dna, rna, to protein. so far, we have discussed dna dna this was called _______________. the basic...
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DNA, RNA, to Protein
So far, we have discussed
DNA DNA • This was called _______________. • The basic idea is that we are copying the DNA.
But, how does DNA store hereditary information?????
• DNA stores all of the instructions needed to make all of the proteins in an organism.
Its makes you, who you physically are!!!!
The Flow of genetic information in cells:
DNA RNA protein Location:
Nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm cytoplasm
What is RNA??– A nucleic acid
STRUCTURE– Single stranded– Sugar is ribose– Nitrogen bases
• Adenine – Uracil• Cytosine – Guanine
Journal: How is RNA structurally different from DNA?
What are some differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA DNA
1. Sugar is ribose
2. One strand
3. Uracil
4. Can be found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm
1. Sugar is deoxyribose
2. Two strands
3. Thymine
4. Can only be found in the nucleus
3 types of RNA 1. mRNA (messenger RNA)
– Sends information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)– Assembles the amino acids to make proteins
3. tRNA (transfer RNA)– Delivers amino acids to the ribosome
What is Protein Synthesis and where does it take place?
• The making of proteins and it takes place on the ribosomes
DNA RNA protein step 1 step 2
Step 1: Transcription - DNA to RNA Step 2: Translation- RNA to Proteins
Transcription• The process of creating an RNA copy from
DNA• Where does Transcription take place?The nucleus
How does Transcription happen?1. In the nucleus, enzymes unzip a part of DNA
that is to be transcribed2. RNA nucleotides that are complementary to
the DNA strand pair up. 3. The RNA nucleotides bond to each other
creating a single strand4. The RNA breaks away and heads for the
cytoplasm5. The DNA zips back up.
RNA Processing
Not all parts of DNA carry information (give direction for making protein)
Introns: Non-coding parts of DNAExons: Coding parts of DNA
New RNA contains both parts, Introns and Exons, but the Intron are removed before the mRNA leaves the nucleus! (This is RNA Processing)
The mRNA message• Codon: group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that
codes for 1 amino acid.
What does the RNA codonAUG code for?
Translation
• The process of converting the mRNA message into an amino acid sequence (protein)
Where does Translation take place?On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What joins the amino acids together to form a protein?
• A peptide bond joins amino acids to make a polypeptide chain.
Where do the amino acids come from floating in the cytosol of our
cells?
• The food we eat (proteins)
What are some important proteins that we make?
Functional Proteins1. Hemoglobin -found in our red blood cells;
function in carrying oxygen2. Antibodies -help fight off viruses and
bacteria that invade the body.3. Enzymes -control chemical reactions in the
body.
What are some important proteins that we make?
Structural Proteins1. Keratin -water proofing protein on our skin.2. Actin and Myosin -proteins which make up
our muscles3. Collagen- found in cartilage and other
connective tissue
Journal• What are the DNA to RNA base paring
rules????
• DNA to RNA• A U• T A• C G• G C
Transcription/ Translation Practice
• Transcribe the DNA to RNA• Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the
amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATCmRNA: AUGAminoAcids:
Transcription/ Translation Practice
• Transcribe the DNA to RNA• Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the
amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATCmRNA: AUGAminoAcids: MET
Transcription/ Translation Prcatice
• Transcribe the DNA to RNA• Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the
amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATCmRNA: AUG UUU CGA AGU CCG GGA CUA UAGAmino
Acids: Met Phe Arg Ser Pro Gly Lue Stop
Time to practice!!!!