dna: structure and function. the dna revolution 1940s-1960s griffith & avery—dna transformed...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA: Structure and Function
![Page 2: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The DNA Revolution
1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed
pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic
chromosomes. Hershey and Chase—Bacteriophage
experiment. DNA from viruses is injected to host bacteria cells.
![Page 3: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Griffith and Avery
![Page 4: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hershey & Chase
![Page 5: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hershey & Chase
![Page 6: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Search for the Structure of the DNA Molecule
1951—Rosalind Franklin—X-ray crystallography
Chargaff—Chargaff’s rules. Ratio of nitrogenous bases in DNA. Complimentary bases.
Watson & Crick--1953
![Page 7: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Franklin
![Page 8: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chargaff
![Page 9: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Watson & Crick Model of DNA
Nucleotides Sugar—Deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Bases Adenine & Thymine
are complementary. Cytosine and
Guanine are complimentary.
Purines—Adenine & Guanine
Pyrimidines—Cytosine & Thymine
5’ End—Phosphate side
3’ End—Other side
![Page 10: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Watson & Crick Model
DNA is composed of 2 chains of nucleotides that form a double helix shape.
The two strands are antiparallel.
The backbone of the DNA molecule is composed of alternating phosphate groups and sugars.
The complimentary nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands.
A is complimentary to T and G is complimentary to C.
![Page 13: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DNA Model
![Page 14: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DNA
Functions 1. Storage of genetic information 2. Self-duplication & inheritance. 3. Expression of the genetic message. DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the
nitrogenous bases.
![Page 15: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chromosomes Prokaryotic Circular Very small 1 chromosome per
cell Some enzymes and
proteins are associated with the DNA.
Not housed in a nucleus.
Eukaryotic
Linear
Fairly long
Several chromosomes per cell.
Histone proteins---”spools”. Same in all eukaryotes
Housed in a nucleus.
Nucleosome—2 loops of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins.
Unity theme.
![Page 16: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Summary
Describe the structure and function of DNA.
![Page 17: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DNA Replication
DNA replicates in a semiconservative way 1 strand is the “leading strand” (3’ 5’) 1 strand is the “lagging strand” (5’ 3’)
![Page 18: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DNA Replication Steps
1. Helicase (protein) unzips the DNA
2. DNA polymerase (protein) binds to the strands
3. DNA polymerase adds the floating nucleotides to the new DNA strand.
4. 2 new strands are made
![Page 20: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Summary
Describe the process of DNA Replication
![Page 24: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
RNA
3 types—mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Ribose Uracil replaces Thymine Single stranded helix
![Page 25: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Transcription
RNA polymerase Messenger RNA mRNA Unzipping of DNA helix. Sense strand or template strand Codons Genetic code
![Page 27: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Translation Vocabulary
1. Amino Acid- The basic building block of proteins
2. tRNA- a RNA molecule that carries the amino acid to the ribosome
3. codon- a set of 3 nucleotides used to code for an amino acid
4. polypeptide- a string of many molecule (ex: protein is a polypeptide of amino acids)
5. P site- where the tRNA detaches leaving behind the amino acid
6. A site- where the tRNA arrives
![Page 29: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Translation
Steps:
1. mRNA enters the cytoplasm from the nucleus
2. mRNA finds a ribosome
3. Ribosome starts translation by using the tRNA that carries Methionine (AUG)
4. Protein chain elongates
5. Stop codons terminates the translation of protein elongation
![Page 30: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: DNA: Structure and Function. The DNA Revolution 1940s-1960s Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed pneumococcus bacteria. Encouraged the study of prokaryotic](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103004/56649c885503460f9494010a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)