dna technology i. genes in action mutation – change in structure or amount of genetic material of...
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DNA Technology
I. Genes in action
• Mutation – Change in structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. Change in DNA sequence.
* Most genetic differences result from some kind of genetic mutation.
Ex. brown vs blue eye color
Mutagens
• Environmental factors which increase mutation rates. Include forms of radiation and some kinds of chemicals
Ex: UV radiation and skin cancer, Cigarette smoke and lung cancer
Results of Genetic Change
1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis
2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides
3) Neutral – No change in organism*
* most common
Results of Genetic Change
1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis
2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides
3) Neutral – No change in organism*
* most common
Sickle Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs Disease
2 Types of Mutations
1) Somatic cells (Body cells)– Ex: Cancer, tumors,
warts
2) Germ cells (Gametes) *
* Only mutations in Germ cells (gametes) can be inherited
II. Gene Technology
• Genome – All the DNA an organism has within its chromosomes
• Human Genome Project – Identified all the human genes on each of the 46 chromosomes
A) Genetic Engineering
• Genetic Engineering The deliberate change of genetic material of an organism. Copies of a gene from one organism are inserted into another
The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
Recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been recombined by genetic engineering.
• New organisms are called recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)
A tobacco plant that has been genetically engineered with a fluorescent gene that causes it to glow...
A tobacco plant that has been genetically engineered with a fluorescent gene that causes it to glow...
Recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)
Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
Genetic Engineering application
• Food crops, livestock, medical treatment (insulin), basic research
The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
B) DNA fingerprinting
Process:• 1) A collected DNA
sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
• 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA
B) DNA fingerprinting
Process:• 1) A collected DNA
sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
• 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA
B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
DNA fingerprinting
• Application:• DNA fingerprints can
be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies
DNA fingerprinting
• Application:• DNA fingerprints can
be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies
It is easy to see in this example that daughter 2 is the child from the mother’s previous marriage and son 2 is adopted. You can see that both daughter 1 and son 1 share RFLPs with both the mom and dad (coloured blue and yellow respectively), while daughter 2 has RFLPs of the mom but not the dad, and son 2 does not have RFLPs from either parent.
C) Cloning
• Cloning – An organism or piece of genetic material that is identical to the original or parent organism. Process where a single cell becomes a whole identical organism
Fig. 20-16
EXPERIMENT
Transversesection ofcarrot root
2-mgfragments
Fragments werecultured in nu-trient medium;stirring causedsingle cells toshear off intothe liquid.
Singlecellsfree insuspensionbegan todivide.
Embryonicplant developedfrom a culturedsingle cell.
Plantlet wascultured onagar medium.Later it wasplantedin soil.
A singlesomaticcarrot celldevelopedinto a maturecarrot plant.
RESULTS
Fig. 20-17
EXPERIMENT
Less differ-entiated cell
RESULTS
Frog embryo Frog egg cell
UV
Donornucleustrans-planted
Frog tadpole
Enucleated egg cell
Egg with donor nucleus activated to begin
development
Fully differ-entiated(intestinal) cell
Donor nucleus trans-planted
Most developinto tadpoles
Most stop developingbefore tadpole stage
Fig. 20-18
TECHNIQUE
Mammarycell donor
RESULTS
Surrogatemother
Nucleus frommammary cell
Culturedmammary cells
Implantedin uterusof a thirdsheep
Early embryo
Nucleusremoved
Egg celldonor
Embryonicdevelopment Lamb (“Dolly”)
genetically identical tomammary cell donor
Egg cellfrom ovary
Cells fused
Grown inculture
1
33
4
5
6
2
Cloning
• Natural cloning – Asexual reproduction in bacteria, budding of parts in some plants and fungi, vegetative propagation of new plants from parts
Any plans for today?
Yeah! I’m
going
fission!
Hey Bud,
What’s
up?
Not much!
Hey Bud!
What
Spud?
Hi Mom! It’s
me, You!
Any plans for
today?
Yeah! I’m
going
fission!
Hey Bud, What’s
up?
Not much!
Hey Bud!
What
Spud?
Hi Mom! It’s
me, You!
D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
