Do-Now-Do-Now-Copy AND answer Copy AND answer the following the following questions on a questions on a separate sheet separate sheet of paper. of paper.

1.1.How do you think you did on the ch. 1 How do you think you did on the ch. 1 Test?Test?

2.2.How long did you study?How long did you study?

3.3.Did you fully complete the review sheet?Did you fully complete the review sheet?

4.4.What could YOU do to improve your What could YOU do to improve your grade?grade?

5.5.What could WE do to help you?What could WE do to help you?

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Remember to write the slides that show Remember to write the slides that show the clipboard symbol. Examples written the clipboard symbol. Examples written in italics do not need to be written down. in italics do not need to be written down. We will just discuss them, along with the We will just discuss them, along with the other slides.other slides.

ObjectivesObjectives ListList and describe the steps of the experimental and describe the steps of the experimental

method.method. DescribeDescribe why a good hypothesis is not simply a why a good hypothesis is not simply a

guess.guess. DescribeDescribe the two essential parts of a good the two essential parts of a good

experiment.experiment. DescribeDescribe how scientists study subjects in which how scientists study subjects in which

experiments are not possible.experiments are not possible. ExplainExplain the importance of curiosity and the importance of curiosity and

imagination in science.imagination in science.

StandardsStandards SCSh1a, b, cSCSh1a, b, c SCSh2bSCSh2b SCSh3a, c, eSCSh3a, c, e SCSh6dSCSh6d SCSh7b, d, eSCSh7b, d, e SCSh8a, b, c, d, eSCSh8a, b, c, d, e SCSh9bSCSh9b

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Consists of a series of steps that scientists Consists of a series of steps that scientists

worldwide use to identify and answer questionsworldwide use to identify and answer questions OH DEAR-R-ROH DEAR-R-R

ObservationObservation Hypothesis/PredictionHypothesis/Prediction Design the ExperimentDesign the Experiment Execute the ExperimentExecute the Experiment Analyze Data and Draw ConclusionsAnalyze Data and Draw Conclusions RetestRetest Reject or Accept the HypothesisReject or Accept the Hypothesis Report FindingsReport Findings

ObservingObserving Process of obtaining information by using Process of obtaining information by using

the sensesthe senses Includes descriptions, drawings, Includes descriptions, drawings,

photographs, and measurementsphotographs, and measurements

Hypothesizing and Hypothesizing and PredictingPredicting

A A hypothesishypothesis is an explanation that is based is an explanation that is based on observations and that can be tested.on observations and that can be tested. Not merely a guess.Not merely a guess. Should make logical sense and follow from what you Should make logical sense and follow from what you

already know about the situationalready know about the situation

PredictionsPredictions are statements made in advance are statements made in advance that express the results that will be obtained that express the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis if the hypothesis is from testing a hypothesis if the hypothesis is supported. supported.

ExperimentsExperiments Carried out under controlled conditions to Carried out under controlled conditions to

discover, demonstrate, or test a fact, theory, or discover, demonstrate, or test a fact, theory, or general truthgeneral truth

Performed when questions that arise from Performed when questions that arise from observations can’t be answered with additional observations can’t be answered with additional observationsobservations

Should be designed to pinpoint cause-and-Should be designed to pinpoint cause-and-effect relationshipseffect relationships

Experiments, cont.Experiments, cont. Have 2 essential characteristics: Have 2 essential characteristics:

Only a single variable is testedOnly a single variable is tested Control is usedControl is used

The The variablevariable is the factor that changes in an is the factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis.experiment in order to test a hypothesis. To test for one variable, scientists usually study two To test for one variable, scientists usually study two

groups or situations at one time, with the variable groups or situations at one time, with the variable being the only difference between the two groups.being the only difference between the two groups.

Experimenting, cont.Experimenting, cont. The experimental groupThe experimental group is the group in the is the group in the

experiment that is identical to the control group experiment that is identical to the control group except for one factor (variable) and is except for one factor (variable) and is compared with the control group.compared with the control group.

The The control groupcontrol group is the group in the is the group in the experiment that serves as a standards of experiment that serves as a standards of comparison with another group to which the comparison with another group to which the control group is identical except for one factor control group is identical except for one factor (variable).(variable).

Analyzing DataAnalyzing Data DataData is any pieces of information acquired is any pieces of information acquired

through observation or experimentation.through observation or experimentation. Organizing data (tables & graphs) helps Organizing data (tables & graphs) helps

scientists analyze the data & explain the data scientists analyze the data & explain the data to others.to others.

Graphs are often used to display relationships Graphs are often used to display relationships or trends in the data.or trends in the data. Bar graphs compare data for several things in one Bar graphs compare data for several things in one

graph.graph. Graphing the info makes the trends presented in Graphing the info makes the trends presented in

tables easier to see.tables easier to see.

Drawing ConclusionsDrawing Conclusions Scientists determine the results of their Scientists determine the results of their

experiment by analyzing their data and experiment by analyzing their data and comparing the outcome of their comparing the outcome of their experiments with their prediction.experiments with their prediction.

Sometimes scientists use mathematical Sometimes scientists use mathematical tools (statistics) to help them determine tools (statistics) to help them determine whether the differences are meaningful whether the differences are meaningful or are just a coincidence.or are just a coincidence.

Retesting ExperimentsRetesting Experiments Scientists often repeat their experiments.Scientists often repeat their experiments.

The more often an experiment can be The more often an experiment can be repeated with the same results, in different repeated with the same results, in different places and by different people, the more places and by different people, the more sure scientists become about the reliability sure scientists become about the reliability of their conclusions.of their conclusions.

They look for a large amount of supporting They look for a large amount of supporting evidence before they accept a hypothesis.evidence before they accept a hypothesis.

Reject or Accept the Hypothesis

Based on the repeated testing of an experiment

If the hypothesis is supported consistently, it is accepted. If it isn’t, it is rejected.

Reporting ResultsReporting Results Scientists publish their results, sometimes in Scientists publish their results, sometimes in

scientific articles, to share what they have scientific articles, to share what they have learned with other scientists.learned with other scientists. Scientific articles include the question the scientist Scientific articles include the question the scientist

explored, the reasons why the question is important, explored, the reasons why the question is important, background information, a precise description of background information, a precise description of how the work was done, the data collected, and the how the work was done, the data collected, and the scientist’s interpretation of the data.scientist’s interpretation of the data.

Scientific Habits of MindScientific Habits of Mind Good scientists tend to share several key Good scientists tend to share several key

habits of mind, or ways of approaching & habits of mind, or ways of approaching & thinking about things.thinking about things.

CuriosityCuriosity Good scientists are endlessly curious which Good scientists are endlessly curious which

drives them to observe & experiment.drives them to observe & experiment. Skepticism Skepticism

Good scientists don’t believe everything that Good scientists don’t believe everything that they are told.they are told.

Scientific Habits of Mind, Scientific Habits of Mind, cont.cont. Openness to new ideas Openness to new ideas

Good scientists keep an open mind to how the world works.Good scientists keep an open mind to how the world works. Intellectual honesty Intellectual honesty

A good scientist is willing to recognize the results of an A good scientist is willing to recognize the results of an experiment even though it may mean that his or her experiment even though it may mean that his or her hypothesis was wrong.hypothesis was wrong.

Imagination and creativityImagination and creativity Open to new ideasOpen to new ideas Able to conceive new ideas themselvesAble to conceive new ideas themselves Have the ability to see patterns where others do not or can Have the ability to see patterns where others do not or can

imagine things that others cannotimagine things that others cannot This allows for good scientists to expand the boundaries we This allows for good scientists to expand the boundaries we

know.know.

Reading AssignmentReading Assignment

Read p. 32-39Read p. 32-39 2-1 AR Wkst.2-1 AR Wkst.

P. 39

Answer questions #2-4 only.

ObjectivesObjectives ExplainExplain how scientists use statistics. how scientists use statistics. ExplainExplain why the size of a statistical sample is why the size of a statistical sample is

important.important. DescribeDescribe 4 types of models commonly used by 4 types of models commonly used by

scientists.scientists. ExplainExplain the relationship between probability the relationship between probability

and risk.and risk. ExplainExplain the importance of conceptual models the importance of conceptual models

and mathematical models.and mathematical models.

StandardsStandards SCSh5cSCSh5c SEV4fSEV4f

How Scientists use How Scientists use StatisticsStatistics

Statistics-Statistics-collection & classification of data in collection & classification of data in the form of numbersthe form of numbers Branch of math that provides scientists with Branch of math that provides scientists with

important tools for analyzing and understanding important tools for analyzing and understanding their data.their data.

Use statistics to summarize, characterize, analyze, Use statistics to summarize, characterize, analyze, and compare data.and compare data.

Scientists use statistics to describe statistical Scientists use statistics to describe statistical populations (group of similar things that a populations (group of similar things that a scientist is interested in learning about)scientist is interested in learning about)

What is the Probability?What is the Probability? ProbabilityProbability--likelihood that a possible likelihood that a possible

future event will occur in any given future event will occur in any given instance of the eventinstance of the event Usually expressed as a number between 0 Usually expressed as a number between 0

and 1 and written as a decimal and 1 and written as a decimal Must be a large enough sample size in order Must be a large enough sample size in order

to obtain accurate resultsto obtain accurate results

Understanding the NewsUnderstanding the News The news contains statistics everyday. The news contains statistics everyday.

For example, a reporter might say, “A study shows For example, a reporter might say, “A study shows that forest fires increased air pollution in the city last that forest fires increased air pollution in the city last year.”year.”

This could lead you to gather & then graph This could lead you to gather & then graph data on the pollution levels for last 20 years, & data on the pollution levels for last 20 years, & looking to see if this years seem unusually looking to see if this years seem unusually high.high.

Paying attention to statistics will make you a Paying attention to statistics will make you a better consumer of information.better consumer of information.

Thinking About RiskThinking About Risk RiskRisk is the probability of an unwanted is the probability of an unwanted

outcome.outcome. Citizens overestimate the risk of Citizens overestimate the risk of

sensational environmental problems & sensational environmental problems & underestimate the risk of ordinary ones.underestimate the risk of ordinary ones.

ModelsModels ModelsModels are patterns, plans, are patterns, plans,

representations, or descriptions designed representations, or descriptions designed to show the structure or workings of an to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept.object, system or concept.

4 types of models:4 types of models: Physical Physical Graphical Graphical ConceptualConceptual MathematicalMathematical

Models Posters Make FOUR squares on your poster. In

each section: Name of type of model Definition Description Examples (MORE THAN 1!)

Group Member Names!

Physical ModelsPhysical Models Physical models are 3-D models you Physical models are 3-D models you

can touch.can touch. Closely resemble the object or Closely resemble the object or

system they representsystem they represent Teach scientists something new & Teach scientists something new &

help to further other discoverieshelp to further other discoveries One of the most famous physical models was One of the most famous physical models was

used to discover the structure of DNA.used to discover the structure of DNA.

Graphical ModelsGraphical Models Maps & charts are common examplesMaps & charts are common examples Show things such as the position of the Show things such as the position of the

stars, the amount of forest cover in a stars, the amount of forest cover in a given area, & the depth of the water in a given area, & the depth of the water in a river or along a coastriver or along a coast

Conceptual ModelsConceptual Models Verbal or graphical explanations Verbal or graphical explanations for how a system works or is for how a system works or is organizedorganized A flow-chart diagram is an example A flow-chart diagram is an example

Uses boxes linked by arrows to illustrate Uses boxes linked by arrows to illustrate what a system contains, how those what a system contains, how those contents are organized, and how they contents are organized, and how they affect one anotheraffect one another

Can be verbal descriptions or drawingCan be verbal descriptions or drawing For example, one conceptual model of the structure of an For example, one conceptual model of the structure of an

atom describes the atom as one large ball being circled by atom describes the atom as one large ball being circled by several smaller balls.several smaller balls.

A model can be more than one type. A model can be more than one type. An atomic model made using plastic balls is both a conceptual An atomic model made using plastic balls is both a conceptual

& physical model.& physical model.

Mathematical ModelsMathematical Models Mathematical modelsMathematical models are one or more are one or more

equations that represent the way system equations that represent the way system or process works.or process works.

Useful in cases with many variablesUseful in cases with many variables Like the many things that affect the weatherLike the many things that affect the weather

Scientists use the models to relate the Scientists use the models to relate the amount of energy reflected from objects amount of energy reflected from objects to the objects’ physical condition.to the objects’ physical condition.

Reading AssignmentReading Assignment

Read p. 40-46.Read p. 40-46. 2-2 AR wkst.2-2 AR wkst.

ObjectivesObjectives DescribeDescribe three values that people three values that people

consider when making decisions about consider when making decisions about the environment.the environment.

DescribeDescribe the four steps in a simple the four steps in a simple environmental decision-making model.environmental decision-making model.

StandardsStandards SCSh6dSCSh6d SCSh9dSCSh9d SEV4fSEV4f

Values and the EnvironmentValues and the Environment ValuesValues are principles or standards that are principles or standards that

an individual considers to be important.an individual considers to be important. Before research can begin, an examination Before research can begin, an examination

of values is usually neededof values is usually needed Many values affect environmental decision Many values affect environmental decision

makingmaking

An Environmental Decision-An Environmental Decision-Making ModelMaking Model A A decision-making modeldecision-making model is a conceptual model that is a conceptual model that

provides a systematic process for making decisions.provides a systematic process for making decisions. Can be used to help make decisions about Can be used to help make decisions about

environmental issues that environmental issues that can be difficult. can be difficult. Gather information Gather information

watching news reports, talking to watching news reports, talking to

experts, etc.experts, etc. Consider which values apply to the Consider which values apply to the

issueissue Explore the consequences of each Explore the consequences of each optionoption Evaluate all of the information and make Evaluate all of the information and make

a decisiona decision

Before you leave today:

Read p. 47-51 carefully. Make sure you know the terms on the table (values). You may be tested on them tomorrow.

Complete and turn in the 2-3 Active Reading wkst.

Complete the Ch. 2 Concept Review wkst. If you do not get it done, it is HOMEWORK!