Do Do NOWNOW

::What What does does this this

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mean mean to to

you?you?

There are two categories of compounds:

•Organic•Inorganic

•Substances that are formed by the chemical combination of two or more elementsMost abundant compound on Earth is___________water

•Elements have very different properties “actions/appearances” than the compounds that they form.

H = Hydrogen = gas

O = Oxygen = gas

H2O = water = liquid

• Are expressed through formulas1.Chemical formulas

2.Structural formulas

C12H22O1

1

C6H12O6

The attraction of atoms that cause element to form compounds

•is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen •Found in all living things

Examples •C6H1206

•CH4

•Is any member of a large class of chemical compounds of molecules that contain earths elements

•Not capable of creating life, no combination makes life Examples

•NaCl • H2O•CO2

Compounds

Organic Inorganic

Contains Carbon & Hydrogen always

together!Example: C6H12O6

glucose (sugar)

Contains the earth’s element

Example: H2O water

Organic Compounds can Organic Compounds can combine to produce combine to produce macromolecules!!!macromolecules!!!

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

““giant moleculesgiant molecules”” that are that are made of thousands or even made of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of hundreds of thousands of

smaller moleculessmaller molecules..

1. Nucleic Acids Importance: stores cellular information in the

form of a code Elements: C, H, O, N, P Subunits : Nucleotides Each nucleotide contains:

Nitrogenous base Phosphorus 5 Carbon Sugar

Examples: DNA and RNA

Structural formula

2.Carbohydrates

Building blocks:

Monosaccharide's

Aka simple sugars

Chemical Formulas:C6H12O6

Glucose

C12H22O11

Sucrose (table sugar)

Ratio 1:2:1

Source of short term & long term ENERGY and FOOD

STORAGE

Carbohydrate Functions

Carbohydrates come in many forms

that are classified into three categories:

SummaryA sample of food containing one

type of a large molecule was treated with a specific digestive enzyme.   Nutrient tests performed on the resulting products showed the

presence of simple sugars, onlysimple sugars, only. Based on  these test results, the

original large molecules contained in the sample were molecules of……

STARCH!

PART 2PART 2

In plants, simple sugars In plants, simple sugars are are least least likely to belikely to be

1.1. linked together to linked together to form proteins form proteins

2.2. broken down into broken down into carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and water water

3.3. used as a source of used as a source of energy energy

4.4. stored in the form of stored in the form of starch moleculesstarch molecules

??

3.LipidsBuilding blocks :One Glycerol molecule and three Fatty Acid molecules

Chemical Formulas:

C57H110O6C54H99O6

Ratio is greater than 1:2:1

Lipid Functionsinclude energy storage,

acting as structural components of cell

membranes, insulation, and participating as important

signaling molecules

Lipids make up fats, oils and waxes

Lipids can be found in butter, olive oil, peanut oil, cheese,

milk, animal fat

LIPIDS THAT LIPIDS THAT ARE ARE SOLID

ARE CALLED ARE CALLED FATFAT

LIPIDS THAT ARE LIQUID ARE CALLED

OIL

Greater than 2:1 ratio

-OSE ending

Ring shaped

Final SummaryFinal Summary1.1. How can determine a lipid How can determine a lipid

by chemical formula?by chemical formula?

2.2. How can we identify a How can we identify a carbohydrate by name?carbohydrate by name?

3.3. What is the usual What is the usual structural shape of a structural shape of a carbohydrate molecule?carbohydrate molecule?

What substance could What substance could be represented by the be represented by the letter letter X X in the diagram in the diagram

below?below?

1.1. carbohydrates carbohydrates

2.2. ozone ozone

3.3. carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

4.4. waterwater

Organic compounds, such Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, as proteins and starches, are too are too AA to diffuse into to diffuse into

cells. Proteins are digested cells. Proteins are digested into into BB and starches are and starches are

digested into digested into CC..1.1. AA-large, -large, BB-simple sugars, -simple sugars, CC-amino -amino

acidsacids

2.2. AA-small, -small, BB-simple sugars, -simple sugars, CC-amino -amino acidsacids

3.3. AA-large, -large, BB-amino acids, -amino acids, CC-simple -simple sugarssugars

4.4. AA-small, -small, BB-amino acids, -amino acids, CC-simple -simple sugarssugars

What substance could What substance could be represented by the be represented by the letter letter X X in the diagram in the diagram

below?below?

1.1. carbohydrates carbohydrates

2.2. ozone ozone

3.3. carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

4.4. waterwater

DO Now: Complete “Bio-Chem. recall” numbers

1-10

Homework: Bio-Chem. Review Sheet

There are 20 different sorts of amino acid, each

with slightly different propertiesProteins are made up of chains of

amino acids, and are often folded up into a ball shape.

An 'average' protein has about 250 amino acids in its chain. How many different combinations are there of 250 amino acids? Although there are billions and billions of possible combinations,

actually there are less than 100,000 used in the human body according to the best estimates of the

scientists.

•Structural component (most abundant organic material in the cell)•Cell communication (hormones)•Growth and repair •Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)•Immune defense (antibodies)•Energy source

What are the most What are the most important Function of important Function of

Proteins?Proteins?1) Structural Material (most 1) Structural Material (most abundant organic material within abundant organic material within the cell)the cell)

2) Muscle Tissue2) Muscle Tissue3) 3) EnzymesEnzymes- control chemical reactions w/in - control chemical reactions w/in organismsorganisms

4) Cell communication (4) Cell communication (hormones, hormones, neurotransmittersneurotransmitters))

5) Immune response (5) Immune response (antibodiesantibodies))6) Growth and repair6) Growth and repair

AIM: How are AIM: How are organic compounds organic compounds

created?created?Do Now: Using the following word

combinations create one sentence for each.

1. Organic compound, carbon, element

2. Carbohydrates, building blocks, monosaccarhides

3. Lipids, energy, fats, oils

How are organic How are organic compounds created?compounds created?

CHEMICAL REACTIONCHEMICAL REACTION

The formation of or breaking The formation of or breaking of chemical bonds, usually of chemical bonds, usually represented by a word or represented by a word or

chemical equation.chemical equation.Na + Cl NaClNa + Cl NaCl

HH22 + N + N22 NH NH33

ReactantsReactants = found on the left of the equationArrow Arrow = “to make”; shows a reaction is taking placeProductsProducts = found on the right side of the equation.

Na + Cl NaCl

H2 + N2 2NH3

1. 1. Dehydration Dehydration

synthesissynthesis

Combining Combining smallsmall organic organic compounds compounds (subunits) to (subunits) to produce produce largelarge organic organic compounds compounds with with the loss of waterthe loss of water..

Examples of DisaccharidesExamples of Disaccharides

SucroseSucrose = Fructose + = Fructose + GlucoseGlucose

MaltoseMaltose = Glucose + = Glucose + GlucoseGlucose

LactoseLactose = Glucose + = Glucose + GalactoseGalactose

Breaking aBreaking a LargeLarge CompoundCompound into into SmallerSmaller compounds compounds by adding by adding waterwater

The reverse of dehydration synthesis!!!

Maltose + Water produces Glucose+Glucose

2 separatemolecules of glucose

&

What is this process called?HYDROLYSISHYDROLYSIS