Do Now

1 question regarding the slave trade

Exploration

Trading posts along the coasts. David Livingstone– wanted to explore the

interior Why colonialism

Industrial Revolution=Demand for raw materials and markets (1800s)

Christian missionaries also sought to spread the word.

European nationalism=competition for more territory

Why the Europeans Succeeded

Treatments for malaria and yellow fever

Maxim gun– A new machine gun

Diseases– Small pox

Early Acquisitions Suez Canal built by Lesseps (French)

Britain takes control of canal (Significance?)

Berlin Conference– Europeans carve up Africa Exceptions—Ethiopia and Liberia

Congo Free State King Leopold II

Appealed to Belgium Govt. to secure the Congo region for the country

No– So– I will own it myself• Hired Henry Stanley (American) to gain as many treaties as

possible• 450 in total– securing the region for his company

Simultaneously French explorer Pierre De Brazza was scrambling for rights in the region (beginning of scramble)

Reason To open to civilization the only part of the globe it has yet to penetrate…It

is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress…I [am] by no way motivated by selfish designs

• King Leopold II

King Leopold’ Congo “Free” State

Decree of 1885 All unsettled land belongs to the

state• Only small fields next to the peoples

homes could remain theirs Early Troubles

Little money to manage• Needed money for RR and

Administration• Difficult to get it from investors

Resistance from local groups. • Tippu Tipp and other slave raiding

groups resented restrictions 1888 Force Publique military

formed by Leopold

Manipulation=Profit

Leopold sought to abolish slave trade Claimed motives were benevolent He suggested that import and export duties

on slaves would help end the trafficking. • What did it really do?

New decree shortly after stating any products sold by Africans must be sold to the state since all the unoccupied land belongs to the state.

Furthermore, the state had the ability to establish prices for these goods which, in turn, determined the income of the inhabitants of the Congo.

New Puppet Companies Formed

Resistance to these new restrictions were met with a new diabolical scheme 2 Huge Companies were sold huge

tracts of land They had permission to police

them freely and institute punishments for the inhabitants that were not working hard enough

Another ¼ million acres was given to Leopold himself.

You Owe Me!!! Taxes were placed on villages for the building

of the RR Oh—No Money– Then Labor will work

• Rubber was collected by agents at trading posts

• Agents received commission on the rubber collected

• Results- A push for more rubber

Results of the Rubber Trade

50% decrease in Congo’s population ExecutionsDeaths due to resistance battlesSeparation of Husbands from

WivesFamine due to lack of land and

timeFleeing to neighboring

countries

Brutal Policies

If not enough rubber was brought to the agentsWives held hostageHands cut offExecutedFlogged (sometimes to death)

• Ammunition had to be accounted for so body parts proved execution

Eyes Open Britain heard of some of the atrocities

and did nothing (feared power shift if Leopold sided with French)

Most still believed Congo was a Civilizing Mission George Washington Williams speaks out

• Ex- Competition to shoot the man in the boat• Worked to expose but Leopold spread

rumors to discredit him• He dies of disease

Finally

Missionaries take off where Williams ended

• Many were bystanders • A few spoke out and • Aborigines Protection Society created

• Urged Britain to investigate

E.D. Morel • 80% of supplies heading to

Congo=Military=Not for trade

Congo still faces problems today

Solidifying Claims

Railroads Governments Trading posts Mines Communication lines Ports Schools Hospitals …

All “improvements” sought $$

Cash crop economies=reliance

Cultural deterioration Human rights issues

galore

Berlin Conference—1884-1885 Resulting from Leopold and Brazza’s

scramble and the fear of European conflict, Otto Van Bismarck called for a conference to divvy up the continent among the European NationsStanley and a few of Leopold’s cronies

were there to manipulate the other countries assuring that the Congo would not be claimed.

Who was not present?

1. What is the primary difference between these two maps?

2. How did the Berlin Conference influence the 2nd map?

3. What were some of the effects of the Berlin Conference on African society and political entities

1. What percentage of Africa was colonized by 1914?

2. Which two countries claimed the most territory

1913 African Colonization

Dutch Arrive Cattle determined political position in the

region Various tribes settled and farmed The Dutch arrived 1487 Cape Settlement Established as trading post

British Arrive Lay-offs ordered by Dutch king and

they received 28 acre farming parcels

Stole cattle Natives worked for the Dutch

(Afrikaners or Boers) Mixed race began developing British showed up in the early

1800s British abolished slavery in 1834

and changed the economy of the area

Voortrekkers began spreading northward into others lands

Diamonds are the Brits Best Friend

The long trek north became a bit of an exile religious movement by the Boers

Battle of the blood river—Zulu and Boers fight leading to many deaths of Boers at first and then Zulu later

1860-1866 6000 Indians imported onto British farms to work Now there is an influential Asian community in South Africa Gold and Diamond mining in 1887 brought a new economy British imposed heavy taxes so that the natives would have to work in

the mines

Boer War and Beyond

1899-1902 War between the Afrikaners and the British (Anglo-Boer)

British scorched earth to prevent guerilla warfare by Afrikaners

500,000 vs 40,000 Afrikaners Blacks fought with both sides 1910 South Africa union

under British empire though political democracy

Afrikaners and British could vote but only some blacks

1913 Natives were forced to live on 8% of the land

This was the beginning of Apartheid

Restricting and Restructuring

1948 Afrikaners gained political control and began more intense segregation

Justification using religion Prohibition of Mixed Marriages

Act 1949 and Population Registration Act 1950

3 New Races—Could not inter-marry

Group Areas Act 1950 began designating land for each race

Immorality Acts- Whites could not have sex with other races

87% of land was designated White and it, of course, was the best land

1950 Suppression of Communism Act—Banned any act opposing apartheid

Acts of Injustice

Population Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950Led to the creation of a national register in which every person's race was recorded. A Race Classification Board took the final decision on what a person's race was in disputed cases.

Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas.

Suppression of Communism Act, Act No 44 of 1950Outlawed communism and the Community Party in South Africa. Communism was defined so broadly that it covered any call for radical change. Communists could be banned from participating in a political organisation and restricted to a particular area. \

Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, Act No 52 of 1951Gave the Minister of Native Affairs the power to remove blacks from public or privately owned land and to establishment resettlement camps to house these displaced people.

Bantu Authorities Act, Act No 68 of 1951Provided for the establishment of black homelands and regional authorities and, with the aim of creating greater self-government in the homelands, abolished the Native Representative Council.

Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, Act No 67 of 1952Commonly known as the Pass Laws, this ironically named act forced black people to carry identification with them at all times. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to be unable to produce a pass when required to do so by the police. No black person could leave a rural area for an urban one without a permit from the local authorities. On arrival in an urban area a permit to seek work had to be obtained within 72 hours.

Resistance to Apartheid African National Congress

(ANC) developed to oppose the system

ANC organized a resistance in 1919 demonstrated against passbooks

Demonstrators were forced to stop but the demonstration fueled the resistance

1936 Natives could no longer vote at all and were represented by 3 whites

Gandhi helped to organize against these injustices in South Africa

South African Indian Congress (SAIC)

Resistance Apartheid aimed at keeping the Blacks and Asians in servant roles Schools only taught the white version of history and languages ANC and SAIC began coordinating using non-violent resistance

such as boycotts Defiance Campaign targeted the passbooks and attempted to use

Satyagraha Fill the prisons and overload the system No repeals took place but it proved the importance of working

together Gathered feedback from all south Africans and wrote the Freedom

Charter Freedom Charter outlined the beliefs of the ANC and SAIC and all s.

Africans 156 arrested and set up the Treason Trials—If guilty—Death All these leaders worked together during the trials to bring results Bus Boycott Eventually all were acquitted

A New, More Ardent Group

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) led by Robert Sobukwe established

PAC opposed the elitist ideas of ANC and accused of pandering to whites

Sought to inspire a mental revolution Africans would lose their slave mentality and rise up to regain

their land Non-violence was a tool to use in the beginning

Sharpeville

Sharpeville—5000 gathered

Shots were fired overhead and 2 were wounded

No violence broke out A police man was

knocked over The crowed gathered to

see what had happened Police open-fired at the

retreating protesters killing 69 and wounding 186

40 women and 8 children were of those wounded

UN Response

No response until 1962 (Why?) Voluntary embargo 1972Pressure on businesses to withdraw

1n 70s and 80s

Other Responses

Ban on South Africa from international sports

Arms embargo by the United States Regan pushed for negotiations

Nelson Mandela

Arrested in 1962 due to leading a movement against the white government

Continued refusing freedom in return for denouncing movement until 1991

Upon release, he promised to end armed movement

Became president in 1994