dna technology mutations and dna technology biology 3.3.3 understand the application of dna...
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DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology
Biology 3.3.3
Understand the application of DNA technology.
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Mutation
• There is always a chance for a mistake during DNA replication.
• There are 3 possible mutations:• Point• Frameshift• Chromosomal
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Point Mutation
• One nitrogen base is switched or incorrect.
• Changes 1 amino acid.
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BIT THE CAR.
Ex. Sickle cell anemia
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Frameshift Mutation
• A single nitrogen base is added or deleted.
• This disrupts all following codons!
• Example:
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BII TTH ECA T.
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Chromosomal Mutation
• When an entire chromosome is missing or there is an extra chromosome.
• Occurs during Meiosis.
• Called Non-Disjunction.
• In most cases, causes death or sterility.
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Causes of DNA Mutations• Under most circumstances, DNA molecules are very
stable. They survive in the nucleus of a cell without undergoing change, and they reproduce themselves during cell division without being damaged. But accidents do occur.
• • For example, an X ray passing through a DNA
molecule might break the chemical bond that holds two nucleotides together. The DNA molecule is destroyed and is no longer able to carry out its function.
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Mutagen: something that causes a mutation.
• caffeine (found in coffee and colas),
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogenic drug),
• benzo(a)pyrene (found in cigarette and coal smoke),
• nitrous oxide (laughing gas), • ozone (a major pollutant when in
the lower atmosphere). • X-rays
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DNA Fingerprinting
• is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
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Transgenic Organism
• an organism which has been modified with genetic material from another speciesby inserting DNA into an embryo with the assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene gun.
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Reason Transgenic Organism
• Goal is to reduce the threats on an organism.
• DNA in one organism is expressed in another organism
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GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
• Organism genetic material has been altered to benefit the organism
Genetically Modified Food
• Food that has been altered to reduce pest, pesticides, carbon emission, or “dry crop”
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Top GMF
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Human Genome ProjectGives the complete blue
print of EACH GENETIC CODE
PRO
• Can map out your entire genetic up for diseases or risk factors
CON
• Can cause liability for insurance companies –No insurance
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Stem Cell
STEM CELLS occur during FERTILIZATION
• derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.[1] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells
REPAIR ERROR in the Human GENOME
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STEM CELLS –GENETIC DISEASE
Cystic Fibrosis Fragile X syndrome
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