do now (connection to film) think back to the film from last class… define the following in...
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now (Connection to Film)
Think back to the film from last class…
Define the following in regards to the Renaissance:
Commerce
Globalization
How did these two factors impact Europe in the mid 14th centaury?
The Crusades
Why Important?
How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?
What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?
The Crusades
Why Important?
Increased contact with Eastern civilizations (Muslims) leading to increased commerce and globalization
How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?
+ for Italian port cities
+ intellectual ideas
What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?
Causes of the Renaissance
Black Death Political disorder
Economic recession
RENAISSANCE
14th Century Recovery
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession
Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease
Labor is hard to find (scarce)
Towns and many serfs freed from feudal obligations
Church’s influence declines.
Disrupts pattern of trade.
The Black Death (Plague)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money) and banking.
Economic Effects of the Crusades
Church rule against usury and the bank’s practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and speed-up trade.
New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Important Economic Concepts
Feudalism no longer works
Growth of trading towns and cities
Cities are free from feudal obligations
Manorialism no longer works
Not enough workers
Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase in trade
Impact of Crusades and Black Death
The Italian Renaissance
Rebirth?
Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture
circ. 1300 to 1527(?)
Italy
Powerful city-states
Politically, economically, socially
Secularism
Education System
Remnants of Greatness
City States
Italy lacked a single ruler
Major City States…
Papal
Milan
Venice
Florence
Milan
1447= Francesco Sforza (Duke)
Strong centralized state
Efficient tax system
Were initially independent city-states governed as republics.
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern Markets.
Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
Florence, Venice, & Genoa (Italy)
Venice
Run by merchant class (aristocracy)
Florence
1434 = Cosimo & grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici (d. 1492)
Spoils system helped them keep control
Cultural center of italy
Supporters (Patrons) of the arts!
Balance of Power
Papal States/Rome
Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI - 1492)
Highly Secular
Cesare Borgia – Commander of Papal Armies
Renaissance Society Social Hierarchy
Clergy
Nobility
Everyone else Patricians / traders, merchants
Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans
Low wage earners, unemployed
Patriarchal in nature
Arranged marriages w/ dowries
Humanism
o Humanism was an ideal that focused on the world of mankind as much as a concern for the hereafter.
o Rejected medieval view of humanity and focused on the goodness of mankind
04/19/2320
Humanism
Emphasis on the individual
Well rounded
Educated
Loyal
Physically fit
High Renaissance
1480 - 1520
Art in Italy
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
Last Supper
Masaccio
Frescoes
Wet plaster / water based paint
Perspective = 1 or 2 point
Art Stresses
Organization
Geometry
Realism
Sculpture
Donatello
“Saint George”
Filippo Brunelleschi
Architecture
Medici’s were patrons
“Church of Saint Lorenzo”
Artwork in the Middle Ages
Techniques in Medieval Art
Halo
2-D
Theme
Color
Proportion
The Epiphany
Giotto di Bondone
Simone Martini
Saint Andrew
The Pentecost
Mosan
Artwork in the Renaissance
REFORMATION
1500
Michelangelo
DonatelloDavid
Leonardo
Raphael
MichelangeloDavid
1400 1600
Renaissance timeline
Techniques in Renaissance
Art
Perspective
Vanishing Point Foreshortening
Chiaroscuro
Colors used Sfumato
Posto / Contrapposto
Realism
Portrait
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Raphael
The Marriage of the Virgin
Raphael
The Marriage of the Virgin
Raphael
Andrea Mantegna c. 1480
Andrea Mantegna c. 1480
Annunciation with
St. Emidius
By: Carlo Crivelli
Annunciation with St. Emidius
By: Carlo Crivelli
Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622)
Johannes Vermeer
Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622)
Johannes Vermeer
Giovanni Arnolfini and his
Wife
Sfumato
The Last Supper Leonardo DaVinci
Where do we see examples of all these different techniques?
Renaissance ArtEvaluating the Progression from Medieval to Renaissance
Madonna and Child
in Glory
By Jacopa di Cione
1360/65
Miraculous
Mass of Martin
of Tours
Franconian
School
Ca. 1440
Madonna and Child
with St. John
Guiliano Bugiardini
1510
Adoration of the
Shepherds
Giovanni
Agostino da Lodi
1510
The Adoration of the Magi by the Kress Monnogrammist, ca. 1550/1560
The Bean Eater by Annibale Carracci, 1582/83
Spread of Renaissance Possible w/Gutenberg’s
innovative movable metal type printing press (1445)
By 1500, a thousand printers published 40000 tiles (1/2 religious)
Literacy rates spiked as did cultural diffusion
Northern Renaissance Starts in 1450, 100
years later than Italy
Cultivated knowledge of classics (& early Christian writers)
Tried to apply classics to Christianity for reform
Promoted simpler Christian interpretation than complicated Medieval dogma
Northern vs. Italian Art
Northern Renaissance Art
Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional
In painting, Flanders School used oil/more intense w/realism perspective not as important
Due to religion, art seen in illuminated manuscripts, especially Limbourg Brothers & altarpieces
Northern v. Italian Art
Italian
Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco, tempura, architecture
Perspective, Symmetry, Balance, Good sense of Mass
Classical Mythology, Religious
Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use of Anatomy
Northern
Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration, Oil on…, glazing
Detail, Naturalism
Interiors, Portraits, Religious
Extreme / Minute DetailSubject
Style
Medium
Famous
Book of Hours (religious prayer book)
Jan van Eyck Realistic ainter
who worked on details
His Altarpiece of Ghent, portrait of a Man & Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife are his most famous works
Rogier van der Weyden Deposition
Robert Campin’s Merode Altarpiece
Albrecht Durer
Self Portrait(1500)
St. Jerome dans sa cellule (1514)
Engraving
Pieter Brughel The Harvesters 1565, Oil on wood
Peasant Wedding 1568
Women?
Rare, but at times politically influential
Isabella d’Este (Mantua)
Turn to page 422
Intellectual Renaissance
Humanism! Study of classical Greco-
Roman past
Liberal arts
Grammar
Rhetoric
Poetry
Moral philosophy
Ethics
history
Petrarch
14th cent. Father of Italian Humanism
Stressed classical Latin (Rome)
Civic duty
Individual purpose is to best serve the state
The Intellectual Renaissance
Writers and Philosophy
VernacularDante’ Alighieri
Italian
“Divine Comedy”
How to gain salvation through his travels through the levels of hell, purgatory, heaven
Geoffrey Chaucer
English
“The Canterbury Tales”
Collection of stories from individuals from all walks of life
Francois Rabelais
French
“Pantagruel and Gargantua”
Son and Father Giants
Comical Satire
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine Diplomat
Forced into exile
Wrote “The Prince”
Question: How does a Prince obtain and maintain power?
How Should Nobility Act?
Baldassare Castiglione says…
“The Book of the Courtier” / “Il Cortiere”
1. born into, have character
2. physical, military, and classical edu.
3. show achievement w/ grace
Purpose = win favor with and serve Prince
End of Renaissance
1527
Italian wars = 30 years
French Charles VIII (1494) takes over kingdom of Naples
Other city-states turn to Spanish for protection (Charles I)
Troops are not able to be paid, thus sack Rome for the spoils