-0.68 mg/ml and 0.70-0.71 mg/ml in the commercial tinctures, respectively.

Baumgartner L, Sosa S, Atanasov AG, Bodensieck A, Fakhrudin N, Bauer J, Favero GD, Ponti C, Heiss EH, Schwaiger S, Ladurner A, Widowitz U, Loggia RD, Rollinger JM, Werz O, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Tubaro A, Stuppner H. Lignan derivatives from Krameria lappacea roots inhibit acute inflammation in vivo and pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro. J Nat Prod. 2011 Aug 26;74(8):1779-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The roots of Krameria lappacea are used traditionally against oropharyngeal inflammation. So far, the astringent and antimicrobial properties of its proanthocyanidin constituents are

71

considered to account for the anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of the present study was to characterize pharmacologically a lipophilic extract of K. lappacea roots and several isolated lignan derivatives (1-11) in terms of their putative anti-inflammatory activity. The dichloromethane extract (ID₅₀ 77 μg/cm²) as well compounds 1-11 (ID₅₀ 0.31-0.60 μmol/cm²) exhibited topical antiedematous properties comparable to those of indomethacin (ID₅₀ 0.29 μmol/cm²) in a mouse ear in vivo model. Two of the most potent compounds, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)benzofuran (5) and (+)-conocarpan (7), were studied regarding their time-dependent edema development and leukocyte infiltration up to 48 h after croton oil-induced dermatitis induction, and they showed activity profiles similar to that of hydrocortisone. In vitro studies of the isolated lignan derivatives demonstrated the inhibition of NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, 5-lipoxygenase, and microsomal prostaglandin E₂ synthase-1 as well as antioxidant properties, as mechanisms possibly contributing to the observed in vivo effects. The present findings not only support the ethnopharmacological use of K. lappacea roots but also reveal that the isolated lignan derivatives contribute strongly to the anti-inflammatory activity of this herbal drug.

Bencsik T, Horváth G, Papp N. Variability of total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin contents in some Lythrum salicaria populations. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Oct;6(10):1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Lythrum salicaria L. can vary in some morphological and phytochemical features according to its habitat. The present study investigates and compares the total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin composition of twelve populations of L. salicaria collected from different ecological habitats in south-west Hungary. We studied the plant heights and soil moistures of the habitats analyzing the potential correlation between the morphological and environmental factors and chemical compositions. Total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin contents were determined according to the valid spectroscopic methods of the European Pharmacopoeia. Total flavonoid content was higher in the populations collected during the main blooming period in August than at the beginning of flowering in July. Higher values for total polyphenol and tannin were detected in flowering branch tips in August than in July, and higher ones in leaves and shoots in July than in August. The highest flavonoid content was measured in the leaves, followed by the flowering branches and shoots as opposed to the total polyphenol and tannin contents, which were higher in the flowering branch tips than in the other organs.

Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. Evid BasedComplement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:792167. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

72

Abstract

Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O(•-) (2)) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment with MS (100 or 200 mg kg(-1), p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O(•-) (2) and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O(•-) (2) generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O(•-) (2) production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity.

Bose SK, Dewanjee S, Sahu R, Dey SP. Effect of bergapten from Heracleum nepalense root on production of proinflammatory cytokines. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Sep;25(15):1444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In the present investigation, the anti-inflammatory activity of isolated bergapten from hydroalcoholic extract of Heracleum nepalense root was evaluated in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Bergapten exhibited significant inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely tumour necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by PBMCs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in a concentration-dependent manner.

Bunluepuech K, Sudsai T, Wattanapiromsakul C, Tewtrakul S. Inhibition on HIV-1 integrase activity and nitric oxide production of compounds from Ficus glomerata. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Aug;6(8):1095-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

73

Abstract

An ethanol Ficus glomerata wood extract and its purified components were investigated for their HIV-1 integrase (IN) and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities. From bioassay-guided isolation, five compounds: beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside (1), aloe-emodin (2), genistein (3), 1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methyl-anthraquinone (4) and 3-(1-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Among the tested samples, at concentrations of 100 microM; compound 2 showed 31.9% inhibition of HIV-1 IN, followed by 4 (19.5%), whereas other compounds were inactive. With regard to the inhibitory effect on NO production, 3 possessed the highest activity with an IC50 value of 27.5 microM, followed by 4 (IC50 = 34.7 microM) and 2 (IC50 = 41.8 microM), respectively. This is the first time that compounds 2-5 have been isolated from Ficus glomerata.

Cao M, Muganga R, Tits M, Angenot L, Frédérich M. 17-O-acetyl,10-hydroxycorynantheol, a selective antiplasmodial alkaloid isolated from Strychnos usambarensis leaves. Planta Med. 2011 Dec;77(18):2050-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In the course of our investigations on Strychnos usambarensis leaves in order to isolate isostrychnopentamine, the main alkaloid responsible for the antiplasmodial activity of the plant, a new tertiary indolic alkaloid has been isolated: 17-O-acetyl,10-hydroxycorynantheol 1. Its structure was determined by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric methods such as UV, IR, CD, NMR, and ESI-MS. 17-O-acetyl,10-hydroxycorynantheol 1 is one of the most active monomeric indole alkaloids known to date showing an in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum close to 5 µM and a high selectivity.

Changwichit K, Khorana N, Suwanborirux K, Waranuch N, Limpeanchob N, Wisuitiprot W, Suphrom N, Ingkaninan K. Bisindole alkaloids and secoiridoids from Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don. Fitoterapia. 2011 Sep;82(6):798-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The ethanolic extract from stems of a Thai medicinal plant, Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don (Apocynaceae) showed a significant inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) determined by using Ellman assay. Four compounds i.e., a bisindole alkaloid, macralstonine (1), a new bisindole alkaloid, thungfaine (2), a secoiridoid glycoside, sweroside (3) and a new secoiridoid glycoside, naresuanoside (4) were isolated. Compound 4 showed moderate AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory effects. Interestingly, compound 4 inhibited cell

74

growth on human androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) but no effect on viability of human foreskin fibroblast cells (HF).

Chaturvedi AP, Tripathi YB. Methanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):273-81. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) are in clinical use in Ayurveda for wound management. Since, oxidative stress and inflammation are the primary causes in delayed wound healing, so here its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been investigated using in vitro as well as in vivo models. The solvent-free methanolic extract of dried leaves of JG were tested for its trapping capacity toward pre-generated ABTS•+ radicals, instantly generated superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, along with metal chelation property, reducing power and total phenolic content. Further, it was tested on LPS-induced nitric oxide and cell viability, on primary culture of rat peritoneal macrophages. Its anti-inflammatory property was also tested on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. This extract significantly inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation and trapped ABTS•+, superoxide and OH radicals. It significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) release, without affecting the cell viability at 800 μg/ml concentration and reduced the formation of paw edema in rats. Thus, it could be suggested that the aforesaid anti-inflammatory properties of JG leaves are associated to its high phenolic content (2.25±0.105 mg/l of gallic acid equivalent), reducing power and its free radical-scavenging property.

Chaturvedi R, Jha CB. Standard manufacturing procedure of Rajata Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):566-71. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Rasa Shastra is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the processing of minerals and metals having therapeutic importance. Rajata comes under the group of metals having high therapeutic value. Minerals and metals are mostly used in the form of Bhasma. During the medieval period Rasacharyas extensively worked and developed a number of processing methods for a single drug. They all are standard manufacturing procedures (SMP) which ensure the quality, safety, efficacy and reproducibility of the product. EarlierAyurvedic physicians were producing medicines by themselves according to their need. Now a day, due to commercialization of Ayurvedic medicines and ignorance of classical methods, quality of drugs has deteriorated. Presently, the demand of Ayurvedic drugs in the global market is increasing day by day. Hence it is the need of time to develop SMP for Ayurvedic products for global acceptability. This paper

75

aims at providing SMP for the manufacture of Rajata Bhasma and also attempts to study the effect of Shodhana process on Rajata. Rajata was obtained from the local market of Varanasi. Rajata Bhasma was prepared and it was observed that during the preparation of Rajata Bhasma, use of Muffle Furnace instead of conventional Puta is more advantageous due to better temperature control. Use of mercury and sulphur together acts as best medium in the preparation of Rajata Bhasma.

Chen W, Gaisina IN, Gunosewoyo H, Malekiani SA, Hanania T, Kozikowski AP. Structure-guided design of a highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor: a superior neuroprotective pyrazolone showing antimania effects. ChemMedChem. 2011 Sep 5;6(9):1587-92. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201100231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Chinese herbs are thought to be effective for type A H1N1 influenza. Series of Chinese herbs have been authorized recommended by the Chinese government, and until now a number of clinical trials of Chinese herbs for H1N1 influenza have been conducted. However, there is no critically appraised evidence such as systematic reviews or meta-analyses on potential benefits and harms of medicinal herbs for H1N1 influenza to justify their clinical use and their recommendation.

METHODS AND FINDINGS:

CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI, VIP, China Important Conference Papers Database, China Dissertation Database, and online clinical trial registry websites were searched for published and unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese herbs for H1N1 influenza till 31 August, 2011. A total of 26 RCTs were identified and reviewed. Most of the RCTs were of high risk of bias with flawed study design and poor methodological quality. The combination of several Chinese herbal medicines with or without oseltamivir demonstrated positive effect on fever resolution, relief of symptoms, and global effectiveness rate compared to oseltamivir alone. However, only one herbal medicine showed positive effect on viral shedding. Most of the trials did not report adverse events, and the safety of herbal medicines is still uncertain.

CONCLUSIONS:

Some Chinese herbal medicines demonstrated potential positive effect for 2009 type A H1N1 influenza; however, due to the lack of placebo controlled trial and lack of repeated test of the intervention, we could not draw confirmative conclusions on the beneficial effect of Chinese herbs for H1N1 influenza. More rigorous trials are warranted to support their clinical use.

76

Crockett SL, Boevé JL. Flavonoid glycosides and naphthodianthrones in the sawfly Tenthredo zonula and its host-plants, Hypericum perforatum and H. hirsutum. J Chem Ecol. 2011 Sep;37(9):943-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Larvae of the sawfly Tenthredo zonula are specialized on Hypericum. Whether the sawfly is able to sequester plant metabolites was unknown. Aerial materials of Hypericum perforatum and H. hirsutum, as well as dissected larvae and prepupae of T. zonula, were analyzed by HPLC to determine the presence and content of flavonoid glycosides (rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin) and naphthodianthrones (pseudohypericin and hypericin). All flavonoid glycosides were detected in both Hypericum species, with hyperoside as major compound in H. perforatum (ca. 1.7 μmol/g fresh weight, FW) and isoquercitrin in H. hirsutum (0.7 μmol/g FW). Naphthodianthrones were present at low concentrations (0.02 μmol/g FW) in the former, and almost undetected in the latter species. In the body parts (i.e., hemolymph, digestive tract, salivary glands, or miscellaneous organs) of T. zonula, the surveyed compounds were detected more frequently in prepupae than in larvae. The compounds were not present in every sample, and flavonoid glycosides especially occurred in highly variable amounts, with maximal concentrations of 41 μg rutin/prepupa in salivary glands, 8 μg hyperoside/prepupa in hemolymph (= 0.36 μmol/g FW), 32 μg isoquercitrin/prepupa in salivary glands, and 63 μg quercitrin/larva in miscellaneous organs (mainly composed of the integument). We conclude that flavonoid glycosides are sequestered since they were detected in organs other than the digestive tract of larvae, and because prepupae are a non-feeding stage. The naphthodianthrone pseudohypericin, but not hypericin, occurred generally in the digestive tract (up to 0.25 μg/larva). Both naphthodianthrones and related unidentified compounds, but not flavonoid glycosides, were found in the larval excrement. The highly variable distributions of flavonoid glycosides and naphthodianthrones in T. zonula larvae and prepupae make it difficult to determine the ecological significance of these metabolites.

Csupor D, Borcsa B, Heydel B, Hohmann J, Zupkó I, Ma Y, Widowitz U, Bauer R. Comparison of a specific HPLC determination of toxic aconite alkaloids in processed Radix aconiti with a titration method of total alkaloids. Pharm Biol. 2011 Oct;49(10):1097-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

77

In traditional Chinese medicine, Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) roots are only applied after processing. Nevertheless, several cases of poisoning by improperly processed aconite roots have been reported.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable analytical method to assess the amount of toxic aconite alkaloids in commercial aconite roots, and to compare this method with the commonly used total alkaloid content determination by titration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The content of mesaconitine, aconitine, and hypaconitine in 16 commercial samples of processed aconite roots was determined by an HPLC method and the total alkaloid content by indirect titration. Five samples were selected for in vivo toxicological investigation.

RESULTS:

In most of the commercial samples, toxic alkaloids were not detectable, or only traces were found. In four samples, we could detect >0.04% toxic aconite alkaloids, the highest with a content of 0.16%. The results of HPLC analysis were compared with the results obtained by titration, and no correlation was found between the two methods. The in vivo results reassured the validity of the HPLC determination.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

Samples with mesaconitine, aconitine, and hypaconitine content below the HPLC detection limit still contained up to 0.2% alkaloids determined by titration. Since titration of alkaloids gives no information selectively on the aconitine-type alkaloid content and toxicity of aconite roots this method is not appropriate for safety assessment. The HPLC method developed by us provides a quick and reliable assessment of toxicity and should be considered as a purity test in pharmacopoeia monographs.

Csupor-Löffler B, Hajdú Z, Zupkó I, Molnár J, Forgo P, Vasas A, Kele Z, Hohmann J. Antiproliferative constituents of the roots of Conyza canadensis. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(11):1183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the N-hexane and CHCl₃ phases of the methanol extract of the roots of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist led to the isolation of two new dihydropyranones named conyzapyranone A (1) and B (2), and the known 4 Z,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone (3), 4 E,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone (4), 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid (5), epifriedelanol (6),

78

friedeline (7), taraxerol (8), simiarenol (9), spinasterol (10), stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and apigenin. The structures were determined by means of ESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including ¹H-¹H COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities and were demonstrated to exert considerable cell growth-inhibitory activity against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), skin carcinoma (A431), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Some of the active components, including 2, 4, and 10, proved to be substantially more potent against these cell lines than against noncancerous human foetal fibroblasts (MRC-5) and can therefore be considered selective antiproliferative natural products.

Deng Y, Chin YW, Chai HB, de Blanco EC, Kardono LB, Riswan S, Soejarto DD, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD. Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Constituents of the Leaves of Vitex Quinata. Phytochem Lett. 2011 Sep 1;4(3):213-217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N. Williams (Verbenaceae), guided by the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, led to the isolation of a new δ-truxinate derivative (1) and a new phytonoic acid derivative (2), together with 12 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods as dimethyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-δ-truxinate (1) and methyl 10R-methoxy-12-oxo-9(13),16E-phytodienoate (2), respectively. In a cytotoxicity assay, (S)-5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone (3) was found to be the sole active principle, with ED(50) values of 1.1-6.7 μM, respectively, when tested against a panel of three human cancer cells. Methyl 3,4,5-O-tricaffeoyl quinate (4) showed activity in an enzyme-based ELISA NF-κB p65 assay, with an ED(50) value of 10.3 μM.

Dhooghe L, Meert H, Cimanga RK, Vlietinck AJ, Pieters L, Apers S. The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytochem Anal. 2011 Jul-Aug;22(4):361-6. doi: 10.1002/pca.1288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), already well known for its antiviral, antihyperglycaemic and antihepatotoxic effects, is also investigated for its antimalarial activity. The major constituent of the crude extract of the whole plant was isolated and identified in this research to be ellagic acid, for which antiplasmodial activity already has been reported.

79

OBJECTIVE:

Because of the potential of the plant and the interesting properties of ellagic acid, an analytical method can be useful for the standardisation of the extracts to allow further biological and pharmacological investigations. In order to obtain an easily performable and inexpensive method, an HPLC analysis was developed and validated.

METHODOLOGY:

The samples were dissolved in DMSO, ultrasonicated for 15 min, and diluted with 50% methanol. Analysis was performed using water and methanol containing 0.06% TFA and the peaks were detected at 254 nm.

RESULTS:

Ellagic acid showed a linear relationship in the range of 1.74-20.91 µg/mL and a single-point calibration was allowed. The method was shown to be precise with respect to time (RSD of 1.84%, 3 days, n = 6) and concentration (RSD of 2.54%, 3 levels, n = 6). The overall mean content of ellagic acid was 2.06%. A recovery experiment was performed and it showed an accuracy of 100.4%.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the newly developed method is suitable for its purpose, namely the determination of ellagic acid in the crude extract of P. amarus.

Ding M, Wu X, Yuan L, Wang S, Li Y, Wang R, Wen T, Du S, Zhou X. Synthesis of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and detection of sildenafil and vardenafil in herbal dietary supplements. J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jul 15;191(1-3):177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

An analytical procedure for selective extraction of sildenafil and vardenafil in herbal dietary supplements (HDSs) has been set up by using the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) as the extraction and clean-up materials, followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). The MMIPs were prepared by a surface molecular imprinting technique, using Fe(3)O(4) magnetite as a magnetically susceptible component, sildenafil as template molecule, 2-(trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid (TFMAA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as polymeric matrix components. The MMIPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The heterogeneity of the MMIPs was modeled with the Freundlich

80

isotherm equation. The resulting MMIPs had high recognition ability and fast binding kinetics for sildenafil. The MMIPs were used as dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) materials to selectively extract sildenafil and vardenafil from HDSs, the contents of sildenafil and vardenafil were found to be 8.05 and 3.86 μg g(-1), respectively, and the average recoveries in spiked HDSs were 70.91-91.75% with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) below 7%. The MMIPs were successfully used to selectively enrich and determine sildenafil and vardenafil from HDSs.

El-Alfy TS, El-Gohary HM, Sokkar NM, Hosny M, Al-Mahdy DA. A New Flavonoid C-Glycoside from Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. Leaves and Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):963-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A major development over the past two decades has been the realization that free radical induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage are associated with major health problems, e.g. cancer and ageing. Plant-derived antioxidants are increasingly found beneficial in protecting against these diseases. Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. are two plants that have a variety of uses in folk medicine but have not been evaluated before for their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Therefore, the extracts of both plants' leaves were investigated for these activities, as well as isolation of the bioactive compounds responsible for the activities. Molecular structures of the compounds were elucidated by UV, HRESIMS, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D ((1)H-(13)C HSQC and (1)H-(13)C HMBC) NMR analyses. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts, n-butanol fractions and the isolated major compound were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay, xanthine oxidase-induced generation of superoxide radical and lipid peroxidation assay by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) method using rat tissue homogenates. Cytotoxic activities were studied using standard MTT assay. A novel flavonoid C-triglycoside, 4‴-α-rhamnopyranosyl-2″-O-β-d-galactopyranosylvitexin, was isolated from both plants' leaves, together with seven known flavonoids. The n-butanol fractions and the major compound 2″-O-β-galactopyranosylvitexin showed significant antioxidant activities, more pronounced than the tested standards BHT and dl-α-tocopherol in most tests. All extracts showed variable cytotoxic activities. This study provides strong evidence for the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts of Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. leaves, which were attributed to the polar n-butanol fractions and the major isolated flavonoid 2″-galactosylvitexin.

El-Hawary SA, Sokkar NM, Ali ZY, Yehia MM. A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L. J Food Sci. 2011 Oct;76(8):C1195-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02370.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

81

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive compounds in extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae), a wild edible herb growing in Egypt. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves of R. vesicarius were conducted by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI in the negative mode to analyze phenolics content. Results revealed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds: 8-C-glucosyl-apigenin, 8-C-glucosyl-luteolin, 6-C-hexosyl-quercetin, 3-O-rutinosyl-quercetin, 7-O-rhamno-hexosyl-diosmetin, 7-O-rhamno-acetylhexosyl-diosmetin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulohexoside, 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin, epicatechin gallate, 6-C-glucosyl-catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate. Quantification of the identified compounds revealed that 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin was the major compound. Also, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves was carried out for ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene. The essential oil as well as lipids analysis of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters. Investigation of the effect of hommad as a safe hepatoprotective diet that prospectively directs the attention to a valuable therapeutic natural herb rich in bioactive constituents. The biochemical studies were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of roots (REE), leaves (LEE), and fruits (FEE) ethanolic extracts of R. vesicarius (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., each) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4) (0.5 mL/kg b.wt., p.o., 3 times a week) compared with silymarin (50 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) as standard drug. The results confirmed that coadministration of the tested extracts or silymarin with CCl(4) for 4 wk exhibited a marked hepatoprotective activity, attributed to their antioxidant potential, membrane stabilizing effect, and antifibrogenic activities.

Ferreira D, Coleman CM. Towards the synthesis of proanthocyanidins: half a century of innovation. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(11):1071-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Results emanating from the synthesis of proanthocyanidins played a crucial role in defining the constitution, regiochemistry, and absolute configuration of this complex but fascinating group of plant secondary metabolites. The initial efforts, commencing in 1966, were focused on structure elucidation of, especially, the procyanidins, profisetinidins, and prorobinetinidins. However, over the past 12 years the emphasis has shifted to the synthesis of the bioactive procyanidins and some of their derivatives at a scale that would permit assessment of their pharmacological properties. With a few exceptions, the vast majority of these synthetic protocols involve the formation of the interflavanyl bond by acid/Lewis acid activation at C-4 of a flavan-3,4-diol or its equivalent, and subsequent trapping of the incipient C-4 carbocation by the nucleophilic centers of a flavan-3-ol (catechin). This review represents the first comprehensive chronicle depicting the development of the subject of proanthocyanidin synthesis.

82

Foubert K, Cuyckens F, Matheeussen A, Vlietinck A, Apers S, Maes L, Pieters L. Antiprotozoal and antiangiogenic saponins from Apodytes dimidiata. Phytochemistry. 2011 Aug;72(11-12):1414-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Bioassay-guided isolation was performed on the leaves of Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. Ex Arn. (Icacinaceae), based on previously demonstrated activity against Leishmania. Six saponins never isolated from nature before were elucidated with LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. The compounds apodytine A-F are responsible at least in part for the antiprotozoal activity, but also possess haemolytic activity and display antiangiogenic activity in the rat aorta ring assay, an effect which may be due to a non-selective toxicity.

Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Mani V, Ashok Dundapa T, Watanabe K, Konishi T. Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extracts inhibit acetylcholinesterase and improve cognition in rats with experimentally induced dementia. J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):912-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Cognitive disorders such as dementia, attention deficits, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been well investigated. However, effective interventions for the promotion and progression of AD are unavailable to date. The present work was undertaken to investigate the effects of the aqueous (300 and 500 mg/kg) and alcoholic (300 and 500 mg/kg) extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves as an antidementic and anticholinesterase agent and also as an immunostimulant in rats. Maximal electroshock, atropine, and cyclosporine were used to induce dementia. The passive avoidance task was used for assessing memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was estimated in different parts of the brain, and immune status was studied using dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin sensitivity tests. In all the three models both aqueous and alcoholic O. sanctum extracts decreased the time taken to reach the shock-free zone and the number of mistakes and significantly decreased the AChE activity in rats. O. sanctum treatment significantly increased the induration in the DNCB skin test. Therefore, O. sanctum was shown to be useful for the management of experimentally induced cognitive dysfunctions in rats.

Habash M, Taha MO. Ligand-based modelling followed by synthetic exploration unveil novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory leads. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Aug 15;19(16):4746-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

83

Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a valid anti-diabetic target. Accordingly, we applied a drug discovery workflow to unveil novel inhibitory GP leads via combining pharmacophore modeling, QSAR analysis and in silico screening, followed by synthetic exploration of active hits. Virtual screening identified six low micromolar inhibitory leads from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) list of compounds. The most potent hits exhibited anti-GP IC(50) values of 3.2 and 4.1 μM. Synthetic exploration of hit 59 (IC(50)=4.1 μM) yielded 25 lead inhibitors with the best illustrating IC(50) of 3.0 μM. Interestingly, we prepared several novel mixed oxalyl amide anti-GP leads employing new chemical reaction involving succinic acid-based adducts.

Habtemariam S. The therapeutic potential of Berberis darwinii stem-bark: quantification of berberine and in vitro evidence for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Aug;6(8):1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Berberis darwinii is native to South America but has been widely distributed in Europe and other continents following its discovery by Charles Darwin. Herewith, the therapeutic potential of stem-bark of the plant for treating Alzheimer's disease was studied using an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay. It was found that the methanolic extract of the stem-bark was a potent inhibitor of the enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.23 +/- 0.05 microg/mL. An HPLC-based berberine quantification study revealed an astonishing 38% yield of the dried methanolic extract.

Haggag EG, Kamal AM, Abdelhady MI, El-Sayed MM, El-Wakil EA, Abd-El-Hamed SS. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of Leucenia leucocephala. Pharm Biol. 2011 Nov;49(11):1103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Cancer is a serious clinical problem to the health care system. Anticancer drugs have been extracted from plants containing phenolic compounds. Leucenia species (Fabaceae) contain a variety of bioactive components of numerous biological and pharmacological properties.

OBJECTIVE:

This study explored the constitutive polyphenols of Leucenia leucocephala Lam. growing in Egypt and evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.

84

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemical structures of the isolated compounds from the leaves of L. leucocephala were established by spectral techniques (UV, (1)H, and (13)C NMR, MS).

RESULTS:

Chromatographic separation of 80% MeOH extract of the leaves of L. leucocephala have resulted in a novel flavonoid-galloyl glycoside [myricetin 3-O-(2',3'4'-tri-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside] with three known polyphenolic compounds isolated for the first time from this species (apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester, and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) and seven known previously isolated compounds. Also, 80% methanol extract exhibited high antioxidant activity (SC(50) = 3.94 µg/ml), which is correlated with its phenolic content. The extract also showed cytotoxic activity against Hep G2 (IC(50) value 1.41 µg/ml) confirming its anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the tested compounds (4-8) for antioxidant property, compound 7 was the most active compound (SC(50) = 2.49 µg/ml). Also compounds 7 and 8 exhibited high cytotoxic activity (IC(50) = 2.41 and 2.81 µg/ml, respectively).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

These findings demonstrate that the leaves of L. leucocephala contain a considerable amount of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties, thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products.

Huiping Ma, Xirui He, Yan Yang, Maoxing Li, Dingjun Hao, Zhengping Jia, The genus pimedium: An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):519-541. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-51W6DRR-2/2/9762c2990fd4c9e6c8024bad7f924e8b.

Abstract:

Epimedium (Berberidaceae), is a genus of about 52 species in the family Berberidaceae, which also known as Rowdy Lamb Herb, Xianlinpi, Barrenwort, Bishop's Hat, Fairy Wings, Horny Goat Weed, and Yangheye or Yin Yang Huo (Chinese: ). Many plants have been proven to possess efficacy on sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, the biological activities and the correlated chemical compounds of Epimedium species. More than 260 compounds have been isolated;among them prenyl-flavonoids are the major constituents and also important chemotaxonomic markers. Modern pharmacology studies and clinical practice demonstrated that Epimedium and its active compounds possess wide pharmacological actions, especially in strengthening yang, hormone

85

regulation, anti-osteoporosis, immunological function modulation, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-depressant activities. Currently, effective monomeric compounds or active parts have been screened for pharmacological activity from Epimedium in vivo and in vitro.

Hullatti KK, Gopikrishna UV, Kuppast IJ. Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011 Oct;2(4):241-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Ayurvedic system of medicine is well known for treating renal problems. A vast number of medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine are known to possess diuretic properties. Present study reports the preliminary phytochemical investigation of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cyclea peltata and their diuretic activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of phytosterols and alkaloids as major phytoconstituents in petroleum ether extract. The ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes and saponins. Pharmacological investigation revealed that ethanolic extract of C. peltata leaves possessed significant diuretic activity in a given dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.7 and 2.6, respectively). Where as petroleum ether extract has shown moderate diuresis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.1). The present study justifies the use of C. peltata in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as a diuretic drug.

Katoch M, Fazli IS, Suri KA, Ahuja A, Qazi GN. Effect of altitude on picroside content in core collections of Picrorhiza kurrooa from the north western Himalayas. J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):578-82. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Kutki, is a major ingredient of many ayurvedic preparations prescribed in the treatment of various diseases. Picrosides I and II are the active agents responsible for the medicinal effects of Kutki, and the variation in content of these compounds in plants at different altitudes is a major question to be addressed. The picroside I and II content in various plant parts of P. kurrooa collected from different altitudes, viz. Sonemarg (2,740 m a.s.l.), Tangmarg (2,690 m a.s.l.), and Pulwama (1,630 m a.s.l.) in the north-western Kashmir Himalayas was analyzed by HPLC. A considerable degree of variation in picroside content was observed. Picroside I and II was highest in populations collected from Sonemarg followed by Tangmarg, suggesting that picroside accumulation is directly correlated with altitudinal change. More picroside I was found in the

86

rhizome and roots of the Pulwama population as compared to Tangmarg samples, whereas the quantity of Picroside II was reduced in plants from Pulwama compared to the Tangmarg population, suggesting that cultivation of P. kurroa at lower altitude reduces the picroside content. The quantities of picrosides also varied spatially, being highest in rhizome followed by roots, inflorescence and leaves in the populations from all three locations. The study concludes that picroside I and II accumulation depends on altitude, which could help in the selection and collection of superior genotypes with uniform effects for utilization by the pharmaceutical industry.

Khedekar S, Patgiri BJ, Ravishankar B, Prajapati PK. Standard manufacturing process of Makaradhwaja prepared by Swarna Patra - Varkha and Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):109-15. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Makaradhwaja is an important Kupipakwa Rasayana. It is prepared by using Swarna (gold), Parada (mercury) and Gandhaka (sulfur) in different ratios, i.e. 1:8:16, 1:8:24 and 1:2:4, respectively. The amount of Gandhaka in the Jarana process is directly proportional to the increase in therapeutic efficacy and reduces the toxicity of the product. Specific temperature pattern for the preparation of Makaradhwaja has been followed. In the present study Swarna, Parada and Gandhaka were taken in the ratio 1:8:24, respectively, and 12 h of heating for a specified amount of Kajjali (i.e., 400 g) in a Kacha Kupi 1/3(rd) of its capacity. There are some controversies regarding the form of Swarna (i.e., Swarna Patra Swarna Varkha or Swarna Bhasma) used in the preparation of Makaradhwaja. Therefore, in the present study, the samples of Makaradhwaja were prepared by Swarna Patra, Varkha and Bhasma in different batches. It was found that the use of Varkha produced a good-quality product along with the maximum amount of gold, i.e. 268 ppm, in comparison with Patra, i.e. 131 ppm, and Bhasma, i.e. 19 ppm, respectively.

Koch I, Moriarty M, House K, Sui J, Cullen WR, Saper RB, Reimer KJ. Bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in traditional Indian medicines. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Oct 1;409(21):4545-52. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.059. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Arsenic and lead have been found in a number of traditional Ayurvedic medicines, and the practice of Rasa Shastra (combining herbs with metals, minerals and gems), or plant ingredients that contain these elements, may be possible sources. To obtain an estimate of arsenic and lead solubility in the human gastrointestinal tract, bioaccessibility of the two elements was measured

87

in 42 medicines, using a physiologically-based extraction test. The test consisted of a gastric phase at pH 1.8 containing organic acids, pepsin and salt, followed by an intestinal phase, at pH 7 and containing bile and pancreatin. Arsenic speciation was measured in a subset of samples that had sufficiently high arsenic concentrations for the X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis used. Bioaccessible lead was found in 76% of samples, with a large range of bioaccessibility results, but only 29% of samples had bioaccessible arsenic. Lead bioaccessibility was high (close to 100%) in a medicine (Mahayograj Guggulu) that had been compounded with bhasmas (calcined minerals), including naga (lead) bhasma. For the samples in which arsenic speciation was measured, bioaccessible arsenic was correlated with the sum of As(V)-O and As(III)-O and negatively correlated with As-S. These results suggest that the bioaccessible species in the samples had been oxidized from assumed As-S raw medicinal ingredients (realgar, As(4)S(4), added to naga (lead) bhasma and As(III)-S species in plants). Consumption at recommended doses of all medicines with bioaccessibile lead or arsenic would lead to the exceedance of at least one standard for acceptable daily intake of toxic elements.

Lardos A, Prieto-Garcia J, Heinrich M. Resins and Gums in Historical Iatrosophia Texts from Cyprus - A Botanical and Medico-pharmacological Approach. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This study explores historical iatrosophia texts from Cyprus from a botanical and medico-pharmacological point of view focusing on remedies containing resins and gums. The iatrosophia are a genre of Greek medical literature of Byzantine origin and can be described as medicine handbooks which serve as therapeutic repositories containing recipes or advice. To extract and analyze information on plant usage in such sources - which are largely unedited texts and so far have not been translated - we investigate (i) the relationship of the iatrosophia to Dioscorides' De Materia Medica as well as historic pharmaceutical books or standard texts on modern phytotherapy and (ii) the validity of the remedies by comparing them to modern scientific data on reported biological activities. In the six texts investigated 27 substances incorporating plant exudates are mentioned. They are obtained from over 43 taxa of higher plants and in particular are used to treat dermatological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract conditions. The comparison to historic pharmaceutical books and phytotherapy texts reflects the gradual decline of the use of plant exudates in Western medicine. While remarkable parallels to Dioscorides' text exist, the non-Dioscoridean influence suggests a complex pattern of knowledge exchange. Overall, this resulted in an integration of knowledge from so far poorly understood sources. The comparison with bioscientific data reveals a fragmentary picture and highlights the potential of these unexplored substances and their uses. Where relevant bioscientific data are available, we generally found a confirmation. This points to a largely rational use of the associated remedies. Taken together, the iatrosophia are a valuable resource for ethnopharmacological and natural

88

product research. Most importantly they contribute to the understanding of the development of herbal medicines in the (Eastern) Mediterranean and Europe.

Madavi SS, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK. Preparation of dhatryarishta by dhatri swarasa and dhatri kwatha. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):265-70. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Dhatryarishta has been described for the first time in Charaka Samhita, in the context of Panduroga. The same reference is available in Chakradatta, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, and Sahastrayogam too. Generally Dhatri Swarasa [Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)] is used in the preparation of Dhatryarishta as per classical reference, but fresh Amalaki is not available in every season, so in the present study, Amalaki Kwatha (decoction) is used instead of Swarasa. A total of 13 batches of Dhatryarishta were prepared, out of which nine batches were prepared with Dhatri Swarasa and four batches with Dhatri Kwatha. For Dhatryarishta prepared by using Dhatri Swarasa, three methods were applied and in Dhatryarishta prepared by using Dhatri Kwatha two methods were applied. The study revealed that Dhatryarishta could only be prepared by using Amalaki Swarasa as quoted in the classics and not by using Amalaki Kwatha.

Mallavadhani UV, Panigrahi R, Pattnaik B. A rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-QTOF MS method for quantitative evaluation of Nardostachys jatamansi using Nardin as the marker. Biomed Chromatogr. 2011 Aug;25(8):902-7. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1540. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Nardostachys jatamansi DC. is a highly reputed Medhya and Nootropic (Learning and Memory) Ayurvedicmedicinal plant. Its use as herbal medicine singly and as an ingredient of multi-herbal formulations is fast increasing. In order to authenticate and evaluate it quantitatively, its standardization is highly warranted with respect to a reliable marker. In this connection a rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-QTOF MS method has been developed. The analysis was carried out on an Acquity BEH C(18) column with gradient elution of methanol-water and 3 mm ammonium acetate using QTOF mass detector in negative ionization mode. The method was validated over a concentration range of 9.76-156.25 ng/mL nardin. The calibration curve is linear with the correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (R(2)) were 0.9997 and 0.9995 respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 3.050 and 9.277 ng/mL respectively. The recovery of nardin in the range 96.36-111.13% achieved from spiked samples was consistent and reproducible. The inter-day and intra-day assay precision of the analytes over the entire concentration range was less than 5%. The developed method required only 4 min for

89

chromatography to authenticate and quantify the marker, viz. nardin in N. jatamansi samples, in addition to the sample preparation time.

Mourya SK, Dubey S, Durgabanshi A, Shukla SK, Esteve-Romero J, Bose D. Determination of disulfiram by micellar liquid chromatography in illicit preparations. J AOAC Int. 2011 Jul-Aug;94(4):1082-8. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Presently, disulfiram is used in aversion therapy for recovering alcoholics. It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to high blood levels of acetaldehyde. A simple direct injection micellar liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to determine disulfiram in illicit preparations (ayurvedic, herbal, divine ash, and traditional medicine), as well as in pharmaceuticals and biological samples (urine). After application of a predictive optimization strategy, the proposed method was developed using a 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate-butanol 4% (v/v) buffered to pH 7 as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, an octyl silyl (C8) 150 mm column, and diode array detection at 248 nm. Under the above conditions, the analysis time was below 8 min. Validation studies were based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The LOD (3 x SD criterion) was 15 ng/mL and LOQ (10 x SD criterion) was 70 ng/mL for disulfiram. The intraday and interday precisions were below 3.5%, recoveries were in the range of 97-102%, and robustness was below 3%. The optimized and validated micellar liquid chromatographic method was successfully applied to the determination of disulfiram in ayurvedic, herbal, divine ash, and other samples. The procedure developed could also be used in the fields of QC, routine analysis, and pharmacokinetic studies.

Obmann A, Werner I, Presser A, Zehl M, Swoboda Z, Purevsuren S, Narantuya S, Kletter C, Glasl S. Flavonoid C- and O-glycosides from the Mongolian medicinal plant Dianthus versicolor Fisch. Carbohydr Res. 2011 Sep 27;346(13):1868-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Eighteen flavonoids were identified from an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Dianthus versicolor, a plant used in traditional Mongolian medicine against liver diseases. The flavonoid C- and O-glycosides isoorientin-7-O-rutinoside, isoorientin-7-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside, isovitexin-7-O-rutinoside, isovitexin-7-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside, isoscoparin-7-O-rutinoside, isoscoparin-7-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside, isoscoparin-7-O-galactoside, and isoorientin-7-O-galactoside were isolated and structurally elucidated. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic techniques including LC-UV-DAD, LC-MS(n), LC-HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and by GC-MS analysis after hydrolysis. Flavonoids with such a

90

high glycosylation pattern are rare within the genus Dianthus. Furthermore, isovitexin-7-O-glucoside (saponarin), isovitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, apigenin-6-glucoside (isovitexin), luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, as well as the aglycons luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol, diosmetin, and acacetin were identified by TLC and LC-DAD-MS(n) in comparison to reference substances or literature data. The NMR data of seven structures have not been reported in the literature to date.

Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Feistel B, Glotov N, Heinrich M. Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Nov 9;59(21):11367-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon) has a long history of use as a spice and remedy. Two well-described "cultivars" (Russian and French) are used widely and differ in ploidy level, morphology, and chemistry. Key biologically active secondary metabolites are essential oils (0.15-3.1%), coumarins (>1%), flavonoids, and phenolcarbonic acids. In vivo studies mainly in rodents, particularly from Russian sources, highlight potential anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antihyperglycemic effects. Despite concerns about the toxic effects of two of its main constituents, estragole (up to 82%) and methyleugenol (up to 39%), no acute toxicity or mutagenic activity has been reported at doses relevant for human consumption. Water extracts of A. dracunculus contain very low amounts of estragole and methyleugenol and, therefore, are considered to pose a very limited risk. Overall, a stronger focus on clinical studies and precise taxonomic and phytochemical definition of the source material will be essential for future research efforts.

Olszewska MA. In vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the inflorescences, leaves and fruits of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Nov-Dec;68(6):945-53. Erratum in: Acta Pol Pharm. 2012 Jan-Feb;69(1):167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antioxidant potential of 70% methanolic extracts from the inflorescences, leaves and fruits of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz was evaluated using three in vitro test systems: the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and the ABTS [2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] free radical scavenging assays, and the AAPH [2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride]-induced [corrected] linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation test. The results were compared with the activity of the extracts obtained from the model antioxidant Sorbus species (Sorbus aucuparia L.), and also with the activity of phenolic standards such as quercetin, Trolox

91

[(+/-)-6-hydroxy-2,2,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid], BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and TBHQ (tert-butylhydroquinone). The radical scavenging capacities of the S. torminalis extracts towards the DPPH radical were in the range of 62.0-244.1 micromolar Trolox equivalents/g d.w. of plant material. They were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the results of the ABTS test (r = 0.8535), and with the chain-breaking activities determined in the LA-peroxidation test (r = 0.9831). In comparison with the synthetic standards, the free radical scavenging capacity of the Sorbus extracts was remarkably higher than their chain-breaking activity. Both kinds of antioxidant effects of the extracts were significantly (R2 > 0.8097, p < 0.05) influenced by the total phenolic content (TPC) as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The plant tissues derived from S. torminalis exhibited lower antioxidant potentials than those of S. aucuparia by a factor of 1.5-3.2, partially due to the lower TPC levels (multiplicity factors of 1.2-1.9). After the original antioxidant capacities of the extracts were recalculated according to the TPC levels, the resulting antioxidant capacities of the phenolic fractions in the S. torminalis extracts were lower than those from S. aucuparia by a factor of 1.1-1.6, suggesting that the distinctive chemistry of the phenolic constituents also influences the antioxidant power of the two species.

Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 18;138(2):286-313. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae is a small herb well known for its medicinal properties and widely used worldwide. P. amarus is an important plant of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen. It is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in gonorrhea, menorrhagia and other genital affections. It is useful in gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, ophthalmopathy, scabies, ulcers and wounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present review covers a literature across from 1980 to 2011. Some information collected from traditional Ayurvedic texts and published literature on ethanomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus amarus in different countries worldwide.

RESULTS:

92

Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many valuable compounds such as lignans, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids. The extracts and the compounds isolated from P. amarus show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective nephroprotective and diurectic properties.

CONCLUSION:

The present review summarizes information concerning the morphology, ecology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical applications and toxicological reports of P. amarus. This review aims at gathering the research work undertaken till date on this plant in order to provide sufficient baseline information for future works and commercial exploitation.

Rajput DS, Tekale GS. Study on Bhasma Kalpana with special reference to the preparation of Kasisa Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):554-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Bhasma means ash but according to Ayurveda, Bhasma means conversion of a metal into a form which is irreversible in the sense that one cannot derive the metal back from it again (Apunarbhava). It should be so light so that it must float on the surface of water after sprinkling, called Varitara. Its particle should be so small that it can enter in to the creases of fingers called Rekha-purnatva. The preparative procedure of Bhasma is a bit complicated. Many texts are available regarding the identification, acceptable qualities of metals and minerals, their purification, uses and method of preparation of their Bhasma. But in many texts, the method of Bhasma preparation of some metals and minerals is mentioned very briefly, i.e. their references are available in Sutrarupa. This leads to many practical difficulties in the preparation of Bhasma. Kasisa Bhasma is one of them. The present work was aimed to study the basic concept of Bhasma Kalpana by means preparing Kasisa Bhasma. This study suggests some modifications and ways for standardization of Bhasma procedure.

Rauf K, Subhan F, Abbas M, Badshah A, Ullah I, Ullah S. Effect of Bacopasides on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance. Phytomedicine. 2011 Jul 15;18(10):836-42. . Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

93

Opioids are extensively used for the management of both chronic malignant and non malignant pains. One major serious limitation associated with chronic use of opioids is the development of tolerance to its analgesic effect. The effect of Bacopa monnieri, a renowned ayurvedic medicine for acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance in mice, was investigated. Bacopa monnieri, n-Butanol fraction was analyzed on High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), for Bacopaside A major components i.e. Bacoside A(3), Bacopaside ll and Bacosaponin C. Antinociceptive effect of n-Butanol extract of Bacopa monnieri (n Bt-ext BM) (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) was assessed on hot plate. Effect of different doses of n Bt-ext BM on morphine antinociception was also assessed. n Bt-ext BM was also screened for development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of Bacopa monnieri by administering 15 mg/kg n Bt-ext BM for seven days. Tolerance to morphine analgesia was induced in mice by administering intraperitoneally (I.P.) 20 mg/kg morphine twice daily for five days. Acute and Chronic administration of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg n Bt-ext BM significantly reduced both expression and development of tolerance to morphine analgesia in mice. Additionally, Bacopa monnieri was found to enhance antinociceptive effect of morphine in intolerant animals. However, no tolerance to Bacopa monnieri antinociceptive effect was observed in seven days treatment schedule. These findings indicate effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri for management of morphine tolerance.

Santhi N, Aishwarya S. Insights from the molecular docking of withanolide derivatives to the target protein PknG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioinformation. 2011;7(1):1-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

A crucial virulence factor for intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival is Protein kinase G (PknG), a eukaryotic-like serinethreonine protein kinase expressed by pathogenic mycobacteria that blocks the intracellular degradation of mycobacteria in lysosomes. Inhibition of PknG results in mycobacterial transfer to lysosomes. Withania somnifera, a reputed herb in ayurvedic medicine, comprises a large number of steroidal lactones known as withanolides which show various pharmacological activities. We describe the docking of 26 withanferin and 14 withanolides from Withania somnifera into the three dimensional structure of PknG of M. tuberculosis using GLIDE. The inhibitor binding positions and affinity were evaluated using scoring functions- Glidescore. The withanolide E, F and D and Withaferin - diacetate 2 phenoxy ethyl carbonate were identified as potential inhibitors of PknG. The available drug molecules and the ligand AX20017 showed hydrogen bond interaction with the aminoacid residues Glu233 and Val235. In addition to Val235 the other amino acids, Gly237, Gln238 and Ser239 are important for withanolide inhibitor recognition via hydrogen bonding mechanisms.

94

Selvi R, Angayarkanni N, Biswas J, Ramakrishnan S. Total antioxidant capacity in Eales' disease, uveitis & cataract. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jul;134:83-90. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

The human system possesses antioxidants that act harmoniously to neutralize the harmful oxidants. This study was aimed to evaluate the serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as a single parameter in Eales' disease (ED) and in an acute inflammatory condition such as uveitis and in cataract which is chronic, compared to healthy controls.

METHODS:

The TAC assay was done spectrophotometrically in the serum of Eales' disease cases (n=20) as well as in other ocular pathologies involving oxidative stress namely, uveitis and cataract (n=20 each). The oxidative stress measured in terms of TBARS, was correlated with the TAC. Individual antioxidants namely vitamin C, E and glutathione were also estimated and correlated with TAC.

RESULTS:

TAC was found to be significantly lower in Eales' disease with active vasculitis (0.28 ± 0.09 mM, P<0.001), Eales' disease with healed vasculitis (0.67 ± 0.09 mM), uveitis (0.46 ± 0.09 mM, P<0.001) and cataract (0.53 ± 0.1 mM, P=0.001) compared to the healthy controls, with a TAC level of 0.77 ± 0.09 mM. The TAC was found to correlate positively with vitamin E levels (P=0.05), GSH (P=0.02) but not with vitamin C, as seen in ED cases. In ED cases supplemented with vitamin E and C, there was a significant increase in the TAC level (P=0.02).

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

The TAC measurement provided a comprehensive assay for establishing a link between the antioxidant capacity and the risk of disease as well as monitoring antioxidant therapy. This method is a good substitute for assay of individual antioxidants as it clearly gives the status of the oxidative stress in the disease process.

Tanna I, Samarakoon SM, Chandola HM, Shukla VJ. Physico-chemical analysis of a Herbo-mineral compound Mehamudgara vati - A pilot study. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):572-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

95

Efforts have been made to lay down analytical standards for Mehamudgara vati (MMV), which were not found reported till date. Weight variation showed that 90% tablets of MV manufactured in the Gujarat Ayurved University Pharmacy were within acceptable range (323 mg ± 10%), pH 4.58, and disintegration time 17 min, whereas hardness was 1.25 kg/cm(2). Loss on drying was found to be 9.3% w/w, acid insoluble ash was 0.9 %w/w, water soluble extract was 24.06% w/w and methanol soluble extract 14.1% w/w. Determination of iron as Fe(2)O(3) was done as Lauha bhasma being the major ingredient of MMV. The result showed that iron content was reduced in the formulation (28.67%) as compared to that in Lauha bhasma (61.19%). In TLC, 5 spots each at 254 nm and 366 nm were found.

Yadav SS, Galib, Patgiri BJ, Shukla VJ, Prajapati PK. Standardization of Shirishavaleha with reference to physico-chemical characteristics. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):560-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Ten batches of Shirishavaleha were prepared by using Twak (Bark) and Sara (Heartwood) of Shirisha [Albizzia lebbeck Benth]. The adopted formulation was based on Shirisharishta of Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Though Shirisharishta has significant therapeutic effect in cases of Tamaka swasa, etc.; it has few difficulties during the pharmaceutical procedure like consuming long time, climatic influences etc. Considering these inconveniencies, the formulation composition has been converted in to Shirishavaleha. Avaleha has been prepared by using Twak and Sara of Shirisha. No significant differences were found in pharmaceutical aspects of both the samples of Shirishavaleha and the current method of preparation can be considered as standard. Attempts were also made to develop analytical profile of avaleha, which were almost similar in both the samples, except showing more Rf values in High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography profile of Sara group.

Ethnomedicine

Damanpreet Singh, Bikram Singh, Rajesh Kumar Goel, Traditional uses. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):565-583. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-523CDP7-1/2/c928fe6ac7cf98aba7610582d4e3933e.

Abstract:

96

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) has been extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments of the central nervous system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, respiratory system and infectious disorders.Aim of the review To comprehend the fragmented information available on the botany, traditional uses. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of F. religiosa to explore its therapeutic potential and future research opportunities.Materials and methods: All the available information on F. religiosa was collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google Scholar, Agricola and Web of Science) and a library search.Results:Ethnomedical uses of F. religiosa are recorded throughout South Asia, where it has been used for about 50 types of disorders. Phytochemical research had led to the isolation of phytosterols, amino acids, furanocoumarins, phenolic components, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, volatile components and few other classes of secondary metabolites from F. religiosa. Fresh plant materials, crude extracts and isolated components of F. religiosa showed a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities like, antidiabetic, cognitive enhancer, wound healing, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, parasympathetic modulatory, esterogenic, antitumor, antiulcer, antianxiety, antihelmintic, endotheilin receptor antagonistic, apoptosis inducer and hypotensive.Conclusions:F. religiosa emerged as a good source of traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, inflammatory disorders, infectious disorders and sexual disorders. Although many of the experimental studies validated its traditional medicinal uses, but employed uncharacterized crude extracts. Thus, it is difficult to reproduce the results and pinpoint the bioactive metabolite. Hence, there is a need of phytochemical standardization and bioactivity-guided identification of bioactive metabolites. The results of few pharmacological studies and bioactive metabolites already reported in F. religiosa warrant detailed investigation for its potential against cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, oxidative stress related disorders and parasitic infections. The outcome of these studies will further expand the existing therapeutic potential of F. religiosa and provide a convincing support to its future clinical use in modern medicine.

Derita M, Zacchino S. Validation of the ethnopharmacological use of Polygonum persicaria for its antifungal properties. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Jul;6(7):931-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Polygonum L. genus (Polygonaceae) is represented in Argentina by 21 species and some of them have been used in the traditional medicine of our country to treat affections related with fungal infections, such as skin ailments and vaginal diseases. With the aim of contributing to the correct ethnopharmacological use of this genus, in the present work we describe the antifungal

97

properties of P. persicaria (species not studied up to now) and the bio-guided isolation of the main active compounds. Results showed that dichloromethane extracts was the most active with MICs (Minimun Inhibitory Concentrations) between 31.2 - 1000 microg/mL, validating the ethnopharmacological use of P. persicaria to treat affections related with fungal infections in the Argentinean traditional medicine.

Gomes A, Alam MA, Bhattacharya S, Dasgupta SC, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, Gomes A. Ethno biological usage of zoo products in rheumatoid arthritis. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011 Aug;49(8):565-73. Review. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune disorder which causes swelling, redness, pain, stiffness, restriction of limb movements, decreases life expectancy and early death of the patients. Available drugs include non steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesics, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and steroids (glucocorticoids etc). All these drugs have their own limitations such as gastrointestinal irritations, cardiovascular problems, and drug dependency. Search for alternative therapy from natural products are being ventured throughout the world. Zoo therapy in arthritis, a common practice of the ancient times that have been mentioned in traditional and folk medicine. The scientific basis of some of the zoo products are being explored and have been showing promising results in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. These therapies have minimum side effects and many of them have potential to give rise to drug development clues against rheumatoid arthritis. The present review is an effort to establish the folk and traditional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using zoo products.

Ka H. Wong, George Q. Li, Kong M. Li, Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski, Kelvin Chan, Kudzu root: Traditional uses and potential medicinal benefits in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):584-607. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-524WF56-1/2/d78bb3b0d18ba5d5a4269c6107821da8.

Abstract:

Kudzu root (Gegen in Chinese) is the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, a semi-woody, perennial and leguminous vine native to South East Asia. It is often used interchangeably in traditional Chinese medicine with thomson kudzu root (Fengen in Chinese), the dried root of P. thomsonii, although the Chinese Pharmacopoeia has separated them into two monographs since the 2005 edition. For more than 2000 years, kudzu root has been used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of fever, acute dysentery, diarrhoea, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Both

98

English and Chinese literatures on the traditional applications. Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, quality control and potential interactions with conventional drugs of both species have been included in the present review. Over seventy phytochemicals have been identified in kudzu root, with isoflavonoids and triterpenoids as the major constituents. Isoflavonoids, in particular puerarin, have been used in most of the pharmacological studies. Animal and cellular studies have provided support for the traditional uses of kudzu root on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and endocrine systems, including diabetes and its complications. Further studies to define the active phytochemical compositions, quality standards and clinical efficacy are warranted. Strong interdisciplinary collaboration to bridge the gap between traditional medicine and modern biomedical medicine is therefore needed for the development of kudzu root as an effective medicine for the management of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Marco Leonti, The future is written: Impact of scripts on the cognition, selection, knowledge and transmission of medicinal plant use and its implications for ethnobotany and thnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):542-555. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-52079XY-1/2/909b72bb74eda710c190d9dacfa248c0.

Abstract:

Aim of the study:Apart from empirically learned medicinal and pharmacological properties, the selection of medicinal plants is dependent on cognitive features, ecological factors and cultural history. In literate societies the transmission of medicinal plant knowledge through texts and, more recently, other media containing local as well as non-local knowledge has a more immediate and a more prolonged effect than oral transmission. Therefore, I try to visualize how field based studies in ethnobiology and especially medical ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology run the risk of repeating information and knowledge and illustrate the importance of differentiating and acknowledging the origin, transmission and rationale of plant use made by humans.Materials and methods Reviewing literature dealing with the traditional parameters (e.g. hot/cold dichotomy, organoleptic properties, doctrine of signatures) influencing the selection and transmission of plant use in a juxtaposition to our recent finding of causal influence of text on local plant use. Discussing the passing down of knowledge by text as a special case of oblique/one-to-many knowledge transmission.Results Historical texts on materia medica, popular books on plant use, clinical studies, and informants of ethnobotanical field studies generate a circle of information and knowledge, which progressively conditions the results of ethnobotanical field studies. While text reporting on phytotherapeutical trends may cause innovation through the introduction of 'new' applications to local customs, persistently repeating well established folk remedies leads to the consolidation of such uses adding a conservative dimension to a local pharmacopoeia, which might not actually be there to that extent.Conclusions Such a 'shaping' of what might appear to be the results of a field investigation

99

is clearly outside the ordinary principles of scientific enquiry. The traditional pillars of ethnobotanical field studies - that is, 'input to drug discovery' and 'conservation of cultural heritage' - are also incompatible with this process. Ethnobotancial field studies aimed at a contribution to natural products research and/or the conservation of cultural heritage, as well as those aimed at an assessment and validation of local pharmacopoeias should differentiate between local plant use and widespread as well as modern knowledge reported in popular textbooks and scientific literature.

Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 18;138(2):286-313. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae is a small herb well known for its medicinal properties and widely used worldwide. P. amarus is an important plant of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen. It is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in gonorrhea, menorrhagia and other genital affections. It is useful in gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, ophthalmopathy, scabies, ulcers and wounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present review covers a literature across from 1980 to 2011. Some information collected from traditional Ayurvedic texts and published literature on ethanomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus amarus in different countries worldwide.

RESULTS:

Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many valuable compounds such as lignans, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids. The extracts and the compounds isolated from P. amarus show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective nephroprotective and diurectic properties.

CONCLUSION:

The present review summarizes information concerning the morphology, ecology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical applications and toxicological

100

reports of P. amarus. This review aims at gathering the research work undertaken till date on this plant in order to provide sufficient baseline information for future works and commercial exploitation.

Pharmacognosy

Abd El-Mawla AM, Mohamed KM, Mostafa AM. Induction of Biologically Active Flavonoids in Cell Cultures of Morus nigra and Testing their Hypoglycemic Efficacy. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):951-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antidiabetic activity of both leaves and MJ-treated cell cultures of Morus nigra was evaluated after their oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity of extracts from leaves given to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 10 days increased with increasing doses of leaves extract up to 500 mg/kg/day. The administration of 500 mg/kg/day of leaves extract reduced the concentration of glucose from 370 ± 7.31 mg/dl (control) to 154 ± 6.27 mg/dl, and a significant increase in the insulin level from 11.3 ± 0.31 μU/ml (control) to 14.6 ± 0.43 μU/ml was recorded. Cell suspension cultures were established from the young leaves of Morus nigra cultivated on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg/l 6-(furfurylamino)purine (kinetin). The changes in cell weight and flavonoid content were monitored between day zero and 12. The linear increase in fresh weight was found to be parallel to flavonoids production. Cell cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate for 24 hours showed a noticeable increase in level of flavonoids and significant and more effective hypoglycemic activity than that for extract from leaves. The major flavonoids were isolated by TLC and HPLC and identified as rutin, quercetin, Morusin and cyclomorusin by co-chromatography and mass spectrometry in comparison to samples of authentic reference compounds.

Inić S, Kujundzić N. The first independent pharmacognosy institute in the world and its founder Julije Domac (1853-1928). Pharmazie. 2011 Sep;66(9):720-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

101

The aim of this article is to describe the foundation and development of the first distinct Institute ofPharmacognosy in the world and to provide a biography of its founder Julije Domac. The Institute was founded in 1896 as a separate institution at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. In other European university centers, pharmacognosy institutes were founded together with pharmacology, botany, pharmaceutical or general chemistry. Julije Domac (1853-1928) graduated pharmacy from the University of Vienna (1874) and received his Ph.D. from the University of Graz (1880) with a paper elucidating the structure of hexene and mannitol obtained from manna. He lectured pharmacognosy at the University of Zagreb (1887-1924), wrote chemistry and pharmacognosy textbooks, and co-wrote the Croatian-Slavonian Pharmacopoeia.

Santra G, Sinha PK, De D. Nephropathy in association with annular psoriasis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011 Sep;59:595-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Occurrence of glomerular diseases in psoriasis is rare, although the number of reports is increasing in recent years. Different types of glomerular involvement have been reported but mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with IgA deposits, AA amyloidosis and membranous nephropathy are relatively common in association with psoriasis. The term 'psoriatic nephropathy' has been introduced recently. We contribute a case to the ongoing discussin regarding psoriatic nephropathy. Our patient had mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis (with IgG and C3 deposition) in association with annular psoriasis (rare variety of chronic plaque psoriasis). Presence of messangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis with IgG deposition is rare in association with psoriasis. The patient responded well to weekly methotrexate (15 mg) injection. Methotrexate has not been tried previously in psoriatic nephropathy or reported to be effective in it.

Sharma SK, Sheela MA. Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of certain Phyllanthus species used as a botanical source of Bhumyamalaki in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):250-3. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Today, World over, there is a great deal of interest in Ayurvedic system of medicine and thus the demand for various medicinal plants in the production of Ayurvedic medicines is ever increasing. Due to varied geographical locations where these plants grow, a great deal of adulteration or substitution is encountered in the commercial markets. Histological studies of the

102

plant drugs are not only to study the adulterants but also are indispensable in accurate identification. Microscopic observations of the Phyllanthus species revealed the occurrence of anisocytic and paracytic type of stomata in Phyllanthus amarus , while only anisocytic type of stomata is present in P. fraternus and P. maderaspatensis. Epidermal cell walls of P. amarus and P. fraternus are wavy and straight walled epidermal walls are observed in P. maderaspatensis. In India all the above-mentioned species of Phyllanthus are called "Bhumyamalaki" and they are being used in the treatment of various liver disorders. However, all the species of Phyllanthus doesn't have the active constituents responsible for the treatment of liver disorders. In the present investigation by using simple micro techniques accurate identification of different species of Phyllanthus has been established.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

These findings indicate that hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit T. chebula displays potential antiulcerogenic activity. This activity thus lends pharmacological credence to the suggested use of the plant as a natural remedy in the treatment or management of ulcer.

Pharmacology

Abd El-Mawla AM, Mohamed KM, Mostafa AM. Induction of Biologically Active Flavonoids in Cell Cultures of Morus nigra and Testing their Hypoglycemic Efficacy. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):951-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antidiabetic activity of both leaves and MJ-treated cell cultures of Morus nigra was evaluated after their oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity of extracts from leaves given to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 10 days increased with increasing doses of leaves extract up to 500 mg/kg/day. The administration of 500 mg/kg/day of leaves extract reduced the concentration of glucose from 370 ± 7.31 mg/dl (control) to 154 ± 6.27 mg/dl, and a significant increase in the insulin level from 11.3 ± 0.31 μU/ml (control) to 14.6 ± 0.43 μU/ml was recorded. Cell suspension cultures were established from the young leaves of Morus nigra cultivated on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg/l 6-(furfurylamino)purine (kinetin). The

103

changes in cell weight and flavonoid content were monitored between day zero and 12. The linear increase in fresh weight was found to be parallel to flavonoids production. Cell cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate for 24 hours showed a noticeable increase in level of flavonoids and significant and more effective hypoglycemic activity than that for extract from leaves. The major flavonoids were isolated by TLC and HPLC and identified as rutin, quercetin, Morusin and cyclomorusin by co-chromatography and mass spectrometry in comparison to samples of authentic reference compounds.

Abdel-Hady NM, Dawoud GT, El-Hela AA, Morsy TA. Interrelation of antioxidant, anticancer and antilieshmania effects of some selected Egyptian plants and their phenolic constituents. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2011 Dec;41(3):785-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the most potential resource of new therapeutic agents. They are diverse, largely productive, biologically active and chemically unique; among their constituents "polyphenol compounds group" one of the main determinant factors in evaluating the pharmacological potentials i.e. polyphenols display an array of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, immunostimulant, antitumor and antiparasitic effects. Cancer is a dreadful human disease, increasing with changing life style, nutrition and global warming while current available anticancer drugs cause serious side effects in most instances. Several reports suggested the relationship between antioxidant, anticancer and antiparasitic effects; they suggested that they act indirectly through promoting host resistance, restabilizing body equilibrim and conditioning body tissues in addition to their direct effect on certain parasites involved in cancer etiology. This work was conducted for estimation of total phenolic, flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycoside and iridoid content of twenty-three selected Egyptian plants as well as screening of their anticancer, antioxidant and antileishmanial effects, the overall gained results for suggest that the most suitable medicinal plant used as anticancer and antioxidant is Petrea volubilis L. which contain adequate mixture of total phenolic compounds 88.7 mg% and flavonoids 50.80 mg% and also suggest that flavonoid compounds are the category of phenolic compounds possess significant antioxidant and anticancer effects while the antilieshamnia screening revealed that Thymus decussatus Benth. extract exhibited the highest effect due to the presence of flavonoids and iridoids in adequate combination where iridoid compounds 201 mg% and flavonoid content was 128 mg%.

Abdul-Hay S, Schiefer IT, Chandrasena RE, Li M, Abdelhamid R, Wang YT, Tavassoli E, Michalsen B, Asghodom RT, Luo J, Thatcher GR. NO-SSRIs: Nitric Oxide Chimera Drugs Incorporating a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Sep 8;2(9):656-661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

104

Abstract

Hybrid nitrate drugs have been reported to provide NO bioactivity to ameliorate side effects or to provide ancillary therapeutic activity. Hybrid nitrate selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (NO-SSRIs) were prepared to improve the therapeutic profile of this drug class. A synthetic strategy for use of a thiocarbamate linker was developed, which in the case of NO-fluoxetine facilitated hydrolysis to fluoxetine at pH 7.4 within 7 hours. In cell culture, NO-SSRIs were weak inhibitors of the serotonin transporter, however, in the forced swimming task (FST) in rats, NO-fluoxetine demonstrated classical antidepressant activity. Comparison of NO-fluoxetine, with fluoxetine, and an NO-chimera nitrate developed for Alzheimer's disease (GT-1061), was made in the step through passive avoidance (STPA) test of learning and memory in rats treated with scopolamine as an amnesic agent. Fluoxetine was inactive, whereas NO-fluoxetine and GT-1061 both restored long-term memory. GT-1061 also produced antidepressant behavior in FST. These data support the potential for NO-SSRIs to overcome the lag in onset of therapeutic action and provide co-therapy of neuropathologies concomitant with depression.

Adamson PC, Krupp K, Freeman AH, Klausner JD, Reingold AL, Madhivanan P. Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Oct;134:440-6. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

There are sparse data on the prevalence of primary infertility in India and almost none from Southern India. This study describes the correlates and prevalence of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.

METHODS:

The baseline data were collected between November 2005 through March 2006, among 897 sexually active women, aged 15-30 yr, for a study investigating the relationship of bacterial vaginosis and acquisition of herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection. A secondary data analysis of the baseline data was undertaken. Primary infertility was defined as having been married for longer than two years, not using contraception and without a child. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with primary infertility.

RESULTS:

The mean age of the women was 25.9 yr (range: 16-30 yr) and the prevalence of primary infertility was 12.6 per cent [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 10.5-15.0%]. The main factor

105

associated with primary infertility was HSV-2 seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio: 3.41; CI: 1.86, 6.26).

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

The estimated prevalence of primary infertility among women in the study was within the range reported by the WHO and similar to other estimates from India. Further research is needed to examine the role of HSV-2 in primary infertility.

Adhami HR, Farsam H, Krenn L. Screening of medicinal plants from Iranian traditional medicine for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phytother Res. 2011 Aug;25(8):1148-52. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

To find new herbal compounds with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect, this study focused on herbal drugs and resins which have been used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Forty drugs were selected from authoritative written documents of Iranian traditional medicine. Each drug was extracted by accelerated solvent extraction using dichloromethane followed by methanol. The 80 extracts were screened for AChE inhibitory activity by a TLC bioautography method. The inhibiting effect of the 32 most active extracts was measured by a microplate colorimetric assay. Due to the best activity, the seeds of Peganum harmala L. were investigated in detail. From the TLC bioautography assay the alkaloids harmaline and harmine were identified as active compounds. This result was confirmed by means of HPLC-DAD. The IC(50) values were 41.2 μg/mL for the methanol extract, 95.5 μg/mL for the dichloromethane extract, 8.4 μg/mL for harmaline and 10.9 μg/mL for harmine. The concentrations of active compounds in the extracts were determined by a fast and precise HPLC method. As the amounts of harmaline and harmine in the extracts were correlated with the IC(50) values of the extracts, it can be concluded that these two alkaloids are responsible for the AChE inhibitory activity of P. harmala.

Aggarwal BB, Prasad S, Reuter S, Kannappan R, Yadev VR, Park B, Kim JH, Gupta SC, Phromnoi K, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Chaturvedi MM, Sung B. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: "reverse pharmacology" and "bedside to bench" approach. Curr Drug Targets. 2011 Oct;12(11):1595-653. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

106

Inflammation, although first characterized by Cornelius Celsus, a physician in first Century Rome, it was Rudolf Virchow, a German physician in nineteenth century who suggested a link between inflammation and cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, pulmonary diseases, neurological diseases and other chronic diseases. Extensive research within last three decades has confirmed these observations and identified the molecular basis for most chronic diseases and for the associated inflammation. The transcription factor, Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) that controls over 500 different gene products, has emerged as major mediator of inflammation. Thus agents that can inhibit NF-kappaB and diminish chronic inflammation have potential to prevent or delay the onset of the chronic diseases and further even treat them. In an attempt to identify novel anti-inflammatory agents which are safe and effective, in contrast to high throughput screen, we have turned to "reverse pharmacology" or "bed to benchside" approach. We found that Ayurveda, a science of long life, almost 6,000 years old, can serve as a "goldmine" for novel anti-inflammatory agents used for centuries to treat chronic diseases. The current review is an attempt to provide description of various Ayurvedicplants currently used for treatment, their active chemical components, and the inflammatory pathways that they inhibit.

Ahmad M, Imran H, Yaqeen Z, Rehman Z, Rahman A, Fatima N, Sohail T. Pharmacological profile of Salvadora persica. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2011 Jul;24(3):323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

This work was conducted to investigate the various pharmacological activities of Salvadora. persica family Salvadoracea and that includes anti inflammatory, analgesic, CNS, bleeding and clotting time activity by oral administration at the dose of 300 and 500mg/kg of body weight in animal models. Acute oral toxicity results showed that crude extract of S. persica is safe up to the dose of 5g/kg body weight of animals. Carraganeen induced hind paw edema method for anti inflammatory activity, tail immersion test method for analgesic activity, Rota rod and grip strength test for CNS activity were carried out in animal models. The analgesic activity was compared with aspirin, 300mg/kg body weight, anti inflammatory activity was compared with indomethacine, 10mg/kg body weight, Transamin 250mg/kg and Vitamin K 10mg were used for bleeding and clotting time activity respectively while diazepam 5mg/kg were used as standard for behavior and CNS activities. In all activities S. persica showed prolonged and dose dependent effects. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out which showed the presence of certain phytoconstituents which possesses these properties. Therefore the results justified the traditional use of the plant.

Akase T, Shimada T, Harasawa Y, Akase T, Ikeya Y, Nagai E, Iizuka S, Nakagami G, Iizaka S, Sanada H, Aburada M. Preventive Effects of Salacia reticulata on Obesity and Metabolic

107

Disorders in TSOD Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2011;2011:484590. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The extracts of Salacia reticulata (Salacia extract), a plant that has been used for the treatment of early diabetes, rheumatism and gonorrhea in Ayurveda, have been shown to have an anti-obesity effect and suppress hyperglycemia. In this study, the effects of Salacia extract on various symptoms of metabolic disorder were investigated and compared using these TSOD mice and non-obese TSNO mice. Body weight, food intake, plasma biochemistry, visceral and subcutaneous fat (X-ray and CT), glucose tolerance, blood pressure and pain tolerance were measured, and histopathological examination of the liver was carried out. A significant dose-dependent decline in the gain in body weight, accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat and an improvement of abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension and peripheral neuropathy were noticed in TSOD mice. In addition, hepatocellular swelling, fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration and single-cell necrosis were observed on histopathological examination of the liver in TSOD mice. Salacia extract markedly improved these symptoms upon treatment. Based on the above results, it is concluded that Salacia extract has remarkable potential to prevent obesity and associated metabolic disorders including the development of metabolic syndrome.

Akdemir Z, Kahraman C, Tatlı II, Küpeli Akkol E, Süntar I, Keles H. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healer glycosides from the flowers of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul 14;136(3):436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

The leaves, flowers and whole aerial parts of Verbascum L. species have been used to treat respiratory problems, haemorrhoids and other types of inflammatory conditions in traditional Turkish medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

In order to evaluate this traditional information, the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. which is used as haemostatic in Turkish folk medicine were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

108

In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the wound healing potential of the plant were evaluated by using in vivo wound healing experimental models, i.e. incision and excision models on mice and rats, were comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol(®). Skin samples were also evaluated histopathologically.

RESULTS:

The results of these experimental studies exhibited that Verbascum mucronatum displays anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healing activities. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3), catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6) and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Verbascoside (7) was found to possess significant wound healing activity as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage.

CONCLUSION:

The experimental study revealed that Verbascum mucronatum displays remarkable antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

Al-Musayeib N, Perveen S, Fatima I, Nasir M, Hussain A. Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis. Molecules. 2011 Dec 8;16(12):10214-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Nine compounds have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of C. sinensis, namely protocatechuic acid (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), rosmarinic acid (4), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferide-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), all reported for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were deduced on the basis of spectroscopic studies, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-9 were investigated for biological activity and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageen induced rat paw edema test. The antioxidant activities of isolated compounds 1-9 were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging test, and compounds 1, 2, 4 and 7-9 exhibited marked scavenging activity compared to the standard BHA. These compounds were further studied for their anti-glycation properties and some compounds showed significant anti-glycation inhibitory activity. The purity of compounds 2-5, 8 and 9 was

109

confirmed by HPLC. The implications of these results for the chemotaxonomic studies of the genus Cordia have also been discussed.

Al-Said MS, Mothana RA, Al-Sohaibani MO, Rafatullah S. Ameliorative effect of Grewia tenax (Forssk) fiori fruit extract on CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. J Food Sci. 2011 Nov-Dec;76(9):T200-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02381.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The ethanol extract of Grewia tenax (GTE) fruit was tested for possible efficacy against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver toxicity in Wistar albino rats. GTE at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg were administered orally to CCl(4)-treated rats. Acute toxicity test and sleeping time determination were done with mice. The results showed that oral administration of GTE for 3 wk to rats significantly reduced the CCl(4)-induced elevated levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. Moreover, it was found that the treatment with GTE significantly elevated the hemoglobin level in serum and increased the nonprotein sulfhydryl and total protein contents in the liver tissue, and a significant diminution was observed in the CCl(4)-induced elevated levels of malondialdehyde in the liver tissue. The biochemical findings were supported by an evaluation with liver histopathology. Pentobarbital-induced prolongation of narcolepsy in mice was shortened significantly by the extract. The observed hepatoprotective effect is believed to occur due to antioxidant properties of the contents of G. tenax extract, which may provide a new drug to be used for fighting liver diseases and it validates its folkloric use in anemic and other conditions.

Albert D. Atsamo, Telesphore B. Nguelefack, Jacques Y. Datte, Albert Kamanyi, Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) in rodents.Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):697-702. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-520M1W0-3/2/dc0b451108842a6ddb6161edf4fab94c

Abstract:

Aim of the study: The decoction of the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis (EAES) is traditionally used in the Western region of Cameroon against liver disorders. The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of this decoction after acute and sub-chronic administration in rodents.Materials and methods: In acute study, a single administration of EAES was given orally

110

to mice at doses ranging from 1.25 to 12.5 g/kg. General behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days post treatment. In the sub-chronic study, EAES was given orally as a single administration to Wistar rats at doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Animal body weight was observed throughout the experimental period while haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, as well as kidney and liver tissues histology were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results: In the acute study in mice, none of the doses used induced mortality or significant behavioural changes. In the sub-chronic study in rats, daily oral administration of EAES at the dose of 600 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in the relative body weight at the last week of treatment. The relative weights of organs were not affected by the treatment. No haematological changes were observed a part of a significant increase in WBC count at the dose of 600 mg/kg. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly while total and conjugated bilirubin significantly increased. Renal function indices assay in blood showed significant modification in all the treated groups compared to control while, in urine, only urea excretion markedly reduced at a dose of 1200 mg/kg. Histological analysis did no show any liver or kidney alteration.Conclusion: These results demonstrated that there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of EAES and further corroborated the traditional use of this extract as a hepatoprotective agent.

Ali NH, Faizi S, Kazmi SU. Antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Karachi, Pakistan. Pharm Biol. 2011 Aug;49(8):833-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Development of resistance in human pathogens against conventional antibiotic necessitates searching indigenous medicinal plants having antibacterial property. Twenty-seven medicinal plants used actively in folklore, Ayurvedic and traditional system of medicine were selected for the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity for this study. Eleven plants chosen from these 27 are used as spices in local cuisine.

OBJECTIVE:

Evaluation of the effectiveness of some medicinal plant extracts against clinical isolates.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Nonedible plant parts were extracted with methanol and evaporated in vacuo to obtain residue. Powdered edible parts were boiled three times and cooled in sterile distilled water for 2 min each

111

and filtrate collected. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts and filtrates/antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates by microbroth dilution method.

RESULTS:

Water extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) buds, methanol extracts of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) and Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) leaves and Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) seeds had MIC ranges of 31.25-250 µg/ml. S. aromaticum nhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. F. carica and O. europaea inhibited growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes whereas P. harmala was effective against S. aureus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Candida albicans. Ampicillin, velosef, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, which are used as control, had MIC ≥ 50 and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively, for organisms sensitive to extracts.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

Mono/multiextract from identified plants will provide an array of safe antimicrobial agents to control infections by drug-resistant bacteria.

Ali Z, Khan IA. Alkyl phenols and saponins from the roots of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Phytochemistry. 2011 Nov;72(16):2075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Recently, there is a remarkable boom in the sales of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) in the Malaysian market, as an extract of the plant is used to gain energy and libido as well as to treat many other ailments. A chemical analysis of its roots was undertaken and three metabolites, demethylbelamcandaquinone B (1), fatimahol (2), and dexyloprimulanin (3) together with 21 known compounds including epoxyoleanane glycosides, alkenated phenolics, cerebroside, glycerogalactolipids, and lipids were isolated and identified. Structure elucidation was achieved by spectroscopic and chemical studies. The MeOH extract of KF and compounds 12 and 13 exhibited moderate in vitro antibacterial activity.

Annan K, Jackson N, Dickson RA, Sam GH, Komlaga G. Acaricidal effect of an isolate from Hoslundia opposita vahl against Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae). Pharmacognosy Res. 2011 Jul;3(3):185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

112

Hoslundia opposita Vahl. (Lamiaceae), a common local shrub in Ghana, is traditionally known not only for its pharmacological benefits but also for its insecticidal properties. Its acaricidal property, however, has not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE:

To test the acaricidal effects of the crude extract and fractions of H. opposita leaves as well as to isolate and characterize the acaricidal principles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The crude methanolic extract, pet. ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of the leaves of H. opposita were tested against the larvae of the cattle tick, Amblyomma variegatum, using the Larval Packet Test. A bioassay-guided isolation was carried out to identify the acaricidal principle obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction.

RESULTS:

The active principle was characterised as ursolic acid, a triterpene previously isolated from the leaves of the same plant. The extract and fractions were less potent than the control, malathion (LC(50) 1.14 × 10(-4) mg/ml). Among the plant samples however the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest effect against the larvae (LC(50) 5.74 × 10(-2) mg/ml), followed by the ethyl acetate fraction (LC(50) 8.10 × 10(-2) mg/ml). Ursolic acid, pet. ether and aqueous fractions however showed weak acaricidal effects with LC(50) values of 1.13 mg/ml, 8.96 × 10(-1) mg/ml and 1.44 mg/ml, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Ursolic acid was not as potent as the crude methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction from which it was isolated. The overall acaricidal effect of H. opposita may have been due to synergy with other principles having acaricidal properties.

Ansil PN, Nitha A, Prabha SP, Wills PJ, Jazaira V, Latha MS. Protective effect of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume. tuber against thioacetamide induced oxidative stress in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Nov;4(11):870-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To identify the phytochemical constituents of Amorphophallus campanulatus (A. campanulatus) tuber and to evaluate its antioxidant potential through in vitro and in vivo models.

113

METHODS:

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of A. campanulatus tuber n-hexane extract (ACHE) and methanolic extract (ACME) were evaluated using DPPH, hydroxyl radical, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity assays. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated. The protective potential of two different doses of ACME (125 and 250 mg/kg) was also evaluated against thioacetamide (TAA) induced oxidative stress in rats. Silymarin used as a standard drug control. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by quantifying the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The antioxidant potential of ACME were also evaluated by the estimation of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in hepatic and renal tissues. Histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.

RESULTS:

In vitro studies revealed that ACME has higher antioxidant and radical scavenging activity than ACHE, which may be attributed to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content. ACME significantly prevented the elevation of serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and tissue malondialdehyde levels(P < 0.05). Hepatic and renal GSH, GST, GR, GPx, and catalase levels were remarkably increased by the treatment with the extract. Quantification of histopathological changes also supported the dose dependent protective effects of ACME.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results do suggest that A. campanulatus tuber could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Asamenew G, Bisrat D, Mazumder A, Asres K. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of anthrone and chromone from the latex of Aloe harlana Reynolds. Phytother Res. 2011 Dec;25(12):1756-60. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In the search for new antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds from plants, the latex of the medicinal plant Aloe harlana Reynolds from Ethiopia was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation, which led to the isolation of two known compounds, anthrone (aloin) and chromone (7-O-methylaloeresin A). The latex and its two constituents were assessed for their possible antimicrobial activities against 23 bacterial and four fungal strains using the disc diffusion method and their antioxidant activity by two complementary test systems, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-deoxyribose degradation assay methods. The isolated

114

compounds showed promising results against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains in comparison with standard drugs. Moreover, 7-O-methylaloeresin A exhibited good activity against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 11994) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 1255) with MIC values of 0.72 and 0.18 mm, respectively. Among the fungal strains tested, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was the most susceptible organism to the latex and the two isolated compounds. The latex and isolated compounds also showed significant activities on both antioxidant assays with the highest activity being observed for 7-O-methylaloeresin A, which gave IC(50) values of 0.026 mm and 0.021 mm for DPPH and 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, respectively. These findings support the traditional uses of the plant for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Ashok BK, Bhat SD, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B. Study on the diuretic activity of Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. in albino rats. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):385-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to evaluate diuretic activity of Euphorbia fusiformis root powder in Wistar strain albino rats. Randomly selected animals were divided into three groups of six animals each. The root powder was suspended in distilled water and administered orally at a dose of 90 mg/kg therapeutically equivalent dose (TED) and 180 mg/kg (TED × 02) to overnight fasted rats. The diuretic activity was evaluated by determination of urine volume and urinary electrolyte concentrations. Test drug showed significant increase in urine volume and urinary electrolyte excretion in a dose-dependant manner. Thus, from this study, it can be concluded that roots of E. fusiformis possess diuretic activity.

Aslan M, Orhan DD, Orhan N. Effect of Gentiana olivieri on experimental epilepsy models. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011 Oct;7(28):344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Flowering herbs of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (Gentianaceae) are widely used as bitter tonic, stomachic, stimulant of appetite, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic and for mental problems in the different regions of Turkey.

OBJECTIVE:

To establish the anticonvulsant activity potential of G. olivieri.

115

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In this work, the ethanol extract of G. olivieri was tested in three doses (200, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) for anticonvulsant activity against seizures produced in mice by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin (PIC) and maximal electroshock (MES). Neurotoxicity of the ethanol extract was also determined by the Rota rod test to evaluate the safety. Ethosuximide (150 mg/kg), diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and carbamazepine (30 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs.

RESULTS:

Intraperitonally, injection of the extract significantly prolonged the onset of seizures at doses of 200 and 750 mg/kg, but did not alter the incidence of PTZ-induced seizures. Onset of PIC-induced seizures was delayed by the injection of the extract (1000 mg/kg). Moreover, only 750 mg/kg of the extract protected 25% of the mice against PIC-induced seizures. On the other hand, G. olivieri extract (200, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) showed a significant protective effect against MES-induced seizures. In the Rota rod test, the ethanol extract (200 mg/kg, ip) induced disturbance in motor coordination.

CONCLUSION:

The results indicate that G. olivieri has possessed anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in mice.

Awad NE, Seida AA, Hamed MA, Elbatanony MM. Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities of Ficus microcarpa (L.) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Jul;25(12):1202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of Ficus microcarpa leaves hexane extract have been phytochemically studied and evaluated for its hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. The effect of the extract on the lipid profile was assessed by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, phospho and total lipids. Lipid peroxides, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were measured as antioxidants. The work was extended to evaluate liver function indices as well as the histopathological picture of the liver after treatment. Treatment with leaves extract (500 mg kg ¹ body weight) 5 times/week for 9 weeks at the same⁻ time of cholesterol administration (30 mg/0.3 mL 0.7% tween/animal) recorded an improvement of lipid profile, antioxidants, liver function enzymes and the liver histopathological picture. The lipoidal matters of the unsaponifiable fraction of the hexane extract by GC/MS led to the identification of 22 compounds, while saponifiable fraction by (MS/MS) technique led to identification of 13 unsaturated and saturated fatty acid methyl ester derivatives. It can be

116

concluded that the hexane extract of F. microcarpa L has been proved to have hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats through its role in counteracting LDL oxidation, enhancement of HDL synthesis and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Azadbakht M, Hosseinimehr SJ, Shokrzadeh M, Habibi E, Ahmadi A. Diospyros lotus L. fruit extract protects G6PD-deficient erythrocytes from hemolytic injury in vitro and in vivo: prevention of favism disorder. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Nov;15(11):1270-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Diospyros lotus L. fruit extract against the hemolytic damage induced by Vicia faba beans extract in both G6PD enzyme-deficient human and rat erythrocyte in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In the former model, venous blood samples were obtained from five subjects with known G6PD deficiency and erythrocyte hemolysis induced by Vicia faba L. bean extract was asessed spectrophotometrically in the presence and absence of Diospyros lotus L. fruits extract. In the in vivo model, G6PD-deficient rats (induced by intraperitoneal injection of dehydroepiandrosterone for 35 days) pre-treated with different doses of Diospyros lotus L. (500, 750, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg, p.o for 7 days) were challenged with Vicia faba beans extract and the protective effect of the fruit extract against hemolysis was evaluated as above.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

The results have shown that Diospyros lotus L. fruits extract has antioxidant activity that may protect against hemolytic damage induced by Vicia faba bean extract in both G6PD-deficient human and rat erythrocytes. The study gives a scientific basis for the efficacy of the fruit extract as used in Iran. The fact that this was shown in human erythrocytes in vitro is significant and provides a rationale for further testing in vivo in G6PD-deficient human populations.

B. Ncube, V.N.P. Ngunge, J.F. Finnie, J. Van Staden, A comparative study of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties between outdoor grown and micropropagated Tulbaghia violacea Harv. plants.Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):775-780. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-5230PT5-C/2/147c0e32426929dce39bfd7a44485729.

117

Abstract:

Aim of the study :The study aimed to compare the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of in vitro cultured and outdoor grown Tulbaghia violacea plants in the quest to validate the use of micropropagated plants as alternatives to outdoor grown plants in traditional medicine. Tulbaghia violacea is used extensively in South African traditional medicine for HIV/AIDS patients and in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, asthma, fever and tuberculosis.Materials and methods: Extracts of micropropagated and outdoor grown Tulbaghia violacea plants were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungus Candida albicans using microdilution methods. Saponins and phenolic compounds including condensed tannins, gallotannins and flavonoids were quantitatively determined using spectrophotometric methods. A qualitative test for saponins was also carried out.Results: The petroleum ether (PE) extracts of micropropagated plants and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of outdoor grown plants showed good antibacterial activity, each against two bacterial test strains. PE extracts of micropropagated plants showed the best antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.39 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. Good MIC (<1 mg/ml) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 0.78 mg/ml were only obtained in DCM extracts of outdoor grown plants. MIC and MFC values for water and ethanol extracts of both micropropagated and outdoor grown plants were similar and in the range 3.125-12.5 mg/ml. Total phenolics, gallotannins, flavonoids and saponins were significantly higher in micropropagated plants than in outdoor grown ones. In all cases, the amounts of phytochemical compounds in micropropagated plants were more than twice that of outdoor grown plants except for condensed tannins.Conclusion: The results form a good basis for the use of Tulbaghia violacea micropropagated plants as a complement to the outdoor grown plants in traditional medicine.

Bai Y, Tohda C, Zhu S, Hattori M, Komatsu K. Active components from Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) for protection of amyloid β(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy in cultured rat cortical neurons. J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Not only neuronal death but also neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease as direct causes of the memory deficit. Extracts of Siberian ginseng (the rhizome of Eleutherococcus senticosus) were shown to have protective effects on the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses in rat cultured cortical neurons damaged by amyloid β (Aβ)(25-35), and eleutheroside B was one of the active constituents. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of constituents was conducted to explore active

118

components from Siberian ginseng which can protect against neuritic atrophy induced by Aβ(25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons. The ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions from the methanol extract of Siberian ginseng showed protective effects against Aβ-induced neuritic atrophy. Twelve compounds were isolated from the active fractions and identified. Among them, eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E and isofraxidin showed obvious protective effects against Aβ(25-35)-induced atrophies of axons and dendrites at 1 and 10 μM.

Banerjee AA, Vasu KK, Pancholi H, Rajani M, Nivsarkar MA. Detoxification of Nerium indicum roots based on Indian system of medicine: phytochemical and toxicity evaluations. Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Nov-Dec;68(6):905-11. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Indian system of medicine describes the usage of certain very toxic plant based drugs after performing a detoxification process (Shodhana samskara). Nerium indicum is traditionally used as a medicine though known to cause severe allergic symptoms, tachycardia and gastrointestinal effects leading to fatalities. In this study, the detoxification (shodhana) for Nerium indicum was scientifically validated based on phytochemical and toxicity profiles. Shodhana was performed according to traditional literature. HPTLC densitometric studies were performed for the pre- and post-shodhana powders followed by sub-acute toxicity evaluation in rats. Preparative TLC and LC-MS showed the reduction of oleandrin peak in the post-shodhana sample. Prominent features of cardiotoxicity including tachycardia were noted in the pre-shodhana Nerium treated animals along with mortality. However, no such toxicity was encountered in the post-shodhana Nerium treated animals. Hence, using the recommended detoxification (shodhana), the toxicity of an important medicinal plant was significantly nullified. Such studies provide a scientific support towards our traditional medicinal practices using modem analytical and experimental methodologies and may prove to be very useful in establishing standard scientific procedures for routine and safe use of traditional medicines.

Barman TK, Rao M, Bhati A, Kishore K, Shukla G, Kumar M, Mathur T, Pandya M, Upadhyay DJ. Non invasive real-time monitoring of bacterial infection & therapeutic effect of anti-microbials in five mouse models. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Nov;134(5):688-95. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

In vivo imaging system has contributed significantly to the understanding of bacterial infection and efficacy of drugs in animal model. We report five rapid, reproducible, and non invasive

119

murine pulmonary infection, skin and soft tissue infection, sepsis, and meningitis models using Xenogen bioluminescent strains and specialized in vivo imaging system (IVIS).

METHODS:

The progression of bacterial infection in different target organs was evaluated by the photon intensity and target organ bacterial counts. Genetically engineered bioluminescent bacterial strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus Xen 8.1, 29 and 31; Streptococcus pneumoniae Xen 9 and 10 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen-5 were used to induce different target organs infection and were validated with commercially available antibiotics.

RESULTS:

The lower limit of detection of colony forming unit (cfu) was 1.7-log10 whereas the lower limit of detection of relative light unit (RLU) was 4.2-log10 . Recovery of live bacteria from different target organs showed that the bioluminescent signal correlated to the live bacterial count.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

This study demonstrated the real time monitoring and non-invasive analysis of progression of infection and pharmacological efficacy of drugs. These models may be useful for pre-clinical discovery of new antibiotics.

Battu GR, Parimi R, Chandra Shekar KB. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity of Aristolochia tagala (syn: Aristolochia acuminata) root extracts. Pharm Biol. 2011 Nov;49(11):1210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Aristolochia tagala Cham. (syn: Aristolochia acuminata Lam.) (Aristolochiaceae), known as Nallayishwari in Telugu, has been of interest to researchers because of its traditional uses for treating rheumatic pains and fever.

OBJECTIVE:

The anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of A. tagala roots were investigated for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects were investigated employing the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 stimulated with

120

proinflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide interferon γ or the calcium ionophore A23187) to determine PGE(2) or LTB(4) release, respectively.

RESULTS:

All the extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects which were found to be significant (p < 0.001) at 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o, in rats tested and the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the induction of PGE(2) with IC(50) = 39.1 mg mL(-1) and LTB(4) with IC(50) = 29.5 mg mL(-1).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

These findings demonstrate that the A. tagala roots have excellent anti-inflammatory activity and validate the traditional indications of this plant in its origin country.

Baumgartner L, Sosa S, Atanasov AG, Bodensieck A, Fakhrudin N, Bauer J, Favero GD, Ponti C, Heiss EH, Schwaiger S, Ladurner A, Widowitz U, Loggia RD, Rollinger JM, Werz O, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Tubaro A, Stuppner H. Lignan derivatives from Krameria lappacea roots inhibit acute inflammation in vivo and pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro. J Nat Prod. 2011 Aug 26;74(8):1779-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The roots of Krameria lappacea are used traditionally against oropharyngeal inflammation. So far, the astringent and antimicrobial properties of its proanthocyanidin constituents are considered to account for the anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of the present study was to characterize pharmacologically a lipophilic extract of K. lappacea roots and several isolated lignan derivatives (1-11) in terms of their putative anti-inflammatory activity. The dichloromethane extract (ID₅₀ 77 μg/cm²) as well compounds 1-11 (ID₅₀ 0.31-0.60 μmol/cm²) exhibited topical antiedematous properties comparable to those of indomethacin (ID₅₀ 0.29 μmol/cm²) in a mouse ear in vivo model. Two of the most potent compounds, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)benzofuran (5) and (+)-conocarpan (7), were studied regarding their time-dependent edema development and leukocyte infiltration up to 48 h after croton oil-induced dermatitis induction, and they showed activity profiles similar to that of hydrocortisone. In vitro studies of the isolated lignan derivatives demonstrated the inhibition of NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, 5-lipoxygenase, and microsomal prostaglandin E₂ synthase-1 as well as antioxidant properties, as mechanisms possibly contributing to the observed in vivo effects. The present findings not only support the ethnopharmacological use of K. lappacea roots but also reveal that the isolated lignan derivatives contribute strongly to the anti-inflammatory activity of this herbal drug.

121

Ben Sghaier M, Krifa M, Mensi R, Bhouri W, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Teucrium ramosissimum extracts. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Oct-Dec;8(4):288-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Teucrium ramosissimum (Lamiaceae), a native and endemic plant from South Tunisia, has traditionally been used as a treatment for inflammation and for ulcers. Though the plant and its products are widely used, very few studies have analyzed the pharmacological/toxicological properties of this plant. Thus, the aim of these studies was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory/anti-ulcerogenic activities of various extracts (i.e., methanolic, aqueous, and total oligomer flavonoid [TOF]-enriched) from leaves of T. ramosissimum. In vitro, the effects from each extract on lysosomal enzyme activity and proliferation of, respectively, freshly isolated peritoneal macrophages and splenic lymphocytes were assessed. The extracts alone clearly affected macrophage function, as evidenced by a significant modulation of cell lysosomal enzyme activity and ability to form and/or release nitric oxide. These extracts were also found to be able to significantly modify the proliferation of splenocytes, even when lipopolysaccharide or lectin mitogens were absent. With respect to the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the extracts, these studies found that the leaf extracts were able to exert significant protective effects against ethanol-induced ulcers in a rat model; at some doses, the extract effects were even greater than that obtained using a cytoprotective histamine H2-antagonist, cimetidine. Based on these studies, we conclude that the extracts from T. ramosissimum appear to be potentially potent modulators of innate immunity and that their efficacy against ulcer formation may be due, in part, to a cytoprotective effect. Further, these results fortify the ethnopharmacological importance of the use of T. ramosissimum products as anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer agents. Nevertheless, ongoing/further studies are needed to clarify more precisely mechanisms underlying effects against ulcers and on lymphocyte and macrophage functionality, as well as the causative agents.

Bero J, Hannaert V, Chataigné G, Hérent MF, Quetin-Leclercq J. In vitro antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine and bio-guided fractionation of the most active extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 2;137(2):998-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of crude extracts of 10 plant species traditionally used in Benin to treat parasitic infections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

122

For each species, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts were tested. Their antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities were evaluated in vitro on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 427) (Tbb) and on promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana (MHOM/BZ/84/BEL46) (Lmm).

RESULTS:

The best growth inhibition was observed with the dichloromethane extracts of aerial parts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Asteraceae) (IC(50)=14.5 μg/ml on Tbb and 11.1 μg/ml on Lmm), twigs of Keetia leucantha (K. Krause) Bridson (syn. Plectronia leucantha Krause) (IC(50)=5.8 μg/ml on Tbb), aerial parts of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn (syn. Rourea coccinea (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook.f.) (IC(50)=14.7 μg/ml on Tbb) and aerial parts of Carpolobia lutea G.Don. (IC(50)=18.3 μg/ml on Tbb). All these extracts had a low cytotoxicity. It is not the case for the methanolic and water extracts of roots of Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. (IC(50)=14.7 and 13.8 μg/ml on Tbb) which were toxic at the same concentration range on WI38, human cells. A bio-guided fractionation of the most active extract of Keetia leucantha allowed to identify oleanolic acid and ursolic acid as responsible for the observed activities.

CONCLUSION:

Our study gives some justification for antiparasitic activity of some investigated plants.

Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. Evid BasedComplement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:792167. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O(•-) (2)) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment

123

with MS (100 or 200 mg kg(-1), p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O(•-) (2) and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O(•-) (2) generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O(•-) (2) production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity.

Caballero-George C, Gupta MP. A quarter century of pharmacognostic research on Panamanian flora: a review. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(11):1189-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Panama is a unique terrestrial bridge of extreme biological importance. It is one of the "hot spots" and occupies the fourth place among the 25 most plant-rich countries in the world, with 13.4 % endemic species. Panamanian plants have been screened for a wide range of biological activities: as cytotoxic, brine shrimp-toxic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, and antihypertensive agents. This review concentrates on ethnopharmacological uses of medicinal plants employed by three Amerindian groups of Panama and on selected plants with novel structures and/or interesting bioactive compounds. During the last quarter century, a total of approximately 390 compounds from 86 plants have been isolated, of which 160 are new to the literature. Most of the work reported here has been the result of many international collaborative efforts with scientists worldwide. From the results presented, it is immediately obvious that the Panamanian flora is still an untapped source of new bioactive compounds.

Cattoor K, Remon JP, Boussery K, Van Bocxlaer J, Bracke M, De Keukeleire D, Deforce D, Heyerick A. Bioavailability of hop-derived iso-α-acids and reduced derivatives. Food Funct. 2011 Jul;2(7):412-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Iso-α-acids (IAA) and their reduced derivatives (dihydro-iso-α-acids (DHIAA) and tetrahydro-iso-α-acids (THIAA)) have been administered to Caco-2 cell monolayers (30, 60, and 120 μM) to investigate epithelial transport, in both absorptive and secretive directions. In addition, 25 mg kg(-1) IAA, DHIAA, and THIAA were applied to New Zealand white rabbits (±3-3.5 kg) in a single intravenous and oral dose. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), t(max), half life, clearance, and AUC(0-∞)) and the absolute bioavailability were determined for

124

each class of hop acid. The results from the in vitro Caco-2 study of IAA, DHIAA, and THIAA, showed a higher membrane permeability for IAA and THIAA, both in absorptive (P(appAB) range 1.6-5.6 × 10(-6) cm s(-1)) and secretive directions (P(appBA) range 5.7-16.3 × 10(-6) cm s(-1)), when compared to DHIAA. Factors limiting transport of DHIAA could include phase II metabolism. After oral and i.v. dosing to New Zealand white rabbits, the absolute bioavailability for IAA was determined to be 13.0%. The reduced derivatives reached higher bioavailabilities with 28.0% for DHIAA and 23.0% for THIAA. The area under curve AUC(0-∞) upon oral gavage for DHIAA and THIAA was 70.7 ± 48.4 μg h ml(-1) and 57.4 ± 9.0 μg h ml(-1), respectively, while that for IAA was 10.6 ± 5.3 μg h ml(-1). Phase I metabolism was indicated as the main factor limiting the bioavailability of IAA. Bioavailability of DHIAA is mostly influenced by phase-II metabolism as shown by enzymatic hydrolysis of plasma samples upon administration of DHIAA.

Chandrasekar SB, Divakar K, Pawar AT, Goli D, Harisha R, Bhanumathy M, Sushma G, Shivaprasad HN. Involvement of opioid, adenosine and 5-HT(3) receptors in antinociceptive effects of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(1):66-70. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of an ayurvedicpolyherbal formulation in rats and mice employing the tail immersion test and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

With the tail immersion method, rats received two different doses (270 and 405 mg/kg BW, p.o.) of a formulation, pethidine (5.4 mg/kg BW, p.o.) as a reference standard and the combination of the higher dose of the formulation with naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), an opioid receptor antagonist, and caffeine (16 mg/kg, i.p.), used as an adenosine receptor antagonist. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, mice received two different doses (390 and 585 mg/kg, BW, p.o.) of formulation, diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg, BW, p.o.) as a reference standard and the combination of the higher dose of the polyherbal formulation with ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a serotonin receptor antagonist.

RESULTS:

125

The polyherbal formulation (405 mg/kg) exhibited a significant (p < 0.01) antinociceptive effect using the tail immersion method. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the formulation showed significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent activity. The antinociceptive effect of the polyherbal formulation apparently involved an opiate-like mechanism, since its antinociceptive action was attenuated by naloxone pretreatment. In addition, antinociceptive activity was attenuated by caffeine and reversed by ondansetron pretreatment.

CONCLUSION:

Our data suggest that the polyherbal formulation possessed centrally and peripherally mediated antinociceptive properties. The activity could be mediated through opioid, adenosine, and serotonin receptors and via inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase- and/or lipoxygenase-dependent pathways.

Chaturvedi AP, Tripathi YB. Methanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):273-81. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) are in clinical use in Ayurveda for wound management. Since, oxidative stress and inflammation are the primary causes in delayed wound healing, so here its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been investigated using in vitro as well as in vivo models. The solvent-free methanolic extract of dried leaves of JG were tested for its trapping capacity toward pre-generated ABTS•+ radicals, instantly generated superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, along with metal chelation property, reducing power and total phenolic content. Further, it was tested on LPS-induced nitric oxide and cell viability, on primary culture of rat peritoneal macrophages. Its anti-inflammatory property was also tested on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. This extract significantly inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation and trapped ABTS•+, superoxide and OH radicals. It significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) release, without affecting the cell viability at 800 μg/ml concentration and reduced the formation of paw edema in rats. Thus, it could be suggested that the aforesaid anti-inflammatory properties of JG leaves are associated to its high phenolic content (2.25±0.105 mg/l of gallic acid equivalent), reducing power and its free radical-scavenging property.

Chen CC, Chuang PH, Chen YS, Yao CH, Chen HM. Chip-based drug screening for inhibiting α-glucosidase. Fitoterapia. 2011 Dec;82(8):1249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

126

Intestinal α-glucosidase performs a physiologically vital function in the digestive process of dietary carbohydrates. Administration of an α-glucosidase inhibitor may retard the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Consequently, the rise in postprandial blood glucose could be suppressed. This study developed a novel technology, called "after flowing through immobilized receptor (AFTIR)," for targeting components in herbal medicines with α-glucosidase-suppressing capability. As a result, we reveal that the AFTIR system is a highly-efficient drug screening platform, capable of purifying and identifying active components with α-glucosidase-suppressing capability in herbal medicines.

Chen G, Cho SJ, Huang XP, Jensen NH, Svennebring A, Sassano MF, Roth BL, Kozikowski AP. Rational Drug Design Leading to the Identification of a Potent 5-HT(2C) Agonist Lacking 5-HT(2B) Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Dec 8;2(12):929-932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The 5-HT(2C) receptor is an attractive drug target in the quest for new therapeutics to treat a variety of human disorders. We have previously undertaken a structural optimization campaign that has led to some potent and moderately selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists. After expanding our structure-function library, we were able to combine our datasets so as to allow the design of compounds of improved selectivity and potency. We disclose herein the structural optimization of our previously reported 5-HT(2B)/5-HT(2C) agonists, which has led to the identification of a highly selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, (+)-trans-[2-(2-cyclopropylmethoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl]methylamine hydrochloride, with an EC(50) of 55 nM and no detectable agonism at the 5-HT(2B) receptor.

Chen H, Zuo S, Wang X, Tang X, Zhao M, Lu Y, Chen L, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu D, Zhang S, Li T. Synthesis of 4β-triazole-podophyllotoxin derivatives by azide-alkyne cycloaddition and biological evaluation as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem. 2011 Sep;46(9):4709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A representative synthetic process of derivatizing the natural product podophyllotoxin utilizing the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is described including molecular design, reaction optimization and X-ray structure confirmation. Evaluation of cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (Hela, K562 and K562/A02) using MTT assay proves that these triazole derivatives have good antitumor activities. High activities toward the drug resistant K562/A02 cell line reveal promising future for these derivatives. The rarely prepared 1,5-

127

disubstituted triazole isomers, which would be omitted by the "click chemistry", were found to have superior cytotoxicities to that of the 1,4-disubstituted isomers.

Chen Y, Ji LL, Liu TY, Wang ZT. Evaluation of gender-related differences in various oxidative stress enzymes in mice. Chin J Physiol. 2011 Dec 31;54(6):385-90. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2011.AMM080. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Oxidative stress caused by redundant free radical, lipid oxygen and peroxide usually results in the pathogenesis of various diseases, which can be alleviated by cellular antioxidant enzymes. According to statistics, there are different incidence rates of some diseases depending on the gender. The present study aimed to investigate potential gender-related differences of antioxidant enzymes in mice. The activities of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the kidney, brain, lung and heart of both male and female mice were determined. Our results showed that GPx and GCL activities were higher in female kidney and brain than those in male. On the other hand, the activities of SOD were higher in female brain and lung than those in male. Moreover, female kidney appeared to show higher activities of CAT than the male kidney. But the activities of GCL and GPx were higher in male heart than those in female. Taken together, our results demonstrate that there are gender-related differences in the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes in various important organs in mice. Variations in such enzymes may be the explanation for some gender-related diseases.

Chinasa EC, Ifeoma IA, Obodoike EC, Chhukwuemeka ES. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of the leaves of Sansevieria liberica ger. and labr. (fam: Dracaenaceae). Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Oct;4(10):791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of leaves of Sansevieria liberica Ger. and Labr. and to ascertain the toxicity and phytochemical profiles of the extract of the leaves.

METHODS:

The juice from the fresh leaves was expressed manually and lyophilized. The crude extract (CE) was then fractionated into n-hexane fraction (HF), chloroform fraction (CF), ethylacetate fraction (EF) and methanol fraction (MF). The crude extract (CF) and the fractions were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using egg albumen-induced paw (systemic) edema in rats as a

128

measure of acute inflammation. The toxicity test and phytochemical screening were done using standard procedures.

RESULTS:

The CE and the fractions significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the development of paw edema induced by egg albumen in rats. The potency/activity of the CE and the fractions increased in the order HF>CE>MF>CF>EF, with the CE and HF at 400 mg/kg exhibiting inhibition comparable to that obtained with 5 mg/kg diclofenac sodium. Acute toxicity test on CE established an oral and intraperitoneal LD(50) of > 5 000 mg/kg in mice. Phytochemical screening of the CE and the fractions showed the presence of various bioactive substances such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, resins, carbohydrates, proteins, acidic compounds, fats and oils.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of the study showed that the leaves of Sansevieria liberica Ger and Labr. possess anti-inflammatory effects which may be due to its bioactive constituents. Further purification on these bioactive constituents may result in the development of potent anti-inflammatory agent with low toxicity and better therapeutic index.

Choi KM, Shin E, Liu Q, Yoo HS, Kim YC, Sung SH, Hwang BY, Lee MK. Hydroxyframoside B, a secoiridoid of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(10):1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Fraxinus rhynchophylla showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line as assessed by measuring fat accumulation using Oil Red O staining. Further fractionation led to the isolation of two secoiridoids, oleuropein and hydroxyframoside B. Hydroxyframoside B significantly reduced fat accumulation and triglyceride content in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells without affecting cell viability, whereas oleuropein showed little effect. Further studies with interval treatment demonstrated that hydroxyframoside B exerted inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation when treated within 2 days (days 0-2) after differentiation induction. In addition, hydroxyframoside B significantly blocked the induction of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBP α, C/EBP β, and PPAR γ. Taken together, these results suggest that hydroxyframoside B inhibited early/middle stage of adipogenic differentiation, in part, via inhibition of C/EBP α, C/EBP β, and PPAR γ-dependent pathways.

129

Csupor-Löffler B, Hajdú Z, Zupkó I, Molnár J, Forgo P, Vasas A, Kele Z, Hohmann J. Antiproliferative constituents of the roots of Conyza canadensis. Planta Med. 2011 Jul;77(11):1183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the N-hexane and CHCl₃ phases of the methanol extract of the roots of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist led to the isolation of two new dihydropyranones named conyzapyranone A (1) and B (2), and the known 4 Z,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone (3), 4 E,8 Z-matricaria- γ-lactone (4), 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid (5), epifriedelanol (6), friedeline (7), taraxerol (8), simiarenol (9), spinasterol (10), stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and apigenin. The structures were determined by means of ESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including ¹H-¹H COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities and were demonstrated to exert considerable cell growth-inhibitory activity against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), skin carcinoma (A431), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Some of the active components, including 2, 4, and 10, proved to be substantially more potent against these cell lines than against noncancerous human foetal fibroblasts (MRC-5) and can therefore be considered selective antiproliferative natural products.

Deng Y, Chin YW, Chai HB, de Blanco EC, Kardono LB, Riswan S, Soejarto DD, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD. Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Constituents of the Leaves of Vitex Quinata. Phytochem Lett. 2011 Sep 1;4(3):213-217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N. Williams (Verbenaceae), guided by the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, led to the isolation of a new δ-truxinate derivative (1) and a new phytonoic acid derivative (2), together with 12 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods as dimethyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-δ-truxinate (1) and methyl 10R-methoxy-12-oxo-9(13),16E-phytodienoate (2), respectively. In a cytotoxicity assay, (S)-5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone (3) was found to be the sole active principle, with ED(50) values of 1.1-6.7 μM, respectively, when tested against a panel of three human cancer cells. Methyl 3,4,5-O-tricaffeoyl quinate (4) showed activity in an enzyme-based ELISA NF-κB p65 assay, with an ED(50) value of 10.3 μM.

Dey P, Chandra S, Chatterjee P, Bhattacharya S. Neuropharmacological properties of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae). J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011 Oct;2(4):255-9.

Abstract

130

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), known as climbing hemp weed in English, is a herbaceous climbing vine grown as a weed throughout the plains of the Indian subcontinent. The present study evaluated some neuropharmacological properties of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts from M. scandens (HAMS) in experimental animal models. HAMS (at 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) was evaluated for central antinociceptive activity by tail flick method. Locomotor depressant activity was measured by means of an actophotometer. Skeletal muscle relaxant effect was evaluated by using rotarod apparatus and sedative potentiating property by phenobarbitone-induced sleep potentiation study. The results of the present study revealed significant (P<0.001) and dose-dependent central antinociceptive, locomotor depressant, muscle relaxant, and sedative potentiating effects of HAMS, demonstrating its depressant action on the central nervous system (CNS). From the present study, it can be concluded that the aerial parts of M. scandens possessed prominent depressant action on the CNS, as manifested by the important neuropharmacological properties in mice.

Dharmalingam N. Gunadharini, Perumal Elumalai, Ramachandran Arunkumar, Kalimuthu Senthilkumar, Jagadeesan Arunakaran, Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by ethanolic neem leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):644-650. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-5223Y29-1/2/84c977cc45d73e94dd69ea8508ada2fe.

Abstract:

Aim of the study: The present study is aimed to delineate the effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract on PI3K/Akt and apoptotic pathway in prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP).Materials and methods: To test the hypothesis, two different prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (androgen dependent) and PC-3 (androgen independent) were taken. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) (25-125 [mu]g/ml). The doses were fixed by cell viability (MTT) assay. For apoptotic detection in situ apoptosis assay, caspase-3 activity and protein expression of cytochrome c and Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) were analysed as well as mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family proteins was studied by RT-PCR. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and p-Akt were analysed by western blotting and mRNA expression of Akt 1 and 2, PTEN was performed by RT-PCR. Immunoblotting of cyclin D1 and p21 was done to access the inhibition of cell proliferation.Results: ENLE gives 50% inhibition at a dose of 100 [mu]g/ml in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells and considered as effective dose. ENLE decreased the protein expression of PI3K as well as p-Akt and the mRNA expression of Akt 1and 2 in both the cells. There was a significant decrease in mRNA expression of PTEN in LNCaP cells. ENLE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway. Decrease in p-Akt leads to increase in the protein level of Bad, p21 and decrease in the cyclin D1, respectively. ENLE treatment increased the cytochrome c expression

131

and caspase-3 activity as well as regulated the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family proteins thereby inducing apoptosis to both the cell lines. In situ apoptosis assay showed increased red fluorescence in 100 [mu]g/ml of ENLE in both PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines.Conclusions The results suggested that ENLE induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation through inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells.

Dickson RA, Ekuadzi E, Annan K, Komlaga G. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae): A comparative study. Pharmacognosy Res. 2011 Jul;3(3):166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) have traditional uses in the management of conditions characterized by infections, inflammatory disorders and oxidative stress. The paper aims to report the comparative data on the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis with respect to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The antibacterial effects of the 70% ethanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model in 7-day old cockerels. Using the DPPH free radical scavenging, total antioxidant and total phenol content assays, the antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed.

RESULTS:

The bark extract had the higher antibacterial effect against 6 of the 8 microorganisms used. Noteworthy are its activity against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis with lowest MIC value of 500 μg/mL respectively. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, both extracts reduced the carrageenan-induced oedema in 7-day old cockerels. Based on the ED(50) values, both extracts demonstrated similar potencies (ED(50) =21.00 mg/kg). The stem bark extract exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity (IC(50) = 1.392 mg/mL) compared to the leaf extract (IC(50) = 9.509 mg/mL). In the total phenol content, the bark extract showed higher content (15.91 mg/g of dry mass) compared to the leaf extract (2.68 mg/g dry mass). Both extracts demonstrated equal potencies in the total antioxidant capacity determinations (0.60 mg/g dry weight of extract).

CONCLUSIONS:

132

The results of this work provide scientific evidence for the traditional uses of Glyphaea brevis.

Donga S, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B, Ashok BK, Mishtry IU. Chronic toxicity study of Butea monosperma (Linn.) Kuntze seeds in albino rats. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):120-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

In the present study, toxic effects of powder of seeds of Butea monosperma (Linn.) Kuntze were evaluated for a period of 3 months in albino rats. Control group received distilled water. The powder suspension was orally given to the treated group at a dose of 800 mg/kg/day for 90 days. Parameters like body weight, weight of important organs, biochemical, hematological parameters, bone marrow cytology and histopathology of vital organs were studied. Test drug administration did not affect the body weight, organ weight and bone marrow cytology to a significant extent. Among the 18 hematological parameters studied, significant changes were observed in three parameters, namely, significant decrease in hemoglobin content, red blood cell count and hematocrit. Of 16 biochemical parameters studied, significant changes were observed in 5 parameters, namely, decrease in total protein, albumin, bilirubin and significant increase in very low density lipoprotein and triglyceride. The histopathology of 18 organs revealed changes such as fatty changes, glomerular congestion and tubular hemorrhage in the kidneys, decrease in the cellularity of the spleen, epithelial disruption in jejunum, decrease in spermatogenesis in the testis, epithelial proliferation in ventral prostate and decrease in epithelial proliferation in the uterus. Thus, toxicity profile obtained from the present study shows that B. monosperma seeds are likely to produce toxic effect when administered in a powder form.

Du J, Wei YJ, Peng C, Ran X, Zhang H, Jiang YP, Rahman K, Qin LP. Establishment of a luciferase assay-based screening system for detecting estrogen receptor agonists in plant extracts. Bone. 2011 Sep;49(3):572-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In order to effectively treat osteoporosis and other bone-loss disorders, small compounds that could induce bone formation are needed. The present study attempted to establish a screening system for detecting estrogenic activity of compounds, which probably have anti-osteoporosis effects. For this purpose, we established osteoblastic-like MG63 cells stably transfected with the PGL3 reporter gene driven by a promoter consisting of three estrogen response elements (EREs). Using this system, we screened numerous plant extracts, and found several which displayed bioactivity. We conclude that the MG63 cells with estrogen-specific reporter plasmids (MG63-

133

pERE) are useful for high-throughput screening of estrogen receptor agonists from plants which may have favorable potency and could be developed into novel anti-osteoporosis drugs.

El-Alfy TS, El-Gohary HM, Sokkar NM, Hosny M, Al-Mahdy DA. A New Flavonoid C-Glycoside from Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. Leaves and Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. Sci Pharm. 2011;79(4):963-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

A major development over the past two decades has been the realization that free radical induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage are associated with major health problems, e.g. cancer and ageing. Plant-derived antioxidants are increasingly found beneficial in protecting against these diseases. Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. are two plants that have a variety of uses in folk medicine but have not been evaluated before for their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Therefore, the extracts of both plants' leaves were investigated for these activities, as well as isolation of the bioactive compounds responsible for the activities. Molecular structures of the compounds were elucidated by UV, HRESIMS, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D ((1)H-(13)C HSQC and (1)H-(13)C HMBC) NMR analyses. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts, n-butanol fractions and the isolated major compound were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay, xanthine oxidase-induced generation of superoxide radical and lipid peroxidation assay by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) method using rat tissue homogenates. Cytotoxic activities were studied using standard MTT assay. A novel flavonoid C-triglycoside, 4‴-α-rhamnopyranosyl-2″-O-β-d-galactopyranosylvitexin, was isolated from both plants' leaves, together with seven known flavonoids. The n-butanol fractions and the major compound 2″-O-β-galactopyranosylvitexin showed significant antioxidant activities, more pronounced than the tested standards BHT and dl-α-tocopherol in most tests. All extracts showed variable cytotoxic activities. This study provides strong evidence for the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts of Celtis australis L. and Celtis occidentalis L. leaves, which were attributed to the polar n-butanol fractions and the major isolated flavonoid 2″-galactosylvitexin.

El-Hawary SA, Sokkar NM, Ali ZY, Yehia MM. A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L. J Food Sci. 2011 Oct;76(8):C1195-202. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02370.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive compounds in extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae), a wild edible herb growing in Egypt. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol

134

fractions of leaves of R. vesicarius were conducted by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI in the negative mode to analyze phenolics content. Results revealed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds: 8-C-glucosyl-apigenin, 8-C-glucosyl-luteolin, 6-C-hexosyl-quercetin, 3-O-rutinosyl-quercetin, 7-O-rhamno-hexosyl-diosmetin, 7-O-rhamno-acetylhexosyl-diosmetin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulohexoside, 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin, epicatechin gallate, 6-C-glucosyl-catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate. Quantification of the identified compounds revealed that 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin was the major compound. Also, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves was carried out for ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene. The essential oil as well as lipids analysis of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters. Investigation of the effect of hommad as a safe hepatoprotective diet that prospectively directs the attention to a valuable therapeutic natural herb rich in bioactive constituents. The biochemical studies were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of roots (REE), leaves (LEE), and fruits (FEE) ethanolic extracts of R. vesicarius (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., each) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4) (0.5 mL/kg b.wt., p.o., 3 times a week) compared with silymarin (50 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) as standard drug. The results confirmed that coadministration of the tested extracts or silymarin with CCl(4) for 4 wk exhibited a marked hepatoprotective activity, attributed to their antioxidant potential, membrane stabilizing effect, and antifibrogenic activities.

Elango G, Zahir AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA. Efficacy of indigenous plant extracts on the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:375-83. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Mosquito control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of plant origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The purpose of the present study was to assess the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta prostrata and Tagetes erecta leaves tested for oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal and repellent activities against malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae).

METHODS:

The dried leaves of the three plants were powdered mechanically and extracted with ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. One gram of crude extract was first dissolved in 100 ml of acetone (stock solution). From the stock solution, test solution concentrations of 31.21- 499.42 mg/l for oviposition- deterrence assay and repellency and 15.60 - 998.85 mg/l were used in

135

ovicidal assay. The percentage oviposition- deterrence, hatching rate of eggs and protection time were calculated. One-way analysis of variance was used for the multiple concentration tests and for per cent mortality to determine significant treatment differences.

RESULTS:

The percentage of effective oviposition repellency was highest at 499.42 mg/l and the lowest at 31.21 mg/l in ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta. The oviposition activity index (OAI) value of ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta at 499.42 mg/l were -0.91, -0.93, -0.84, -0.84, -0.87, -0.82, -0.87, -0.89 and -0.87, respectively. Mortality (no egg hatchability) was 100 per cent with ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta at 998.85 mg/l. The maximum adult repellent activity was observed at 499.42 mg/l in ethyl acetate extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and methanol extracts of T. erecta, and the mean complete protection time ranged from 120 to 150 min with the different extracts tested.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

The acetone extract of A. paniculata, methanol extract of E. prostrata and T. erecta showed good oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal and repellent activities respectively. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of A. paniculata, E. prostrata and T. erecta may have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the An. subpictus.

Emadi F, Yassa N, Hadjiakhoondi A, Beyer C, Sharifzadeh M. Sedative effects of Iranian Artemisia annua in mice: possible benzodiazepine receptors involvement. Pharm Biol. 2011 Aug;49(8):784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as sweet wormwood or Qinghao, is an annual herb/shrub native of Asia. The plant grows broadly in Caspian Sea shores in North of Iran. In China, the aerial parts of this plant are source of artemisinin, which is an antimalarial compound.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to establish the scientific basis of reported ethnomedicinal use of A. annua as sedative agent.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

136

The plants were gathered from Gilan Province in Iran. Plant aerial parts were extracted with methanol and concentrated in vacuum. Methanol extract was partitioned into chloroform, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in male mice with different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), and for evaluation of sedative activity, immobility time was determined. In effort to clarify the mechanism of action, flumazenil (3 mg/kg, i.p.) as a benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor antagonist was injected 15 min before chloroform fraction (200 mg/kg, i.p.).

RESULTS:

Compared with control group (saline-treated mice), the chloroform fraction significantly increased immobility time in a dose-dependent manner. Flumazenil decreased immobility time induced by chloroform fraction significantly.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

The results of the present study suggest that A. annua growing in Iran has sedative effects, which are probably mediated via BZD receptors pathways.

Faujdar J, Gupta P, Natrajan M, Das R, Chauhan DS, Katoch VM, Gupta UD. Mycobacterium indicus pranii as stand-alone or adjunct immunotherapeutic in treatment of experimental animal tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Nov;134(5):696-703. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Mycobacterium w (M.w) is a saprophytic cultivable mycobacterium and shares several antigens with M. tuberculosis. It has shown good immunomodulation in leprosy patients. Hence in the present study, the efficacy of M.w immunotherapy, alone or in combination with multi drug chemotherapeutic regimens was investigated against drug sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv and three clinical isolates with variable degree of drug resistance in mice.

METHODS:

BALB/c mice were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (susceptible to all first and second line drugs) and three clinical isolates taken from the epository of the Institute. The dose of 200 bacilli was used for infection via respiratory route in an aerosol chamber. Chemotherapy (5 days/wk) was given one month after infection and the vaccinated group was given a dose of 1x107 bacilli by subcutaneous route. Bacterial load was measured at 4 and 6 wk after initiation of chemotherapy.

137

RESULTS:

M.w when given along with chemotherapy (4 and 6 wk) led to a greater reduction in the bacterial load in lungs and other organs of TB infected animals compared to. However, the reduction was significantly (P<0.05) more in terms of colony forming units (cfu) in both organs (lungs and spleen).

CONCLUSION:

M.w (as immunomodulator) has beneficial therapeutic effect as an adjunct to chemotherapy.

Fletcher JN, Kinghorn AD, Slack JP, McCluskey TS, Odley A, Jia Z. In vitro evaluation of flavonoids from Eriodictyon californicum for antagonist activity against the bitterness receptor hTAS2R31. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Dec 28;59(24):13117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The leaves of the native North American plant, Eriodictyon californicum, were once used to mask the bitter taste of pharmaceuticals, an application currently of importance. Ten flavonoids (1-10) were isolated from the leaves of E. californicum, of which the structure and absolute configuration of 6-methoxyhesperetin (8) were assigned for the first time. In addition, the absolute configurations at C-2 were established for 4'-isobutyrylhomoeriodictyol (3) and 6-methoxyhomoeriodictyol (7). Using a cell-based assay, it was determined that the 7-methoxylated flavanones, sakuranetin (2) and 6-methoxysakuranetin (9), and the flavone, jaceosidin (10), are antagonists of hTAS2R31.

Foubert K, Cuyckens F, Matheeussen A, Vlietinck A, Apers S, Maes L, Pieters L. Antiprotozoal and antiangiogenic saponins from Apodytes dimidiata. Phytochemistry. 2011 Aug;72(11-12):1414-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Bioassay-guided isolation was performed on the leaves of Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. Ex Arn. (Icacinaceae), based on previously demonstrated activity against Leishmania. Six saponins never isolated from nature before were elucidated with LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. The compounds apodytine A-F are responsible at least in part for the antiprotozoal activity, but also possess haemolytic activity and display antiangiogenic activity in the rat aorta ring assay, an effect which may be due to a non-selective toxicity.

138

Fred-Jaiyesimi AA, Adepoju A, Egbebunmi O. Anthelmintic activities of chloroform and methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler seed. Parasitol Res. 2011 Aug;109(2):441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The anthelmintic potentials of the chloroform and methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler seed were investigated. In folklore medicine, B. coriacea (Capparidaceae) is believed to be useful in the treatment of various kinds of ailments and diseases. At doses of 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, the extracts were tested against Eudrilus eugeniae (earthworm) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (cattle hookworm). The extracts exhibited dose-dependent anthelmintic effects on the earthworms and hookworms. The methanol extract at 50 mg/kg was the most active extract against the helminths, and the activity of the methanol extract was not significantly different from that of piperazine hydrate (reference drug, 10 mg/kg) against the earthworms.

Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P. Haemoglobinopathies in southeast Asia. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Oct;134:498-506. Review.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Mycobacterium w (M.w) is a saprophytic cultivable mycobacterium and shares several antigens with M. tuberculosis. It has shown good immunomodulation in leprosy patients. Hence in the present study, the efficacy of M.w immunotherapy, alone or in combination with multi drug chemotherapeutic regimens was investigated against drug sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv and three clinical isolates with variable degree of drug resistance in mice.

METHODS:

BALB/c mice were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (susceptible to all first and second line drugs) and three clinical isolates taken from the epository of the Institute. The dose of 200 bacilli was used for infection via respiratory route in an aerosol chamber. Chemotherapy (5 days/wk) was given one month after infection and the vaccinated group was given a dose of 1x107 bacilli by subcutaneous route. Bacterial load was measured at 4 and 6 wk after initiation of chemotherapy.

RESULTS:

M.w when given along with chemotherapy (4 and 6 wk) led to a greater reduction in the bacterial load in lungs and other organs of TB infected animals compared to. However, the

139

reduction was significantly (P<0.05) more in terms of colony forming units (cfu) in both organs (lungs and spleen).

CONCLUSION:

M.w (as immunomodulator) has beneficial therapeutic effect as an adjunct to chemotherapy. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Gadge NB, Jalalpure SS. Natriuretic and saluretic effects of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extracts in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;43(6):714-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The present study was aimed to investigate the diuretic effects of aqueous (AqE) and ethanolic (EtE) crude extracts of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. roots (family - Asclepiadaceae) using acute model in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A single individual dose of AqE and EtE of H. indicus root (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, p.o., each), frusemide and hydrochlorothiazide, (25 mg/kg, p.o., each) as reference diuretic drugs were administered orally to dehydrated rats. Control group rats were fed with normal saline (25 ml/kg, p.o.). All rats were caged in metabolic cages in a pairs and their urine output was monitored at 5 and 24 h intervals.

RESULTS:

Both extracts significantly increased the urine output in higher doses. Although, the onset of this diuretic action was gradual (within 5 h), it lasted throughout the studied period (up to 24 h). Further, the intensity of diuresis induced by AqE (400 mg/kg) in 5 h was almost similar to that of frusemide and hydrochlothiazide. AqE of H. indicus root also caused marked increase in urinary Na(+) and K(+) levels. However, the routine urinalysis showed non-significant alterations in pH and specific gravity by either dose of crude extracts of H. indicus roots.

CONCLUSIONS:

These effects demonstrate possible diuretic actions of H. indicus root extracts and support its folklore use in various urinary ailments. Further study need to be done to characterize active phytoconstituents.

140

Galani VJ, Patel BG. Psychotropic activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):380-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Argyreia speciosa (L.f.) Sweet (convolvulaceae) commonly known as Briddhadaraka is regarded as a "Rasayana" drug in the ayurvedic system of medicine to cure diseases of nervous system. In this study, hydroalcoholic root extract of A. speciosa was subjected to evaluate psychotropic effects in classical experimental models. Effect of the extract on spontaneous motor activity, pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, motor coordination, exploratory behavior, and apomorphine-induced stereotypy were investigated in mice. Effect of the extract on catalepsy and haloperidol-induced catalepsy were studied in rats. Preliminary phytochemical and acute toxicity screenings were also performed. The extract (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, and prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time in mice. The extract also remarkably attenuated the intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy but had no effect on motor coordination. The extract produced catalepsy and potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. These results provide evidence that the hydroalcoholic extract of A. speciosa roots may contain psychoactive substances that are sedative in nature with possible neuroleptic properties.

Ganjare AB, Nirmal SA, Rub RA, Patil AN, Pattan SR. Use of Cordia dichotoma bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Pharm Biol. 2011 Aug;49(8):850-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

CONTEXT:

The plant Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Boraginaceae) is commonly known as "Bhokar" in Marathi. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its bark is reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain.

OBJECTIVE:

The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using scientific methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Dried bark powder was extracted with methanol and this crude methanol extract was fractionated using various solvents. These fractions were tested for effectiveness against UC. Macroscopical study and histopathology of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde

141

(MDA) in colon and blood were studied for the assessment of the activity. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was screened by using various methods.

RESULTS:

Animals treated with the methanol fraction of the crude methanol extract showed lower pathological scores and good healing. This fraction reduced MPO and MDA levels significantly in blood and tissue. It showed antioxidant potential [in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay IC₅₀ value is 26.25; trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity µg/ml TE/g of plant material on dry basis in ABTS (2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay is 2.03 and 2.45, respectively]. The fraction contains a high level of phenolics.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

The methanol fraction of crude methanol extract of C. dichotoma bark is effective in the treatment of UC.

Ghafourian Boroujerdnia M, Azemi ME, Hemmati AA, Taghian A, Azadmehr A. Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus gypsicolus hydroalcoholic extract in ovalbumin-induced allergic mice model. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Dec;10(4):281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Several studies have demonstrated that herbal extracts possess various biological effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of the Astragalus gypsicolus (AG) hydroalcoholic extract in early allergic sensitized mice induced by ovalbumin. Phytochemical assay was used to recognize the main active constituents in the AG hydroalcoholic extract. Mice were immunized with subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide. Efficiency of sensitization was assessed by serum IgE levels and eosinophil count. After sensitization, two doses of extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) were injected intrapritoneally. On day 14, mice were challenged with intrapritoneal injection of ovalbumin. IL-4 and IFNγ levels in broncoalveolar lavage fluid, which had been collected on day 15, were assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Our results indicate two main active constituents including flavonoids and terpenoids are present in the AG hydroalcoholic extract. Intrapritoneal injection of the AG hydroalcoholic extract was able to decrease IL-4 and increase IFNγ. It seems the AG hydroalcoholic extract has the potential to modulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in allergy.

142

Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Mani V, Ashok Dundapa T, Watanabe K, Konishi T. Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extracts inhibit acetylcholinesterase and improve cognition in rats with experimentally induced dementia. J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):912-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

Cognitive disorders such as dementia, attention deficits, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been well investigated. However, effective interventions for the promotion and progression of AD are unavailable to date. The present work was undertaken to investigate the effects of the aqueous (300 and 500 mg/kg) and alcoholic (300 and 500 mg/kg) extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves as an antidementic and anticholinesterase agent and also as an immunostimulant in rats. Maximal electroshock, atropine, and cyclosporine were used to induce dementia. The passive avoidance task was used for assessing memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was estimated in different parts of the brain, and immune status was studied using dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin sensitivity tests. In all the three models both aqueous and alcoholic O. sanctum extracts decreased the time taken to reach the shock-free zone and the number of mistakes and significantly decreased the AChE activity in rats. O. sanctum treatment significantly increased the induration in the DNCB skin test. Therefore, O. sanctum was shown to be useful for the management of experimentally induced cognitive dysfunctions in rats.

Gupta RK, Hussain T, Panigrahi G, Das A, Singh GN, Sweety K, Faiyazuddin M, Rao CV. Hepatoprotective effect of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in experimental animals. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Dec;4(12):964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Solanum xanthocarpum (Solanaceae) (S. xanthocarpum) in experimental rats to validate its traditional claim.

METHODS:

50% ethanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum (SXE, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg body weight) was administered daily for 14 days in experimental animals. Liver injury was induced chemically, by CCl(4) administration (1 mL/kg i. p.). The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Serum alkaline phosphatise (SALP) and total bilirubin. Meanwhile, in vivo antioxidant activities as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were screened along with histopathological studies.

143

RESULTS:

Obtained results demonstrated that the treatment with SXE significantly (P<0.05-<0.001) and dose-dependently prevented chemically induced increase in serum levels of hepatic enzymes. Furthermore, SXE significantly (up to P<0.001) reduced the lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue and restored activities of defence antioxidant enzymes GSH, SOD and catalase towards normal levels. Histopathology of the liver tissue showed that SXE attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis and led to reduction of inflammatory cells inflltration.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study strongly indicate the protective effect of SXE against acute liver injury which may be attributed to its hepatoprotective activity, and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

Habtemariam S. Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate and gallic acid from the leaves of Peltiphyllum peltatum: isolation and comparative antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxic effects in neuronal cells. J Med Food. 2011 Nov;14(11):1412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M3MG) is a rare natural product with close structural similarity to gallic acid. In the present report, the isolation of M3MG from Peltiphyllum peltatum leaves and its comparative antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxicity to neuronal SH-SY5Y cells are discussed. When tested in concentrations up to 1 mM, M3MG consistently showed antioxidant activity without prooxidant effect both in cell and cell-free assay models. In contrast to M3MG, gallic acid showed a copper-dependent prooxidant effect that resulted in DNA damage, increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. The identification of M3MG in P. peltatum leaves is furtherz evidence of the great antioxidant potential and nutritional value of the plant.

Habtemariam S. The therapeutic potential of Berberis darwinii stem-bark: quantification of berberine and in vitro evidence for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Aug;6(8):1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Berberis darwinii is native to South America but has been widely distributed in Europe and other continents following its discovery by Charles Darwin. Herewith, the therapeutic potential of stem-bark of the plant for treating Alzheimer's disease was studied using an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay. It was found that the methanolic extract of the stem-bark

144

was a potent inhibitor of the enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.23 +/- 0.05 microg/mL. An HPLC-based berberine quantification study revealed an astonishing 38% yield of the dried methanolic extract.

Haggag EG, Kamal AM, Abdelhady MI, El-Sayed MM, El-Wakil EA, Abd-El-Hamed SS. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of Leucenia leucocephala. Pharm Biol. 2011 Nov;49(11):1103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Cancer is a serious clinical problem to the health care system. Anticancer drugs have been extracted from plants containing phenolic compounds. Leucenia species (Fabaceae) contain a variety of bioactive components of numerous biological and pharmacological properties.

OBJECTIVE:

This study explored the constitutive polyphenols of Leucenia leucocephala Lam. growing in Egypt and evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemical structures of the isolated compounds from the leaves of L. leucocephala were established by spectral techniques (UV, (1)H, and (13)C NMR, MS).

RESULTS:

Chromatographic separation of 80% MeOH extract of the leaves of L. leucocephala have resulted in a novel flavonoid-galloyl glycoside [myricetin 3-O-(2',3'4'-tri-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside] with three known polyphenolic compounds isolated for the first time from this species (apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside methyl ester, and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) and seven known previously isolated compounds. Also, 80% methanol extract exhibited high antioxidant activity (SC(50) = 3.94 µg/ml), which is correlated with its phenolic content. The extract also showed cytotoxic activity against Hep G2 (IC(50) value 1.41 µg/ml) confirming its anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the tested compounds (4-8) for antioxidant property, compound 7 was the most active compound (SC(50) = 2.49 µg/ml). Also compounds 7 and 8 exhibited high cytotoxic activity (IC(50) = 2.41 and 2.81 µg/ml, respectively).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

145

These findings demonstrate that the leaves of L. leucocephala contain a considerable amount of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties, thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products.

Hahm ER, Lee J, Huang Y, Singh SV. Withaferin a suppresses estrogen receptor-α expression in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2011 Aug;50(8):614-24. doi: 10.1002/mc.20760. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

We have shown previously that withaferin A (WA), a promising anticancer constituent of Ayurvedic medicineplant Withania somnifera, inhibits growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture and MDA-MB-231 xenografts in vivo by causing apoptosis. However, the mechanism of WA-induced apoptosis is not fully understood. The present study was designed to systematically determine the role of tumor suppressor p53 and estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) in proapoptotic response to WA using MCF-7, T47D, and ER-α overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells as a model. WA treatment resulted in induction as well as increased S15 phosphorylation of p53 in MCF-7 cells, but RNA interference of this tumor suppressor conferred modest protection at best against WA-induced apoptosis. WA-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells were significantly attenuated in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2). Exposure of MCF-7 cells to WA resulted in a marked decrease in protein levels of ER-α (but not ER-β) and ER-α regulated gene product pS2, and this effect was markedly attenuated in the presence of E2. WA-mediated down-regulation of ER-α protein expression correlated with a decrease in its nuclear level, suppression of its mRNA level, and inhibition of E2-dependent activation of ERE2e1b-luciferase reporter gene. Ectopic expression of ER-α in the MDA-MB-231 cell line conferred partial but statistically significant protection against WA-mediated apoptosis, but not G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these results indicate that WA functions as an anti-estrogen, and the proapoptotic effect of this promising natural product is partially attenuated by p53 knockdown and E2-ER-α.

Hahm ER, Moura MB, Kelley EE, Van Houten B, Shiva S, Singh SV. Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23354. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Withaferin A (WA), a promising anticancer constituent of Ayurvedic medicinal plant Withania somnifera, inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture

146

and MDA-MB-231 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction, but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. We now demonstrate, for the first time, that WA-induced apoptosis is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. WA treatment caused ROS production in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, but not in a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC). The HMEC was also resistant to WA-induced apoptosis. WA-mediated ROS production as well as apoptotic histone-associated DNA fragment release into the cytosol was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. ROS production resulting from WA exposure was accompanied by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of complex III activity. Mitochondrial DNA-deficient Rho-0 variants of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were resistant to WA-induced ROS production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis compared with respective wild-type cells. WA treatment resulted in activation of Bax and Bak in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, and SV40 immortalized embryonic fibroblasts derived from Bax and Bak double knockout mouse were significantly more resistant to WA-induced apoptosis compared with fibroblasts derived from wild-type mouse. In conclusion, the present study provides novel insight into the molecular circuitry of WA-induced apoptosis involving ROS production and activation of Bax/Bak.

Haider S, Nazreen S, Alam MM, Gupta A, Hamid H, Alam MS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of ethanolic extract and its various fractions from Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Dec 8;138(3):741-7 Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

AIM OF THE STUDY:

To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. (Adiantaceae) and its various fractions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The ethanolic extract and its fractions were given at a dose of 200 mg/kg po and 300 mg/kg po for testing their anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract and its fractions has been carried out by tail-flick method and writhing test at a dosage of 300 mg/kg po. Gastric ulceration studies have been further carried out to study the antiulcer effect of the ethanolic extract and its various fractions at dose of 900 mg/kg body weight.

RESULTS:

147

Amongst the tested fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited better inhibition (67.27%) at 300 mg/kg po dosage when compared to the standard drug Indomethacin (63.63%) after 3h in the carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract and its various fractions appear to be related to the inhibition of NO release, and the decreasing TNF-α level. The ethanolic extract and all its fractions especially the ethyl acetate (p<0.01) showed significant analgesic activity with insignificant ulceration as compared to the standard drug, i.e. ibuprofen. The histopathological study of ethanolic extract and its fractions reveals that none of them cause ulcer.

CONCLUSION:

The present study indicates that Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Harishankar N, Vajreswari A, Giridharan NV. WNIN/GR-Ob - an insulin-resistant obese rat model from inbred WNIN strain. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:320-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

WNIN/GR-Ob is a mutant obese rat strain with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) developed at the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India, from the existing 80 year old Wistar rat (WNIN) stock colony. The data presented here pertain to its obese nature along with IGT trait as evidenced by physical, physiological and biochemical parameters. The study also explains its existence, in three phenotypes: homozygous lean (+/+), heterozygous carrier (+/-) and homozygous obese (-/-).

METHODS:

Thirty animals (15 males and 15 females) from each phenotype (+/+, +/-, -/-) and 24 lean and obese (6 males and 6 females) rats were taken for growth and food intake studies respectively. Twelve adult rats from each phenotype were taken for body composition measurement by total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC); 12 rats of both genders from each phenotype at different ages were taken for clinical chemistry parameters. Physiological indices of insulin resistance were calculated according to the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and also by studying U¹⁴C 2-deoxy glucose uptake (2DG).

RESULTS:

WNINGR-Ob mutants had high growth, hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyurea, glycosuria, and significantly lower lean body mass, higher fat mass as compared with carrier and lean rats. These

148

mutants, at 50 days of age displayed abnormal response to glucose load (IGT), hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperleptinaemia. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptakes by diaphragm were significantly decreased in obese rats as compared with lean rats.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Obese rats of the designated WNIN/GR-Ob strain showed obesity with IGT, as adjudged by physical, physiological and biochemical indices. These indices varied among the three phenotypes, being lowest in lean, highest in obese and intermediate in carrier phenotypes thereby suggesting that obesity is inherited as autosomal incomplete dominant trait in this strain. This mutant obese rat model is easy to propagate, and can easily be transformed to frank diabetes model by dietary manipulation and thus can be used for screening anti-diabetic drugs.

He L, Qi Y, Rong X, Jiang J, Yang Q, Yamahara J, Murray M, Li Y. The Ayurvedic Medicine Salacia oblonga Attenuates Diabetic Renal Fibrosis in Rats: Suppression of Angiotensin II/AT1 Signaling. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:807451. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

In human diabetic nephropathy, the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease; fibrosis is closely correlated with renal dysfunction. Although a wide array of medicinal plants play a role in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, there are few reports of the application of herbal medicines in amelioration of renal fibrosis, or the underlying mechanisms by which such benefits are mediated. The efficacy of the Ayurvedic antidiabetic medicine Salacia oblonga (SO) root on rat renal fibrosis was investigated. An aqueous extract from SO (100 mg/kg, p.o., 6 weeks) diminished renal glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, as revealed by van Giesen-staining. SO also reduced renal salt-soluble, acid-soluble and salt-insoluble collagen contents. These changes were accompanied by normalization of hypoalbuminemia and BUN. Gene profiling revealed that the increase in transcripts encoding the glomerulosclerotic mediators collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 observed in ZDF rat kidney was suppressed by SO. In rat-derived mesangial cells, similar to the effect of the AT1 antagonist telmisartan, SO and its major component mangiferin suppressed the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on proliferation and increased mRNA expression and/or activities of collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, AT1, TGF-β1 and PAI-1. Considered together the present findings demonstrate that SO attenuates diabetic renal fibrosis, at least in part by suppressing anigiotensin II/AT1 signaling. Further, it now emerges that mangiferin is an effective antifibrogenic agent.

149

Hemalatha R, Kumar RH, Venkaiah K, Srinivasan K, Brahmam GN. Prevalence of & knowledge, attitude & practices towards HIV & sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) in Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Oct;134:470-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

As part of the baseline survey carried out during 2005-06, biological and behavioural data were generated on about 3200 female sex workers (FSWs), from eight districts of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. This study describes the relationship between socio-demographic and behavioural factors with consistent condom use (CCU) and HIV among FSWs in AP.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among female sex workers (FSW) in eight districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, using conventional cluster sampling and time-location cluster sampling. Key risk behaviours and STIs related to the spread of HIV were assessed. Blood samples were collected to detect syphilis, Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neiserria gonorrhoeae (NG) and HIV serology.

RESULTS:

About 70 per cent of the FSWs were illiterates, nearly 50 per cent were currently married and 41 per cent of the FSWs had sex work as the sole source of income. More than 95 per cent of the FSWs heard of HIV, but about 99 per cent believed that HIV/AIDS cannot be prevented. Logistic regression analysis showed significantly lesser CCU with high client volume, not carrying condom and could not use condom in past 1 month due to various reasons such as non co-operation by the clients. Similarly, CCU was significantly (P<0.001) lesser (only 8.9%) with regular non-commercial partners. Overall there was 16.3 per cent prevalence of HIV amongst FSWs. C. trachomatis and N. gonorrheae were prevalent in 3.4 and 2 per cent of the FSWs, respectively and about 70 per cent of the FSWs were positive for HSV2 serology. HIV was significantly associated with STIs.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Misconception that HIV/AIDS cannot be prevented is very high. Most of the subjects in the present study had first sexual debut at a very young age. HIV was associated with STIs, emphasizing aggressive STI diagnosis and treatment. CCU must be emphasized right from first sexual debut with all clients and non-commercial partners as well.

150

Hemshekhar M, Sebastin Santhosh M, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Emerging Roles of Anacardic Acid and Its Derivatives: A Pharmacological Overview. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011 Nov 21. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00833.x. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Anacardic acid (AA) is a bioactive phytochemical found in nutshell of Anacardium occidentale. Chemically, it is a mixture of several closely related organic compounds, each consisting of salicylic acid substituted with an alkyl chain. The traditional Ayurveda depicts nutshell oil as a medicinal remedy for alexeritic, amebicidal, gingivitis, malaria and syphilitic ulcers. However, the enduring research and emerging evidence suggests that AA could be a potent target molecule with bactericide, fungicide, insecticide, anti-termite and molluscicide properties and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the most serious pathophysiological disorders like cancer, oxidative damage, inflammation and obesity. Furthermore, AA was found to be a common inhibitor of several clinically targeted enzymes such as NFκB kinase, histone acetyltransferase (HATs), lipoxygenase (LOX-1), xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase and ureases. In view of this, we have made an effort to summarize the ongoing research on the therapeutical role of AA and its derivatives. The current MiniReview sheds light on the pharmacological applications, toxicity and allergic responses associated with AA and its derivatives. Although the available records are promising, much more detailed investigations into the therapeutical properties, particularly the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, are urgently needed. We hope the present MiniReview will attract and encourage further research on elucidating and appreciating the possible curative properties of AA and its derivatives in the management of multifactorial diseases.

Hilliard TS, Gaisina IN, Muehlbauer AG, Gaisin AM, Gallier F, Burdette JE. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth. Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Nov;22(10):978-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among US women. Paclitaxel/carboplatin is the current drug therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, but most women develop drug resistance and recurrence of the disease, necessitating alternative strategies for treatment. A possible molecular target for cancer therapy is glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a downstream kinase in the Wnt signaling pathway that is overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer. Novel maleimide-based GSK3β inhibitors (GSK3βi) were synthesized, selected, and tested in vitro using SKOV3 and OVCA432 serous ovarian cancer cell lines. From a panel of 10 inhibitors, GSK3βi 9ING41 was found to be the most effective in vitro. 9ING41 induced apoptosis as indicated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end

151

labeling staining. The mechanism for apoptosis was through caspase-3 cleavage. GSK3βi upregulated phosphorylation of the inhibitory serine residue of GSK3β in OVCA432 and SKOV3 cell lines and also inhibited phosphorylation of the downstream target glycogen synthase. An in-vivo xenograft study using SKOV3 cells demonstrated that tumor progression was hindered by 9ING41 in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 9ING41 was greater than 500 mg/kg in rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed 9ING41 to have a bioavailability of 4.5% and to be well distributed in tissues. Therefore, GSK3β inhibitors alone or in combination with existing drugs may hinder the growth of serous ovarian cancers.

Hullatti KK, Gopikrishna UV, Kuppast IJ. Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011 Oct;2(4):241-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Ayurvedic system of medicine is well known for treating renal problems. A vast number of medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine are known to possess diuretic properties. Present study reports the preliminary phytochemical investigation of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cyclea peltata and their diuretic activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of phytosterols and alkaloids as major phytoconstituents in petroleum ether extract. The ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes and saponins. Pharmacological investigation revealed that ethanolic extract of C. peltata leaves possessed significant diuretic activity in a given dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.7 and 2.6, respectively). Where as petroleum ether extract has shown moderate diuresis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.1). The present study justifies the use of C. peltata in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as a diuretic drug.

Jagtap M, Chandola HM, Ravishankar B. Clinical efficacy of Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. (Makandi) in hypertension of geriatric population. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):59-65. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Hypertension is the most common psychosomatic disorder affecting 972 million people worldwide. The present clinical study deals with the effect of Makandi (Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq.) Ghana vati and tablets of its powder in hypertension found in the geriatric age group (50-80 years). A total of 49 hypertensive patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria were registered in two groups-Group I (Ghana vati) and Group II (Churna tablet). Out of 27 enrolled patients of group I, 21 patients completed the treatment. In Group II, out of 22 registered

152

patients, a total of 20 patients completed the treatment. The effect of the therapy was assessed on the basis of changes in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, in both sitting and supine positions; with Manasa Bhava Pariksha, Manasa Vibhrama Pariksha, symptomatology, geriatric signs and symptoms, and a brief psychiatric rating scale. Analysis of the results showed that the treatment in both the groups had been found to be good. It can be stated that Makandi, either in Ghana vati form or in churna tablet form, is an effective remedy for the treatment of hypertension. On analyzing the overall effect, 76.19% patients in Group I and 75.00% patients in Group II were mildly improved. Comparatively the overall treatment with group I was found to be better.

Jalalpure SS, Mandavkar YD, Khalure PR, Shinde GS, Shelar PA, Shah AS. Antiarthritic activity of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Dec 8;138(3):700-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Mesua ferrea Linn. (Cluciaseae), Cobra's saffron, is named after the heaviness of its timber and is cultivated in tropical climates for its form, foliage, and fragrant flowers. It is prescribed in the Ayurvedic literature for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and rheumatic conditions.

OBJECTIVE:

In present investigation, activity of Mesua ferrea and its evaluation in the formaldehyde and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats is reported.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The extracts obtained from successive extraction were subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation and antiarthritic activity was evaluated by inducing formaldehyde and CFA. Body weight changes and haematological parameters were measured.

RESULTS:

The results indicate that Mesua ferrea protects rats against formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. The body weight changes and haematological perturbations induced by CFA were maintained. The overall results indicated that Mesua ferrea exerts a potent protective effect against formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.

CONCLUSION:

153

These findings demonstrate that the present study validates the ethnomedicinal use of seeds of Mesua ferrea in the treatment of arthritis conditions.

Jeloka TK, Jhamnani A. Survival of elderly/dialysis patients--a single center study from India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011 Jul;59:412-4. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: In the absence of national registry and uniformity of treatment, survival of patients on dialysis in our country has been variedly reported. There are no published data on survival of elderly patients (>65 years) on dialysis. Because of several social, economical and practical reasons (mentioned below), not many elderly chronic kidney disease patients opt for dialysis. It is worth while to look into the data of survival of elderly CKD (chronic kidney disease) patients on dialysis to justify the treatment. All CKD patients who continued dialysis for more than 1 month at our center from 1st November 2006 to 31st August 2009 were included in the analysis. Patients who moved to their native place after initiation of dialysis, underwent transplant, discontinued dialysis for personal reasons, or died in the first month were excluded. The survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier) and the demographics were calculated for the elderly group and compared with the young ones (Independent sample T-test). 86 adult patients were included in the retrospective survival analysis, out of which 18 were elderly (21%). Mean age of elderly patients on dialysis was 72.3 +/- 7 years. 77.7 % were males and 77.7 % were diabetics. Median survival of these patients was 25.6 months (SE 10, and 95% CI 5.9 - 45.3) while the younger ones had a median survival of 79.6 months (SE 7.9, 95% CI 64 - 95.3). 24 months survival calculated from KM data set was 41.1% in the elderly whereas it was 96.9% in the young age group. It is conclude that Median survival of elderly dialysis patients is more than 2 years and 2 year survival is more than 40%. Elderly CKD patients, hence, should be encouraged for renal replacement therapy rather than discouraging them with poor survival.

Jisha S, Sreeja S, Manjula S. In vitro & in vivo estrogenic activity of glycoside fractions of Solanum nigrum fruit. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:369-74. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

The mature fruits of Solanum nigrum contains steroidal glycosides. These are often used as vegetable and there are evidences on tribal use of these fruits as an oral contraceptive. The present study was carried out to evaluate the estrogenic potential of S. nigrum fruits by in vitro and in vivo assays.

154

METHODS:

Defatted methanol extract of dried S. nigrum fruits was column fractionated and the glycoside positive fractions pooled. Definite concentrations of the fraction were used for in vitro and in vivo assays. The effect on cell viability was analyzed in MCF-7 cell lines by MTT assay followed by in vitro evaluation of estrogenicity by hydroxy apatite (HAP) binding assay. The results were further evaluated in vivo by performing uterotrophic assay in ovariectomized mouse models.

RESULTS:

At low concentration (40 μg/ml), SNGF induced a dose-dependent increase in MCF-7 cell proliferation, while higher extract concentrations (80-320 μg/ml) caused progressive cell growth inhibition. The competitive binding assay using ³H-E₂ suggests that this effect is mediated by estrogen receptor. Mouse uterotrophic assay revealed a classical uterotrophic response in ovariectomized mice in response to S. nigrum glycoside fraction (SNGF). SNGF at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body wt induced the maximum height of luminal epithelial cells which indicated an increase of 30.8 per cent over control (P<0.01) with a correlated increase in uterine wet wt (150% increase over control). Higher doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body wt) of SNGF did not induce any uterotrophic effect.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Our preliminary data demonstrate the hormone like activity of Solanum glycosides both in vitro and in vivo in mouse, which needs to be further explored to evaluate the possible mechanism and clinical implications.

Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA. Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus & Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jul;134:101-6. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. Plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents. The present study assessed the role of larvicidal activities of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol dried leaf and bark extracts of Annona squamosa L., Chrysanthemum indicum L., and Tridax procumbens L.

155

against the fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae).

METHODS:

Larvicidal activities of three medicinal plant extracts were studied in the range of 4.69 to 1000 mg/l in the laboratory bioassays against early 4 th instar larvae of An. subpictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to determine the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) to kill 50 and 90 per cent of the treated larvae of the respective species.

RESULTS:

All plant extracts showed moderate effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest toxic effect of bark methanol extract of A. squamosa, leaf ethyl acetate extract of C. indicum and leaf acetone extract of T. procumbens against the larvae of An. subpictus (LC 50 = 93.80, 39.98 and 51.57 mg/l) and bark methanol extract of A. squamosa, leaf methanol extract of C. indicum and leaf ethyl acetate extract of T. procumbens against the larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (LC50 =104.94, 42.29 and 69.16 mg/l) respectively.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Our data suggest that the bark ethyl acetate and methanol extract of A. squamosa, leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extract of C. indicum, acetone and ethyl acetate extract of T. procumbens have the potential to be used as an ecofriendly approach for the control of the An. subpictus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

Kannan R, Babu UV. Pharmacognostical Studies on Balanophora fungosa – a Negative Listed Plant. Anc Sci Life. 2011 Jul;31(1):22-5Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Balanophora fungosa Forster & Forster ssp. indica (Arn.) B. Hansen var. indica, (Balanophoraceae) syn. B. indica, is a root parasite found in hills of south India. This plant is included in the list of negative list, which are restricted and prohibited for export. Though it is not an official drug in any of the indigenous systems ofmedicine in India, it is used in tribal medicines in south India. However, it is found in crude drug markets as substitute/adulterant for the Ayurvedic drug Gajapippali (Scindapsus officinalis). Few phytochemical constituents were reported on this plant. However, there is no pharmacognostical report to authenticate the commercial samples of B. fungosa and to differentiate them from Scindapsus officinalis. This article describes the pharmacognostical characteristics of Balanophora fungosa and diagnostic features to differentiate it from Scindapsus officinalis.

156

King SM, Hilliard TS, Wu LY, Jaffe RC, Fazleabas AT, Burdette JE. The impact of ovulation on fallopian tube epithelial cells: evaluating three hypotheses connecting ovulation and serous ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011 Sep 20;18(5):627-42. Print 2011 Oct. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy affecting American women. Current hypotheses concerning the etiology of ovarian cancer propose that a reduction in the lifetime number of ovulations decreases ovarian cancer risk. Advanced serous carcinoma shares several biomarkers with fallopian tube epithelial cells, suggesting that some forms of ovarian carcinoma may originate in the fallopian tube. Currently, the impact of ovulation on the tubal epithelium is unknown. In CD1 mice, ovulation did not increase tubal epithelial cell (TEC) proliferation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining as compared to unstimulated animals. In superovulated mice, an increase in the number of pro-inflammatory macrophages was detected in the oviduct. Ovulation also increased levels of phospho-γH2A.X in TEC, indicating that these cells were susceptible to double-strand DNA breakage following ovulation. To determine which components of ovulation contributed to DNA damage in the fallopian tube, an immortalized baboon TEC cell line and a three-dimensional organ culture system for mouse oviduct and baboon fallopian tubes were developed. TEC did not proliferate or display increased DNA damage in response to the gonadotropins or estradiol alone in vitro. Oxidative stress generated by treatment with hydrogen peroxide or macrophage-conditioned medium increased DNA damage in TEC in culture. Ovulation may impact the fallopian tube epithelium by generating DNA damage and stimulating macrophage infiltration but does not increase proliferation through gonadotropin signaling.

Kokkiripati PK, Bhakshu LM, Marri S, Padmasree K, Row AT, Raghavendra AS, Tetali SD. Gum resin of Boswellia serrata inhibited human monocytic (THP-1) cell activation and platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):893-901 Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Stem bark gum resin extract of Boswellia serrata is traditionally used in India for its hemostatic, antiinflammatory and cardiovascular health effects and it is named as Śallakī in Ayurvedic medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

157

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and antithrombotic properties of stem bark gum resin extracts of Boswellia serrata (BS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The inhibitory activity of the BSWE and BSAE on FeCl(3) induced lipid peroxidation (in vitro) in rat liver and heart homogenates was measured spectrophotometrically. Their effect on H(2)O(2) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human monocytic (THP-1) cells was investigated by tracking intensity of a cell permeable fluorescent dye, H(2)DCFDA and subjecting the cell samples to confocal microscopy. Further, the effect of BSAE and BSWE on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was assessed using a multimode detection plate reader, plasma coagulation times using an automated blood coagulation analyzer and on human blood clotting factors Xa and XIa using chromogenic substrate. Phytomarker analysis of the water (BSWE) and hydroalcoholic (BSAE) extracts of BS-gum resin was done through HPLC using a standard compound AKβBA.

RESULTS:

BSAE and BSWE inhibited, to varied extents, the lipid peroxidation in liver (80%) and heart (50%) tissue homogenates of male Wistar rats. Further, BSAE (30 μg dwt/mL) and BSWE (300 μg dwt/mL) attenuated ≥ 60% of H(2)O(2) mediated ROS generation in THP-1 cells. In case of standard compounds, ascorbate (20 μg dwt/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (10 μg dwt/mL) completely scavenged ROS in the cells. BSAE and BSWE at 3 mg dwt/mL completely inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation and activities were comparable to 20 μg/mL of heparin. The extracts also showed very high activity in prolonging coagulation time periods. Both types of extracts extended prothrombin time (PT) from ∼13 to >60s and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) from ∼32s to >90s. BSAE inhibited clotting factors Xa and XIa remarkably at 6 μg of dwt where as BSWE did not show much effect on FXa and showed 30% inhibition on FXIa at 120 μg. 10 μg of heparin was required to inhibit about 30% activity of the above factors. HPLC analyses suggested that BSAE and BSWE had AKβBA of 9% (w/w) and 7.8% (w/w) respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Present study demonstrated antioxidant and antithrombotic anticoagulant activities of water and hydroalcoholic extracts of Boswellia serrata's gum resin. We suggest that BS-gum resin as a good source for lead/therapeutic compounds possessing antioxidant, antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities.

Kumerz M, Heiss EH, Schachner D, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM. Resveratrol inhibits migration and Rac1 activation in EGF- but not PDGF-activated vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Nutr

158

Food Res. 2011 Aug;55(8):1230-6. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

SCOPE:

Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) reflects one of the initial steps in atherosclerosis. Resveratrol (RV) is suggested to mediate putative vasoprotective properties of red wine leading to the hypothesis that RV interferes with growth factor-induced migration of VSMC.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

We show here that RV (50 μM) strongly reduces epidermal growth factor (EGF)- but not platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC migration using the wound-healing technique. Accordingly, RV inhibited Rac1 activation and lamellipodia formation in response to EGF but not PDGF as shown by pull-down assays and fluorescence microscopy after actin staining with phalloidin-FITC, respectively. Since Src-family kinases and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) are reported to be crucial upstream mediators of Rac1 activation we examined the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the src kinase inhibitor SU6656 side-by-side with RV for their anti-migratory potential. Whereas src inhibition abrogated both EGF- and PDGF-triggered migration, wortmannin, like RV, was more effective in EGF- than PDGF-activated cells, suggesting that PI3K inhibition, previously shown for RV in growth factor-activated VSMC, contributes to the anti-migratory effect of RV in EGF-stimulated VSMC.

CONCLUSION:

This study is the first to discover an anti-migratory potential of RV in EGF-activated VSMC that is most likely mediated via Rac1 inhibition.

Lakshmanan D, Werngren J, Jose L, Suja KP, Nair MS, Varma RL, Mundayoor S, Hoffner S, Kumar RA. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Fitoterapia. 2011 Jul;82(5):757-61. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.006. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Many plants are used in Ayurveda for the treatment of tuberculosis. Our aim was to examine if these plants possess any specific molecule that inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One of them, Kaempferia galanga, yielded an anti-TB molecule, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). By resazurin microtitre assay (REMA), EPMC was shown to inhibit M. tuberculosis H37Ra, H37Rv, drug susceptible and multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates (MIC 0.242-0.485mM).

159

No cross resistance was observed to any standard anti-TB drugs in the MDR strains. The compound did not inhibit any prototype bacteria tested. EPMC seems to be a potential anti-TB lead molecule.

Larissa J.R.P. Raymundo, Carolina C. Guilhon, Daniela S. Alviano, Maria Eline Matheus, Angelo R. Antoniolli, Socrates C.H. Cavalcanti, Pericles B. Alves, Celuta S. Alviano, Patricia D. Fernandes, Characterisation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit essential oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011;134(3):725-732. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8D-521NWBK-4/2/75a5d9c18ec507d1536d7e92b1042666.

Abstract:

Aim of the study: Hyptis pectinata Poit (Lamiaceae) is grown in the northeastern regions of Brazil and is popularly known as 'sambacaita' or 'canudinho'. It is extensively used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, bacterial infections, pain, and cancer.Materials and methods: Hyptis pectinata essential oil (EO, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and the reference drugs morphine (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated using models for analgesia (acetic acid-induced contortions and hot plate) or inflammation (formalin-induced licking response and the subcutaneous air-pouch model). To elucidate the EO's mechanism of action, animals were pre-treated with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.), the cholinergic antagonist atropine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), or l-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the oral administration of the EO.Results: The EO significantly inhibited the number of writhings and the time the animals spent licking their formalin-injected paws (second phase). The EO, at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, increased baseline measurements and area under the curve measurements in the hot plate model, respectively. The administration of naloxone reversed the antinociceptive effect of the EO in the hot plate model. l-NAME significantly reversed the effects of the EO in the contortions and hot plate models. Atropine completely reversed the antinociceptive activity of the EO in all models. Additionally, the EO inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, exudate 2011;, protein concentration, and inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, IL-6, and TNF-[alpha]) produced in the pouch.Conclusions: Our results indicate that the Hyptis pectinata essential oil exhibits antinociceptive effects, likely mediated by opioid and cholinergic receptors, and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide and PGE2 production.

Li J, Gödecke T, Chen SN, Imai A, Lankin DC, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Nikolić D. In vitro metabolic interactions between black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and

160

tamoxifen via inhibition of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A4. Xenobiotica. 2011 Aug 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Women who experience hot flashes as a side effect of tamoxifen (TAM) therapy often try botanical remedies such as black cohosh to alleviate these symptoms. Since pharmacological activity of TAM is dependent on the metabolic conversion into active metabolites by the action of cytochromes P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and 3A4, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether black cohosh extracts can inhibit formation of active TAM metabolites and possibly reduce its clinical efficacy. At 50 μg/mL, a 75% ethanolic extract of black cohosh inhibited formation of 4-hydroxy- TAM by 66.3%, N-desmethyl TAM by 74.6% and α-hydroxy TAM by 80.3%. In addition, using midazolam and dextromethorphan as probe substrates, this extract inhibited CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 with IC(50) values of 16.5 and 50.1 μg/mL, respectively. Eight triterpene glycosides were identified as competitive CYP3A4 inhibitors with IC(50) values ranging from 2.3-5.1 µM, while the alkaloids protopine and allocryptopine were identified as competitive CYP2D6 inhibitors with K(i) values of 78 and 122 nM, respectively. The results of this study suggests that co-administration of black cohosh with TAM might interfere with the clinical efficacy of this drug. However, additional clinical studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these in vitro results.

Liu C, Li XW, Cui LM, Li LC, Chen LY, Zhang XW. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by TTF1 from extract of herbal medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov 28;17(44):4875-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

AIM:

To study the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by 5,2,4´-trihydroxy-6,7,5´-trimethoxyflavone (TTF1) isolated from an extract of herbal medicine Sorbaria sorbifolia.

METHODS:

Angiogenic activity was assayed using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) method. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by staining tissue sections immunohistochemically for CD34 using the Weidner capillary counting method. The mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelialgrowth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, Flk-1/KDR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), cyclo-oxygenase

161

(COX)-2 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS:

The TTF1 inhibition rates for CAM were 30.8%, 38.2% and 47.5% with treatment concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg/embryo × 5 d, respectively. The inhibitory rates for tumor size were 43.8%, 49.4% and 59.6% at TTF1 treatment concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μmol/kg, respectively. The average MVD was 14.2, 11.2 and 8.5 at treatment concentrations of 5 μmol/kg, 10 μmol/kg and 20 μmol/kg TTF1, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, COX-2 and HIF-1α in mice treated with TTF1 were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSION:

TTF1 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and the mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, HIF-1α and COX-2.

Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. Pharm Biol. 2011 Dec;49(12):1234-42. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

CONTEXT:

Shankhpushpi, a well-known drug in Ayurveda, is extensively used for different central nervous system (CNS) effects especially memory enhancement. Different plants are used under the name shankhpushpi in different regions of India, leading to an uncertainty regarding its true source. Plants commonly used under the name shankhpushpi are: Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois., Evolvulus alsinoides Linn., both from Convolvulaceae, and Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Leguminosae).

OBJECTIVE:

To find out the true source of shankhpushpi by evaluating and comparing memory-enhancing activity of the three above mentioned plants. Anxiolytic, antidepressant and CNS-depressant activities of these three plants were also compared and evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The nootropic activity of the aqueous methanol extract of each plant was tested using elevated plus-maze (EPM) and step-down models. Anxiolytic, antidepressant and CNS-depressant studies were evaluated using EPM, Porsolt?s swim despair and actophotometer models, respectively.

162

RESULTS:

C. pluricaulis extract (CPE) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, p.o. showed maximum nootropic and anxiolytic activity (p < 0.001). E. alsinoides extract (EAE) and C. ternatea extract (CTE) showed maximum memory-enhancing and anxiolytic activity (p < 0.001) at 200 and 100?mg/kg, respectively. Amongst the three plants, EAE and CTE showed significant (p < 0.05), while CPE did not exhibit any antidepressant activity. All the three plants showed CNS-depressant action at higher dose levels.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:

The above results showed all the three plants possess nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant activity. The results of memory-enhancing activity suggest C. pluricaulis to be used as true source of shankhpushpi.

Mathen C, Peter SM, Hardikar BP. Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Poecilocerus pictus and Calotropis gigantea. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2011;30(1):83-92. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Calotropis gigantea, the giant milkweed, is traditionally used for the treatment of cancer and in Ayurvedic medicine as an anti-helminthic, anti-pyretic, and anti-malarial agent. Poecilocerus pictus, an orthopteran insect, feeds on C. gigantea and both are known to possess cardiac glycosides. The increasing reports on the specific cytotoxicity of cardiac glycosides on human tumor cell lines led us to attempt characterization and comparative evaluation of cardenolides in both the insect and plant extracts for their anti-tumor and apoptotic potential.Chemical characterization using high-performance thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectra analysis confirmed the presence of cardiac glycosides, but differences in the components of the insect extract were indicative of biotransformation. The cytotoxicity studies revealed a more potent trend for the insect extract compared with the plant extract on A549 and COLO205 cells. There was a considerably lesser measure of toxicity on WI38 cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas B16F1 remained unaffected by both extracts. DNA ploidy analysis on COLO205 indicated that both extracts induced dose-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, both the insect and the plant extracts differentiate between human cancer cells and normal cells and exhibit species specificity. Further investigations are necessary to establish these extracts as promising lead candidates for anti-neoplastic activity.

163

Minhas U, Minz R, Das P, Bhatnagar A. Therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLE. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Dec 13. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus commonly known as lupus is an intricate disorder with multiple organ involvement characterized primarily by inflammation caused due to deposition of immune-complexes formed by production of autoantibodies against nuclear, nucleolar as well as cytoplasmic self-antigens. Lack of availability of suitable treatments or treatments that are only symptomatic calls for investigation of possible modalities. Withania somnifera with its immunomodulatory properties is prescribed for arthritis in ayurveda. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera pure root powder (at 1,000 and 500 mg/kg body weight) on pristane-induced Balb/c model of lupus was investigated to elucidate its remedial outcome on SLE. SLE-like symptoms are produced in the model of lupus: production of autoantibodies, proteinuria, nephritis as well as immune-complex deposition along with various other inflammatory markers such as formation of lipogranuloma, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Withania somnifera was found to have potent inhibitory effect on proteinuria, nephritis and other inflammatory markers. Humoral response, however, was found to be impervious. The potent reduction in inflammation in the present model of lupus suggests further investigation of this herb for its possible therapeutic use in SLE.

Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Ahirwar A, Samarth R, Upadhyaya R, Jain SK, Pathak N. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anticarcinogenic and cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction from a traditional Indian herb Selaginella bryopteris. Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106(8):1154-68. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/..

Abstract

Prevention of cancer through nutritional intervention has gained significant recognition in recent years. Evidence revealed from mechanistic investigations coupled with molecular epidemiology show an inverse association of dietary flavonoids intake with cancer risk. The chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic potential of Selaginella bryopteris, a traditional Indian herb referred to as 'Sanjeevani' in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, was examined in the present study. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted on the flavonoid-rich benzene fraction of the aqueous extract that demonstrated a significant cytoprotective activity. Biomarkers of chemoprevention such as proliferative index and status of cell-cycle regulatory proteins, antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory effect, reversal of stress-induced senescence and genoprotective effect were investigated in human and murine cell cultures. Chemopreventive potential was assessed in benzopyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis and 7,12-dimethyl

164

benz(a)anthracene-mediated skin papillomagenesis test models. Inhibition of DNA fragmentation, unperturbed cell-cycle regulation, maintenance of intracellular antioxidant defence, anti-inflammatory activity, prevention of stress-induced senescence and genoprotective effects against methyl isocyanate carcinogenicity was observed. Medium-term anticarcinogenicity and two-stage skin papillomagenesis tests strongly substantiated our in vitro observations. Results from the present study provide evidence of anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive activities of S. bryopteris hitherto unreported and reaffirm the nutritional significance of flavonoids in cancer prevention.

Mora FD, Ríos N, Rojas LB, Díaz T, Velasco J, Carmona JA, Silva B. Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Phthirusa adunca from Venezuelan Andes. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Jul;6(7):1051-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

In this paper, preliminary studies on the chemical characterization of Phthirusa adunca Meyer essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, is presented. The separation of the components was performed by GC-MS. Twenty-three compounds (94.5% of the sample) were identified of which the three major ones (76% of the sample) were beta-phellandrene (38.1%), germacrene D (26.8%) and beta-pinene (11.5%). The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of activity against Salmonella Typhi CDC 57 (100 microg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (200 microg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (250 microg/mL), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (500 microg/mL). This is the first report on the composition and activity of the essential oil of this species.

More SD, Dwivedi RR. A clinical study of Panchakola Siddha Yavagu in the management of Agnimandya. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):70-5. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

This research is carried out with the aim to study Agnidipana effect of Panchakola Siddha Yavagu which comprises Pippali (Piper longum), Pippalimula (root of Piper longum), Chavya (Piper chaba Hunter), Chitraka (Plumbago zelynica) and Nagara (Zingiber officinale) which are all in equal proportion processed in six times of water. A randomized open clinical trial on 47 patients of Agnimandya has been screened on the basis of clinical findings and the patients were allocated to two groups. Group A having 29 cases received the trial drug (Panchakola Siddha Yavagu) and 18 cases in Group B received simple Yavagu with roasted rice powder as the control group. Special scoring pattern was done for the assessment of Agnimandya state.

165

Complete cure of the patient was found in 17.24% of the patients, 34.48% patients were improved moderately as well as markedly, whereas mild improvement was observed in 13.80% patients by treatment with Panchakola Yavagu.

Nariya PB, Bhalodia NR, Shukla VJ, Acharya RN. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Cordia dichotoma (Forster F.) bark extracts. Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):585-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Cordia dichotoma Forst.f. bark, identified as botanical source of Shlesmataka in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias. Present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Cordia dichotoma bark. Antibacterial activity of methanol and butanol extracts of the bark was carried out against two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram positive bacteria (St. pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus). The antifungal activity of the extracts was carried out against three common pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, A.clavatus, and Candida albicans). Zone of inhibition of extracts was compared with that of different standards like Amplicilline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and Nystain and Greseofulvin for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable inhibition of zone of bacterial growth and fungal growth and the results obtained were comparable with that of standards drugs against the organisms tested. The activity of extracts increased linearly with increase in concentration of extract (mg/ml). The results showed the antibacterial and antifungal activity against the organisms tested.

Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Feistel B, Glotov N, Heinrich M. Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Nov 9;59(21):11367-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon) has a long history of use as a spice and remedy. Two well-described "cultivars" (Russian and French) are used widely and differ in ploidy level, morphology, and chemistry. Key biologically active secondary metabolites are essential oils (0.15-3.1%), coumarins (>1%), flavonoids, and phenolcarbonic acids. In vivo studies mainly in rodents, particularly from Russian sources, highlight potential anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antihyperglycemic effects. Despite concerns about the toxic effects of two of its main constituents, estragole (up to 82%) and methyleugenol (up to 39%), no acute toxicity or mutagenic activity has been reported at doses relevant for human consumption. Water extracts

166

of A. dracunculus contain very low amounts of estragole and methyleugenol and, therefore, are considered to pose a very limited risk. Overall, a stronger focus on clinical studies and precise taxonomic and phytochemical definition of the source material will be essential for future research efforts.

Olszewska MA. In vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the inflorescences, leaves and fruits of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Nov-Dec;68(6):945-53. Erratum in: Acta Pol Pharm. 2012 Jan-Feb;69(1):167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

The antioxidant potential of 70% methanolic extracts from the inflorescences, leaves and fruits of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz was evaluated using three in vitro test systems: the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and the ABTS [2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] free radical scavenging assays, and the AAPH [2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride]-induced [corrected] linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation test. The results were compared with the activity of the extracts obtained from the model antioxidant Sorbus species (Sorbus aucuparia L.), and also with the activity of phenolic standards such as quercetin, Trolox [(+/-)-6-hydroxy-2,2,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid], BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and TBHQ (tert-butylhydroquinone). The radical scavenging capacities of the S. torminalis extracts towards the DPPH radical were in the range of 62.0-244.1 micromolar Trolox equivalents/g d.w. of plant material. They were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the results of the ABTS test (r = 0.8535), and with the chain-breaking activities determined in the LA-peroxidation test (r = 0.9831). In comparison with the synthetic standards, the free radical scavenging capacity of the Sorbus extracts was remarkably higher than their chain-breaking activity. Both kinds of antioxidant effects of the extracts were significantly (R2 > 0.8097, p < 0.05) influenced by the total phenolic content (TPC) as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The plant tissues derived from S. torminalis exhibited lower antioxidant potentials than those of S. aucuparia by a factor of 1.5-3.2, partially due to the lower TPC levels (multiplicity factors of 1.2-1.9). After the original antioxidant capacities of the extracts were recalculated according to the TPC levels, the resulting antioxidant capacities of the phenolic fractions in the S. torminalis extracts were lower than those from S. aucuparia by a factor of 1.1-1.6, suggesting that the distinctive chemistry of the phenolic constituents also influences the antioxidant power of the two species.

Park B, Prasad S, Yadav V, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Boswellic acid suppresses growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model through modulation of multiple targets. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26943. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

167

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is one of the most lethal cancers, with an estimated 5-year survival of <5% even when patients are given the best treatment available. In addition, these treatments are often toxic and expensive, thus new agents which are safe, affordable and effective are urgently needed. We describe here the results of our study with acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), an agent obtained from an Ayurvedic medicine, gum resin of Boswellia serrata. Whether AKBA has an activity against human PaCa, was examined in in vitro models and in an orthotopic nude mouse model of PaCa. We found that AKBA inhibited the proliferation of four different PaCa cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-28, and MIA PaCa-2 with K-Ras and p53 mutations, and BxPC-3 with wild-type K-Ras and p53 mutation). These effects correlated with an inhibition of constitutively active NF-κB and suppression of NF-κB regulating gene expression. AKBA also induced apoptosis, and sensitized the cells to apoptotic effects of gemcitabine. In the orthotopic nude mouse model of PaCa, p.o. administration of AKBA alone (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the tumor growth; this activity was enhanced by gemcitabine. In addition, AKBA inhibited the metastasis of the PaCa to spleen, liver, and lungs. This correlated with decreases in Ki-67, a biomarker of proliferation, and CD31, a biomarker of microvessel density, in the tumor tissue. AKBA produced significant decreases in the expression of NF-κB regulating genes in the tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed AKBA downregulated the expression of COX-2, MMP-9, CXCR4, and VEGF in the tissues. Overall these results demonstrate that AKBA can suppress the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model that correlates with modulation of multiple targets.

Patel BR, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B. Study on the diuretic activity of Veerataru Kwatha in albino rats. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):395-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diuretic activity of Veerataru [Dichrostachys cinerea (Linn.)] Kwatha in experimental animals by following the standard procedure. Randomly selected animals were divided into three groups of six animals each. The root of Veerataru was administered orally in the form of Kwatha at a dose of 5.4 and 10.8 ml/kg. Parameters like volume of urine, pH of urine and urinary electrolyte concentrations like sodium, potassium and chloride were studied. Veerataru Kwatha increased the urine output in a dose-dependent manner. However, it did not affect the urinary electrolyte concentrations. From the present study, it can be concluded that the root of Veerataru has diuretic property.

Patel K, Gupta SN, Shah N. Effect of Ayurvedic management in 130 patients of diabetic nephropathy. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):55-8. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

168

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy is a specific form of renal disease. It is a major cause of renal insufficiency and ultimately of death. The present study has been carried out to prove the efficacy of Ayurvedic drugs in the management of diabetic nephropathy, which can be helpful in reducing the need of dialysis and avoiding or delaying renal transplantation. A total of 130 patients of this disease were treated in IPD (Group A) and OPD (Group B). Ayurvedic formulations including Gokshuradi Guggulu, Bhumyamalaki, Vasa and Shilajatvadi Vati were given to all the patients for 2 months. Group A patients were given special planned food. Results were analyzed statistically using "t" test. In group A patients, highly significant reduction was found in the values of serum creatinine, blood urea and urinary excretion of albumin. Marked improvement was found in the patients' general physical well-being, together with reduction in symptoms, in group A patients. This shows the importance of Pathyapathya in Ayurvedic management of the disease. This management may bring some new hope to the patients of diabetic nephropathy, which usually terminates to chronic renal failure and ultimately to death. Further studies are being carried out in this regard.

Patel MV, Gupta SN, Patel NG. Effects of Ayurvedic treatment on 100 patients of chronic renal failure (other than diabetic nephropathy). Ayu. 2011 Oct;32(4):483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Chronic renal failure (CRF) refers to an irreversible deterioration in renal function, which develops over a period of years. This initially manifests only as a biochemical abnormality. CRF is considered when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 30 ml/min. The conventional approach of management includes dialysis and renal transplantation, which are not affordable by Indian population mainly due to economic reasons. Therefore, exploration of a safe and alternative therapy is needed, which proves to be helpful in reducing the requirement of dialysis and in postponing the renal transplantation. A clinical study of 100 patients of CRF was conducted at OPD and IPD of PD Patel Ayurved Hospital, Nadiad. They were given Niruha basti of Punarnavadi kvatha daily with oral medicaments including Goksuradi guggulu, Rasayana churna, and Varunadi kvatha for 1 month period. The patients of CRF, having diabetic nephropathy as a cause, were excluded since a separate study for diabetic nephropathy is being conducted. Results were analyzed statistically using the "t" test. The symptoms and signs, serum creatinine, blood urea, urine albumin level were reduced, which were found to be statistically highly significant on "t" test.

169

Patel RV, Kori VK, Patel KS. A clinical study of Devadarvyadi-Vati on Grahani Dosha in children. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):187-91. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Childhood period is considered as the period of rapid growth and development, as it is the crucial stage of establishing future. Gastro-intestinal disorders show high prevalence in pediatric practice. These conditions generally produce chronic illness. Grahanidosha is a disease related with Agnidushti. This condition is seen more in childhood period due to faulty dietary habit and changing lifestyle. The present paper deals with study on etiopathogenesis of Grahanidosha and evaluates the efficacy of Deavadarvyadi-Vati. The etiological factors and symptoms were observed carefully to make clear etiopathogenesis. Total 32 patients (3-12 years) were registered and randomly divided into two groups. In Group A Devadarvyadi-Vati (treated group) and in Group B Bhunimbadi-Vati (control group) given for 4 weeks with Koshna Jala. In Group A (Devadarvyadi-Vati), marked improvement was observed in 21.43% of the patients, moderate improvement was observed in 57.14% of patients and mild improvement was observed in 21.43% of patients.

Pathak N. Reverse pharmacology of Ayurvedic drugs includes mechanisms of molecular actions. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Apr;2(2):49-50. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Obesity is defined as the condition in which excessive amount of fat is accumulated in the body. ClassicalAyurvedic texts describe eight types of despicable designated as 'Nindita purusha' including atisthaulya. Corpulent people are characterized by short in longevity, slow movement, difficult to indulge in sex, weak, emission of bad body odor, profuse perspiration, excessive hunger and excessive thirst. Sixty to seventy percent of cardiac patients die of obesity and contribute to develop coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia. In the present study, 66 patients of obesity were treated with Shilajatu processed with Agnimantha. After complition of therapy, 5.09 ± 0.24 kg and 2.06 ± 0.10 kg/m(2) reduction of body weight and body mass index, respectively were noted. The result was found to be statistically highly significant (P<0.001). No adverse effects were observed in any of the treated patients.

Policegoudra RS, Aradhya SM, Singh L. Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)--a promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities. J Biosci. 2011 Sep;36(4):739-48. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

170

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour. The main use of mango ginger rhizome is in the manufacture of pickles and culinary preparations. Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The biological activities of mango ginger include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, antiallergic activity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, brine-shrimp lethal activity, enterokinase inhibitory activity, CNS depressant and analgesic activity. The major chemical components include starch, phenolic acids, volatile oils, curcuminoids and terpenoids like difurocumenonol, amadannulen and amadaldehyde. This article brings to light the major active components present in C. amada along with their biological activities that may be important from the pharmacological point of view.

Rajan KE, Singh HK, Parkavi A, Charles PD. Attenuation of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide induced hippocampus-dependent memory impairment by a standardised extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08). Neurochem Res. 2011 Nov;36(11):2136-44. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Bacopa monniera is a well-known medhya-rasayana (memory enhancing and rejuvenating) plant in Indian traditional medical system of Ayurveda. The effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08) on serotonergic receptors and its influence on other neurotransmitters during hippocampal-dependent learning was evaluated in the present study. Wistar rat pups received a single dose of BESEB CDRI-08 during postnatal days 15-29 showed higher latency during hippocampal-dependent learning accompanied with enhanced 5HT(3A) receptor expression, serotonin and acetylcholine levels in hippocampus. Furthermore, 5HT(3A) receptor agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (mCPBG) impaired learning in the passive avoidance task followed by reduction of 5HT(3A) receptor expression, 5HT and ACh levels. Administration of BESEB CDRI-08 along with mCPBG attenuated mCPBG induced behavioral, molecular and neurochemical alterations. Our results suggest that BESEB CDRI-08 possibly acts on serotonergic system, which in turn influences the cholinergic system through 5-HT(3) receptor to improve the hippocampal-dependent task.

Ramadan G, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Sayed WM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation. 2011 Aug;34(4):291-301.Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

171

Abstract

Turmeric (rich in curcuminoids) and ginger (rich in gingerols and shogaols) rhizomes have been widely used as dietary spices and to treat different diseases in Ayurveda/Chinese medicine since antiquity. Here, we compared the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of these two plants in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Both plants (at dose 200 mg/kg body weight) significantly suppressed (but with different degrees) the incidence and severity of arthritis by increasing/decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, and activating the anti-oxidant defence system. The anti-arthritic activity of turmeric exceeded that of ginger and indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), especially when the treatment started from the day of arthritis induction. The percentage of disease recovery was 4.6-8.3% and 10.2% more in turmeric compared with ginger and indomethacin (P < 0.05), respectively. The present study proves the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of turmeric over ginger and indomethacin, which may have beneficial effects against rheumatoid arthritis onset/progression as shown in AIA rat model.

Randhawa MA, Alghamdi MS. Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) - a review. Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(6):1075-91. Review. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed has been an important nutritional flavoring agent and natural remedy for many ailments for centuries in ancient systems of medicine, e.g. Unani, Ayurveda, Chinese and Arabic Medicines. Many active components have been isolated from N. sativa, including thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, nigellimine-N-oxide, nigellicine, nigellidine and alpha-hederin. In addition, quite a few pharmacological effects of N. sativa seed, its oil, various extracts and active components have been identified to include immune stimulation, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Only a few authors have reviewed the medicinal properties of N. sativa and given some description of the anticancer effects. A literature search has revealed that a lot more studies have been recently carried out related to the anticancer activities of N. sativa and some of its active compounds, such as thymoquinone and alpha-hederin. Acute and chronic toxicity studies have recently confirmed the safety of N. sativa oil and its most abundant active component, thymoquinone, particularly when given orally. The present work is aimed at summarizing the extremely valuable work done by various investigators on the effects of N. sativa seed, its extracts and active principles against cancer. Those related to the underlying mechanism of action, derivatives of thymoquinone, nano thymoquinone and combinations of thymoquinone with the currently used cytotoxic drugs are of particular interest. We hope this review will encourage interested researchers to conduct further preclinical and

172

clinical studies to evaluate the anticancer activities of N. sativa, its active constituents and their derivatives.

Rastogi S, Srivastav PS. Ayurveda in critical care: Illustrating Ayurvedic intervention in a case of hepatic encephalopathy. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):345-8.Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Ayurvedic interventions have largely been considered helpful in chronic debilitating conditions where active management of a clinical condition is not required. It is for this notion; Ayurvedic therapies have never been approached in any critical care condition requiring an active management. A perception that herbo-metallic components of various Ayurvedic drugs may actually harm the patients who are in compromised vital status has further added to this apprehension against use of such medicines in critical care. Contrary to the conventional belief, we observed a case of grade three hepatic encephalopathy with severely compromised liver function that was successfully treated with Ayurvedic therapy containing many heavy metal containing compounds. The liver function got improved in this case following the Ayurvedic intervention. The symptomatic improvements in this case were also identifiable through biochemical tests showing the functional status of liver. This case therefore is worthy of taking a note for possible inclusion of Ayurvedic interventions in critical care where Ayurvedic therapies are discarded without being given a chance of getting evaluated.

Rout AK, Dwivedi RR. A clinical study of Haritaki and Saindhava Lavana in Kaphaja Kasa with special reference to Samyoga Guna. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):357-60. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

In clinical practice, Guna which are to be with Bhisak are mainly the Paradi Gunas which can also be called as Miscellaneous Gunas. As rightly quoted by Acarya Caraka, for getting success in the treatment Paradi Gunas are the best. The Sutra quotes "Sidhyupaya Cikitsayam" which means that Cikitsa i. e. Dhatusamya will be done mainly with the help of Paradi Gunas. Thus in this study an attempt was made to know the comparative effect of Haritaki and Saindhava lavana alone and Samyukta effect in Kaphaja Kasa. Three groups were made for proper evaluation of the therapy. In Group-A Haritaki Tablet 2 gm/ twice a day (500 mg tablet × 4), In Group-B Saindava Lavana Curna 2 gm/ twice a day and in Group-C Haritaki + Saindhava lavana Tablet 4 gm/twice a day (500 mg tablet × 8) was given. Results were assessed after 7 days with the help of a specially prepared proforma. The hematological, Urine and Stool investigations were carried out. In subjective and objective criterias, significant results were found in Group-C as compared

173

to Group-A and Group-B. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the combined (Samyoga) effect of Haritaki and Saindhava lavana is much efficient than the single drug therapy.

Ru P, Steele R, Nerurkar PV, Phillips N, Ray RB. Bitter melon extract impairs prostate cancer cell-cycle progression and delays prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 Dec;4(12):2122-30. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Earlier diagnosis increases survival rate in patients. However, treatments for advanced disease are limited to hormone ablation techniques and palliative care. Thus, new methods of treatment and prevention are necessary for inhibiting disease progression to a hormone refractory state. One of the approaches to control prostate cancer is prevention through diet, which inhibits one or more neoplastic events and reduces the cancer risk. For centuries, Ayurveda has recommended the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) as a functional food to prevent and treat human health related issues. In this study, we have initially used human prostate cancer cells, PC3 and LNCaP, as an in vitro model to assess the efficacy of bitter melon extract (BME) as an anticancer agent. We observed that prostate cancer cells treated with BME accumulate during the S phase of the cell cycle and modulate cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21 expression. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with BME enhanced Bax expression and induced PARP cleavage. Oral gavage of BME, as a dietary compound, delayed the progression to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mice (31%). Prostate tissue from BME-fed mice displayed approximately 51% reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Together, our results suggest for the first time that oral administration of BME inhibits prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice by interfering cell-cycle progression and proliferation.

Sainath SB, Meena R, Supriya Ch, Reddy KP, Reddy PS. Protective role of Centella asiatica on lead-induced oxidative stress and suppressed reproductive health in male rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;32(2):146-54.

Abstract

Centella asiatica has been mentioned in ancient ayurvedic text of the Indian system of medicine for its properties to promote intelligence. The objective of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of C. asiatica on lead-induced oxidative stress and suppressed reproductive performance in male rats. Significant decrease in the weights of testes and epididymis were observed in lead treated animals. Exposure to lead acetate significantly increased malondialdehyde levels with a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase and

174

catalase activities in the liver, brain, kidneys and testes of rats. Epididymal sperm count, viable sperms, motile sperms and HOS-tail coiled sperms decreased significantly in lead-exposed rats. Testicular steroidogenic enzyme activities also decreased significantly in lead-exposed rats. No significant changes in the selected reproductive variables were observed in the plant extract alone treated rats. Whereas, co-administration of aqueous extracts of C. asiatica to lead exposed rats showed a significant increase in the weights of reproductive organs, reduction in lead-induced oxidative stress in the tissues and improvement in selected reproductive parameters over lead-exposed rats indicating the beneficial role of C. asiatica to counteract lead-induced oxidative stress and to restore the suppressed reproduction in male rats.

Samarakoon SM, Chandola HM, Ravishankar B. Effect of dietary, social, and lifestyle determinants of accelerated aging and its common clinical presentation: A survey study. Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):315-21. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Aging is unavoidable and natural phenomenon of life. Modern gerontologists are realizing the fact that aging is a disease, which Ayurveda had accepted as natural disease since long. Rate of aging is determined by one's biological, social, lifestyle, and psychological conditions and adversity of which leads to accelerated form of aging (Akalaja jara or premature aging). The aim of this study is to identify potential factors that may accelerate aging in the context of dietry factors, lifestyle and mental makeup. The 120 diagnosed subjects of premature-ageing of 30-60 years were randomly selected in the survey study. Premature ageing was common among females (75.83%), in 30-40 age group (70%), 86.67% were married, had secondary level of education (36.66%), house-views (61.67%), belongs top middle class (58.33%) and engaged in occupations that dominating physical labour (88.33%). The maximum patients are constipated (60%), had mandagni (80%), vata-kapha prakriti (48.33%), rajasika prakriti (58.33%), madhyama vyayama shakti (73.33%), and madhyama jarana shakti (85.83%). Collectively, 43.33% patients were above normal BMI. The more patients had anushna (38.33%) and vishamasana dietary pattern (25.83%), consumed Lavana (88.33%) and Amla rasa (78.33%) in excess on regular basis. Some patients had addicted to tobacco (11.67%) and beetle chewing (5.83%). The maximum patients had no any exercise (79.17%) and specific hobby (79.17%) in their leisure times. Analyzing Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scales revealed that 39.80%, 37.86%, 33.98%, 24.27% and 18.44% patients had insomnia, depression, tension, GIT symptoms and anxious mood respectively. These data suggest that certain social, dietary and lifestyle factors contribute towards accelerated ageing among young individuals.

175

Saranya P, Geetha A. Antiulcer activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) wall. against cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011 Jul;49(7):525-33. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Antiulcer activity of Andrographis paniculata was evaluated by cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer model in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pre-administered with 200 mg/kg body wt. of hydroalcoholic extact of Andrographis paniculata (HAEAP) orally, for 30 days prior to i.p. administration of 420 mg/kg body wt. of cysteamine as a single dose. Rats preadministered with 30 mg/kg body wt. of ranitidine served as standard drug. Ulcer index, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, mucin, glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activities, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio, glycoproteins and membrane bound enzyme activities were measured in duodenum of experimental animals. The ulcer score and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly minimized in rats treated with HAEAP. Mucin content was found to be preserved in rats treated with the extract. GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione peroxidase activities were found to be maintained by the HAEAP. Level of lipid peroxidation products was found to be significantly low in HAEAP treated rats compared to ulcer control rats. The basolateral and brush border membrane bound enzyme activities which were depleted significantly in ulcer control rats were found to be maintained in rats pre-treated with the extract. The ulcer preventing effect was comparable to that of ranitidine treated rats. Level of glycoproteins was also found to be preserved in rats treated with the extract. The normal rats treated with the HAEAP did not show any abnormal alterations in the parameters studied. Histopathological observations also showed the ulcer preventing effect of the HAEAP. It is suggested that the ulcer preventing effect may be due to its mucin preserving and antioxidant nature.

Shailajan S, Menon S, Pednekar S, Singh A. Wound healing efficacy of Jatyadi Taila: in vivo evaluation in rat using excision wound model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 31;138(1):99-104. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

In traditional Indian medicinal treatise there are severalAyurvedic formulations mentioned which have been claimed as potential wound healing agents like Madhu Ghrita and Jatyadi Taila. Jatyadi Taila (JT) is a medicated oil formulation (Taila) popularly used in the treatment of various topical wounds.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

176

Though JT has its composition recorded in ancient Ayurvedic texts, there have been minimal attempts to standardize its use in the management of wound. The current work evaluates the wound healing efficacy of JT and also provides evidence of the dermal absorption kinetics of Karanjin from JT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

JT was subjected to preliminary phytochemical evaluation. Therapeutically active marker components β-sitosterol, lupeol and karanjin were detected and separated using HPTLC. As a part of safety evaluation, skin irritation potential of JT was evaluated on rabbit skin. Excision wound model in rats were used to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of JT. Histopathological and biochemical evaluations of excised skin tissues at wound sites were carried out. The HPTLC method developed was also validated to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of Karanjin from JT after topical application on pinna of rabbit.

RESULTS:

Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of JT revealed presence of flavonoids, essential oils, tannins, glycosides, steroids and alkaloids while resins were found to be absent. HPTLC confirmed the presence of karanjin, lupeol and β-sitosterol in JT. JT was found to be non-irritant when applied to the skin of rabbits. Topical application of JT on excision wounds caused significantly faster reduction in wound area as compared to the application of modern topical formulation (Neosporin(®)) and untreated control wounds. Animals treated with JT showed significant increase in protein, hydroxyproline and hexosamine content in the granulation tissue when compared with the untreated controls. Wound healing potential of JT was found to be dose dependant. HPTLC method was successfully used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of Karanjin after topical application of JT on rabbit pinna.

CONCLUSIONS:

Current work demonstrates a modern approach towards standardization of the use of traditional topical formulation JT. The results justify the traditional claim of JT for its use in the management of wounds.

Sharma U, Singh D, Kumar P, Dobhal MP, Singh S. Antiparasitic activity of plumericin & isoplumericin isolated from Plumeria bicolor against Leishmania donovani. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Nov;134(5):709-16. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

177

The severe toxicity, exorbitant cost and emerging resistance of Leishmania species against most of the currently used drugs underscores the urgent need for the alternative drugs. The present study evaluates in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Plumeria bicolor and its isolated compounds.

METHODS:

The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of chloroform extract of Plumeria bicolor, plumericin and isoplumericin were tested alongwith appropriate controls against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using 96 well microtiter plate. The concentration used for assessing the anti-leishmanial activity of extract of Plumeria bicolor and both isolated compounds were 100 μg/ml and 15 μM, respectively. The viability of the cells was assessed by MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was performed against J774G8 murine macrophage cells lines at the concentration of 30 μM.

RESULTS:

The Plumeria bicolor extract showed activity with the IC 50 of 21±2.2 and 14±1.6 μg/ml against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. donovani, respectively. Plumericin consistently showed high activity with the IC 50 of 3.17±0.12 and 1.41±0.03 μM whereas isoplumericin showed the IC50 of 7.2±0.08 μM and 4.1±0.02 μM against promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. Cytotoxic effect of the chloroform extract of P. bicolor, plumericin and isoplumericin was evaluated in murine macrophage (J774G8) model with CC50 value of 75±5.3 μg/ml, 20.6±0.5 and 24±0.7 μM, respectively.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Our results indicated that plumericin showed more potent activity than isoplumericin and might be a promising anti-leishmanial agent against L. donovani.

Singh S, Nair V, Gupta YK. Antiarthritic activity of majoon suranjan (a polyherbal Unani formulation) in rat. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Sep;134:384-8. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Majoon Suranjan (MS) is a polyherbal formulation used in Unani system of medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study evaluates the antiarthritic efficacy of this formulation in three different experimental models.

METHODS:

178

The anti-inflammatory activity of MS (in doses of 450, 900 and 1800 mg/kg body wt) was evaluated using the turpentine oil induced paw oedema model and the antiarthritic efficacy was evaluated using the formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis models. Aspirin (100 mg/kg body wt) was used as the standard drug in all the models. In order to assess the safety of the test drug, oral acute and 28 day toxicity studies were also carried out.

RESULTS:

MS produced a dose dependent protective effect in all the experimental models. Its antiarthritic efficacy was comparable to aspirin in formaldehyde induced arthritis and was superior to aspirin in turpentine oil induced paw oedema and CFA induced arthritis. MS also inhibited the delayed increase in joint diameter as seen in control and aspirin treated animals in CFA induced arthritis. Oral LD 50 of MS was found to be >5000 mg/kg in rats. Chronic administration did not produce any significant physiological changes in the tested animals.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Results of the present study suggest that the antiarthritic activity of MS was due to the interplay between its anti-inflammatory and disease modifying activities, thus supporting its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of RA.

Siveen KS, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Aerva lanata ethanolic extract. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011 Sep;33(3):423-32. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Cancer is responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. Pharmacological intervention with plant-derived products alone or in combination to reverse, suppress, or prevent the cancer progression plays a key role in the fight against this terrible disease. Aerva lanata is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine like ayurveda and siddha. Ethanolic extract of whole plant of A. lanata exhibited immunomodulatory and antitumor activity. Intraperitoneal administration of five doses of the extract (10 mg/kg body weight) was found to enhance the total WBC count (14,238 cells/mm(3)), bone marrow cellularity (22.33 × 10(6) cells/femur), and number of α-esterase-positive cells (1276 cells/4000 cells). Aerva treatment also showed enhanced proliferation of splenocytes, thymocytes, and bone marrow cells both in the presence and absence of specific mitogens in vitro and in vivo. The number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in spleen (243.33 PFC/10(6) spleen cells) and circulating antibody titer were also increased (P < 0.001). The extract was 100% cytotoxic to Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. It was also found to be cytotoxic toward L929 and HELA cells at higher concentrations, whereas the

179

nontoxic concentrations produced a reduction in the rate of proliferation. Simultaneous administration of five doses of A. lanata extract could produce significant inhibition in DLA-induced solid tumor development in mice and increase the life span of mice-bearing EAC tumors by 53.47%.

Sumathi T, Shobana C, Kumari BR, Nandhini DN. Protective role of Cynodon dactylon in ameliorating the aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain regions. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec;144(1-3):843-53. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) is a creeping grass used as a traditional ayurvedic medicine in India. Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity is well known and different salts of aluminium have been reported to accelerate damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the aqueous extract of C. dactylon (AECD) could potentially prevent aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain. Male albino rats were administered with AlCl(3) at a dose of 4.2 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4 weeks. Experimental rats were given C. dactylon extract in two different doses of 300 mg and 750 mg/keg/day orally 1 h prior to the AlCl(3) administration for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiments, antioxidant status and activities of ATPases in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain were measured. Aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of SOD, GPx, GST, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and Mg(2+) ATPase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with AECD at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.w increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane-bound enzymes (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and Mg(2+) ATPase) and also decreased the level of LPO significantly, when compared with aluminium-induced rats. The results of this study indicated that AECD has potential to protect the various brain regions from aluminium-induced neurotoxicity.

Sur TK, Auddy B, Bhattacharyya D. Effects of Indian herbal formulation Body Revival on human platelet aggregation and myocardial ischemia in rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011 Jul;9(7):746-51. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To study the effect of Body Revival (BR), a compound traditional Indian herbal medicine, on human platelet aggregation and isoproterenol (IS)-induced myocardial ischemia (MI) damage in male Wistar rats.

180

METHODS:

BR suspension 10, 20 and 30 μg was mixed with platelet-rich plasma and incubated at 37 degrees centigrade for 30 min, respectively. Then, adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 20 mmol/L) or collagen (2 μg) was added in the mixture and the aggregation was observed against platelet-poor plasma mixed with equal volume of suspension of the same test samples. Wistar rats divided into 4 groups were used to investigate BR's effects on IS-induced MI. Levels of serum creatinine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were estimated by standard commercial biological kits. Serum nitric oxide (NOx) was also measured. The lipid peroxides (LPO) and protein concentrations in heart tissues were measured.

RESULTS:

BR could inhibit ADP- or collagen-induced human platelet aggregation dose-dependently. Moreover, it could protect MI caused by IS in rats. BR reduced the levels of serum CK, AST, ALT and NOx dose-dependently and also lowered LPO in heart tissues in comparison with the MI control (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:

BR can inhibit human platelet aggregation and protect MI caused by IS in rats.

Taty Anna K, Elvy Suhana MR, Das S, Faizah O, Hamzaini AH. Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on collagen-induced arthritis: ananatomico-radiological study. Clin Ter. 2011;162(3):201-7. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:

Curcuma longa (CL) or turmeric is an Ayurvedic herb that has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a well established experimental auto-immune mediated polyarthritis in susceptible strains of rodents. The main aim of the study was to observe the inflammatory, macroscopic and radiological changes in the arthritic ankle joints of experimentally collagen-induced arthritis animals treated with or without CL extract.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley (6-8 weeks-old, 150 ± 50) rats were equally divided into six groups. The first group served as a control while the rest five groups were immunized subdermally with 150 µg collagen type-II on day-0. All rats with established CIA with arthritis score (AS) exceeding 1 were treated orally with betamethasone (0.5 mg/ml/kg body weight) and

181

varying doses of CL extract (30, 60 and 110 mg/ml/kg body weight) using olive oil as vehicle, daily for four weeks. Arthritic scoring (AS) of the paws, measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and paw thickness and radiological scoring were performed.

RESULTS:

Treatment with 110 mg/ml/kg CL showed significant mean difference in the ESR (p<0.01), AS (p<0.05) and radiological scores (p<0.01) on day-28 compared to the vehicle treated group. The mean difference for the ESR, AS and radiological scores of this highest CL dose group were found to be insignificant compared to the betamethasone treated group.

CONCLUSION:

The administration of CL extract arrested the degenerative changes in the bone and joints of collagen-induced arthritic rats.

Thakur M, Thompson D, Connellan P, Deseo MA, Morris C, Dixit VK. Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by Ayurvedic herbs. Andrologia. 2011 Aug;43(4):273-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01068.x. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

In the present study, the effect of four Vajikaran Rasayana herbs on penile erection, sperm count, seminal fructose content in vivo and nitric oxide (NO) release in vitro was assessed. Lyophilised aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd. (AR), Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. (CB), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (CO), and Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo (DH) were orally administered at 100 mg/kg body weight to Wistar strain male albino rats. Penile erection index and sperm count were determined by visual observation; the seminal fructose concentration was measured spectrophotometrically using resorcinol reagent; and NO release was assessed in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264) spectrophotometrically using a commercial Griess reagent kit. Penile erection index, sperm count, seminal fructose concentration and in vitro NO release were the parameters measured. A significant effect on the sperm count, seminal fructose content and penile erection index was observed upon treatment with the extracts. The effect of extracts on inducible NO release in vitro directly correlated with the enhanced erectile function in vivo. The aphrodisiac claims attributed to the four Vajikaran Rasayana herbs were tested and a distinctive effect of all extracts tested was observed, with C. borivilianum showing a highly significant response for all parameters measured in vivo and in vitro. The present study also provides a good correlation between the in vivo improvement of penile erection and in vitro NO releasing activity of the extracts. Increase in seminal fructose

182

levels and sperm count further validates the role of these herbs in improving reproductive function.

Vasant RA, Khajuria MC, Narasimhacharya AV. Antioxidant and ACE enhancing potential of Pankajakasthuri in fluoride toxicity: an in vitro study on mammalian lungs. Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Oct;27(9):793-801. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Fluoride toxicity occurs due to high concentrations of fluoride in water sources or anthropogenic causes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an Ayurvedic drug--Pankajakasthuri (PK)--in relation to fluoride-induced toxicity in mammalian lungs. The results indicated that sodium fluoride increased lipid peroxidation and decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in a concentration-dependent manner in lungs. The antioxidant potential of the lungs was suppressed maximally at 10 ppm fluoride concentration and PK at all three dose levels (i.e., 100, 200 and 300 µl) decreased fluoride induced lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) and increased the levels of total ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and FRAP values significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. When PK was examined for its effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, in fluoride-induced toxicity, the ACE activity was found to increase (p < 0.0001) in lung homogenates with all three doses. This study indicates that PK, an Ayurvedic drug, improves mammalian lung function by increasing antioxidant potential and ACE activity under the conditions of fluoride toxicity.

Vidyashankar S, Varma SR, Azeemudin M, Godavarthi A, Krishna NS, Patki PS. A novel herbal formulation "LiverCare" differentially regulates primary rat hepatocyte and hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation in vitro. J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):1023-31. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an important role in hepatocyte proliferation. HGF expression is regulated by various signaling molecules and nuclear receptors. In the present study, LiverCare(®) (LC), a novel polyherbal formulation (The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore, India), was evaluated for its efficacy, using co-cultures of primary rat hepatocytes-non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The rate of primary hepatocyte co-culture proliferation was significantly and dose-dependently increased by LC as determined by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into newly synthesized DNA and cell proliferation assay. LC also increased HGF expression in primary hepatocyte co-culture.

183

Albumin and urea content remained constant during proliferation of hepatocyte co-cultures in the presence of LC with decreased activity of alanine aminotransferase. It is interesting that LC inhibited incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA in HepG2 cells. LC enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α expression during hepatocyte proliferation, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α expression remained unaffected. In conclusion, our study clearly showed that LC differentially regulates primary rat hepatocytes and human hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation. LC may be a promising candidate for treating degenerative liver diseases by enhancing liver regeneration.

Viji V, Helen A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: role of Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):283-91. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst is a renowned plant in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study seeks to identify the anti-inflammatory activity of two fractions from the methanolic extract of Bacopa, viz. the triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions. The ability of these two fractions to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 was tested using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and peritoneal exudate cells in vitro. We found that triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions significantly inhibited LPS-activated TNF-α, IL-6 and nitrite production in mononuclear cells. Significant antioxidant activity was exhibited by the bacoside enriched fraction compared to the triterpenoid fraction. Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema assay revealed that triterpenoid and bacoside-enriched fractions exerted anti-oedematogenic effect, while in the arthritis model only the triterpenoid fraction exerted an anti-arthritic potential. The present study provides an insight into the ability of Bacopa monniera to inhibit inflammation through modulation of pro-inflammatory mediator release.

Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Enhanced dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons during growth spurt periods in rats orally intubated with Bacopa monniera extract. Anat Sci Int. 2011 Dec;86(4):179-88. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Bacopa monniera (BM)--a small, creeping herb-has been classified under Medhya rasayana (medicinal plants rejuvenating intellect and memory) in the ancient Indian system of medicine, viz., Ayurveda. Therefore, this plant has been investigated in several laboratories in India for its neuropharmacological effects. Here, we investigated the role of BM standardized extract on the dendritic morphology of amygdaloid neurons-one of the regions concerned with learning and

184

memory. The rat pups (10 days old) were fed standardized extract of BM (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. After the treatment period, the rats were killed by decapitation, the brains were removed and amygdaloid neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Amygdaloid neurons were traced using camera lucida. Dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and dendritic intersections (a measure of dendritic length) were quantified. These data were compared with control rats. The results showed a significant increase in dendritic length and dendritic branching points along the length of dendrites of the amygdaloid neurons of rats treated with all doses of BM for longer periods of time (i.e., 4 and 6 weeks). We conclude that constituents present in BM extract have neuronal dendritic growth stimulating properties.

Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Learning and memory-enhancing effect of Bacopa monniera in neonatal rats. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011;112(12):663-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the learning and memory-enhancing effect of Bacopa monniera in neonatal rats.

BACKGROUND:

Learning is an acquisition and storage of information as a consequence of experience. Memory is a relatively permanent storage form of the learned information. In the process of 'learning', activation of neurons occurs in specific areas or specific memory systems of the brain concerned with the processing of the specific modality of sensory information. Rasayana plants are said to prevent ageing, re-establish youth, strengthen life, brain power and prevent diseases. Bacopa monniera (BM) is shown to be very useful in improving learning and memory.

METHODS:

In the present study neonatal rat pups (10 days old) were given different doses of BM extract orally for different periods of time. These rats were then subjected to spatial learning (T- Maze) and passive avoidance tests along with the age matched normal and gum acacia control rats. The data were compared with those of control rats.

RESULTS:

The results showed improvement in spatial learning performance and enhanced memory retention in neonatal rats treated with extract of BM. Conclusion: We conclude that treatment with BM extract during growth spurt period of neonatal rats enhances learning and memory (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 45). Full Text in free PDF www.bmj.sk.

185

Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Enhanced dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons by Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2011;52(3):879-86.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Bacopa monniera (BM), a traditional Ayurvedic medicine has been used in treatment for a number of disorders, particularly those involving anxiety, intellect and poor memory. The current study examined the effects of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera on the dendritic morphology in adult rats of hippocampal CA3 neurons, one of the regions concerned with learning and memory.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Adult Wistar (2.5-month-old) rats were designated into 2-, 4- and 6-week treatment groups. Rats in each of these groups were divided into 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg dose groups (n=8 for each dose). These rats along with age-matched control rats were then subjected to spatial learning (T-maze) and passive avoidance tests. Subsequent to the T-maze and passive avoidance tests, these rats were killed by decapitation, brains were removed and hippocampal neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Hippocampal CA3 neurons were traced using camera lucida. Dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and dendritic intersections (a measure of dendritic length) were quantified. These data were compared with control rats.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

The results showed improvement in spatial learning performance and enhanced memory retention in rats treated with BM extract. There was a significant increase in the dendritic intersections and dendritic branching points along the length of both apical and basal dendrites in rats treated with BM extract for four and six weeks. However, the rats treated with BM extract for two weeks did not show any significant change in hippocampal CA3 neuronal dendritic arborization. We conclude that constituents present in BM extract have neuronal dendritic growth stimulating properties.

Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Enhancement of basolateral amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization following Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(4):663-71.

Abstract

186

OBJECTIVE:

In the ancient Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Bacopa monniera is classified as Medhya rasayana, which includes medicinal plants that rejuvenate intellect and memory. Here, we investigated the effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera on the dendritic morphology of neurons in the basolateral amygdala, a region that is concerned with learning and memory.

METHODS:

The present study was conducted on 2½-month-old Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 2-, 4- and 6-week treatment groups. Rats in each of these groups were further divided into 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg dose groups (n = 8 for each dose). After the treatment period, treated rats and age-matched control rats were subjected to spatial learning (T-maze) and passive avoidance tests. Subsequently, these rats were killed by decapitation, the brains were removed, and the amygdaloid neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Basolateral amygdaloid neurons were traced using camera lucida, and dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and dendritic intersections (a measure of dendritic length) were quantified. These data were compared with the data from the age-matched control rats.

RESULTS:

The results showed an improvement in spatial learning performance and enhanced memory retention in rats treated with Bacopa monniera extract. Furthermore, a significant increase in dendritic length and the number of dendritic branching points was observed along the length of the dendrites of the basolateral amygdaloid neurons of rats treated with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of Bacopa monniera (BM) for longer periods of time (i.e., 4 and 6 weeks).

CONCLUSION:

We conclude that constituents present in Bacopa monniera extract have neuronal dendritic growth-stimulating properties.

Yadav SS, Galib, Prajapati PK, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of "Shirishavaleha"-An Ayurvedic compound formulation in albino rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Oct;2(4):192-6. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

The immunomodulatory activity of Shirishavaleha prepared from two different parts of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck Benth), i.e., Twak (Bark) and Sara (Heartwood) as main ingredients was evaluated for humoral antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity in established experimental models. The study used Wistar rats of either sex weighing 200 ± 40 g, while the test drug was administered orally at a dose of 1.8 g/kg. Hemagglutination titer and body weight

187

were recorded to assess effects on humoral immunity; immunological paw edema was assessed for cell-mediated immunity. Shirishavaleha prepared from heartwood shows significant enhancement in antibody formation, attenuation of body weight changes, and suppression of immunological paw edema, while Shirishavaleha prepared from bark shows weak immunomodulatory activity. The study therefore concludes that Shirishavaleha prepared from heartwood has significant immunomodulatory activity.

Yin H, Yang EJ, Park SJ, Han SK. Glycine- and GABA-mimetic Actions of Shilajit on the Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis in Mice. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011 Oct;15(5):285-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

Shilajit, a medicine herb commonly used in Ayurveda, has been reported to contain at least 85 minerals in ionic form that act on a variety of chemical, biological, and physical stressors. The substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) are involved in orofacial nociceptive processing. Shilajit has been reported to be an injury and muscular pain reliever but there have been few functional studies of the effect of Shilajit on the SG neurons of the Vc. Therefore, whole cell and gramicidin-perfotrated patch clamp studies were performed to examine the action mechanism of Shilajit on the SG neurons of Vc from mouse brainstem slices. In the whole cell patch clamp mode, Shilajit induced short-lived and repeatable inward currents under the condition of a high chloride pipette solution on all the SG neurons tested. The Shilajit-induced inward currents were concentration dependent and maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a voltage gated Na(+) channel blocker, CNQX, a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, and AP5, an NMDA receptor antagonist. The Shilajit-induced responses were partially suppressed by picrotoxin, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, and totally blocked in the presence of strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist, however not affected by mecamylamine hydrochloride (MCH), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Under the potassium gluconate pipette solution at holding potential 0 mV, Shilajit induced repeatable outward current. These results show that Shilajit has inhibitory effects on the SG neurons of Vc through chloride ion channels by activation of the glycine receptor and GABA(A) receptor, indicating that Shilajit contains sedating ingredients for the central nervous system. These results also suggest that Shilajit may be a potential target for modulating orofacial pain processing.

Yu WG, Xu G, Ren GJ, Xu X, Yuan HQ, Qi XL, Tian KL. Preventive action of curcumin in experimental acute pancreatitis in mouse. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Nov;134(5):717-24. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

188

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:

Curcuma longa (turmeric) has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the preventive effects of curcumin against acute pancreatitis (AP) induced by caerulein in mouse and to elucidate possible mechanism of curcumin action.

METHODS:

Curcumin (50 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected to Kun Ming male mice for 6 days, followed by injection of caerulein to induce AP. GW9662 (0.3 mg/kg), a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, was intravenously injected along with curcumin. Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μmol/l curcumin for 2 h, and then stimulated with 0.1 μ g/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serum amylase and transaminase levels were measured at 10 h after AP. TNF-α level in mouse serum and cell culture medium were detected by ELISA. Expression of PPARγ and NF-κB were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot.

RESULTS:

Curcumin significantly decreased the pancreas injury and reversed the elevation of serum amylase, ALT and AST activities and TNF-α level in mice with AP. Curcumin treatment inhibited the elevation of NF-κB-p65 in the nucleus of mouse pancreas AP group and RAW264.7 cells, but significantly increased the expression of PPARγ. GW9662 could abolish the effects of curcumin on serum levels of amylase, ALT, AST, TNF-α, and NF-κB level.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that curcumin could attenuate pancreas tissue and other organ injury by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. These effects may involve upregulation of PPARγ and subsequent downregulation of NF-κB.

Zia-Ul-Haq M, Cavar S, Qayum M, Imran I, de Feo V. Compositional studies: antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(12):8846-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Capparis decidua is one of the traditional remedies used for various medicinal treatments in Pakistan. This study presents the determination of proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, glucosinolate and phenolic content in extracts obtained from different aerial parts of C. decidua, as well as their antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. All examined extracts were prominently rich in phenolics and glucosinates, and they showed potent

189

antidiabetic and antihemolytic activity. The present study could be helpful in developing medicinal preparations for the treatment of diabetes and related symptoms.

Review Articles’ Abstracts

Galib, Barve M, Mashru M, Jagtap C, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK. Therapeutic potentials of metals in ancient India: A review through Charaka Samhita. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Apr;2(2):55-63. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

Abstract

The Ayurvedic system of medicine has stood the test of time for four millennia or more. The ancient seers found that drugs of different origin (herbal, metal or animal) in addition to codes of conduct and dietary regulations are suitable tools to maintain health in healthy and eradicating diseases in diseased. Use of metallic preparations in healthcare is a unique feature in this system. Processed metals including Mercury, Gold, Silver, Lead, Zinc, Copper etc. were used very frequently by seers of the Indian tradition in different disease conditions with great authority. It is generally claimed, that these metals are detoxified during the highly complex manufacturing processes described in Ayurvedic, especially Rasashastra texts. Charaka Samhita, one of the scheduled books of Ayurveda also holds ample of references regarding the use of metals for different purposes, which are summarized in the current paper.

Gómez-Estrada H, Díaz-Castillo F, Franco-Ospina L, Mercado-Camargo J, Guzmán-Ledezma J, Medina JD, Gaitán-Ibarra R. Folk medicine in the northern coast of Colombia: an overview. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2011 Sep 22;7:27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Traditional remedies are an integral part of Colombian culture. Here we present the results of a three-year study of ethnopharmacology and folk-medicine use among the population of the Atlantic Coast of Colombia, specifically in department of Bolívar. We collected information related to different herbal medicinal uses of the local flora in the treatment of the most common

190

human diseases and health disorders in the area, and determined the relative importance of the species surveyed.

METHODS:

Data on the use of medicinal plants were collected using structured interviews and through observations and conversations with local communities. A total of 1225 participants were interviewed.

RESULTS:

Approximately 30 uses were reported for plants in traditional medicine. The plant species with the highest fidelity level (Fl) were Crescentia cujete L. (flu), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (flu and cough), Euphorbia tithymaloides L. (inflammation), Gliricidia_sepium_(Jacq.) Kunth (pruritic ailments), Heliotropium indicum L. (intestinal parasites) Malachra alceifolia Jacq. (inflammation), Matricaria chamomilla L. (colic) Mentha sativa L. (nervousness), Momordica charantia L. (intestinal parasites), Origanum vulgare L. (earache), Plantago major L. (inflammation) and Terminalia catappa L. (inflammation). The most frequent ailments reported were skin affections, inflammation of the respiratory tract, and gastro-intestinal disorders. The majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant material from the wild and from a single species only. The preparation of remedies included boiling infusions, extraction of fresh or dry whole plants, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. The parts of the plants most frequently used were the leaves. In this study were identified 39 plant species, which belong to 26 families. There was a high degree of consensus from informants on the medical indications of the different species.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study presents new research efforts and perspectives on the search for new drugs based on local uses of medicinal plants. It also sheds light on the dependence of rural communities in Colombia on medicinal plants.

Gupta P, Nahata A, Dixit VK. An update on Murraya koenigii spreng: a multifunctional Ayurvedic herb. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011 Aug;9(8):824-33. Review. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Murraya koenigii Spreng (Rutaceae), a medicinally important herb of Indian origin, has been used for centuries in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Leaves, fruits, roots and bark of this plant are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids. These alkaloids have been reported for their various pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal,

191

diuretic and antioxidant activities. Apart from these activities, the plant is reported to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant make a demand of an exhaustive review of its potential as a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment and management of various ailments frequently affecting humans. The present review gives a detailed description of the phytochemical, pharmacological, clinical and pre-clinical works carried out on this medicinal herb and also throws light on its therapeutic potential.

Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N. Therapeutic agents and herbs in topical application for acne treatment. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011 Aug;33(4):289-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00647.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Abstract

Acne vulgaris suppresses an individual's self-confidence by causing distress with regard to physical appearance, which affects a significant number of individuals during puberty and is delineated by adolescence. Several treatments have been introduced to decrease the aesthetic and psychological problems caused by acne. The topical application of therapeutic agents has been found to be more feasible than hormonal treatment and laser therapy. The ingredients in topical acne treatments, particularly herbs and naturally derived compounds, have received considerable interest as they have fewer adverse effects than synthetic agents.

Randhawa MA, Alghamdi MS. Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) - a review. Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(6):1075-91. Review. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed has been an important nutritional flavoring agent and natural remedy for many ailments for centuries in ancient systems of medicine, e.g. Unani, Ayurveda, Chinese and Arabic Medicines. Many active components have been isolated from N. sativa, including thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, nigellimine-N-oxide, nigellicine, nigellidine and alpha-hederin. In addition, quite a few pharmacological effects of N. sativa seed, its oil, various extracts and active components have been identified to include immune stimulation, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Only a few authors have reviewed the medicinal properties of N. sativa and given some description of the anticancer effects. A literature search has revealed that a lot more studies have been recently carried out related to the anticancer activities of N. sativa and some of its active compounds, such as thymoquinone and alpha-hederin. Acute and chronic toxicity studies have recently confirmed the safety of N. sativa oil and its most abundant active component, thymoquinone, particularly when given orally. The

192

present work is aimed at summarizing the extremely valuable work done by various investigators on the effects of N. sativa seed, its extracts and active principles against cancer. Those related to the underlying mechanism of action, derivatives of thymoquinone, nano thymoquinone and combinations of thymoquinone with the currently used cytotoxic drugs are of particular interest. We hope this review will encourage interested researchers to conduct further preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate the anticancer activities of N. sativa, its active constituents and their derivatives.

Veterinery Science

Rastogi S, Kaphle K. Sustainable traditional medicine: taking the inspirations from ancient veterinary science. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:151435. . Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

Abstract

Rapid reduction in natural resources as a consequence to the expanded urbanization, global warming and reduced natural habitat posed a considerable threat to the sustainability of traditional medicine. Being completely dependent upon natural resources like herbs, minerals and animal products, traditional medicinewould possibly rank first in order of extinction of heritage if an alternative way is not considered well in time. In reference to the use of animal products, Ayurveda presents some unique examples where animals are used without causing harm to them and so without posing a threat to their existence. In the current context, when natural resources are facing a threat to their existence, a revisit to these ideas may give us a new insight to refine our look at natural resources used in traditional medicine

Sinyorita S, Ghosh CK, Chakrabarti A, Auddy B, Ghosh R, Debnath PK. Effect of Ayurvedic mercury preparation Makaradhwaja on geriatric canine--a preliminary study. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011 Jul;49(7):534-9. Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Abstract

193

Makaradhwaja, an alchemical Ayurvedic mercury preparation is used as stimulant and vitalizer. Towards veterinary practices, the acceptability, tolerability and toxicity studies were undertaken in geriatric pet dogs aged more than 10 years irrespective of breed and sex for future use. Makaradhwaja (2.5 mg/kg) was used with honey once daily for 30 days. Before and after treatment, blood was collected for hematological studies as well as liver, kidney function and anti-oxidant activity. In control group, honey itself showed no appreciable change whereas, Makaradhwaja lowered neutrophil and total leucocyte count. Serum cholesterol, urea, glucose, alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, sodium, phosphorus and calcium were decreased. Haemoglobin and serum creatinine were significantly increased. There was appreciable physical, behavioral and body weight change including quality of life. The dose was used in replication of human dose (125 mg/50 kg). Anti-oxidant study showed significant increase of lipid per oxidation in experimental group while the values of ABTS radical cation decolorisation assay although decreased but did not show any significant changes. Decrease of serum urea and increase of serum creatinine could not be explained on single dose response. Different dose study could only explain the optimum dose to be required in canine practices.

194

Author Index:

Abbas S

Abd El-Mawla AM

Abdel-Hady NM

Abdul-Hay S

Acharya S

Acıkara OB

Adamson PC

Adhami HR

Agarwal HK

Aggarwal BB

Ahmad M

Akase T

Akdemir Z

Albert D

Ali B

Ali NA

Ali NH

Ali Z, Khan IA

Al-Musayeib N

Al-Musayeib N

Al-Said MS

Angelis A

Annan K

Ansil PN

Anupam A

Argyropoulou C

Asamenew G

Ashok BK

Aslan M

Aviello G

Awad NE

Azadbakht M

B. Ncube

Bai Y

Banerjee AA

Barman TK

Battu GR

Baumgartner L1

Baumgartner L2

Ben Sghaier M

Bencsik T

Bencsik T

Bero J

Bhardwaj A

Bora KS

Bose SK

Bunluepuech K

Bussmann RW

195

Butler A

Caballero-George C

Cao M

Cattoor K

Chandrasekar SB

Chang JC

Changwichit K

Chaturvedi AP

Chaturvedi R

Chavan SV

Chen CC

Chen G

Chen H

Chen W

Chen Y

Chinasa EC

Chizzola R

Chlipala GE

Choi KM

Crockett SL

Csupor D

Csupor-Löffler B

Damanpreet Singh

Datta HS

Deng Y

Deole YS

Derita M

Dey P

Dharmalingam N

Dhooghe L

Dickson RA

Ding M

Donga S

Du J

Efferth T

El-Alfy TS

Elango G

El-Hawary SA

Emadi F

Faujdar J

Ferreira D

Fletcher JN

Foubert K

Fred-Jaiyesimi AA

Fucharoen S

Gadge NB

Galani VJ

Galib

Ganjare AB

Ghafourian Boroujerdnia M

196

Giridharan VV

Gomber S

Gomes A

Gómez-Estrada H

Gunturu KS

Gupta P

Gupta RK

Habash M

Habtemariam S1

Habtemariam S2

Haggag EG

Hahm ER1

Hahm ER2

Haider S

Harishankar N

He L

Hemalatha R

Hemshekhar M

Hettihewa LM

Hickok JR

Hilliard TS

Huiping Ma

Hullatti KK

Indavarapu A

Inić S

Jagtap M

Jalalpure SS

Jeloka TK

Jisha S

Ka H

Kamaraj C

Kanlayavattanakul M

Kannan R

Katoch M

Khedekar S

King SM

Koch I

Kokkiripati PK

Kumerz M

Lakshmanan D

Lardos A

Larissa J.R.P. Raymundo

Li J

Liu C

Madavi SS

Malik J

Mallah EM

Mallavadhani UV

Marco Leonti

Mathen C

197

Medhi S

Mehta CS

Minhas U

Mishra PK

Mitra S

Mohapatra S

Mora FD

Morandi A

More SD

Mourya SK

Mutheeswaran S

Nandha R

Nariya PB

Obmann A

Obolskiy D

Olszewska MA

Omeish AF

Palmer KK

Panda G

Pandey RK

Park B

Patel BR

Patel JR

Patel K

Patel MV

Patel MV

Patel RV

Pathak N

Patwardhan K

Policegoudra RS

Poonam

Pradhan SL

Rajan KE

Rajput DS

Ramadan G

Ramteke R

Randhawa MA

Rastogi S

Rauf K

Rout AK

Ru P

Sainath SB

Samarakoon SM

Santhi N

Santra G

Saranya P

Selvi R

Shailajan S

Sharma H

Sharma SK

198

Sharma U

Shilpa S

Singh S

Sinyorita S

Siveen KS

Skandhan KP

Sujatha V

Sumathi T

Sur TK

Tanna I

Taty Anna K

Thakur M

Tripathi PK

Upadhyay BN

Vasant RA

Vidyashankar S

Viji V

Vollala VR1

Vollala VR2

Vollala VR3

Vyas HA

Werner W

Yadav SS

Yadav SS2

Yin H

Yu WG

Zia-Ul-Haq M

Title Index:

199

A clinical study of Devadarvyadi-Vati on Grahani Dosha in children.

A clinical study of Haritaki and Saindhava Lavana in Kaphaja Kasa with special reference to Samyoga Guna.

A clinical study of Panchakola Siddha Yavagu in the management of Agnimandya.

A clinical study of some Ayurvedic compound drugs in the assessment quality of life of patients with Eka Kushtha (psoriasis).

A clinical study on the effect of Arka Taila in the management of Karnasrava (Otomycosis).

A clinical study on the effect of Rishyagandha (Withania coagulans) in the management of Prameha (Type II Diabetes Mellitus).

A clinical study on the role of Akshi Tarpana with Jeevantyadi Ghrita in Timira (Myopia).

A comparative clinical trial of Chincha kshara and Kadali kshara on Amlapitta.

A comparative study of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties between outdoor grown and micropropagated Tulbaghia violacea Harv.

A comparative study of Vamana and Virechana Karma in the management of Sthula Pramehi w.s.r. to Type-2 diabetes.

A critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety.

A new triterpene from Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch. and Mey.) DC.

A novel herbal formulation "LiverCare" differentially regulates primary rat hepatocyte and hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation in vitro.

A pilot study on the use of serum glyoxalase as a supplemental biomarker to predict malignant cases of the prostate in the PSA range of 4-20 ng/ml.

A pilot study to clinically evaluate the role of herbomineral compound "Rakatchap Har" in the management of essential hypertension.

A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L.

A quarter century of pharmacognostic research on Panamanian flora: a review.

A rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-QTOF MS method for quantitative evaluation of Nardostachys jatamansi using Nardin as the marker.

A selective antiplasmodial alkaloid isolated from Strychnos usambarensis leaves.

200

Acaricidal effect of an isolate from Hoslundia opposita vahl against Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae).

Active components from Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) for protection of amyloid β(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy in cultured rat cortical neurons.

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) in rodents .

Advancement into the Arctic region for bioactive sponge secondary metabolites.

Advent of a Link between Ayu rveda and Modern Health Science.

Alkyl phenols and saponins from the roots of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah).

Ameliorative effect of Grewia tenax (Forssk) fiori fruit extract on CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats.

An open clinical trial to analyze Samyak Snigdha Lakshana of Shodhananga Snehapana with Mahatikthakam Ghritam in Psoriasis.

An update on Murraya koenigii spreng: a multifunctional Ayu rvedic herb.

Anthelmintic activities of chloroform and methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler seed.

Antiarthritic activity of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed.

Antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Karachi, Pakistan.

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae): A comparative study.

Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) - a review.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of ethanolic extract and its various fractions from Adiantum capillus veneris Linn.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on collagen-induced arthritis: ananatomico-radiological study.

Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Cordia dichotoma (Forster F.) bark extracts.

201

Antioxidant and ACE enhancing potential of Pankajakasthuri in fluoride toxicity: an in vitro study on mammalian lungs.

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of Leucenia leucocephala.

Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis.

Antiparasitic activity of plumericin & isoplumericin isolated from Plumeria bicolor against Leishmania donovani.

Antiproliferative constituents of the roots of Conyza canadensis.

Antiprotozoal and antiangiogenic saponins from Apodytes dimidiata.

Antiulcer activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) wall. against cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in rats.

Application of Satkaryavada based on theory of Karya-Karana Vada.

Attenuation of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide induced hippocampus-dependent memory impairment by a standardised extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08).

Ayurveda in critical care: Illustrating Ayu rvedic intervention in a case of hepatic encephalopathy.

Ayurvedic herbal medicine and lead poisoning.

Ayurvedic medicine and anaesthesia.

Bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in traditional Indian medicines.

Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and wound healer glycosides from the flowers of Verbascum mucronatum Lam.

Bioavailability of hop-derived iso-α-acids and reduced derivatives.

Bisindole alkaloids and secoiridoids from Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don.

Bitter melon extract impairs prostate cancer cell-cycle progression and delays prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP model.

Boswellic acid suppresses growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model through modulation of multiple targets.

Characterisation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit essential oil .

202

Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Phthirusa adunca from Venezuelan Andes.

Chemodiversity in freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria - a source for drug discovery.

Chip-based drug screening for inhibiting α-glucosidase.

Chronic toxicity study of Butea monosperma (Linn.) Kuntze seeds in albino rats.

Clinical effect of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma in the management of Swetapradara.

Clinical efficacy of Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. (Makandi) in hypertension of geriatric population.

Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Schinus molle L. growing in Yemen.

Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Poecilocerus pictus and Calotropis gigantea.

Comparison of a specific HPLC determination of toxic aconite alkaloids in processed Radix aconiti with a titration method of total alkaloids.

Composition of the essential oils from Anthriscus cerefolium var. trichocarpa and A. caucalis growing wild in the urban area of Vienna (Austria).

Compositional studies: antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew.

Determination of disulfiram by micellar liquid chromatography in illicit preparations.

Detoxification of Nerium indicum roots based on Indian system of medicine: phytochemical and toxicity evaluations.

Development and standardization of Mysore Tridosha scale.

Dinitrosyliron complexes are the most abundant nitric oxide-derived cellular adduct: biological parameters of assembly and disappearance.

Documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional Siddha healers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, India.

Effect of altitude on picroside content in core collections of Picrorhiza kurrooa from the north western Himalayas.

Effect of Ayurvedic management in 130 patients of diabetic nephropathy.

203

Effect of Ayu rvedic mercury preparation Makaradhwaja on geriatric canine--a preliminary study.

Effect of Bacopasides on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance.

Effect of bergapten from Heracleum nepalense root on production of proinflammatory cytokines.

Effect of dietary, social, and lifestyle determinants of accelerated aging and its common clinical presentation: A survey study.

Effect of Gentiana olivieri on experimental epilepsy models.

Effect of rasanjana madhu ashchyotana in netra abhishyanda (mucopurulent conjunctivitis).

Effect of Shodhana (processing) on Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) with special reference to strychnine and brucine content.

Effects of Ayurvedic treatment on 100 patients of chronic renal failure (other than diabetic nephropathy).

Effects of Indian herbal formulation Body Revival on human platelet aggregation and myocardial ischemia in rats.

Efficacy of indigenous plant extracts on the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae).

Emerging Roles of Anacardic Acid and Its Derivatives: A Pharmacological Overview.

Enhanced dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons during growth spurt periods in rats orally intubated with Bacopa monniera extract.

Enhanced dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons by Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats.

Enhancement of basolateral amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization following Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats.

Establishment of a luciferase assay-based screening system for detecting estrogen receptor agonists in plant extracts.

Ethno biological usage of zoo products in rheumatoid arthritis.

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.

Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice.

204

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult.

Evaluation of gender-related differences in various oxidative stress enzymes in mice.

Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of "Shirishavaleha"-An Ayu rvedic compound formulation in albino rats.

Evaluation of the effect of conventionally prepared swarna makshika bhasma on different bio-chemical parameters in experimental animals.

Flavonoid C- and O-glycosides from the Mongolian medicinal plant Dianthus versicolor Fisch.

Flavonoid glycosides and naphthodianthrones in the sawfly Tenthredo zonula and its host-plants, Hypericum perforatum and H. hirsutum.

Folk medicine in the northern coast of Colombia: an overview.

fruit extract protects G6PD-deficient erythrocytes from hemolytic injury in vitro and in vivo: prevention of favism disorder.

Glycine- and GABA-mimetic Actions of Shilajit on the Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis in Mice.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth.

Gum resin of Boswellia serrata inhibited human monocytic (THP-1) cell activation and platelet aggregation.

Haemoglobinopathies in southeast Asia.

Hepatoprotective effect of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in experimental animals.

High-performance thin layer chromatographic quantification of bioactive psoralen and daidzein in leaves of Ficus carica L.

Hospital-based study on the use of herbal medicine in patients with coronary artery disease in Jordan.

Hydroxyframoside B, a secoiridoid of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells.

Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities of Ficus microcarpa (L.) in hypercholesterolemic rats.

205

Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: "reverse pharmacology" and "bedside to bench" approach.

Immune response to second dose of MMR vaccine in Indian children.

Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Aerva lanata ethanolic extract.

Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus gypsicolus hydroalcoholic extract in ovalbumin-induced allergic mice model.

Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by Ayu rvedic herbs.

In vitro & in vivo estrogenic activity of glycoside fractions of Solanum nigrum fruit.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anticarcinogenic and cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction from a traditional Indian herb Selaginella bryopteris.

In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Teucrium ramosissimum extracts.

In vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the inflorescences, leaves and fruits of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz.

In vitro antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine and bio-guided fractionation of the most active extract.

In vitro evaluation of flavonoids from Eriodictyon californicum for antagonist activity against the bitterness receptor hTAS2R31.

In vitro metabolic interactions between black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and tamoxifen via inhibition of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A4.

In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity of Aristolochia tagala (syn: Aristolochia acuminata) root extracts.

Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by ethanolic neem leaf extract .

Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by ethanolic neem leaf extract .

Induction of Biologically Active Flavonoids in Cell Cultures of Morus nigra and Testing their Hypoglycemic Efficacy.

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: role of Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst.

206

Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by TTF1 from extract of herbal medicine.

Inhibition on HIV-1 integrase activity and nitric oxide production of compounds from Ficus glomerata.

Insights from the molecular docking of withanolide derivatives to the target protein PknG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Interrelation of antioxidant, anticancer and antilieshmania effects of some selected Egyptian plants and their phenolic constituents.

Involvement of opioid, adenosine and 5-HT(3) receptors in antinociceptive effects of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation.

Kudzu root: Traditional uses and potential medicinal benefits in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases .

Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus & Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

Learning and memory-enhancing effect of Bacopa monniera in neonatal rats.

Leaves and Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities.

Ligand-based modelling followed by synthetic exploration unveil novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory leads.

Lignan derivatives from Krameria lappacea roots inhibit acute inflammation in vivo and pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro.

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)--a promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities.

Methanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.

Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate and gallic acid from the leaves of Peltiphyllum peltatum: isolation and comparative antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxic effects in neuronal cells.

Minor labdane diterpenes from Marrubium thessalum.

Mycobacterium indicus pranii as stand-alone or adjunct immunotherapeutic in treatment of experimental animal tuberculosis.

Natriuretic and saluretic effects of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extracts in rats.

Nephropathy in association with annular psoriasis.

207

Neuropharmacological properties of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae).

Neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio as a screening tool for swine influenza.

Nitric Oxide Chimera Drugs Incorporating a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor.

Non invasive real-time monitoring of bacterial infection & therapeutic effect of anti-microbials in five mouse models.

Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi.

Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extracts inhibit acetylcholinesterase and improve cognition in rats with experimentally induced dementia.

Old herbal remedies and modern combination therapy.

One-step isolation of γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil by non-aqueous hydrostatic countercurrent chromatography.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of certain Phyllanthus species used as a botanical source of Bhumyamalaki in Ayurveda.

Pharmacognostical Studies on Balanophora fungosa – a Negative Listed Plant.

Pharmacological profile of Salvadora persica.

Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review.

Physico-chemical analysis of a Herbo-mineral compound Mehamudgara vati - A pilot study.

Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Constituents of the Leaves of Vitex Quinata.

Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts.

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review .

Plant use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale region, Ethiopia.

Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among Jordanians: Effect of biological and habitual factors on vitamin D status.

Potent antioxidant and genoprotective effects of boeravinone G, a rotenoid isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa.

Prameha in Ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1-etiology, classification, and pathogenesis.

Preparation of dhatryarishta by dhatri swarasa and dhatri kwatha.

208

Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.

Prevalence of & knowledge, attitude & practices towards HIV & sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) in Andhra Pradesh.

Prevalence of Adhyashana in patients attending IPGT and RA Hospital and its effect on health.

Preventive action of curcumin in experimental acute pancreatitis in mouse.

Preventive Effects of Salacia reticulata on Obesity and Metabolic Disorders in TSOD Mice.

Prolonged expression of MHC class I - peptide expression in bone marrow derived retrovirus transfected matured dendritic cells by continuous centrifugation in the presence of IL-4.

Promoter region polymorphism & expression profile of toll like receptor-3 (TLR-3) gene in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients from India.

Protective effect of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume. tuber against thioacetamide induced oxidative stress in rats.

Protective role of Centella asiatica on lead-induced oxidative stress and suppressed reproductive health in male rats .

Protective role of Cynodon dactylon in ameliorating the aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain regions.

Psychotropic activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals.

Quantitative analysis of anti-inflammatory lignan derivatives in Ratanhiae radix and its tincture by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS.

Resins and Gums in Historical Iatrosophia Texts from Cyprus - A Botanical and Medico-pharmacological Approach.

Resveratrol inhibits migration and Rac1 activation in EGF- but not PDGF-activated vascular smooth muscle cells.

Reverse pharmacology of Ayu rvedic drugs includes mechanisms of molecular actions.

Screening of medicinal plants from Iranian traditional medicine for acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Sedative effects of Iranian Artemisia annua in mice: possible benzodiazepine receptors involvement.

Standard manufacturing procedure of Rajata Bhasma.

209

Standard manufacturing process of Makaradhwaja prepared by Swarna Patra - Varkha and Bhasma.

Standardization of Shirishavaleha with reference to physico-chemical characteristics.

Structure-guided design of a highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor: a superior neuroprotective pyrazolone showing antimania effects.

Study on Bhasma Kalpana with special reference to the preparation of Kasisa Bhasma.

Study on the diuretic activity of Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. in albino rats.

Survival of elderly/dialysis patients--a single center study from India.

Sustainable traditional medicine: taking the inspirations from ancient veterinary science.

Synthesis of 4β-triazole-podophyllotoxin derivatives by azide-alkyne cycloaddition and biological evaluation as potential antitumor agents.

Synthesis of Closo-1,7-Carboranyl Alkyl Amines.

Synthesis of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and detection of sildenafil and vardenafil in herbal dietary supplements.

The Ayurveda education in India: how well are the graduates exposed to basic clinical skills?

The Ayurvedic Medicine Salacia oblonga Attenuates Diabetic Renal Fibrosis in Rats: Suppression of Angiotensin II/AT1 Signaling.

The basic cardiovascular responses to postural changes, exercise, and cold pressor test: do they vary in accordance with the dual constitutional types of Ayurveda?

The first independent pharmacognosy institute in the world and its founder Julije Domac (1853-1928).

The future is written: Impact of scripts on the cognition, selection, knowledge and transmission of medicinal plant use and its implications for ethnobotany and thnopharmacology .

The genus pimedium: An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review .

The impact of ovulation on fallopian tube epithelial cells: evaluating three hypotheses connecting ovulation and serous ovarian cancer.

The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae).

210

The therapeutic potential of Berberis darwinii stem-bark: quantification of berberine and in vitro evidence for Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Therapeutic agents and herbs in topical application for acne treatment.

Therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLE.

Therapeutic potentials of metals in ancient India: A review through Charaka Samhita.

Thoughts on legal and ethical concepts on the professional development of Ayu rveda in the U.S.

Total antioxidant capacity in Eales' disease, uveitis & cataract.

Towards the synthesis of proanthocyanidins: half a century of innovation.

Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine.

Two group A streptococcal peptide pheromones act through opposing Rgg regulators to control biofilm development.

Use of Cordia dichotoma bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Validation of the ethnopharmacological use of Polygonum persicaria for its antifungal properties.

Variability of total flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin contents in some Lythrum salicaria populations.

Water purification prescribed in Ayurveda.

What could 'integrative' medicine mean? Social science perspectives on contemporary Ayurveda.

Withaferin a suppresses estrogen receptor-α expression in human breast cancer cells.

Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species.

Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species.

WNIN/GR-Ob - an insulin-resistant obese rat model from inbred WNIN strain.

Wound healing activity of topical application forms based on Ayurveda.

211

Subject Index:

Ayurveda

Botany

Biochemistry

Chemistry

Ethnomedicine

Pharmacognosy

Pharmacology

Review Articles’ Abstracts

Veterinery Science

212