DO NOW•LIST 3 INVENTIONS YOU USE TODAY THAT YOU DO NOT THINK EXISTED IN 1850. THEN IN 4-5 SENTENCES, DESCRIBE HOW YOUR LIFE WOULD BE DIFFERENT WITHOUT THEM.

•BE SPECIFIC/REALISTIC

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe shift, beginning in England in the 18th century, from

making goods by hand to making them by machine.

England before the Industrial Revolution

1.Medieval or

Pre-Industrial

Society

A. Farming

Villages

i. Strips

divided

equallyii.Common

fields

iii.Fallow

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

2. The Agricultural Revolution

A. Overview

Population Explosion• England - huge increase in population in

the late 1760s.

• More people need more food.

• The French blockade meant that the British had to produce more food.

• Large landowners chase small tenant farmers (renters) off their lands to try to make the most profit from the increased price of food.

Britain’s Agricultural Revolution

• The large landowners consolidate

their property into enclosures –

land that is walled off.

• Increased technology and new inventions make the

British farmers the most productive in the world. Fewer

farmers can now produce more food than ever before.

• This allows the rural population to feed a growing urban

population.

DO NOW

Referring to page 282, list all the negative aspects of child labor and working in factories

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

2. The Agricultural Revolution

A. Overview

B. Enclosure Movement

i. landlords fenced in common land and used new

farming technology

ii. peasants became poorer

•Landlords started crop rotation.

•This helps the fields retained their nutrients.

•Clover, alfalfa, turnips

New crops such as corn and

potatoes were introduced that increased the

amount of food that Britain produced.

The changes in the way the

people in Britain farmed resulted

in huge increases in the amount of

food that the land produced. =

YIELD

Turnip

•Nitrogen•Charles

“Turnip” Townshend

•Helps with moving away from 3-field system

The Seed Drill

• Jethro Tull•The Seed

Drill• Increases

Yield

Selective Breeding

Better and More MeatBetter Wool and

Better Meat

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION2.The Agricultural Revolution

A.Enclosure Movement

i. landlords fenced in common land and

used new farming technology

ii.peasants became poorer

B.Crop Rotation

i. fields regained nutrients by planting

different crops

C. Other Discoveries

i. seed drill planted seeds quickly

ii.new crops: corn and potato

D.Selective Breeding

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION2.The Agricultural Revolution

A.Enclosure Movement

i. landlords fenced in common land and

used new farming technology –

Scientific Farming

ii.peasants became poorer

B.Crop Rotation

i. fields regained nutrients by planting

different crops

C. Other Discoveries

i. seed drill planted seeds quickly

ii.new crops: corn and potato

D.Selective Breeding

E.Results in more food and population

increase

Enclosure results in Urbanization

The former tenant farmers that were chased off the lands during the period of enclosure were forced to move into towns and cities.

Many found work at home making textile products (making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth).Entrepreneurs (businessmen/merchants)

started businesses by taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of peasant

spinners. After the wool and flax were spun carded, the capitalists would then take it to

the weavers.

The Result ==The Cottage Industry

(aka Domestic System)

This is early capitalism

3.Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

A.Merchants Role

i. supplied materials – wool and cotton

ii.transported supplies

iii.merchants make profits

Positives• Circumnavigate the

town guilds• Met a grown demand

for goods• Merchants avoid costs

of expensive equipment

• Workers @ home paced work around seasons/holidays

• Not subject to factory discipline

• Entire family together• Avoid starvation

during poor harvests

Negatives•Rural homes

were poorly ventilated

•Small and crowded

•As demand grew, equipment became larger and more expensive

2.Cottage Industry and Early CapitalismA. Merchants Role

i. supplied materials – wool and cotton

ii. transported supplies

iii. merchants make profits

B.Capitalism

i. private ownership, free competition, and profit

ii.cottage industry early example of capitalism

C.Effects of the Cottage Industry

i. big profits for new class of merchants

ii.alternative source of income for peasants

The Factory SystemWhat do you see here?

What are the

machines doing?

What are the workers

doing?What is the girl next to the machine

doing?

What might be the advantages of factory spinning over cottage-industry spinning?

The Factory System

Entrepreneurs decided to combine all of the factors of

production into one place

workers

+ raw materials+ machines+ building= factory system

The Factory System

3.Textile Industry and Factory System

A.Textile Industry Invented

i. cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles

ii.new machines make textiles quicker

iii.cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

B.Rise of the Factory

i. new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories

ii.located near power source: coal, iron, water

3.Textile Industry and Factory System A. Textile Industry Invented

i. cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles

ii. new machines make textiles quicker

iii. cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

B. Rise of the Factory

i. new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories

ii. located near power source: coal, iron, water

C.Effects of Textile Factories in Britain

i. Amount of textiles increased and prices lowered

ii.most villagers left home to find work in urban factories

.iii URBANIZATION

The Steam Engine

Steam power

4.Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial

Revolution

A.Steam Engine built for increasing

need for power

B.Steam forced from low to high

pressure produces power

C.Steam Engine improved mining

which increased metals

Coal and Iron

5.Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

A.The Need for Iron

i. farming tools, new factory machinery, railways

B.The Need for Coal

i. steam engines powered by coal

C.Effect of Iron and Coal

i. Britain produced more iron than rest of the world

ii.coal powered Britain’s enormous navy

Iron and Coal: Energy of the Industrial Revolution

many workers die because of dangerous machineryBritish engineers learned that coal could be used

for energy and carbon. It burned slowly and had the carbon needed to make iron.

The use of iron was essential in the

industrial revolution. Iron was a very hard metal that could be used to make strong

machines.

The problem was that iron needed carbon

added to it to be flexible and durable.

Coal could also be used to produce steam power.

The British used iron to build the

world’s most powerful navy.

This navy controlled the world’s oceans using coal for

energy.

Improved Transportation

Transportation Before the industrial revolution merchants used to transport goods by horse or mule cart over

poor roads.

Merchants had to wait for good weather to travel.

The industrial revolution needed quicker, cheaper, and more reliable forms of

transportation.In 1829 Stephenson invented the

steam locomotive.

The Rocket

The Rocket Animation

BBC Animation of the Rocket

Soon railroads covered Britain.

Goods and people could travel quickly and cheaply across the country.

In addition to railroads, the British also constructed additional canals and better roads to meet the demands of the new

businesses.

6.Transportation

A.Need for Better Transportation

i. increased production needed quick and cheap transportation

B.Inventions

i. roads, canals, railroad

C.Effects of Railroads

i. cheaper transportation increased production and profits

ii.helped other industries

Britain starts the Industrial RevolutionNatural

Resources

• System of navigable rivers and canals.

• surrounded by harbors

• coal, iron, and other fuel

• food sources

Population• A population explosion gave England plenty of workers

• Large population also meant a large market

Technology

• Inventors that changed working life

• Roads and railroads were invented in England and helped transportation

Money

• England had a bank that loaned entrepreneurs money to start companies.

7.Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

A.Geography

i. natural resources - iron and coal

ii.separation from the European continent kept them out of wars

B.Government

i. trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate

ii.helped build canals and roads

C.Social Factors

i. British society less rigid than other European countries

Industrialization and the World

The problem with industrialization was that it demanded a lot of natural resources.

England could not continue to provide all of the natural resources the growing factories

demanded.The people of England could not continue to keep buying all of the goods that the

factories produced.The answer was to take

over the world and bring in

natural resources from

other countries and

sell them factory-made

goods.

7. Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

A. Geography

i. natural resources - iron and coal

ii. separation from the European continent kept them out of wars

B. Government

i. trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate

ii. helped build canals and roads

C. Social Factors

i. British society less rigid than other European countries

D.Colonial Empire

i. supplied raw material and provided market for goods

E. Advantages of Industrializing First

i. no other competition for manufactured goods monopoly on technology

Development of New Cities

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

rapid urbanization led to crowded and dirty

cities that were unhealthy

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

destroyed social order

whole families

are forced to work in

factories

parents have to work two jobs and can not feed and raise children – many live

on the streets and join gangs

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

many poor families need their children to

work long and dangerous hours at

jobs that pay very little

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

workers eventually join unions to fight

for better wages, shorter working days,

and safer working

conditions

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Positive Effects• a new middle class developed to

serve the interests of the owners

• shopping – more goods were made for

much cheaper and many people could

afford goods that they would never

have been able to before

• medical care and city planning improved

• new inventions improved the quality of life