dna replication chapter 11, section 1. dna review what is the building block of dna? nucleotides...
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DNA REPLICATION
Chapter 11, Section 1
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DNA Review• What is the building block of DNA?• Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)• What is the shape of DNA?• Double Helix• What 2 bonds hold nucleotides together?• Hydrogen bonds(bases) Covalent (Sugar Phosphate)• During what part of the Cell Cycle does DNA replicate? • Interphase (S-phase)• What pairs with G? A? Number of Hydrogen Bonds?• Guanine & Cytosine (3), Adenine & Thymine (2)• Which are the Purines? Pyrimidines? Rungs for each?• Purines A&G (2 rungs) Pyrimidines T&C (1 rung)• What are the complimentary bases for the following
sequence? AATCCGC• TTAGGCG
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How DNA Replicates
• DNA has to be replicated before a cell divides
• New cells at the end of Mitosis need identical strands of DNA
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• One strand of DNA gets used as a template (pattern) to make a new strand that matches up with it
• Special enzymes are required for DNA replication
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Steps of DNA Replication
• 1. Replication begins with the unwinding & separation of the DNA double helix by enzymes called helicases– The process is
like unzipping a zipper
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• 2. New strands are formed by enzymes called DNA polymerase which adds complimentary nucleotides to the original strands
• 3. Leading Strand (continuous) vs. Lagging Strand (discontinuous)
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Semi-conservativeReplication
• Each new strand compliments one of the original strands
• 2 identical DNA double helix strands are the result of DNA replication
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• http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html
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Uneven formation of DNA
• When DNA is replicating one strand forms continuously and the other strand forms in chunks with spaces that need to be filled in
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DNA 5’ to 3’
• Anti-parallel • In the double helix one
strand is “right-side up,” the other strand is “up-side down”
• If not, the nitrogen bases wouldn’t be able to bond together
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• 5’ and 3’ come from how the carbons in the 5-carbon sugar get numbered
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5’ end 5’ end
3’ end3’ end
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• DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a strand of DNA
• That means that the newly forming strand is forming from 5’ to 3’
That means…• One strand gets to form
continuously• The other strand gets
formed in chunks called Okazaki fragments that need to be connected by the enzyme DNA Ligase
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• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/micro04.swf::DNA%20Replication%20Fork
• Important Terms- semiconservative replication, anti-parallel, 5’ to 3’
• 3 enzymes you must know the function of are Helicase, DNA Polymerase, and Ligase