DNA – lots of it in a small space

3. Name what’s in the box.

Fig. 12-UN3

4. Name what is circled

5. Name what is in the box

6. What phase of mitosis is illustrated?

Fig. 13-3b

TECHNIQUE

Pair of homologousreplicated chromosomes

Centromere

Sisterchromatids

Metaphasechromosome

5 µm

7. Name the technique.8. Explain how chromosomesare arranged.

Fig. 13-4

Key

Maternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)

Paternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)

2n = 6

Centromere

Two sister chromatidsof one replicatedchromosome

Two nonsisterchromatids ina homologous pair

Pair of homologouschromosomes(one from each set)

9. Is this cell diploid or haploid?10. How do you know?

11. What is this? 12. haploid or diploid?

)

15.? 16?

13. What is this?14. Haploid or diploid?

Mitosis anddevelopment

Multicellular diploidadults (2n = 46)

17. Name it 18. Name it

Fig. 13-9b

Property

DNAreplication

Number ofdivisions

Occurs during interphase beforemitosis begins

One, including prophase, metaphase,anaphase, and telophase

homologouschromosomes

Does not occur

Number ofdaughter cellsand geneticcomposition

Two, each diploid (2n) and geneticallyidentical to the parent cell

Role in theanimal body

Enables multicellular adult to arise fromzygote; produces cells for growth, repair,and, in some species, asexual reproduction

Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins

Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, andtelophase

Occurs during prophase I along with crossing overbetween nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmatahold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion

Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomesas the parent cell; genetically different from the parentcell and from each other

Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by halfand introduces genetic variability among the gametes

19. Name the process 20. Name the process

Fig. 13-11-3

Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probablearrangements ofchromosomes at

metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughtercells

Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

21.Which 2 of Mendel’s 3 Principles is representedin this diagram?

Fig. 13-12-5

22. What phase isshown here? Be Specific.

24. What phase isthis? Be specific

TEM

23. What is happening here?

25. What phase is this? Be specific.

Fig. 14-4

purple flowers

Homologouspair ofchromosomes

Locus for flower-color gene

white flowers

Fig. 14-3-3

EXPERIMENT

P Generation

(true-breeding parents) Purple

flowers Whiteflowers

F1 Generation

(hybrids) All plants hadpurple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-floweredplants

224 white-floweredplants

28. What kind of cross is this?

29. What does a “pure strain” or true-breeder”

mean? Think about Mendel’s pea experiments. Write

down a genotype to illustrate.

30. What is a dihybrid cross? Write down parent genotypes to

illustrate.

31. Phenotypic ratios for dihybrid?

What kind of dominance is this?

32. ____________occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

33. In ________________, the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

34. In ___________, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 14-10-3

Red

P Generation

Gametes

WhiteCRCR CWCW

CR CW

F1 GenerationPinkCRCW

CR CWGametes 1/21/2

F2 Generation

Sperm

Eggs

CR

CR

CW

CW

CRCR CRCW

CRCW CWCW

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

35. Type of dominance?

Fig. 14-8a

36. What kind of cross is this?

P Generation

F1 Generation

Predictions

Gametes

Hypothesis ofdependentassortment

YYRR yyrr

YR yr

YyRr

Hypothesis ofindependentassortment

orPredictedoffspring ofF2 generation

Sperm

Sperm

YR

YR

yr

yr

Yr

YR

yR

Yr

yR

yr

YRYYRR

YYRR YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YYRr

YYRr

YyRR

YyRR

YYrr Yyrr

Yyrr

yyRR yyRr

yyRr yyrr

yyrr

Phenotypic ratio 3:1

EggsEggs

Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

1/4

yr

1/4 1/41/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/43/4

9/163/16

3/161/16

37. Name the disorder.

38. Name the disorder

39. Name the disorder.

Fig. 14-15b

1st generation(grandparents)

2nd generation(parents, aunts,and uncles)

3rd generation(two sisters)

Widow’s peak No widow’s peak

40. Is a widow’s peak a dominant or recessive trait?

Ww ww

Ww Wwww ww

ww

wwWw

Ww

wwWW

Wwor

Fig. 14-15c

Attached earlobe

1st generation(grandparents)

2nd generation(parents, aunts,and uncles)

3rd generation(two sisters)

Free earlobe

41. Is an attached earlobe a dominant or recessive trait?

Ff Ff

Ff Ff Ff

ff Ff

ff ff ff

ff

FF or

orFF

Ff

42. The Behavior of Recessive Alleles

• PKU is a recessive human disorder in which the individual cannot appropriately metabolize or breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid is not produced in the body. Patients must regulate their diet to limit uptake of the amino acid.

• The parents of PKU babies are ___________who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal (able to process phenylalanine)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

43. Name this disorder.

44. Name the disorder

• Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of inheritance

• For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed– 45. A needs female needs ____ copies of the allele

– 46. A male would need ______________.

• Sex-linked recessive disorders are much more common in males than in females

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

47. This is a description of what kind of alleles?

• Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms

• For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells: IA, IB, and i.

• The enzyme encoded by the IA allele adds the A carbohydrate, whereas the enzyme encoded by the IB allele adds the B carbohydrate; the enzyme encoded by the i allele adds neither

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 14-11

Genotype Red blood cellappearance

Phenotype(blood group)

A

B

AB

O

(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes

48.

49.

50.

51.

52..Label the nitrogen bases.

A.

B.

C.D.

53. Who is this? 54.What can be determined from the x-ray diffraction pattern?

(a) (b)

54. Whose experiment? 1871 - 1941

What is the transformational factor??? Is it DNA or Protein???

His research, working with two strains of a bacterium, one pathogenic and one harmless,

addresses this vital question

In 1941, he was killed at work in his London laboratory as a result of an air raid in the London Blitz.

Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002)and “Chargaff’s Rules”

55. Who’s Rules?

________rules state that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

                                                                                                                                                                                    Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. 1953

56. Name the scientists involved with this experiment.57.What question did they answer and how did they do it (2 sentences)?

A T

GC

T A

TA

G C

A T

GC

T A

TA

G C

A T

GC

T A

TA

G C

A T

GC

T A

TA

G C

58. Name the process.

59. Given the following DNA sequence, transcribe it.

AAATATGGGCGCTTT

60. Whose theory?

61.Whose Theory?

Natural Selection Summarized:Darwin’s theory suggests that in a species:62.There is a tendency towards_______________63.____________exists 64.Variations are________________65.Individuals survive in their environments with_____________________66._____________, survive and pass favorable variation on to next generation

67.______________- the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

Fig. 16-7a

Hydrogen bond 3 end

5 end

3.4 nm

0.34 nm

3 end

5 end

1 nm

68. What concept is best illustrated above?

Enzymes involved in DNA Replication & Transcription

Enzyme Function69. “molecular zipper” – unwinds double helix;

breaks hydrogen bonds that holds base pairs together

70.) “molecular swivel”- relieves overwinding stress on DNA strands by working ahead of helicase and breaking, swiveling and rejoining small sections of the DNA molecule

71. Using a parent DNA strand, adds free-floating nucleotides (A, T, G, & C’s) covalently to the new strand being constructed.

ligase “molecular glue” – joins fragments of the New DNA strand together

RNA polymerase (used in transcription) Uses one strand of DNA as a template to construct mRNA – adds free-floating nucleotide

Editase Fixes mistakes on DNA molecule

72.Name the technique.73.How do you read it?

74. What is gene flow? 75. What happens if there is none?

Fig. 16-1

76.Put the experiments in chronologicalorder.

1.

2.

3.4.

77. ________Selection

• When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.

78._______Selection

• When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.

79._________ Selection

• Takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end