DNADNA

Contents Contents of the of the

NucleusNucleus

DNA DNA vocabvocab

Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acidacid

ChromosomesChromosomes ChromatinChromatin GenesGenes GenomeGenome

Genetic Genetic Material: Material: DNA vs DNA vs RNA - RNA -

compare compare and and

contrastcontrast..

DNA StructureDNA Structure

What is the What is the structure called? structure called?

Building blocks of DNABuilding blocks of DNA What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks made of? (3 What are the building blocks made of? (3

parts) parts)

How do they fit How do they fit together? together?

Try “replicating” this single Try “replicating” this single strand of DNAstrand of DNA

What is the What is the significance of the significance of the order of the order of the nitrogenous bases? nitrogenous bases?

Protein Synthesis: Step 1: Protein Synthesis: Step 1: Make a Copy= “Transcription”Make a Copy= “Transcription”

Try Try Transcribing Transcribing this piece of this piece of

DNA into DNA into mRNAmRNA

Why doesn’t Why doesn’t the mRNA just the mRNA just stay inside the stay inside the nucleus?nucleus?

Step 2: “Reading the code to Step 2: “Reading the code to make the protein = “Translation”make the protein = “Translation”

Breaking “THE CODE”:

An Analogy: “DNA is like a novel”

Nitrogenous bases = “letters”

Triplets = “words”

A gene = “a sentence”

A chromosome = “a chapter”

The Code: The Code:

How do How do you follow you follow the mRNA the mRNA code?code?

Video on Protein Video on Protein Synthesis (includes Synthesis (includes tRNA) tRNA)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&mode=related&search=

Try “DECODING” this piece of Try “DECODING” this piece of DNA CodeDNA Code

DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT

mRNAmRNA

Amino Amino acidsacids

DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT

mRNAmRNA AA UU GG CC CC UU GG UU CC AA UU UU UU AA AA

Amino Amino acidsacids

Methi-Methi-onineonine

leucineleucine valinevaline isoleuciisoleucinene

stopstop

Great video on a Great video on a cell’s life functions:cell’s life functions:

http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html

Here is the Here is the explanation of what is explanation of what is happening:happening:

http://sparkleberrysprings.com/innerlifeofcell.html

Protein ProductionProtein Production

Protein Protein StructureStructure

Genes Genes -WHAT are they?

-WHERE are they?

-How many genes do we have?

-WHY are we storing the information for PROTEINS???

EnzymesEnzymes

WHAT are they?WHAT are they? What do they do? What do they do? Why do our DNA molecules store the Why do our DNA molecules store the

instructions to make them? instructions to make them?

One Gene = One Protein?One Gene = One Protein?

Human genome = Human genome = approximately 25,000 approximately 25,000 genesgenes

Number of proteins Number of proteins humans make is humans make is approximately 90,000. approximately 90,000.

NOT SURE HOW THIS NOT SURE HOW THIS CAN BE!CAN BE!

Gene MutationGene Mutation

Deletion Deletion AdditionAddition SubstitutionSubstitution PositivePositive NeutralNeutral NegativeNegative MutagensMutagens

Example: DeletionThe result can be a completely non-functional protein…doesn’t make sense.

i.e. --- THE CAT ATE THE RAT---

If you delete a base (letter) ‘C’ ---THE ATA TET HER ATH-----

Another example:

Original message: THE BIG DOG BIT TED AND RAN OFF --- ---

ADDITION/FRAMESHIFT

THE BIG FDO GBI TTE DAN DRA NOF F--

What does What does Mutation have to Mutation have to

do with Evolution?do with Evolution?